WO2012082513A1 - Lactone compounds and materials made therefrom - Google Patents

Lactone compounds and materials made therefrom Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012082513A1
WO2012082513A1 PCT/US2011/063905 US2011063905W WO2012082513A1 WO 2012082513 A1 WO2012082513 A1 WO 2012082513A1 US 2011063905 W US2011063905 W US 2011063905W WO 2012082513 A1 WO2012082513 A1 WO 2012082513A1
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substituted
alkyl
phenyl
ring
formula
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PCT/US2011/063905
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French (fr)
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Meng He
Darrin R. Dabideen
Ruisong Xu
Anil Kumar
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Transitions Optical, Inc.
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Priority to AU2011344186A priority Critical patent/AU2011344186B2/en
Priority to CN201180066882.6A priority patent/CN103339118B/en
Priority to MX2013006813A priority patent/MX2013006813A/en
Priority to EP11806031.8A priority patent/EP2651911B9/en
Priority to BR112013015132A priority patent/BR112013015132B1/en
Priority to JP2013544573A priority patent/JP5748864B2/en
Priority to CA2820594A priority patent/CA2820594C/en
Priority to KR1020137018427A priority patent/KR101610451B1/en
Publication of WO2012082513A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012082513A1/en
Priority to ZA2013/04214A priority patent/ZA201304214B/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/58—One oxygen atom, e.g. butenolide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/40—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C07D307/46—Doubly bound oxygen atoms, or two oxygen atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D333/78—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with rings other than six-membered or with ring systems containing such rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
    • C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D407/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
    • C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lactone compounds, such as fused ring lactone compounds, methods of making lactone compounds, and methods of making other materials, such as fused ring indenol compounds and fused ring indenopyran compounds, from lactone compounds.
  • Fused ring indenol compounds such as indeno-fused naphthols
  • have many uses such as intermediates in the synthesis of photochrome compounds and materials, such as fused ring indenopyrans, including indeno-fused naphthopyrans.
  • Photochrome materials such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, in response to certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (or "actinic radiation"), typically undergo a transformation from one form or state to another form, with each form having a characteristic or distinguishable absorption spectrum associated therewith.
  • photochrome materials upon exposure to actinic radiation, many photochrome materials are transformed from a closed-form, which corresponds to an unactivated (or bleached, e.g., substantially colorless) state of the photochrome material, to an open-form, which corresponds to an activated (or colored) state of the photochrome material.
  • an unactivated (or bleached, e.g., substantially colorless) state of the photochrome material to an activated (or colored) state of the photochrome material.
  • an activated (or colored) state of the photochrome material In the absence of exposure to actinic radiation, such photochrome materials are reversibly transformed from the activated (or colored) state, back to the unactivated (or bleached) state.
  • compositions and articles such as eyewear lenses, that contain photochrome materials or have photochrome materials applied thereto (e.g., in form of a photochrome coating composition) typically display colorless (e.g., clear) and colored states that correspond to the colorless and colored states of the photochrome materials contained therein or applied thereto.
  • Indeno-fused naphthol materials are typically prepared by a synthetic scheme involving the reaction of a benzophenone with a dialkyl succinate, which is typically referred to as a Stobbe reaction route.
  • a mixture of indeno-fused naphthol materials typically results from the Stobbe reaction route.
  • the mixture of indeno-fused naphthois typically must be separated so as to iso!ate the desired indeno-fused naphtho!.
  • the isolated indeno-fused naphthol can then be used in subsequent reactions (e.g., in the synthesis of photochrome indeno-fused naphthopyrans).
  • the separation and isolation steps generally result in significantly reduced yields relative to the desired indeno-fused naphthol materials.
  • the Stobbe reaction route can involve two separate ring closure steps, which are typically conducted at separate times and in separate reaction vessels.
  • photochrome materials such as photochrome indeno-fused naphthopyrans can be expensive, and in light of economic considerations, reducing the costs associated with synthesizing such materials is typically desirable,
  • lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula II,
  • Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substitute heteroaryl.
  • m and h are each independently selected from 0 to a value corresponding to as many positions on Ring-A and Ring-B, respectively, to which an R 1 group or an R 2 group can be bonded.
  • rrt and n are each independently 0 to 4. Ring-A positions to which an R 1 group is not bonded, can instead have hydrogen groups bonded thereto.
  • Ring-B positions to which an R 2 group is not bonded can instead have hydrogen groups bonded thereto
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n are in each case independently selected from: hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)O-, -S(O)-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 11 ')- where R 11 ' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO 2 -, -N(R 11 ')- where R 11 ' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; halogen; cya o;
  • R 3 and R 4 groups of Formulas I and II are each independently selected from: hydrogen; hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO 2 -, and -N(R 11 where R 11 ' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; and substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -0-, -S-, -C(0>, -C(O)0- ; -S(O)-, SOr, and -N(R 11 where R 11 r is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyi; or R 3 and R 4 together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom.
  • R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formulas I
  • Ring-A, Ring-B, m, n, R , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each as previously described herein with regard to the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II.
  • R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formulas I and II.
  • the R 12 group of Formulas III and ill-2 is selected from hydrogen, -C(O)-R ' 3 and - S(O)(O)R 13 , wherein R 13 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarbyl.
  • the method of making the fused ring indenoi compound represented by Formulas III and lil-2 comprises, converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formulas I and il, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2,
  • the method of making the fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III or UI-2 further comprises, converting the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or IV-2 to the corresponding indeno-fused ring compound represented by Formula 111 or 111-2.
  • the present invention also provides a method of forming the lactone compound represented by at least one of Formulas I and If, as described above.
  • the method comprises, reacting an acid ester represented by at least one of Formula VI and Formula VII with at least one of (i) a metal hydride reducing agent, and/or (ii) a nucleophile represented by at least one of Formula VIII and Formula IX, thereby forming the lactone compound.
  • Representations of Formulas VI, VII, VIII and IX are provided as follows:
  • R 6 is selected from hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
  • R 3' is a nucleophile of R 3 as described with reference to Formulas I and II;
  • R 4 is a nucleophile of R 4 as described with reference to Formulas I and II;
  • M 1 and 2 are each independently selected from Si(R 19 )3, where each R 18 is independently selected from C 1 -C 8 alkyl, or M 1 and 2 each independently represent a counterion comprising a metal selected from g, Li, n, Cu, Zri., Al, Ti, Ln, and combinations thereof.
  • Ring-A, Ring-B, m, rt, R , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are each as previously described herein, for example, ith regard to the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II.
  • R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of the those groups as described above and furthe herein With reference to, for example, Formulas !, II, III and III-2.
  • the B and B' groups of Formulas X and X-2 are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, un substituted heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group.
  • B and B', of Formulas X and X-2, taken together ca form a ring structure selected from unsubstituted fluoren-9-ylidene, substituted fluoren-9-y!idene, saturated spiro- monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, saturated spiro-bicyclic hydrocarbon ring, and spiro- tricyclic hydrocarbon ring.
  • the method of forming the fused ring indenopyran compound represented by Formulas X and X-2 comprises, converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of Formula I and Formula II, to an acid intermediate comprising ah acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formulas IV and IV-2, each as described previously herein.
  • the method further comprises converting the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and/or IV-2 to a corresponding fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III and/or 111-2, as described previousl herein.
  • the method of forming the compound represented by Formula X or X-2 further comprises, reacting the fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one bf Formula III and III-2 with a propargyl alcohol represented by the following Formula XI,
  • the compound represented by Formulas X and/or X-2 is thereby formed.
  • the B and B' groups of the propargyl alcohol represented by Formula XI are each as described previously herein ith regard to the compound represented by Formula X or X-2.
  • one or more of the B and B' groups of Formula XI can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of the those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formula X or X-2.
  • actinic radiation means electromagnetic radiation that is capable Of transforming a photochromic material from one form or state to another.
  • photochromic means having an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that Varies in response to absorption of at least actinic radiation.
  • photochromic material means any substance that is adapted to display photochromic properties, i.e. adapted to have an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that varies in response to absorption of at least actinic radiation, and which includes at teast one photochrome compound .
  • linear or branched groups such as linear or branched alkyl
  • linear or branched alkyl are understood to include: a methylene group o a methyl group; groups that are linear, suc as linear d-Cw alkyl groups; and groups that are appropriately branched, such as branched C 3 -C 23 alkyl groups.
  • halo and similar terms, such as halo group, halogen, and halogen grou means F, CI, Br and/or I, such as fluoro, ch!oro, iodo, bromo and/or iodo.
  • hydrocarbyl and similar terms, such as “hydrocarbyl substituent” and “hydrocarbyl group” means: linear or branched Ci-C 2 o alkyl (e.g., linear or branched C -C10 alkyl); linear or branched C 2 -C 2 Q alkenyl (e.g., linear or branched C 2 -C 1C alkenyl); linear or branched C2-C20 alkynyl (e.g., linear or branched C2-C10 alkynyl); C 3 -C 2 cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C10 cycloalkyl); C3-C12 heterocycloalkyl (having at least one hetero atom in the cyclic ring); C 3 -Cie aryl (including polycyclic aryl groups) (e.g., C 5 -C 0 aryl); Cs-C ⁇
  • Representative alkyl groups include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.
  • Representative alkenyt. groups include but are not limited to vinyl, ally) and propenyl.
  • Representative alkynyl groups include but are not limited to ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, -butynyl, and 2-butynyl.
  • Representative cycloaikyl groups include but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyc!opentyl, cyclo hexyl, and cyclooctyl substituents.
  • Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl and piperidtnyl.
  • Representative aryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl and naphthyl.
  • Representative heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to furany!, pyranyl and pyridinyl.
  • Representative ara!kyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl, and phenethyl.
  • substituted hydrocarbyl means a hydrocarbyl group in which at least one hydrogen thereof has been substituted with a grou that is other than hydrogen, such as, but not limited to, halo groups, hydroxy I groups, ether groups, thiol groups, thto ether groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylic acid ester groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphoric acid ester groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid ester groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, hydrocarbyl groups (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aikynyl, cycloaikyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and ara!kyl groups), and amine groups, such as -N(R 11 ')(R 12 ') where R 11 ' and R 12 ' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl
  • substituted hydrocarbyl is inclusive of halohydrocarbyl (or halo substituted hydrocarbyl) substituents.
  • halohydrocarby as used herein and in the claims, and similar terms, such as halo substituted hydrocarbyl means that at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl (e.g., of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloaikyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and arafkyl groups) is replaced with a halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine.
  • the degree of halogenation can range from at least one hydrogen atom being replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., a fluoromethyl group) to full halogenation (perhalogenation) in which ail replaceable hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbyl group have been replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., trifiuoromethyl or perfiuoromethyl).
  • a halogen atom e.g., trifiuoromethyl or perfiuoromethyl
  • perhaiohydrocarbyl group as used herein and in the claims means a hydrocarbyl group in which all replaceable hydrogens have been replaced with a halogen.
  • perhalohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, perhalogenated phenyl groups and perhalogenated alkyl groups,
  • hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups from which various groups arid substituents, such as R ⁇ R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , can each be selected can in each case be independently and optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, *C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -S(O)-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 11 ')-.
  • interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N(R 11 ')- means that at least one carbon of, but lees than all of the carbons of, the hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group, is in each case independently replaced with one of the recited divalent linking groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups can be interrupted with two or more of the above recited linking groups, which can be adjacent each other or separated by one or more carbons.
  • linear or branched or linear, branched or cyclic groups such as linear or branched alkyi, or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl
  • linear or branched alkyi or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl
  • linear, branched or cyclic alkyl are herein understood to include a methylene group, groups that are linear, such as linear C2-C25 alkyl groups, groups that are appropriately branched, such as branched C3-C2S alkyl groups, and groups that are appropriately cyclic, such as C3-C25 cycioalkyl (or cyclic alkyl) groups.
  • the term "precursor” and related terms such as “precursors” with regard to the various groups, for example, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , B and B ⁇ of the compounds and intermediates described herein, for example, the fused ring compounds represented by Formulas f and II, and the fused ring indenol compounds represented by Formulas III and lli-2, means a group that can be converted in one or more steps to the final or desired group.
  • a precursor of a hydroxyl group includes, but is not limited to* a carboxylic acid ester group (-OC(O)R where R is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl); and a precursor of a carboxyfic acid ester group (-OC(Q)R) includes, but is not limited to, a hydroxyl group (-OH), which can be reacted, for example, with a carboxylic acid halide, such as acetic acid chloride (or acetyl chloride).
  • a carboxylic acid halide such as acetic acid chloride (or acetyl chloride).
  • left-to-right representations of linking groups are inclusive of other appropriate orientations, such as, right-to-left orientations.
  • the left-to-right representation of the divalent linking group -C(O)0- is inclusive of the righMo-left representation thereof, -O(O)0-,
  • lactone compounds e.g., represented by Formulas I and It
  • fused ring indenol compounds e.g., represented by Formula III
  • the fused ring indenopyran compounds e*g., represented by Formula X
  • compounds and intermediates used in their preparation are described in further detail as follows.
  • Ring-A and Ring-B groups of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II can each be Independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl.
  • the substituents of the substituted aryl, fused ring aryl and heteroaryl groups can each be independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups and substituted hydrocarbyl groups, which each can be optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, »S-, -C(O)-, -G(O)0-, -S(O)-, -S0 2 -, -N(R 11 ')-, as described previously herein.
  • Examples of aryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, phenyl and biphenyl.
  • fused ring aryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthyl and anthracenyt.
  • heteroaryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, furanyl, pyranyl, indolyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, and pyridinyl.
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n are in each case independently selected from; a reactive substituent; a compatiblizing substituent; halogen selected from iodo, bromo, fluoro and chloro; C r C20 alkyl; C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or -O-R- c ' or -C(O)- R 1 o'or -C(O)-OR 10 ⁇ wherein R 10 ' is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, phenyl(C ⁇ -C 2 o)alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 20 )alkyl substituted phenyKCrCgoJalkyl, mono(CrC2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC2b)aikyl, ⁇ C 1 -C2o)alkoxy(C2-C 2
  • the phenyl substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl) can be selected from hydroxyl, halogen, carbonyl, d-C 2 o alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halo(C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl, C 1 -C 20 alky! or C-C 2C alkoxy.
  • the phenyl Substituents i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl
  • R for each m, and R 2 for each n can in each case be independently selected from, -N Ru'JR ', wherein R 11 ' and R 12 ' are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yi, thienyl, benzothien ⁇ yl, behzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzopyridyl, fluorenyl, d-C 2 o alkylaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C20 bicycloalkyl, O5- C20 tricycloalkyl or d- C?o alkoxyalkyl, wherein said aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, or R 1 and R 1 g' come together
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n can in each case be independently selected from, a nitrogen containing ring represented by the following graphic Formula XI I A,
  • each -Y- is independently chosen for each occurrence from -CH2., -CH(R 13 ')- t -C(R ⁇ 3 V. -CH(aryl)-, - C(aryl) 2 -, and -C(R 13 ') ⁇ aryl)-, and Z is -Y-.
  • each R 13 ' is independently C ⁇ o alkyl (e.g., C r C 6 alkyl), each aryl is independently phenyl or naphthyl, m is an integer 1 , 2 or 3, and is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3 and provided that when p is 0, Z is -Y-.
  • R for each m, and R 2 for each n can in each case also be independentl selected from a nitrogen containing ring substituent represented by general formula XIIB and/or general formula XHC:
  • R 1 s, and R 17 are each independently hydrogen, CrC 2Q alkyl (e.g., Ci-C e alkyl), phenyl or naphthyl, or the groups R 13 ⁇ 4 and R 1 e together form a ring of 5 to 8 carbon atoms and each R d is independently for each occurrence selected from C 1 -C 2 o alkyl (e.g., Ct-Ce alkyl), CrC 2 o alkoxy (e.g., C C 6 alkoxy), fluoro or chloro, and Q is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3.
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n can in each case also be independently selected from, unsubstituted, mono-, or dt- substituted C 4 -Cta spirobi cyclic amine, or unsubstituted, mono-, and di-substituted C 4 - Cis spirotricyclic amine, wherein the substituents are independently aryl, C-C 20 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 6 alkyl), C 1 -C 2 0 alkoxy (e.g., C 1 -C 6 alkoxy), or phenyl(Ci- Gaojalkyl (e.g., phenyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl).
  • two adjacent R groups, and/or two adjacent Ft 2 groups can together form a group represented by the following general formula XIID Or general formula XIIE,
  • T and T are each independently oxygen or the grou - R1 1 -, where R-n, R 1S( and R 1 e are each as set forth and described previously herein.
  • the R 3 and R 4 groups can each be independently selected from: a reactive substituent; a compatiblizing substituent; hydrogen; hydroxy; C 1 -C20 alky! (e.g., d-Qe aikyl); C 1 -C 2 o haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl); C 3 -Ci 0 cycloalkyl (e.g., C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl); ally I; benzyl; or mono- substituted benzyl.
  • a reactive substituent e.g., d-Qe aikyl
  • C 1 -C 2 o haloalkyl e.g., C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl
  • C 3 -Ci 0 cycloalkyl e.g., C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl
  • ally I benzyl; or mono- substituted benz
  • the benzyl substituents ca be chosen from halogen, C C 2 o alkyl (e.g., Gt-Ce alkyl) or C1-C2 0 alkoxy (e,g., C C 6 alkoxy).
  • the R 3 and R 4 groups with some further embodiments of the present invention can each be independently selected from, an unsubstituted, mono- di-or tri- substituted group chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazolyl, or indolyl.
  • the group substituents can in each case be independently chosen from halogen, C 1 -C20 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -G& alkyl) or CrCzo alkoxy (e.g., CTC 6 alkoxy).
  • the R 3 and R 4 groups can also, with some embodiments of the present invention, each be independently selected from a mono-substituted phenyl, in which the phenyl has a substituent located at the para position thereof, which is a linking group, - ⁇ CH2)t- or -O-(CH2)t-. that is connected to an aryl group which is a member of a (or another) photochromic material, such as a naphthopyran, an indeno-fused naphthopyran, or benzopyran, and t is chosen from the integer 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • the R 3 and R 4 groups can eac be independently selected from the group ⁇ CH(R ' °)G, in which R 1t> is hydrogen, C 1 -C 20 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C « alkyl) or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, and G Is -Cf- ⁇ OR 11 , in which Ft '11 is hydrogen, -C(O)R 10 .
  • C ' I-QM alkyl e.g., C--C 6 alkyl
  • C r C 20 alkoxy(CrC 2 o)alkyl e.g., C G 3 alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 ⁇ alkyl
  • phehyl(C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl e.g., phenyl(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl
  • mono(C 1 -C 2 o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl e.g social mono(CrC 6 )alkoxy substituted pheny Ci-CaJalkyl
  • the unsubstituted, mono- or di- substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl e.g., C--C 6 alkyl
  • C r C 20 alkoxy(CrC 2 o)alkyl e.g., C G 3 alkoxy
  • the substituents of the phenyl and naphthyl groups can each be independently selected from C 1 -C 20 alkyl (e.g., C r C 6 alkyl) or C1-C20 alkoxy (e.g., C 1 -C 8 alkoxy).
  • R 3 and R 4 can together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro- carbocyclic rin containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted spiro- heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom.
  • the spiro-carbocyciic ring and th spiro-heterocyclic ring are each annellated with 0, 1 or 2 benzene rings.
  • the substituents of the spiro rings can be chosen from hydrogen or C-C20 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -Ce alkyl).
  • R for each m, and R 2 for each n are in each case independently selected from unsubstituted phenyl, substituted phenyl, d-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 8 haloalkyl, iodo, bromo, fluoro, chloro, and -O-R- 0 '
  • R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n can in each case be independently selected from a group represented by the following Formula XI H,
  • Q ( Q 2 , and Q 3 are each independently Chosen from, a divalent group chosen from, an unsubstituted or a substituted aromatic group, an unsubstituted or a substituted alicyclic group, an unsubstituted or a substituted heterocyclic group, and mixtures thereof.
  • the substituents of the substituted aromatic groups, substituted alicyclic groups and substituted heterocyclic groups from which each of Q 1 r Q 2 , and Q 3 can be selected are independently chosen from: a group represented by P (as will be described in further detail herein); liquid crystal mesogens; halogen; poly(CrCi 8 alkoxy); C C 18 alkoxycarbonyl; CI-C I B alkyfcarbonyi; C 1 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyloxy; aryloxycarbonyloxy; perfluoro(Gi-Gi 8 )alkoxy; perfluoro(C 1 -Ci8)alkoxycarbonyl; perfluoro(C 1 -C 1e )alkylcarbonyl ; perfluoro(Ci-Ci 8 )alkylamino; di-(perfiuoro(Cr dejalkyljamino; perfluoro(C 1 -Ci 8 )alkylthio
  • the substituents of the substituted aromatic groups, substituted alicyclic groups and substituted heterocyclic groups from which each of Qt, Q 2 , and Q 3 can be selected can be further independently chosen from a group represented by one of the foltowing formulas XII1A and XII IB,
  • M is chosen from aluminum, antimony, tantalum, titanium, zirconium and silicon
  • T is chosen from organofunctional radicals, organofunctional hydrocarbon radicals, aliphatic hydrocarbo radicals and aromatic hydrocarbo radicals
  • t is the valence of .
  • Liquid crystal mesogens from hich each of Qi, Q 2 , and Q 3 can each be independently selected, include but are not limited to art-recognized liquid crystal mesogens.
  • the liquid crystal mesogens can be selected from those described in United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/032301 A1 ,see paragraphs [0052J to [0095] and Table 1 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • subscripts c, d, e, and f are each independently chosen from an integer ranging from 1 to 20, inclusive of the upper and lower limits (e.g., from 2 to 15, or from 3 to 10).
  • the Si, S 2 , S 3 . S*, and S 5 groups of Formula XIII are each independently chose from a spacer unit.
  • the spacer unit can in each case be independently chosen from, -(CH 2 ) a -, -(CF 2 ) h -, -Si(CH 2 ) g -, -(Si(CH 3 ) 2 0) ft -, in hich g is independently chosen for each occurrence from 1 to 20, and h is a whole number from 1 to 16 inclusive.
  • the P group of Formula XIII is chosen from, hydroxy, amino, C 2 -C-, 8 aikenyl, C 2 -C 18 alkynyl, azido, silyl, siloxy, silylhydride, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yi)oxy, thio, isocyanato, thioisocyanato, acryloyioxy, met acryloyloxy, 2- (acryloyloxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioyloxy)ethylcarbamyl, aziridinyi,
  • C e)alkyl d-Cie alkyl, Cn-C ⁇ alko , amino(C Ci8)aikyl, C 1 -Cis alkyfamino, di-( Ci- Ci 8 )alkylamino, C 1 -Ci 8 alkyl(C,-Ci 8 )alkoxy, C1-C1S alkoxy(C 1 -Cis)alkoxy, nitro, poly(C C 8 )alkyl ether, (C 1 -Cieialky C 1 -CieJalkoxyiC daJalkyl, polyethyleneoxy,
  • P unsubstituted chiral or non-chtral monovalent or divalent groups chosen from steroid radicals, terpenoid radicals, alkaloid radicals and mixtures thereof.
  • the substituents of the groups from which P can be selected are independently chosen from C Ci 8 alkyl, C1-C18 alkoxy, amino, C 3 -Cie cycloalkyl, C 1 -C13 alky1(d-Ci 8 )a!koxy, fluoro(C-,-Ci e )alkyi, cyano, cyano ⁇ -C ⁇ alky!, cyano(C r Cia)alkoxy or mixtures thereof.
  • P can be a structure having from 2 to 4 reactive groups.
  • P can be an unsubstituted or substituted ring opening metathesis polymerization precursor.
  • subscripts d ⁇ e' and f are each independently chosen from 0, 1 , 2. 3, and 4, provided that the sum of d' + e' + f is at least 1 .
  • Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II are in some embodiments* each independently selected from unsubstituted and substituted aryl groups, such as unsubstituted arid substituted phenyl groups, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the lactone compound is selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula la and Formula I la:
  • the lactone compound represented by at least one of Formula I and Formula II can, in some embodiments, be made or formed by a method that involves, reacting an acid ester represented by at least one of Formula VI and Formula VII with an metal hydride reducing agent that is defined herein to include an organo metal hydride reducing agent, or a nucleophile represented by at least one of Formula Vlil and/or Formula IX, as described previously herein.
  • the reaction by which the lactone compound is formed can be represented by the following Scheme- 1 .
  • the metal hydride reducing agent is typically used when R 3 and R 4 are each hydrogen-
  • the metal hydride reducing agent can, in some embodiments, be selected from sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride, or an organo metal hydride reducing agent.
  • the organo metal hydride reducing agent can b one or more di ⁇ d-C 2 o alky!) aluminum hydride reducing agents, such as one or more di(C 1 -C 8 alkyl) aluminum hydride reducing agents, e.g., diethyl aluminum hydride and diisobutyl aluminum hydride.
  • M 1 and M z of Formulas VIII and IX also include a halogen, and can be represented by (M X) * and ( 2 X) + , in which is a halogen.
  • Each of M 1 and M 2 of Formulas VIII and IX can each be selected from (MgX) ⁇ in which X is selected from halogen, such as CI, Br and I (e.g., ( gCir, ( gBr> + and (Mgl) + ).
  • the nucteophiles represented by Formulas VIII and IX are each Grignard reagents, and the reaction represented by Scheme-1 is a Grignard reaction, which is conducted under Grignard reaction conditions.
  • the reaction represented by Scheme-1 is typically conducted in the presence of an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), and under conditions of ambient pressure (e.g., approximately 1 atm), under an inert atmosphere (e.g., under a nitrogen sweep), , such as from -30°C to 60 e C, or from -20°C to 45°C, or from -10°C to 30° C, and optionally with reflux.
  • an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF)
  • ambient pressure e.g., approximately 1 atm
  • an inert atmosphere e.g., under a nitrogen sweep
  • the reaction of the acid ester represented by Formulas VI and /or VII with the nucleophile represented by Formulas VIII and/or IX can in some embodiments, be conducted in the presence of metal salts.
  • metal salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum chloride (AICI 3 ), tin chloride, zinc chloride, bismuth triflate, alkali metal halides, anhydrous alkaline metal halides, rate earth metal salts, e.g., lanthanide halides, such as lanthanum III chloride, and lanthanide triflate, and combinations thereof.
  • alkali metal halides that can be present include, but are not limited to, sodium halides and/or potassium halides, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or potassium chloride (KCI).
  • alkaline metal halides that can be present include, but are not limited to, anhydrous calcium haiides, anhydrous lithium halides and/or anhydrous magnesium halides, such as calcium chloride, lithium chloride and magnesium chloride.
  • the metal salt is typically present in an amount of from 0.1 molar percent to 600 molar percent , or from 1.0 to 100 molar percent, or from 10 to 50 molar percent, based on 00 molar percent of the starting materials.
  • the molar percent is defined herein as the percentage of the number of moles of the metal salt per liter of solute based on the total moles per liter of solute of the acid ester represented by Formulas VI and/or VII and the nucleophiles represented by Formulas VIII and IX in Scheme-1 .
  • the acid esters represented by Formulas VI and VII can be prepared by appropriate methods. With some embodiments of the present invention, the acid esters representee! by Formulas VI and VII are prepared by a reaction between a Ring- A Ring-B ketone and a succinic acid diester, as represented by the following Scheme- 2.
  • each R 18 is as described previously herein (e.g., each R 18 can be ethyl), in the presence of a strong base, such as an alkali metal alkoxide, such as NaOR te (e,g., sodium ethoxide).
  • a strong base such as an alkali metal alkoxide, such as NaOR te (e,g., sodium ethoxide).
  • the reaction of Scheme-2 is conducted under appropriate conditions, such as under reflux at a temperature of the boiling point of the solvent, under an inert atmosphere, and in the presence of an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or toluene.
  • an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran or toluene.
  • the present invention also provides a method of making an fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula III and Formula HI-2, as described previously herein.
  • the method involves converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of Formulas I and II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2, each as described previously herein,
  • the conversion of the lactone compound is typically conducted in the presence of one or more metal salt(s) which includes organo metal salts .
  • the metal salt is selected from: (i) B 3 * ) (O-S0 2 - 5 )3, in which R 5 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarby!
  • the R 15 group of the organo metai salt is, with some embodiments, selected from a perhalohydrocarbyl group, such as a perhalo(Cr C2c)alkyl group, including, for example, perf(uoro(Ci-Ce)alkyl groups, such as -CF3, - CjFs, and -G3F7,
  • the metal salt typically is present in an amount, for example of from 0.001 molar percent to 50 molar percent or from 0.01 to 30 molar percent, or from 0.1 to 20 molar percent, based on 100 molar percent of the starting materials.
  • molar percent is defined herein as the percentage of the number of moles of the metal salt per liter of solute based on the total moles per liter of solute of the lactones represented by Formulas I and/or II.
  • Conversion of the lactone compound represented by either Formula I or I! to the acid intermediate results in formation of an acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and/or Formula IV-2.
  • the conversion can result in the formation of an acid intermediate composed more so of (e.g., substantially of) the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or Formula I -2, or a combination or mixture of acid intermediates represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2.
  • conversion of a lactone compound represented by a mixture of Formula I and II can result in the formation of an acid intermediate composed substantially, or exclusively, of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or Formula IV-2, or a mixture of both acid intermediates.
  • acid intermediates IV and iV-2 are not separated or isolated, and the subsequent conversion thereof results in the formation of a combination or mixture of compounds represented by Formulas III and ill-2.
  • the mixture of compounds represented by Formulas III and 111-2 optionally can be separated or isolated from each other, for example, prior to further reactions performed there-with (e.g., the formation of an indeno-fused ring pyran compound).
  • conversion of a mixture of lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II can result in the formation of more of (i.e., a greater amount of) one of the acid intermediates than the other, e.g., more of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV than of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2.
  • the conversion can result in the formation of at least 50 mole percent, or at least 60 mole percent, or at least 70 mole percent, or at least 75 mole percent, or at feast 80 mole percent of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2.
  • the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV can be formed in an amount of less than or equal to 100 mole percent, or less than or equal to 95 mole percent, or less than or equal to 90 mole percent, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and acid intermediate represented by Formula !V-2.
  • the amount of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV formed can range between any combination of these upper and lower limits, inclusive of the recited values, for example, from 50 to 100 mole percent, Or from 60 to 95 mole percent, or from 70 to 90 mole percent of acid intermediate represented by Formula fV, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula I and acid intermediate represented by Formula I -2. In the same manner, the formation of more of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2 than of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV can occur.
  • Performing the conversion of the lactone compound comprising a mixture of lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II, to result in the formation of a greater amount, of one of the two acid intermediates represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2, can be achieved, for example, based on the difference in the steric effect and/or electron richness between Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone compound(s).
  • the selective conversion also can be performed in the presence of a metal salt selected, for example, from Br' 3* '(O-S0 2 -R 15 )3, and/or BIX3, each as described previously herein.
  • the term "steric effect” means and relates to the greater influence of the spatial configuration of one ring as compared to the other, e.g., Ring-A of the lactone compound as compared to Ring-B of the lactone compound, upon the rate, nature, and extent of the reaction.
  • Ring-A of the lactone compound as compared to Ring-B of the lactone compound
  • Ring-B of the lactone compound
  • a lactone compound having a fluoro substituent at the 2 position of Ring-B appears to contribut to the steric hindrance for Ring-B making it less available for the reaction, resulting in the formation of more product of Formula IV,
  • Electron richness means and relates to the type, number and position of electron-donating groups and/or electron- withdrawing groups that are attached to Ring-A (R 1 group or groups) and Ring-B (R 2 group or groups) when Ring-A and Ring-B are the same. Electron richness can be measured by the Hammett Sigma value which refers to the relative strength of electron donating and withdrawing groups.
  • the Hammett 0 value is a relative measurement comparing the electronic influence of the substituent in the para ( ⁇ ⁇ ) or meta (c1 ⁇ 2) position of a phenyl ring to the electronic influence of a hydrogen substituted at the para or meta position,
  • a negative Hammett y value is indicative of a group or substituent having an electron-donating influence on a pi electron system (i.e., an electron-donating group)
  • a positive Hammett ⁇ value is indicative of a group or substituent having an electron-withdrawing influence on a pi electron system (i.e., an electron-withdrawing group).
  • Ring-A and Ring-B are both benzene rings.
  • Ring-A has a 3,5- dibromo substitution.
  • the Hammett ( ⁇ ⁇ ) value of the 5-bromo is 0.23.
  • Ring-B has a 4- triftuoromethyl substitutent.
  • the Hammett (o m ) value of the 4-trifiupromethyl is 0.43. No matter which isomer of Formula I or Formula II was used as the starting material, the formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred since Ring-B was less electron rich than was Ring-A.
  • Ring-A and Ring-B are both benzene rings. Ring-A has a 4-methoxy substitutent.
  • the Hammett (e m ) value of the A- methoxy is 0.12. Ring-B has a 3,5-dich!oro substitution.
  • the Hammett ( ⁇ ⁇ ) value of the 5-chloro is 0.23.
  • the formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred since Ring-A was more electron rich than Ring-B.
  • Ring-A and Ring-B are different, the "electron richness" does not only relate to the substituent attached to the ring, but also to the electronic properties of the ring.
  • Ring-A was a thiophene ring while Ring-B was a benzene ring with a 4-fiuoro substituent.
  • the lone pair of electrons on the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring influenced t e reaction to occur at Ring-A so formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred.
  • electron donors include, but are not limited to, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkytamino, morpholino, ethoxy, methoxy, p-aminophenyl, methyl, phenyl, and tolyL
  • electron-withdrawing groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, perfluoroalkyl and perfiuoroalkoxy.
  • the R 1 * group of the indeno-fused ring ester intermediate represented by Formula V is selected from -C(O)-R 13 and -S(O)(O)R 13 , where R 3 in each case is independently selected from hydrocarbyl (e.g., C 1 -C 0 aikyl) and haiohydrocarbyl (e.g., C t ⁇ Ci C perhaioalkyl).
  • the R 14 group of the intermediate represented by Formula V-2 is selected from -C(O)-R 13 and -S(O)(O)R 13 , where R 13 in each case is independently selected from h drocarbyl (e.g., d-do afkyl) and halohydrocarbyl (e.g., C 1-C10 perhaloalkyi).
  • h drocarbyl e.g., d-do afkyl
  • halohydrocarbyl e.g., C 1-C10 perhaloalkyi
  • step-(a) of Scheme-4 and Scheme 4-2, typicall is conducted in the presence of a material selected from carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, sulfonyl halide, sulfonyi anhydride, and combinations thereof.
  • the carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, sulfonyl halide and/or sulfonyl anhydride typically is present in at least an equimolar amount relative to the substituted acid intermediate present, for example the acid intermediate represented by Formula iV.
  • Carboxylic acid halides that can be used in step-(a), can be represented by the structure, R a -C(O)-X, where R c is selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and X is selected from halogen (e.g., CI).
  • Sulfonyl halides that can be used in step-(a) can be represented by the formula, R d -S(O)(O)-X, where R° is selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and X is selected from halogen (e.g., CI).
  • Carboxylic acid anhydrides that can be used in step- ⁇ a) can be represented by the formula, R e -C(O)-O-C(O)-R f , where R° and R f are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and Substituted hydrocarbyl ⁇ e.g., halohydrocarbyl, such as CrCto perhaloalkyl, e.g., -CF 3 ).
  • Sulfonyl anhydrides that can be used in step-(a) can be represented by the formulas R 9 -S(0 2 )-O-S(02)-R n , where R 8 and R h are each independently selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl,
  • the intermediates represented by Formula V and Formula V-2 are converted to the corresponding compounds represented by Formula III and Formula III-2 (in which R 12 is hydrogen) in step-(b) of Scheme-4 and Scheme 4-2, respectively, by hydrolysis in the presence of a protonic acid or base.
  • the protonic acid can be selected from hydrogen halides (HX, where X is halogen) such as HGl, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, and/or carboxylic acids.
  • HX hydrogen halides
  • sulfonic acids include, but are not limited to para-toluene sulfonic acid and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid.
  • phosphoric acids include* but are not limited to phosphoric acid.
  • Examples of carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to oxalic acid and acetic acid
  • the base can be selected from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
  • the protonic acid or base is typically present in an excess amount relative to the amount of intermediate represented by, for example, Formula V.
  • the conversion of step-(b) can be conducted in the presence of concentrated hydrogen halide acid, such as concentrated HO, a base, such as sodium hydroxide.
  • the conversion of step-(b) is typically conducted in the presence of a solvent (e.g., methanol or methanol/water mixture), under reflux conditions, for example at a temperature from 20°C to the reflux temperature of the solvent or from 25"G to 90°C, or from 30"C to 55°C, under conditions of ambient pressure (e.g., approximatel 1 atm), and under an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen sweep.
  • a solvent e.g., methanol or methanol/water mixture
  • ambient pressure e.g., approximatel 1 atm
  • Conversion of the acid intermediate, for example represented by Formula IV, to the compound represented by Formula HI (in which R 2 is hydrogen) can, be conducted in substantially a single step, in the presence of a protonic acid.
  • the protonic acid can be selected from carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, which can eac be selected from those classes and examples as described previously herein.
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n are independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alky!, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyi, fluoro, iodo, bromo, chloro, and -O-R 10 '.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C 8 alkyl, d-Ce haloalkyi, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Ring-A and Ring-B can each be phenyl rings.
  • the compound represented by Formula III can be represented by the following Formula ilia
  • the compound represented by Formula lil-2 can be represented by the following Formula lll-2a
  • the lactone compound is rep resen ted by Formulas la and I la, as described previously herein, and the acid intermediate can be represented by the following Formula IVa and Formula IV-2a, IV-2a
  • the present invention further provides a method of forming a fused ring indenopyran compound represented by Formula X and Formula X-2, as described previously herein.
  • the method involves converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and/or II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2, in accordance with one or more of the embodiments as described previously herein.
  • the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2 is converted to an fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III and Formula 111-2, in accordance with one or more of the embodiments as described previously herein.
  • the fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III is then reacted with a propargyl alcohol represented by Formula XI, as described previously herein.Such a reaction is represented by the following Scheme-5.
  • the compound represented by Formula III is reacted or coupled with the propargy! alcohol represented by Formula XI in the presence of a catalytic amount of a protonic acid, such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) or para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA), in a suitable solvent, such as a haloalkyl (e.g., trich!oro methane), under an inert atmosphere (e.g., a nitrogen sweep), and at a temperature range from 0°C to th boiHng point of the solvent, for example, from 0°G to 55°C, or from 10°C to 45°C, or from 20 ti C to 25°C.
  • a protonic acid such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) or para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA)
  • a suitable solvent such as a haloalkyl (e
  • B and B' can each independently be selected from: an aryl group that is mono-substituted with a reactive substituent or a compatiblizing substituent; a substituted phenyl; a substituted aryl; a substituted 9-julolindinyl; a substituted heteroaromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, behzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thieny!, benzothieh-2*yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofurany!, dibenzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, indolinyf, and fluorenyl.
  • the phenyl, aryl, 9- julolindinyl, or heteroaromatic substituents are selected from: a reactive substituent R; an unsubstituted, mono-, di-, or tri-substituted phenyl or aryl group; 9-julolidinyl; or an unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted heteroaromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyi, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, Indoiinyl, and fluorenyl.
  • the phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic groups) of the B and B' groups can each be independently selected from: hydroxy!, a group -C( ⁇ 0)R 21 wherein at is -OR22, - (R2 3 )R 2 , piperidino, or morpholino, wherein R 22 is allyl, C-C20 alky I, phenyl, mono(C--C 20 )alkyl substituted phenyl, mono(C 1 -C 2 o)alkoxy substituted phenyl, phenyl(C 1 -C2o)alkyl, mono(C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl substituted phenyl(C 1 -C Z o)alkyl, mono(Ci- C 20 )alkoxy substituted phenyl(C- r C 2 o)alkyl, mono
  • the phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic groups) of the B and B' groups can, in some embodiments, each be independently and more particularly selected from: hydroxyl, a group -C(-0)R 2 T, wherein R 21 is -OR 22 , -N(R 2 3)R 24 .
  • R 23 and R 2 are each independently CrC c alkyl, C5-G7 cycloalk l, phenyl or substituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being C-r Cfe alky!
  • halo substituent is chloro, iodo, bromo or fluoro, aryl, mono(C--C ⁇ )alkoxyaryl, di(C- ! -Ci2)alkoxyaryl, monQ(Gi-Ci2)a
  • the B and B' groups can also each independently be ah unsubstituted Or mono-substituted group chosen from pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazoliny), pyrrolinyl, phenothiazinyi, phenoxazinyf, phenazinyl, and acrid inyl, each of said substituents being C C 2 o alkyl (e.g., C1-C12 alkyl), C r C 2 o alkoxy (e.g., C-.-C 2 alkoxy), phenyl, or halogen.
  • the B and B' groups can each be independently selected from a group represented by the following genera! Formulas Xl A or XIVB, A and independently with each of general formulas XIVA and XIVB, is -CHs- or and M is -O- or substituted nitrogen, provided that when M is substituted nitrogen, K is -CH 2 -, the substituted nitrogen substituents being hydrogen, C C ⁇ o alkyl > or Q1-G 20 acyl, each R25 being independently chosen for each occurrence from C1-C 20 alky I, CrC 2 o alkoxy, hydroxy, and halogen, R 26 and R2 each being independently hydrogen or ⁇ - ⁇ » alkyl, and u is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.
  • Each B and B' group can independently be a g oup represented by the following general Formula XV,
  • R 28 is hydrogen or Ci-d 2 alkyl
  • R29 is an unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted group chosen from naphthyl, phenyl, furanyl, and thienyl.
  • the substitutents of the mono- OF di-substituted napht yls, phenyls, furanyls, and thienyl s, are in each case independently selected from CrCt2 alky!, d-C ⁇ alkoxy, or halogen.
  • the B and B' groups can together form a member selected from,
  • a fluoren-9-ylidene a mono-substituted fluoren-9-ylidene, or a di-substituted fluoren-9- ylidene.
  • the substituents of the mono-substituted fluoren-9-yiidene, and the di ⁇ substituted fIuoren-9-ylidene can in each case be independently selected from Ci-C 20 alkyl (e.g., C Ciz alkyl), C1-C20 alkoxy (e.g., C Ci 2 alkoxy), or halogen,
  • R 1 for each m, and R 2 for each n> are in each case independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cyc!oalky!,
  • R 3 and R* are each independently selected from hydrogen, C T -G e alkyl, CfC e hatoalkyl, and C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, or together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and B and B' are each independently selected from aryl substituted with C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, and aryl substituted with morpholino.
  • Ring-A and Ring-B can each be a phenyl ring, with some embodiments of the present invention, in which case the fused rin indenopyran represented by Formula X, can be represented by the following Formula Xa, and the fused ring indenopyran represented by Formula X-2, can be represented by the following Formula X-2a:
  • B and B' can each be independently selected from polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group.
  • the polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group from which B and B' can each be independently selected can be represented b the following Formulas XXV and XXVI.
  • XXV and XXVI, -2 is chosen from -C(O)- or -CH 2 -, Z is chosen from C r C 3 alkoxy or a polymerizable group.
  • polymerizable group means any functional group capable of participating in a polymerizaticn reaction.
  • polymerization of the polymerizable indeno-fused naphthopyrans can occur by mechanisms described with regard to the definition of "polymerization” in Hawle s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Thirteenth Edition, 1997, John Wiley & Sons, pages 901-902. Those mechanisms include: by “addition,” in which free radicals are the initiating agents that react wit the ethyleniqally unsaturated double bond of the monomer by adding to it on on ⁇ side at the same time producing a new free electron on the other side; by “condensation,” involving the splitting out of a component, such as water molecules, by two reacting monomers; and by so-called “oxidative coupling.”
  • po!ymerizable groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, thiol, isocyanate groups, oxirane groups (e.g., oxiranylmethyl), radically polymerizable ethylenical!y unsaturated groups, allyl groups, (meth)acryloxy, and 2- (methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl.
  • oxirane groups e.g., oxiranylmethyl
  • radically polymerizable ethylenical!y unsaturated groups allyl groups, (meth)acryloxy, and 2- (methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl.
  • 2 or more polymerizable groups on the naphthopyran they can be the same or different.
  • the group, -(OC2H4) x - can represent poly(ethylene oxide);
  • the poly(ethyterie oxide), poly(propylene oxide) and poly(butylene oxide) groups of Formulas XXV and XXVI can be in a random or block order within the polyalkoxy moiety.
  • the subscript letters x, y and z of Formulas XXV and XXVI are each independently a number between 0 and 50, and the sum of x, y and z is between 2 and SO.
  • the sum of x, y and z can be any number that fails within the range of 2 to 50 (e.g., 2, 3, 4 ... 50). This sum can also range from any lower number to any higher number within the range of 2 to 50 (e.g., 6 to 50, 31 to 50).
  • the numbers for x> y, and z are average values and can be partial numbers (e.g., 9.5).
  • some of the groups of the various compounds and intermediates described herein can independently be selected from or include at least one of a reactive substituent and/or a compatibiizing substituent. If the various compounds and/or intermediates described previously herein, such as the indeno-fused ring compound represented by Formula III, and/or the indeno-fused ring pyran compound represented by Formula X, include multiple reactive substituents and/or multiple compatibiizing substituents, each reactive substituent and each compatibiizing substituent can be independently chosen.
  • Non-limiting examples of groups that -D- can represent according to various non-limiting embodiments include a diamine residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first amino nitrogen of said diamine residue can form a bond with -A'-, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno-fused naphtho!
  • an amino nitrogen of the amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -A 1 -, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno- fused naphthol or indeno-fused naphthopyran), and an alcohol oxygen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -E-, -G- or -J.
  • the amino nitrogen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -£-, -G- or -J
  • said alcohol oxygen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -A'-, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno-fused ring compound or indeno-fused ring pyran compound).
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable diamine residues that -D- can represent include an aliphatic diamin residue, a cyclo aliphatic diamine residue, a diazacycloalkane residue, an azacycio aliphatic amine residue, a diazacrown ether residue, and an aromatic diamine residue.
  • Specific non-limiting examples diamine residues that can be used in conjunction with various non-limtting embodiments disclosed herein include the following;
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable amino alcohol residues that -D- can represent include an aliphatic amino alcohol residue, a cyc!o aliphatic amino alcohol residue, an azacyclo aliphatic alcohol residue, a diazacyclo aliphatic alcohol residue and an aromatic amino alcohol residue, Specific non-limiting examples amino alcohol residues that carl be used in conjunction wit various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein include the following:
  • -E- can represent a dicarboxylic acid residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first carbonyl group of said dicarboxylic acid residue can form a bond with -G- or -D-, and a second carbonyl group of said dicarboxylic acid residue can form a bond with -G-.
  • suitable dicarboxylic acid residues that -E- can represent include an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid residue, a cycloa!iphatic dicarboxylic acid residue and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid residue.
  • Specific non-limiting examples of dicarboxylic acid residues that can be used in conjunction with various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein include the following:
  • -G can represent a group -[( ⁇ 0 2 ⁇ 4) ⁇ ( ⁇ 0 3 ⁇ 6 ) ⁇ ( ⁇ 04 ⁇ 8 )_] ⁇ -, wherein x, y and z are each independently chosen and range from 0 to 50, and a sum of x, y, and z ranges from 1 to SO; a polyoi residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first potyol oxygen of said poiyol residue can form a bond with -A'-, -D-, -E-, or a substituent or an available position on the indeno-fused naphthopyran, and a second polyol oxygen of said polyol can form a bond with -E- or -J; or a combination thereof, wherein the first polyol oxygen of the polyol residue forms a bond with a group -[ ⁇ OC 2 H4)x(OC 3 H6) sf ⁇ OC 4 H
  • polyols from which the polyol residues that -G- can represent c be formed include: (a) low molecular weight polyols having an average molecular weight less than 500, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 4, lines 48-50, and col. 4, line 55 to col. 6, line 5, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (b) polyester polyols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col.
  • polyhydric polyvinyl alcohols such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 4-12, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein;
  • urethane polyols such as, but not limited to those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 3-43, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein;
  • polyacrylic polyols such as ⁇ but not limited to those set forth in U .S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 43 to col.
  • polycarbonate polyols such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 7, lines 41 -55, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; and (j) mixtures of such polyols,
  • -J can represent a group -K, wherein -K represents a group such as, but no limited to, -CH 2 COOH, -CH(CH 3 )COOH, -C(O)(CH 2 ) resortCOOH, -Ce ⁇ SOaH, -C 3 H 10 SO 3 H, -C 4 H 8 S0 3 H, -C 3 H e S0 3 H, -C 2 H 4 S0 3 H and -SOjH, wherein "w" ranges from 1 to 18.
  • -J can represent hydrogen that forms a bond with an oxygen or a nitrogen of linking group to form a reactive moiety such as -OH or -NH.
  • -J can represent hydrogen, provided that if -J represents hydrogen, -J is bonded to an oxygen of -D- or -G-, or a nitrogen of -D-.
  • -J can represent a group -L or residue thereof, wherein -L can represent a reactive moiety.
  • -L can represent a group such as, but not limited to, acryl, methacryl, crotyl, 2- (methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioxy)ethoxycarbonyl, 4-vinylphenyI, vinyl, 1- chlorovinyi or epoxy.
  • acryl, methacryl, crotyl, 2- (methacrytoxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioxy)ethoxycarbonyli 4-vinyl phenyl, vinyl, 1- chlorovinyt, and epoxy refer to t e following structures:
  • -G- can represent a residue of a polyol, which is defined herein to include hydroxy-containing carbohydrates, such as those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at coi. 7, line 56 to col. 8, line 17, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein.
  • the polyol residue can be formed, for example and without limitation herein, by the reaction of one or more of the polyol hydroxyl groups with a precursor of -A'-, such as a carboxylic acid or a methylene ha!ide, a precursor of polyalkoxylated group, such as polyalkylene glycol, or a hydroxyl substituent of the indeno-fused naphthopyran.
  • the polyol can be represented by g- ⁇ OH) a and the residue of the polyol can be represented by the formula -O-qf-(OH) a .i , wherein q is the backbone or main chain of the polyhydroxy compound and "a" is at least 2.
  • one or more of the polyol oxygens of -G- can form a bond with -J (i.e., forming the group -G-J).
  • -J i.e., forming the group -G-J.
  • the reactive and/or compatiblizing substituent comprises the group -G- J
  • -G-J can be produced by reacting one or more polyoi hydroxy! groups to form the group -K (fbr example as discussed with respect to Reactions B and C at col. 13, line 22 to col. 16, line 15 of U.S. Patent No.
  • -J represents a group -K that contains a ⁇ sulfcx or su!fono terminating group
  • -G-J can be produced by acidic condensation of one or more of the polyoi hydroxy! groups with HOC 6 H 4 S0 3 H; HOC 5 HioS0 3 H; HOC 4 H 8 S0 3 H; HOC 3 H 6 S0 3 H; HOC 2 H 4 S0 3 H; or H 2 S0 4 , respectively.
  • -G- represents a polyoi residue
  • -J represents a group -L chosen from aery I, methacryl, 2- ⁇ methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl and epoxy
  • -L can be added by condensation of the polyoi residue with acryloyl chloride, methacryloyl chloride, 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate or epichlorohydrin, respectively.
  • the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, prepared by the method of the present invention, can be used to render compositions and/or articles photochromic.
  • articles that can be rendered photochromic by the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, optical elements, displays, windows (or transparencies), mirrors, and components or elements of liquid crystal cells.
  • optical elements means pertaining to or associated with light and/or vision.
  • optical elements that can be rendered photochromic include, without limitation, ophthalmic elements, display elements, windows, mirrors, and liquid crystal cell elements.
  • ophthalmic'' means pertaining to or associated with the eye and vision.
  • ophthalmic elements include corrective and non-corrective lenses, including single vision or multi-vision lenses, which can be either segmented or non-segmented multi-vision lenses (such as, but not limited to, bifocal lenses, trifocal lenses and progressive lenses), as well as other elements used to correct, protect, or enhance (cosmetically or otherwise) vision, including without limitation, magnifying lenses, protective lenses, visors, goggles, as well as, lenses for optical instruments (for example, cameras and telescopes).
  • display means the visible or machine-readable representation of information in words, numbers, symbols, designs or drawings.
  • Non-limiting examples of display elements include screens, monitors, and security elements, such as security marks.
  • window means an aperture adapted to permit the transmission of radiation there-through.
  • windows include automotive and aircraft transparencies, windshields, filters, shutters, and optical switches.
  • mirror means a surface that specularly reflects a large fraction of incident light.
  • liquid crystal ceil refers to a structure containing a liquid crystal material that is capable of being ordered.
  • a liquid crystal cell element is a liquid crystal display.
  • Articles can be rendered photochromic with the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds of the present invention by methods including, but not limited to, imbibition methods, cast-in-pface methods, coating methods, in-mo!d coating methods, over-mold methods, and lamination methods.
  • imbibition methods the indeno- fused ring pyran compound is typically diffused into a polymeric material of a previously formed or fabricated article, such as a substrate or previously applied coating or film.
  • Imbibition can be performed by immersing th polymeric material of a previously formed or fabricated article in a solution containing the indeno-fused ring pyran compound, with or without heating, Thereafter, although not required, the indeno-fused ring pyran compound can be bonded with the polymeric material (e.g., of the substrate or coating).
  • the indeno-fused ring pyran compound can be mixed with: a polymer and/or oligomer composition in solution or melt form; or monomer composition in liquid form, so as to form a castable photochromic composition.
  • the castable photochromic composition is then typically introduced into the cavity of a moid (e.g., a lens mold).
  • the castable photochromic composition is then set (e.g., cured) within the moid so as to form a photochromic article.
  • the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can be connected to at least a portion of the substrate as part of a coating that is connected to at least a portion of the substrate.
  • the substrate can be a polymeric substrate or an inorganic substrate (such as, but not limited to, a glass substrate).
  • the fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention can be incorporated into at least a portion of a coating composition prior to application of the coating composition to the substrate.
  • a coating composition can be applied to the substrate, at least partially set, and thereafter the fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention can be imbibed into at least a portion of the coating.
  • Photochrome articles can be prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention by art-recognized in-moid coating (or in-mold casting) methods. With in-mold coating methods, a photochrome coating composition including the fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention, which can be a liquid coating composition or a powder coating composition, is applied to at least a portio of the interior surface of a mold, and then at least partially set.
  • Photochrome articles prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can also be formed by art-recognized over-mold methods.
  • Over-mold methods typically involve forming a substrate within a mold, and then forming a interior space between the substrate and an interior surface of the mold, into which a photochrome coating composition is then subsequently introduced (e.g., injected) and then set (e.g., cured).
  • over-mold methods can involve introducing a previously formed substrate into a mold, such that an interior space is defined between the substrate and an interior mold surface, and thereafter a photochrome coating composition is introduced (e.g., injected) into the interior space.
  • Photochrome articles prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds prepared by the methods of the present invention, can also be formed by art- recognized lamination methods.
  • lamination methods a film comprising the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can be adhered or otherwise connect to a portion of the substrate, with or without an adhesive and/or the application of heat and pressure.
  • a second substrate can be applied over the first substrate and the two substrates can be laminated together (e.g., by the application of heat and pressure) to form an element wherein the film comprising the fused ring indenopyran compound is interposed between the two substrates.
  • Methods of forming films comprising a photochrome material can include for example and without limitation, combining a photochrome material with a polymeric solution or oligomeric solution or mixture, casting or extruding a film therefrom, and, if required, at least partially setting the film. Additionally or alternatively, a film can be formed (with or without a photochrome material) and imbibed with the photochromic material,
  • the fused ring indenopyran compounds prepared b the methods of the present invention can be used alone or in combination wit other photochromic materials.
  • Classes of photochromic materials that can be used in combination (e.g., in mixture) with the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to: spir0(ihdOline)naphthoxazines and spiro(indOl ne)benzoxazines, for example as described in U.S. Pat, Nos.
  • Part 1 of the Examples the synthesis procedures used to make the lactones of Examples 1-8, naphthol of Example 7B and photochromic materials of Examples 1A to 6A.
  • Part 2 describes the photochromic performance testing and results for photochromic compounds of Examples 1A-6A.
  • Solid anhydrous lanthanum (III) chloride 100 g was ground to a very fine powder and then mixed with lithium chloride (52 g) and dry THF (1 liter) in a 5 liter three-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stir and a dropping funnel. The mixture was refluxed for few hours until it dissolved. The product of Step 2 was dissolved in the mixture. The mixture was then cooled to ⁇ 15 C. A solution of 3M methyl magnesium chloride (238 mL) was placed in the dropping funnel. The first 30% of the Grignard was added slowly to the mixture.
  • Step 2 To a flask containing the product of Step 1 (2.42 g) 1 were added methanol (20 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL) was added and the solution was heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by passing through a plug of silica gel, using 4:1 hexane/ethyl acetate mixture as the eluent. Fractions containing the desired material were grouped and concentrated to provide a cream colored solid (1.63 g). NMR analysis of the cream colored solid indicated a structure that was consistent with 8,10-dibromo-7,7-dimethyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)-7W-benzo[c ⁇ fluoren-5-o1. Step 3
  • Step 1 the product of Example 2 was used in place of the product of Example 1 ; in Step 2, the desired product 8 Q ⁇ ibromo ⁇ -difluoro-7,7- ⁇ was recrystallized out using ethyl acetate as solvent; In Step 3 ( 1- ⁇ 4-fluorophenyl ⁇ -1-(4-(N- morpholino)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2- yn-1-ol.
  • Step 1 the product of Example 3 was used in place of the product of Example 1 ; in Step 3, 1 ,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ot was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1- pheny!pror 2-yn-1-Ol.
  • NMR analysis of the obtained off-white crystals indicated a structure that was consistent with 3,3»bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-10, 12-dibromo-6,8-dif iuoro-13, 13- dimethyl-3H,13H-indeno[2',3':3,43naphtho(1.2-b3pyran.
  • Example 4
  • Step 1 the product of Example 4 was used in place of the product of Example 1; also in Ste 1 before the addition of acetic anhydride, the toluene solution was washed with water, dried over magnesium and filtered though CELITE ® filter aid to remove bismuth triflate; in Step 3, 1 ,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pfop-2-yn ⁇ 1-o! was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1- phenytprop-2-yn-1-ol. NMR confirmed that the off-white crystalline product had a structure consistent with 3,3-bis(4-methOxyphenyt)-9-me
  • Example 1A The procedure from Step 1 of Example 1A was followed except that the product of Example 5 was used in place of the product of Example 1. An off-white solid was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with 2,4-dichloro- 9-methoxy-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[c]fluoren-5-yt acetate.
  • Step 3 The product of Step 3 (3 g), 1 -(4-butoxyphenyl)-1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1 -ol (1 -8 g p-toluenesulfonic acid (73 mg) and dichloroethane (50 ml) were placed in a reaction flask. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for hours. All solvent was removed. The product wa purified by CombiFlash ® Rf from Teledyne ISCO. A black solid (2 g) was obtained as the product.
  • Example 6 Using the product from Example 6, the procedure from Step 1 of Example 1 A was followed. White crystals were obtained as the product. ISIM indicated that the product had a structure consistent with 8,10-dibromo-1 ,4-difluoro-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[c]f!uoren-5-yl acetate.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL).
  • the mixture was filtered through a bed of CELITE ® filter aid and the filtrate was collected and concentrated to provide a residue.
  • the residue was purified by silica gel column separation using 19/1 toluene/ethyl acetate as the eluent.
  • toluene was added to precipitate the product.
  • the resulting precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and dried to provide a cream colored solid (0.6 g).
  • the photochrome performance of the photochromic materials of Examples 1A-6A were tested as follows. A quantity of the photochromic material to be tested, calculated to yield a 1.5 x 10 -3 M solution, was added to a flask containing 50 grams of a monomer blend of 4 parts ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA 2EO DMA), 1 part poiy(ethy!ene glycol) 600 drmethacryiate, and 0.033 weight percent 2,2'-azobis(2 ⁇ methyl propionitrile) (AIBN). The photochromic material was dissolved into the monomer blend by stirring and gentle heating if necessary.
  • BPA 2EO DMA ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate
  • AIBN 2,2'-azobis(2 ⁇ methyl propionitrile
  • the photochromic test squares prepared as described above were tested for photochromic response on an optical bench. Prior to testing on the optical bench, the photochromic test squares were exposed to 365 nm ultraviolet light for about 15 minutes to cause the photochromic material to transform from the ground state-form to an activated- state form, and then placed in a 75"C oven for about 15 minutes to allow the photochromic material to revert back to the ground state-form. The test squares were then cooled to room temperature, exposed to fluorescent room lighting for at least 2 hours, and then kept covered (that is, in a dark environment) for at least 2 hours prior to testing on an optical bench maintained at 73°F (23°C).
  • the optical bench fitted with a Schott 3mm KG-2 band -pass filter, neutral density filter(s) and a Newport Model# 67005 300-watt Xenon arc lamp with Model# 69911 power supply in association with a Newport Model 689456 Digital Exposure/Timer was used to control the intensity of the irradiance beam utilized for activation of the sample.
  • a custom made broadband light source for monitoring response measurements was directed through the sample such that the angle between the activation source and the monitoring beam is 30 degrees with the sample positioned perpendicular to this monitoring beam.
  • This broad beam light source is Obtained by collecting and combining separately filtered light from a 100-Watt tungsten halogen lamp (controlled by a Lambda UP60-14 constant voltage powder supply) with a split-end, bifurcated fiber optical cable to enhance the short wavelength light intensity. After passing through the sample, this monitoring light was refocused into a 2-inch integrating sphere and fed to an Ocean Optics S2000 spectrophotometer by fiber optic cables. Ocean Optics SpectraSuite and PPG proprietary software were used to measure response and control the operation of the optical bench.
  • the Amax- is is the wavelength in the visible spectrum at which the maximum absorption of the activated-state form of the photochrome compound in a test square occurs.
  • the Amax-vis wavefength was determined by testing the photochromic test squares in a Varian Gary 4000 UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
  • the change in Optical density at saturation for each test sample was determined by opening the shutter from the xenon lamp and measuring the transmittance after exposing the test chip to 3W/m2 UVA radiation for 30 minutes.
  • the change in Optical density at saturation was calculated using the formula: ⁇ 0 - log (%Tb/%Ta), where %Tb is the percent transmittance in the bleached state, %Ta is the percent transmittance in the activated state both at the A max . V is and the logarithm is to the base 10.
  • the first fade half life (“T1/2") or bleach rate is the time interval in seconds for the absorbance of the activated-state form Of the photochromic material in the test squares to reach one half the LOO at saturation value at room temperature (23°C), after removal of the source of activating light.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to lactone compounds represented by following Formulas I and II, and methods of making such lactone compounds. Formula (I): and formula (II). The present invention also relates to methods of making other materials from such lactone compounds, such as fused ring indenol compounds (e.g., indeno-fused naphthols), and fused ring indenopyran, compounds (e.g., indeno-fused naphthopyrans).

Description

LACTONE COMPOUNDS AND MATERIALS MADE THEREFROM
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application number 61/459,675, filed on December 16, 2010,
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to lactone compounds, such as fused ring lactone compounds, methods of making lactone compounds, and methods of making other materials, such as fused ring indenol compounds and fused ring indenopyran compounds, from lactone compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Fused ring indenol compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthols, have many uses, such as intermediates in the synthesis of photochrome compounds and materials, such as fused ring indenopyrans, including indeno-fused naphthopyrans. Photochrome materials, such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, in response to certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (or "actinic radiation"), typically undergo a transformation from one form or state to another form, with each form having a characteristic or distinguishable absorption spectrum associated therewith. Typically, upon exposure to actinic radiation, many photochrome materials are transformed from a closed-form, which corresponds to an unactivated (or bleached, e.g., substantially colorless) state of the photochrome material, to an open-form, which corresponds to an activated (or colored) state of the photochrome material. In the absence of exposure to actinic radiation, such photochrome materials are reversibly transformed from the activated (or colored) state, back to the unactivated (or bleached) state. Compositions and articles, such as eyewear lenses, that contain photochrome materials or have photochrome materials applied thereto (e.g., in form of a photochrome coating composition) typically display colorless (e.g., clear) and colored states that correspond to the colorless and colored states of the photochrome materials contained therein or applied thereto.
[0004] Indeno-fused naphthol materials are typically prepared by a synthetic scheme involving the reaction of a benzophenone with a dialkyl succinate, which is typically referred to as a Stobbe reaction route. When unsymmetrical benzophenones are used, a mixture of indeno-fused naphthol materials typically results from the Stobbe reaction route. The mixture of indeno-fused naphthois typically must be separated so as to iso!ate the desired indeno-fused naphtho!. The isolated indeno-fused naphthol can then be used in subsequent reactions (e.g., in the synthesis of photochrome indeno-fused naphthopyrans). The separation and isolation steps generally result in significantly reduced yields relative to the desired indeno-fused naphthol materials. In addition, the Stobbe reaction route can involve two separate ring closure steps, which are typically conducted at separate times and in separate reaction vessels.
[0005] Some photochrome materials, such as photochrome indeno-fused naphthopyrans can be expensive, and in light of economic considerations, reducing the costs associated with synthesizing such materials is typically desirable,
[0006] It would be desirable to develop new materials, such as intermediates, and new methods of using such newly developed materials, to make, for example, indeno- fused naphthois and related materials. In addition, it would be desirable that such newly developed materials and methods provide improvements, such as, higher yields, a reduced number of synthetic steps, and reduced costs relative to previous synthetic methods.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula II,
Figure imgf000003_0001
Figure imgf000004_0001
[0008] With reference to Formulas I and II, Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substitute heteroaryl.
[0009] With further reference to Formulas I and II, m and h are each independently selected from 0 to a value corresponding to as many positions on Ring-A and Ring-B, respectively, to which an R1 group or an R2 group can be bonded. Typically, rrt and n are each independently 0 to 4. Ring-A positions to which an R1 group is not bonded, can instead have hydrogen groups bonded thereto. Similarly, Ring-B positions to which an R2 group is not bonded, can instead have hydrogen groups bonded thereto, In addition, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from: hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)O-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -N(R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N(R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; halogen; cya o; arid -N(R11')R12\ wherein R11' and R12' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, or R11' and R12' together form a ring structure optionally incfuding at least one heteroatom.
[0010] The R3 and R4 groups of Formulas I and II are each independently selected from: hydrogen; hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, and -N(R11 where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; and substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -0-, -S-, -C(0>, -C(O)0-; -S(O)-, SOr, and -N(R11 where R11 r is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyi; or R3 and R4 together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom. One or more of R\ R2, R3 and R4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formulas I and II.
[0011] In accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a method of making a fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of the following Formula 111 and Formula ill-2,
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000005_0002
[0012] With reference to Formulas Hi and III-2, Ring-A, Ring-B, m, n, R , R2, R3 and R4 are each as previously described herein with regard to the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II. Alternatively, one or more of R\ R2, R3 and R4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formulas I and II. The R12 group of Formulas III and ill-2 is selected from hydrogen, -C(O)-R' 3 and - S(O)(O)R13, wherein R13 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarbyl.
[0013] The method of making the fused ring indenoi compound represented by Formulas III and lil-2 comprises, converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formulas I and il, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2,
Figure imgf000006_0001
Figure imgf000007_0001
[0014] The method of making the fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III or UI-2, further comprises, converting the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or IV-2 to the corresponding indeno-fused ring compound represented by Formula 111 or 111-2.
[0015] The present invention also provides a method of forming the lactone compound represented by at least one of Formulas I and If, as described above. The method comprises, reacting an acid ester represented by at least one of Formula VI and Formula VII with at least one of (i) a metal hydride reducing agent, and/or (ii) a nucleophile represented by at least one of Formula VIII and Formula IX, thereby forming the lactone compound. Representations of Formulas VI, VII, VIII and IX are provided as follows:
Figure imgf000008_0001
VIII IX
R3'M and R4'M2.
[0016] With reference to Formulas VI, VII, VIII and IX: R 6 is selected from hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl; R3' is a nucleophile of R3 as described with reference to Formulas I and II; R4 is a nucleophile of R4 as described with reference to Formulas I and II; and M1 and 2 are each independently selected from Si(R19)3, where each R18 is independently selected from C1-C8 alkyl, or M1 and 2 each independently represent a counterion comprising a metal selected from g, Li, n, Cu, Zri., Al, Ti, Ln, and combinations thereof.
[0017] There is further provided, in accordance with the present invention, a method of making fused ring indenopyran compounds represented by the followin Formulas X and X-2,
Figure imgf000009_0001
Figure imgf000009_0002
[0018] With reference to Formulas X and X-2, Ring-A, Ring-B, m, rt, R , R2, R3 and R4 are each as previously described herein, for example, ith regard to the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II. Alternatively, one or more of R\ R2, R3 and R4 can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of the those groups as described above and furthe herein With reference to, for example, Formulas !, II, III and III-2.
[0019] The B and B' groups of Formulas X and X-2 are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, un substituted heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group. Alternatively B and B', of Formulas X and X-2, taken together ca form a ring structure selected from unsubstituted fluoren-9-ylidene, substituted fluoren-9-y!idene, saturated spiro- monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, saturated spiro-bicyclic hydrocarbon ring, and spiro- tricyclic hydrocarbon ring. [0020] The method of forming the fused ring indenopyran compound represented by Formulas X and X-2 comprises, converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of Formula I and Formula II, to an acid intermediate comprising ah acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formulas IV and IV-2, each as described previously herein. The method further comprises converting the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and/or IV-2 to a corresponding fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III and/or 111-2, as described previousl herein.
[0021] The method of forming the compound represented by Formula X or X-2 further comprises, reacting the fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one bf Formula III and III-2 with a propargyl alcohol represented by the following Formula XI,
Figure imgf000010_0001
The compound represented by Formulas X and/or X-2 is thereby formed. The B and B' groups of the propargyl alcohol represented by Formula XI, are each as described previously herein ith regard to the compound represented by Formula X or X-2. Alternatively, one or more of the B and B' groups of Formula XI, can in each case independently represent one or more precursors of the those groups as described above and further herein with reference to, for example, Formula X or X-2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[00223 As used herein and in the claims, the term "actinic radiation" means electromagnetic radiation that is capable Of transforming a photochromic material from one form or state to another.
[00233 As used herein and in the claims, the term "photochromic" means having an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that Varies in response to absorption of at feast actinic radiation. Further, as used herein the term "photochromic material" means any substance that is adapted to display photochromic properties, i.e. adapted to have an absorption spectrum for at least visible radiation that varies in response to absorption of at least actinic radiation, and which includes at teast one photochrome compound .
[0024] As used herein and in the claims, recitations of "linear or branched" groups, such as linear or branched alkyl, are understood to include: a methylene group o a methyl group; groups that are linear, suc as linear d-Cw alkyl groups; and groups that are appropriately branched, such as branched C3-C23 alkyl groups.
[0025] As used herein and in the claims, the term "halo" and similar terms, such as halo group, halogen, and halogen grou means F, CI, Br and/or I, such as fluoro, ch!oro, iodo, bromo and/or iodo.
[0026] Unless otherwise indicated, all ranges or ratios disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges or subtatios subsumed therein. For example, a stated range or ratio of "1 to 10" should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, ail subranges or subratios beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, such as but not limited to, 1 to 6.1 , 3.5 to 7.8, and 5.5 to 10.
[0027] As used herein and in the claims, the articles "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless otherwise expressly and unequivocally limited to One referent.
[0028] Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about."
[0029] Various groups of the compounds and intermediates described previously and further herein, for example the R', R2, R3 and R4 groups of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and If, can in each case be independently selected from hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl.
[0030] As used herein and in the claims the term "hydrocarbyl" and similar terms, such as "hydrocarbyl substituent" and "hydrocarbyl group" means: linear or branched Ci-C2o alkyl (e.g., linear or branched C -C10 alkyl); linear or branched C2-C2Q alkenyl (e.g., linear or branched C2-C1C alkenyl); linear or branched C2-C20 alkynyl (e.g., linear or branched C2-C10 alkynyl); C3-C 2 cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C10 cycloalkyl); C3-C12 heterocycloalkyl (having at least one hetero atom in the cyclic ring); C3-Cie aryl (including polycyclic aryl groups) (e.g., C5-C 0 aryl); Cs-C^ heteroaryl (having at least one hetero atom in th aromatic ring); and C6-C24 aralkyl (e.g., G6-Cio aralkyl). [0031] Representative alkyl groups include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl. Representative alkenyt. groups include but are not limited to vinyl, ally) and propenyl. Representative alkynyl groups include but are not limited to ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, -butynyl, and 2-butynyl. Representative cycloaikyl groups include but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyc!opentyl, cyclo hexyl, and cyclooctyl substituents. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl and piperidtnyl. Representative aryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl and naphthyl. Representative heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to furany!, pyranyl and pyridinyl. Representative ara!kyl groups include but are not limited to benzyl, and phenethyl.
[0032] The term "substituted hydrocarbyl" as used herein and in the claims means a hydrocarbyl group in which at least one hydrogen thereof has been substituted with a grou that is other than hydrogen, such as, but not limited to, halo groups, hydroxy I groups, ether groups, thiol groups, thto ether groups, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylic acid ester groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphoric acid ester groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfonic acid ester groups, nitro groups, cyano groups, hydrocarbyl groups (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aikynyl, cycloaikyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and ara!kyl groups), and amine groups, such as -N(R11')(R12') where R11' and R12' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl, or R^' and R-is' together form a cyclic ring optionally including at least one heteroatom (e.g., - Q- and/or -S-).
[0033] The term "substituted hydrocarbyl" is inclusive of halohydrocarbyl (or halo substituted hydrocarbyl) substituents. The term "halohydrocarby as used herein and in the claims, and similar terms, such as halo substituted hydrocarbyl, means that at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl (e.g., of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloaikyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and arafkyl groups) is replaced with a halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine. The degree of halogenation can range from at least one hydrogen atom being replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., a fluoromethyl group) to full halogenation (perhalogenation) in which ail replaceable hydrogen atoms on the hydrocarbyl group have been replaced by a halogen atom (e.g., trifiuoromethyl or perfiuoromethyl). Correspondingly, the term "perhaiohydrocarbyl group" as used herein and in the claims means a hydrocarbyl group in which all replaceable hydrogens have been replaced with a halogen. Examples of perhalohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, perhalogenated phenyl groups and perhalogenated alkyl groups,
[0034] The hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups from which various groups arid substituents, such as R\ R2, R3 and R4, can each be selected, can in each case be independently and optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, *C(O)-, - C(0)0-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -N(R11')-. As used herein and in the claims, by interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N(R11')-, means that at least one carbon of, but lees than all of the carbons of, the hydrocarbyl group or substituted hydrocarbyl group, is in each case independently replaced with one of the recited divalent linking groups. The hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups can be interrupted with two or more of the above recited linking groups, which can be adjacent each other or separated by one or more carbons.
[0035] As used herein and in the claims, recitations of "linear or branched" or linear, branched or cyclic" groups, such as linear or branched alkyi, or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl ( are herein understood to include a methylene group, groups that are linear, such as linear C2-C25 alkyl groups, groups that are appropriately branched, such as branched C3-C2S alkyl groups, and groups that are appropriately cyclic, such as C3-C25 cycioalkyl (or cyclic alkyl) groups.
[0036] A used herein and in the claims, the term "precursor" and related terms, such as "precursors" with regard to the various groups, for example, R1 , R2, R3, R4, B and B\ of the compounds and intermediates described herein, for example, the fused ring compounds represented by Formulas f and II, and the fused ring indenol compounds represented by Formulas III and lli-2, means a group that can be converted in one or more steps to the final or desired group. For purposes of non- limiting illustration: a precursor of a hydroxyl group (-OH) includes, but is not limited to* a carboxylic acid ester group (-OC(O)R where R is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl); and a precursor of a carboxyfic acid ester group (-OC(Q)R) includes, but is not limited to, a hydroxyl group (-OH), which can be reacted, for example, with a carboxylic acid halide, such as acetic acid chloride (or acetyl chloride).
[00373 As used herein and in the claims, unless otherwise indicated, left-to-right representations of linking groups, such as divalent linking groups, are inclusive of other appropriate orientations, such as, right-to-left orientations. For purposes of non- limiting illustration, the left-to-right representation of the divalent linking group -C(O)0-, is inclusive of the righMo-left representation thereof, -O(O)0-, [0038] The groups and substituents of the lactone compounds (e.g., represented by Formulas I and It), the fused ring indenol compounds (e.g., represented by Formula III), the fused ring indenopyran compounds (e*g., represented by Formula X), and the compounds and intermediates used in their preparation, are described in further detail as follows.
[0039] The Ring-A and Ring-B groups of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II, can each be Independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl. The substituents of the substituted aryl, fused ring aryl and heteroaryl groups can each be independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups and substituted hydrocarbyl groups, which each can be optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, »S-, -C(O)-, -G(O)0-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -N(R11 ')-, as described previously herein. Examples of aryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, phenyl and biphenyl. Examples of fused ring aryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthyl and anthracenyt. Examples of heteroaryl groups from which Ring-A and Ring-B can each be independently selected include, but are not limited to, furanyl, pyranyl, indolyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, and pyridinyl.
[00403 With some embodiments of the present invention, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from; a reactive substituent; a compatiblizing substituent; halogen selected from iodo, bromo, fluoro and chloro; Cr C20 alkyl; C3-C10 cycloalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; or -O-R-c' or -C(O)- R1o'or -C(O)-OR10\ wherein R10' is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, phenyl(C<-C2o)alkyl, mono(C1 -C20)alkyl substituted phenyKCrCgoJalkyl, mono(CrC2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC2b)aikyl, {C1-C2o)alkoxy(C2-C2o)alkyl, C3-Cto cycloalkyl, or mono(C C2o)alkyl substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl. The phenyl substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl) can be selected from hydroxyl, halogen, carbonyl, d-C2o alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halo(C1-C2o)alkyl, C1 -C20 alky! or C-C2C alkoxy.
[004] J With some further embodiments, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are i each case independently and more particularly selected from: C1-Ce alkyl; C3-C7 cycloalkyl; substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; -OR1o' or -OC(=0)RV, wherein R10 is hydrogen, C C6 alkyl, phenyl(C1-C3)alkyl, mono(Ci-C6)alkyl substituted pheny d- C3)alkyl, mono(CrCe)alkoxy substituted phenyl(Ci-C3)alkyl, (Ci-C6)alkoxy(C2-C4)alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or mono(Ci-C4)alkyl substituted C3-C7 cycloalkyl. The phenyl Substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl) can be more particularly selected from hydroxy!, halogen, carbonyl, CrCe alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, haio(Cr- C6)alkyl, Ci-C6 alkyl Of Cr-Ce alkoxy,
[0042] Alternatively or in addition to the previously recited classes and examples, R for each m, and R2 for each n, can in each case be independently selected from, -N Ru'JR ', wherein R11' and R12' are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yi, thienyl, benzothien^yl, behzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzopyridyl, fluorenyl, d-C2o alkylaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C20 bicycloalkyl, O5- C20 tricycloalkyl or d- C?o alkoxyalkyl, wherein said aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, or R1 and R1g' come together with the nitrogen atom to form a C3-C20 hetero-bicycloalkyl ring or a C4-C2o hetero-tricycloalkyl ring.
[0043] Further alternatively or in addition to the previously recited classes and examples, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, can in each case be independently selected from, a nitrogen containing ring represented by the following graphic Formula XI I A,
Figure imgf000015_0001
With the nitrogen ring substituent represented by general Formula XIIA, each -Y- is independently chosen for each occurrence from -CH2., -CH(R13')-t -C(R†3V. -CH(aryl)-, - C(aryl)2-, and -C(R13'){aryl)-, and Z is -Y-. -O-, -S-, -S(Q)-, -S02-, -NH-, -N(R13 , or -N(aryl)-, wherein each R13' is independently C ^o alkyl (e.g., CrC6 alkyl), each aryl is independently phenyl or naphthyl, m is an integer 1 , 2 or 3, and is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3 and provided that when p is 0, Z is -Y-.
[0044] Additionally or alternatively, R for each m, and R2 for each n, can in each case also be independentl selected from a nitrogen containing ring substituent represented by general formula XIIB and/or general formula XHC:
Figure imgf000016_0001
For the nitrogen containing ring substituents represented by general formulas XI IB and XIJC, R1s, and R17 are each independently hydrogen, CrC2Q alkyl (e.g., Ci-Ce alkyl), phenyl or naphthyl, or the groups R1¾ and R1e together form a ring of 5 to 8 carbon atoms and each Rd is independently for each occurrence selected from C1-C2o alkyl (e.g., Ct-Ce alkyl), CrC2o alkoxy (e.g., C C6 alkoxy), fluoro or chloro, and Q is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3.
[0045] Further alternatively or additionally, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, can in each case also be independently selected from, unsubstituted, mono-, or dt- substituted C4-Cta spirobi cyclic amine, or unsubstituted, mono-, and di-substituted C4- Cis spirotricyclic amine, wherein the substituents are independently aryl, C-C20 alkyl (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C20 alkoxy (e.g., C1-C6 alkoxy), or phenyl(Ci- Gaojalkyl (e.g., phenyl(C1-C6)alkyl).
[0046] With some embodiments of the present invention, two adjacent R groups, and/or two adjacent Ft2 groups, can together form a group represented by the following general formula XIID Or general formula XIIE,
Figure imgf000016_0002
With the groups represented by general formulas XIID and XIIE, T and T are each independently oxygen or the grou - R11-, where R-n, R1S( and R1e are each as set forth and described previously herein.
[0047] The R3 and R4 groups, with some embodiments of the present invention, can each be independently selected from: a reactive substituent; a compatiblizing substituent; hydrogen; hydroxy; C1-C20 alky! (e.g., d-Qe aikyl); C1-C2o haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C6 haloalkyl); C3-Ci0 cycloalkyl (e.g., C3-C7 cycloalkyl); ally I; benzyl; or mono- substituted benzyl. The benzyl substituents ca be chosen from halogen, C C2o alkyl (e.g., Gt-Ce alkyl) or C1-C20 alkoxy (e,g., C C6 alkoxy). [0048] The R3 and R4 groups with some further embodiments of the present invention, can each be independently selected from, an unsubstituted, mono- di-or tri- substituted group chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazolyl, or indolyl. The group substituents can in each case be independently chosen from halogen, C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C1-G& alkyl) or CrCzo alkoxy (e.g., CTC6 alkoxy).
[0049] The R3 and R4 groups can also, with some embodiments of the present invention, each be independently selected from a mono-substituted phenyl, in which the phenyl has a substituent located at the para position thereof, which is a linking group, -{CH2)t- or -O-(CH2)t-. that is connected to an aryl group which is a member of a (or another) photochromic material, such as a naphthopyran, an indeno-fused naphthopyran, or benzopyran, and t is chosen from the integer 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
[0050] Alternatively, the R3 and R4 groups can eac be independently selected from the group ~CH(R'°)G, in which R1t> is hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., C1-C« alkyl) or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, and G Is -Cf-^OR11, in which Ft'11 is hydrogen, -C(O)R10. C'I-QM alkyl (e.g., C--C6 alkyl), CrC20 alkoxy(CrC2o)alkyl (e.g., C G3 alkoxy(C1-C6}alkyl), phehyl(C1-C2o)alkyl (e.g., phenyl(C1-C3)alkyl), mono(C1-C2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(C1-C2o)alkyl (e.g„ mono(CrC6)alkoxy substituted pheny Ci-CaJalkyl), or the unsubstituted, mono- or di- substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl. The substituents of the phenyl and naphthyl groups can each be independently selected from C1-C20 alkyl (e.g., CrC6 alkyl) or C1-C20 alkoxy (e.g., C1-C8 alkoxy).
[0051] Wit some further embodiments of the present invention, R3 and R4 can together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro- carbocyclic rin containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted spiro- heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom. The spiro-carbocyciic ring and th spiro-heterocyclic ring are each annellated with 0, 1 or 2 benzene rings. The substituents of the spiro rings can be chosen from hydrogen or C-C20 alkyl (e.g., C1-Ce alkyl).
[0052] With some embodiments of the present invention, R for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from unsubstituted phenyl, substituted phenyl, d-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, iodo, bromo, fluoro, chloro, and -O-R-0' With further embodiments of the present invention, R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C8 haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or R3 and R4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
[0053] In accordance with some further embodiments, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, can in each case be independently selected from a group represented by the following Formula XI H,
XIII
- (S.)6-(Q - S2)e )d' -(Oa ~(S3)e -(Qa -(S4 ),,-S5-P With reference to Formula XIII, Q ( Q2, and Q3 are each independently Chosen from, a divalent group chosen from, an unsubstituted or a substituted aromatic group, an unsubstituted or a substituted alicyclic group, an unsubstituted or a substituted heterocyclic group, and mixtures thereof.
[0054] The substituents of the substituted aromatic groups, substituted alicyclic groups and substituted heterocyclic groups from which each of Q1 r Q2, and Q3 can be selected, are independently chosen from: a group represented by P (as will be described in further detail herein); liquid crystal mesogens; halogen; poly(CrCi8 alkoxy); C C18 alkoxycarbonyl; CI-CIB alkyfcarbonyi; C1-C 8 alkoxycarbonyloxy; aryloxycarbonyloxy; perfluoro(Gi-Gi8)alkoxy; perfluoro(C1-Ci8)alkoxycarbonyl; perfluoro(C1-C1e)alkylcarbonyl ; perfluoro(Ci-Ci8)alkylamino; di-(perfiuoro(Cr dejalkyljamino; perfluoro(C1-Ci8)alkylthio; C1-Cta alkylthio; GrC 8 acetyl; C3*C 0 cycloalkyl; C3-Ci0 cycloalkoxy; or a straight-chain or branched CrC™ alkyl group that is mono-substituted with cyano, halo, or C Cie alkoxy, or poly-substituted with halo.
[0055] Additionally or alternatively, the substituents of the substituted aromatic groups, substituted alicyclic groups and substituted heterocyclic groups from which each of Qt, Q2, and Q3 can be selected, can be further independently chosen from a group represented by one of the foltowing formulas XII1A and XII IB,
XIIIA XIIIB
-M(T)(M ) - (OT)(:.1}>
With reference to Formulas XIIIA and XIIIB, M is chosen from aluminum, antimony, tantalum, titanium, zirconium and silicon, T is chosen from organofunctional radicals, organofunctional hydrocarbon radicals, aliphatic hydrocarbo radicals and aromatic hydrocarbo radicals, and t is the valence of .
[0056] Liquid crystal mesogens from hich each of Qi, Q2, and Q3 can each be independently selected, include but are not limited to art-recognized liquid crystal mesogens. With some embodiments, the liquid crystal mesogens can be selected from those described in United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/032301 A1 ,see paragraphs [0052J to [0095] and Table 1 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0057] With further reference to Formula XIII , the subscripts c, d, e, and f are each independently chosen from an integer ranging from 1 to 20, inclusive of the upper and lower limits (e.g., from 2 to 15, or from 3 to 10).
[0058] The Si, S2, S3. S*, and S5 groups of Formula XIII are each independently chose from a spacer unit. The spacer unit can in each case be independently chosen from, -(CH2)a-, -(CF2)h-, -Si(CH2)g-, -(Si(CH3)20)ft-, in hich g is independently chosen for each occurrence from 1 to 20, and h is a whole number from 1 to 16 inclusive. Alternatively, or additionally, the spacer unit can be independently chosen from -N(Z)-, -C(Z)=C(Z)-, ~C(Z)=N-, -C(Z')-C(Z')-, or a single bond, in which Z is independently chosen for each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-Ci$ alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and aryl, and Z' is independently chosen for each occurrence from C Cie alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl and aryl. Further alternatively, or additionally, the spacer unit can be independently chosen from -O-, -C{0)-, -CsC-, -N=N-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)(O)-, - (OJS(O)O-, -O(O)8(O)0-, or straight-chain or branched C1-C2 alkylene residue, said Ci-C24 alkylene residue being unsubstituted, mono-substituted by cyano or halo, or poly-substituted by halo.
[0059] With further reference to Formula XIII: when two spacer units comprising heteroatoms are linked together, the spacer units are linked so that heteroatoms are not directly linked to each other; each bond between Si and Ring-A and S and Ring-B is free of two heteroatoms linked together; and the bond between S5 and P is free of two heteroatoms linked to each other.
[0060] The P group of Formula XIII is chosen from, hydroxy, amino, C2-C-,8 aikenyl, C2-C18 alkynyl, azido, silyl, siloxy, silylhydride, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yi)oxy, thio, isocyanato, thioisocyanato, acryloyioxy, met acryloyloxy, 2- (acryloyloxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioyloxy)ethylcarbamyl, aziridinyi,
allyloxycarbonyloxy, epoxy, carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester, acryloylamino,
methacryloylamino, aminocarbonyl, C Ci8 alkyl aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl(Ci- Ci8)alkyl, C1-Ci8 alkyloxycarbony!oxy, halocarbony!, hydrogen, aryl, hydroxy(Cr
C e)alkyl, d-Cie alkyl, Cn-C^ alko , amino(C Ci8)aikyl, C1-Cis alkyfamino, di-( Ci- Ci8)alkylamino, C1-Ci8 alkyl(C,-Ci8)alkoxy, C1-C1S alkoxy(C1-Cis)alkoxy, nitro, poly(C C 8)alkyl ether, (C1-Cieialky C1-CieJalkoxyiC daJalkyl, polyethyleneoxy,
polypropyleneoxy, ethylenyl, acryloyl, acryloyloxy(C1-Ci8)a!kyl, methacryloyl, methacryloyioxy(C1-C 8)alkyl, 2-chloroacryloyl, 2-phenylacryloyl, acryloyloxyphenyl, 2- chloroacryloylamino, 2-phenylacryloylaminocarbonyl1 oxetanyl, giycidyl, cyano, isocyanato(C1-Cie)alkyl, itaconic acid ester, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, a styrene derivative, main-chain and side-chain liquid crystal polymers, siloxane derivatives, ethyleneimine derivatives, maleic acid derivatives, fumaric acid derivatives,
unsubstituted cinnamic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives that are Substituted with at least one of methyl, methoxy, cyano and halogen, or substituted or
unsubstituted chiral or non-chtral monovalent or divalent groups chosen from steroid radicals, terpenoid radicals, alkaloid radicals and mixtures thereof. The substituents of the groups from which P can be selected are independently chosen from C Ci8 alkyl, C1-C18 alkoxy, amino, C3-Cie cycloalkyl, C1-C13 alky1(d-Ci8)a!koxy, fluoro(C-,-Cie)alkyi, cyano, cyano^-C^alky!, cyano(CrCia)alkoxy or mixtures thereof. With some embodiment P can be a structure having from 2 to 4 reactive groups. With further embodiments, P can be an unsubstituted or substituted ring opening metathesis polymerization precursor.
[0061] With further reference to Formula XIII, subscripts d\ e' and f are each independently chosen from 0, 1 , 2. 3, and 4, provided that the sum of d' + e' + f is at least 1 .
[0062] Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II, are in some embodiments* each independently selected from unsubstituted and substituted aryl groups, such as unsubstituted arid substituted phenyl groups, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, the lactone compound is selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula la and Formula I la:
Figure imgf000021_0001
Figure imgf000021_0002
With Formulas la and Ha, m, n, R1 , R2, R3 and R4 are each as described previously herein.
[0063] The lactone compound represented by at least one of Formula I and Formula II can, in some embodiments, be made or formed by a method that involves, reacting an acid ester represented by at least one of Formula VI and Formula VII with an metal hydride reducing agent that is defined herein to include an organo metal hydride reducing agent, or a nucleophile represented by at least one of Formula Vlil and/or Formula IX, as described previously herein. The reaction by which the lactone compound is formed can be represented by the following Scheme- 1 . Scheme- 1
Figure imgf000022_0001
[0064] With the method of the present invention by which the lactone compound can be formed , for example as represented with reference to Scheme- 1 , the metal hydride reducing agent is typically used when R3 and R4 are each hydrogen- The metal hydride reducing agent can, in some embodiments, be selected from sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride, or an organo metal hydride reducing agent. The organo metal hydride reducing agent can b one or more di{d-C2o alky!) aluminum hydride reducing agents, such as one or more di(C1-C8 alkyl) aluminum hydride reducing agents, e.g., diethyl aluminum hydride and diisobutyl aluminum hydride.
[0065] According to some embodiments of the present invention, M1 and Mz of Formulas VIII and IX also include a halogen, and can be represented by (M X)* and ( 2X)+, in which is a halogen. Each of M1 and M2 of Formulas VIII and IX can each be selected from (MgX)\ in which X is selected from halogen, such as CI, Br and I (e.g., ( gCir, ( gBr>+ and (Mgl)+). [0066] With some embodiments of the present invention, the nucteophiles represented by Formulas VIII and IX are each Grignard reagents, and the reaction represented by Scheme-1 is a Grignard reaction, which is conducted under Grignard reaction conditions. The reaction represented by Scheme-1 is typically conducted in the presence of an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), and under conditions of ambient pressure (e.g., approximately 1 atm), under an inert atmosphere (e.g., under a nitrogen sweep), , such as from -30°C to 60eC, or from -20°C to 45°C, or from -10°C to 30° C, and optionally with reflux.
[0067] The reaction of the acid ester represented by Formulas VI and /or VII with the nucleophile represented by Formulas VIII and/or IX can in some embodiments, be conducted in the presence of metal salts. Examples of metal salts that can be present include, but are not limited to, aluminum chloride (AICI3), tin chloride, zinc chloride, bismuth triflate, alkali metal halides, anhydrous alkaline metal halides, rate earth metal salts, e.g., lanthanide halides, such as lanthanum III chloride, and lanthanide triflate, and combinations thereof. Examples of alkali metal halides that can be present include, but are not limited to, sodium halides and/or potassium halides, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and/or potassium chloride (KCI). Examples of alkaline metal halides that can be present include, but are not limited to, anhydrous calcium haiides, anhydrous lithium halides and/or anhydrous magnesium halides, such as calcium chloride, lithium chloride and magnesium chloride. The metal salt is typically present in an amount of from 0.1 molar percent to 600 molar percent , or from 1.0 to 100 molar percent, or from 10 to 50 molar percent, based on 00 molar percent of the starting materials. The molar percent is defined herein as the percentage of the number of moles of the metal salt per liter of solute based on the total moles per liter of solute of the acid ester represented by Formulas VI and/or VII and the nucleophiles represented by Formulas VIII and IX in Scheme-1 .
[0068] When the method of the present invention involves the formation of lactone compounds represented by Formulas la and/or ila, the acid ester is represented by the following Formulas Via and Vila, Via
Figure imgf000024_0001
[0069] The acid esters represented by Formulas VI and VII can be prepared by appropriate methods. With some embodiments of the present invention, the acid esters representee! by Formulas VI and VII are prepared by a reaction between a Ring- A Ring-B ketone and a succinic acid diester, as represented by the following Scheme- 2.
eme-2
Figure imgf000025_0001
[0070] With reference to Scheme-2, the Ring-A Ring-B ketone (a) is reacted with a succinic acid diester (b), in which each R18 is as described previously herein (e.g., each R18 can be ethyl), in the presence of a strong base, such as an alkali metal alkoxide, such as NaORte (e,g., sodium ethoxide). The reaction of Scheme-2 is conducted under appropriate conditions, such as under reflux at a temperature of the boiling point of the solvent, under an inert atmosphere, and in the presence of an appropriate solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or toluene. The workup of the reaction is describe in further detail in the Examples.
[0071] The present invention also provides a method of making an fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula III and Formula HI-2, as described previously herein. As discussed previously herein, the method involves converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of Formulas I and II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2, each as described previously herein, The conversion of the lactone compound is typically conducted in the presence of one or more metal salt(s) which includes organo metal salts . With some embodiments, the metal salt is selected from: (i) B 3*)(O-S02- 5)3, in which R 5 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarby! (e.g., a perhalohydrocarbyf); and/or (it). BiX3, where each X Is selected independently from halogen (e.g., F, CI and 8r). The R15 group of the organo metai salt is, with some embodiments, selected from a perhalohydrocarbyl group, such as a perhalo(Cr C2c)alkyl group, including, for example, perf(uoro(Ci-Ce)alkyl groups, such as -CF3, - CjFs, and -G3F7, The metal salt typically is present in an amount, for example of from 0.001 molar percent to 50 molar percent or from 0.01 to 30 molar percent, or from 0.1 to 20 molar percent, based on 100 molar percent of the starting materials. In the conversion of lactones of Formula I and/or II to the acid intermediates of Formula IV and/or IV-2, molar percent is defined herein as the percentage of the number of moles of the metal salt per liter of solute based on the total moles per liter of solute of the lactones represented by Formulas I and/or II.
[0072] Conversion of the lactone compound represented by either Formula I or I! to the acid intermediate, for example in the presence of a metal salt, results in formation of an acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and/or Formula IV-2. Depending on factors, including but not limited to, which lactone compounds are present, and the difference in the steric effect and/or the electron richness between Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone compound(s) discussed herein below, the conversion can result in the formation of an acid intermediate composed more so of (e.g., substantially of) the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or Formula I -2, or a combination or mixture of acid intermediates represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2.
[0073] It should be noted that conversion of a lactone compound represented by a mixture of Formula I and II, can result in the formation of an acid intermediate composed substantially, or exclusively, of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV or Formula IV-2, or a mixture of both acid intermediates.
[0074] Also, conversion of lactone compounds represented by both Formulas I and II, can result in the formation of a combination or mixture of acid intermediates, as represented by the following Scheme-3.
Sc eme-3
Figure imgf000027_0001
[0075] With reference to Scheme-3, a combination or mixture Of acid intermediates IV and jV-2 are depicted as being formed. With some embodiments, the acid intermediates iV and IV-2 each can be isolated, and one or both of the isolated acid intermediates can be further converted to form the related indeno-fused ring compound. For example, further conversion of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV, results in formation of the compound represented by Formula III; and, likewise, conversion of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2 results in formation of a compound represented by Formula 111-2*
Figure imgf000028_0001
[0076] With some embodiments of the present invention, acid intermediates IV and iV-2 are not separated or isolated, and the subsequent conversion thereof results in the formation of a combination or mixture of compounds represented by Formulas III and ill-2. The mixture of compounds represented by Formulas III and 111-2 optionally can be separated or isolated from each other, for example, prior to further reactions performed there-with (e.g., the formation of an indeno-fused ring pyran compound).
[0077] In accordance with the present invention, conversion of a mixture of lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II, can result in the formation of more of (i.e., a greater amount of) one of the acid intermediates than the other, e.g., more of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV than of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2. For example, the conversion can result in the formation of at least 50 mole percent, or at least 60 mole percent, or at least 70 mole percent, or at least 75 mole percent, or at feast 80 mole percent of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2. The acid intermediate represented by Formula IV can be formed in an amount of less than or equal to 100 mole percent, or less than or equal to 95 mole percent, or less than or equal to 90 mole percent, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and acid intermediate represented by Formula !V-2. The amount of acid intermediate represented by Formula IV formed can range between any combination of these upper and lower limits, inclusive of the recited values, for example, from 50 to 100 mole percent, Or from 60 to 95 mole percent, or from 70 to 90 mole percent of acid intermediate represented by Formula fV, based on total moles of acid intermediate represented by Formula I and acid intermediate represented by Formula I -2. In the same manner, the formation of more of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV-2 than of the acid intermediate represented by Formula IV can occur.
[0078] Performing the conversion of the lactone compound comprising a mixture of lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and II, to result in the formation of a greater amount, of one of the two acid intermediates represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2, can be achieved, for example, based on the difference in the steric effect and/or electron richness between Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone compound(s). The selective conversion also can be performed in the presence of a metal salt selected, for example, from Br'3*'(O-S02-R15)3, and/or BIX3, each as described previously herein.
[0079] As used herein and in the claims, the term "steric effect" means and relates to the greater influence of the spatial configuration of one ring as compared to the other, e.g., Ring-A of the lactone compound as compared to Ring-B of the lactone compound, upon the rate, nature, and extent of the reaction. For example, the sizes and shapes of atoms and molecules, the geometry of bond angles and the presence of substituents influences the course of the reaction, as known to one skilled in the art. A lactone compound having a fluoro substituent at the 2 position of Ring-B, such as in Examples 3 and 6, appears to contribut to the steric hindrance for Ring-B making it less available for the reaction, resulting in the formation of more product of Formula IV,
[0080] As used herein and i the claims the term "electron richness" means and relates to the type, number and position of electron-donating groups and/or electron- withdrawing groups that are attached to Ring-A (R1 group or groups) and Ring-B (R2 group or groups) when Ring-A and Ring-B are the same. Electron richness can be measured by the Hammett Sigma value which refers to the relative strength of electron donating and withdrawing groups. The Hammett 0 value is a relative measurement comparing the electronic influence of the substituent in the para (σρ) or meta (c½) position of a phenyl ring to the electronic influence of a hydrogen substituted at the para or meta position, Typically for aromatic substituents in general, a negative Hammett y value is indicative of a group or substituent having an electron-donating influence on a pi electron system (i.e., an electron-donating group) and a positive Hammett σ value is indicative of a group or substituent having an electron-withdrawing influence on a pi electron system (i.e., an electron-withdrawing group).
[0081] The effect of electron richness on the selectivity of the reaction, without intending to be bound by any theory, is believed to be as follows: there is less selectivity when there is less difference betwee the Hammett (σρ) or (σ ) values of either the electron withdrawing groups or electron donating groups on Ring-A and Ring-B of the lactone and there is more selectivity when there is a greater difference between these values. The selectivity of the reaction goes toward the Ring-A or Ring* B that is substituted with less electron withdrawing or more electron donating groups resulting in the corresponding acid intermediate of Formula IV or IV-2.
[0082] In Example 1, Ring-A and Ring-B are both benzene rings. Ring-A has a 3,5- dibromo substitution. The Hammett (σρ) value of the 5-bromo is 0.23. Ring-B has a 4- triftuoromethyl substitutent. The Hammett (om) value of the 4-trifiupromethyl is 0.43. No matter which isomer of Formula I or Formula II was used as the starting material, the formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred since Ring-B was less electron rich than was Ring-A. In Example 5, Ring-A and Ring-B are both benzene rings. Ring-A has a 4-methoxy substitutent. The Hammett (em) value of the A- methoxy is 0.12. Ring-B has a 3,5-dich!oro substitution. The Hammett (σρ) value of the 5-chloro is 0.23. The formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred since Ring-A was more electron rich than Ring-B.
[0083] When Ring-A and Ring-B are different, the "electron richness" does not only relate to the substituent attached to the ring, but also to the electronic properties of the ring. In Example 7, Ring-A was a thiophene ring while Ring-B was a benzene ring with a 4-fiuoro substituent. The lone pair of electrons on the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring influenced t e reaction to occur at Ring-A so formation of the product represented by Formula IV was preferred.
[0084] A tabular listing of σρ and om constants for a variety of substituents can be found in Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic. Electronic, and Steric Constants. G. Hansch, A. Leo, and D. Hoekman, Eds., Published by The American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1995, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of electron donors include, but are not limited to, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkytamino, morpholino, ethoxy, methoxy, p-aminophenyl, methyl, phenyl, and tolyL Examples of electron-withdrawing groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, perfluoroalkyl and perfiuoroalkoxy.
[0085] Addtionally, conversion of the acid intermediate, for example represented by Formula IV or Formula IV-2, to the compound represented by Formula III or Formula 111-2, where R12 is hydrogen, Can be conducted in two steps, Initially an ester intermediate represented by Formula V or Formula V-2 is formed, which is then reacted with a proton ic acid so as to form the corresponding compound represented by Formula III or Formula 111-2 in which R12 is hydrogen, as represented by the following Scheme-4 and Scheme-4-2. heme-4
Figure imgf000031_0001
With reference to Scheme-4, the R1* group of the indeno-fused ring ester intermediate represented by Formula V is selected from -C(O)-R13 and -S(O)(O)R13, where R 3 in each case is independently selected from hydrocarbyl (e.g., C1-C 0 aikyl) and haiohydrocarbyl (e.g., Ct~CiC perhaioalkyl). Scheme-4-2
Figure imgf000032_0001
With reference to Scherne-4-2, the R14 group of the intermediate represented by Formula V-2 is selected from -C(O)-R13 and -S(O)(O)R13, where R13 in each case is independently selected from h drocarbyl (e.g., d-do afkyl) and halohydrocarbyl (e.g., C 1-C10 perhaloalkyi).
The initial conversion or reaction of step-(a) of Scheme-4 and Scheme 4-2, typicall is conducted in the presence of a material selected from carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, sulfonyl halide, sulfonyi anhydride, and combinations thereof. The carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, sulfonyl halide and/or sulfonyl anhydride typically is present in at least an equimolar amount relative to the substituted acid intermediate present, for example the acid intermediate represented by Formula iV. Carboxylic acid halides that can be used in step-(a), can be represented by the structure, Ra-C(O)-X, where Rc is selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and X is selected from halogen (e.g., CI). Sulfonyl halides that can be used in step-(a), can be represented by the formula, Rd-S(O)(O)-X, where R° is selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and X is selected from halogen (e.g., CI). Carboxylic acid anhydrides that can be used in step-^a), can be represented by the formula, Re-C(O)-O-C(O)-Rf, where R° and Rf are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and Substituted hydrocarbyl {e.g., halohydrocarbyl, such as CrCto perhaloalkyl, e.g., -CF3). Sulfonyl anhydrides that can be used in step-(a), can be represented by the formulas R9-S(02)-O-S(02)-Rn, where R8 and Rh are each independently selected from hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl,
[0086] The intermediates represented by Formula V and Formula V-2 are converted to the corresponding compounds represented by Formula III and Formula III-2 (in which R12 is hydrogen) in step-(b) of Scheme-4 and Scheme 4-2, respectively, by hydrolysis in the presence of a protonic acid or base. The protonic acid can be selected from hydrogen halides (HX, where X is halogen) such as HGl, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, and/or carboxylic acids. Examples of sulfonic acids include, but are not limited to para-toluene sulfonic acid and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. Examples of phosphoric acids include* but are not limited to phosphoric acid. Examples of carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to oxalic acid and acetic acid The base can be selected from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
[0087] The protonic acid or base is typically present in an excess amount relative to the amount of intermediate represented by, for example, Formula V. For example the conversion of step-(b) can be conducted in the presence of concentrated hydrogen halide acid, such as concentrated HO, a base, such as sodium hydroxide. The conversion of step-(b) is typically conducted in the presence of a solvent (e.g., methanol or methanol/water mixture), under reflux conditions, for example at a temperature from 20°C to the reflux temperature of the solvent or from 25"G to 90°C, or from 30"C to 55°C, under conditions of ambient pressure (e.g., approximatel 1 atm), and under an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen sweep.
[0088] Conversion of the acid intermediate, for example represented by Formula IV, to the compound represented by Formula HI (in which R 2 is hydrogen) can, be conducted in substantially a single step, in the presence of a protonic acid. The protonic acid can be selected from carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, which can eac be selected from those classes and examples as described previously herein.
[0089] With the method of forming the compound represented by Formula III and Formula III-2, with the compounds and intermediates used and/or formed therewith, for example of the lactone compounds represented by Formulas t and II, arid the acid intermediates represented by f ormulas IV and IV-2, the various groups and subscripts associated therewith, such as n, m, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each as described previously herein. With some embodiments, for example, R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, in each case are independently selected from C1-C6 alky!, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyi, fluoro, iodo, bromo, chloro, and -O-R10'. With further embodiments, R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, Ci-C8 alkyl, d-Ce haloalkyi, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or R3 and R4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
[0090] With the method of forming the compounds represented by Formula III and Formula lli-2 according to some embodiments of the present invention, Ring-A and Ring-B can each be phenyl rings. For example, the compound represented by Formula III, can be represented by the following Formula ilia, and the compound represented by Formula lil-2 can be represented by the following Formula lll-2a,
I1l-2a
Figure imgf000034_0001
(R2)n (R1)m
[0091] With embodiments according to the present invention in which the compound is represented by Formula Ilia and/or Formula I1l«2a, the lactone compound is rep resen ted by Formulas la and I la, as described previously herein, and the acid intermediate can be represented by the following Formula IVa and Formula IV-2a, IV-2a
Figure imgf000035_0001
[0092] The present invention further provides a method of forming a fused ring indenopyran compound represented by Formula X and Formula X-2, as described previously herein. The method involves converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by Formulas I and/or II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2, in accordance with one or more of the embodiments as described previously herein. The acid intermediate represented by Formula IV and Formula IV-2 is converted to an fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III and Formula 111-2, in accordance with one or more of the embodiments as described previously herein. The fused ring indenol compound represented by Formula III, is then reacted with a propargyl alcohol represented by Formula XI, as described previously herein.Such a reaction is represented by the following Scheme-5.
Scheme- 5
Figure imgf000036_0001
With reference to Scheme-5, the compound represented by Formula III is reacted or coupled with the propargy! alcohol represented by Formula XI in the presence of a catalytic amount of a protonic acid, such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) or para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA), in a suitable solvent, such as a haloalkyl (e.g., trich!oro methane), under an inert atmosphere (e.g., a nitrogen sweep), and at a temperature range from 0°C to th boiHng point of the solvent, for example, from 0°G to 55°C, or from 10°C to 45°C, or from 20tiC to 25°C.
[0093] Similarly reaction of th compound represented by Formula III-2 with propargyl alcohol (XI) results in the formation of a fused ring indenopyran compound represented by the following Formula X-2, X-2
R3
B
Figure imgf000037_0001
[0094] The various subscripts and groups, such as rn, ri, R , R2, R3, R4, B and B' associated with Formulas III, XI, X and X-2 are as described previously herein. The B and B' groups, for example of Formulas X, X-2 and XI, are described in further detail as follows. More particularly, B and B' can each independently be selected from: an aryl group that is mono-substituted with a reactive substituent or a compatiblizing substituent; a substituted phenyl; a substituted aryl; a substituted 9-julolindinyl; a substituted heteroaromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, behzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thieny!, benzothieh-2*yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofurany!, dibenzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, indolinyf, and fluorenyl. The phenyl, aryl, 9- julolindinyl, or heteroaromatic substituents are selected from: a reactive substituent R; an unsubstituted, mono-, di-, or tri-substituted phenyl or aryl group; 9-julolidinyl; or an unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted heteroaromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyi, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, Indoiinyl, and fluorenyl.
[00953 The phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic groups) of the B and B' groups can each be independently selected from: hydroxy!, a group -C(~0)R21 wherein at is -OR22, - (R23)R2 , piperidino, or morpholino, wherein R22 is allyl, C-C20 alky I, phenyl, mono(C--C20)alkyl substituted phenyl, mono(C1-C2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl, phenyl(C1-C2o)alkyl, mono(C1-C2o)alkyl substituted phenyl(C1-CZo)alkyl, mono(Ci- C20)alkoxy substituted phenyl(C-rC2o)alkyl, CrCjjo alkoxy{C2-C2o)alky| or GrC20 haloalkyl, R23 and R24 are each independently CrCzp alkyl, C5-C 0 cycloaikyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being Ci-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 aikoxy, and said halo substituent is chloro, todo, bromo or fluoro, aryl^ mono(Ci-C2o)alkoxyaryl, di(CrC20)alkoxyaryi, mono(Ci-C20)alkylaryl, di(CrC2o)a(kylaryl, haloaryl, C3-C-c cydoalkylaryl, C3-C10 cycioalkyi, C3-C10 cycloalkyloxy, C3-C10 cycloalky!oxy(Cr C2o)alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyioxy(Ci-C2o)alkoxy, aryl(Ci-C2o)alkyf, aryl(CrC2o)alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy(CrC2o)alkyi, aryloxy(C-rC2C)alkoxy, mono- or dt(Ci-C2o)alkylaryl(Cr CsoJalkylf mono- or dKCrCzoJalko ary CrCaoJafk l, mono- or di-(C-,-C2c)alkytaryl(Ci- C2o)a!koxy, mono- or di-(C-C2o)alkoxyaryl(Ci-C2c)alkoxy, amino, mono- or di-(CT- C2o)a kylamino, diarylamino, piperazino, A/-(CrC2Q)alkylpiperazino, A/-aryl piperazino, aziridino, indolino, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, tetrahydroquinolino, tetrahydroisoquinolino, pyrrol idyl, Ci-G20 alkyl, C C20 haloalkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, mono(CrC2o)alkoxy(CrC2o)alkyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, or halogen.
[0096] The phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic substituents (i.e., the substituents of the substituted phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic groups) of the B and B' groups can, in some embodiments, each be independently and more particularly selected from: hydroxyl, a group -C(-0)R2T, wherein R21 is -OR22, -N(R23)R24. piperidino, or morpholino, wherein r½ is allyl, CrC6 alkyl, phenyl, mono(Ci-C6)alkyl substituted phenyl, mono(C -C6)alkoxy Substituted phenyl, phenyl^ -CaJalkyl, mono{C -C6)alkyl substituted phenyKd-C^alkyt, mono(Ci-Ce)alkoxy substituted phenyl(Ci-C3)aikyl, d- C6 alkoxy(C2-C4)aikyl or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, R23 and R2 are each independently CrCc alkyl, C5-G7 cycloalk l, phenyl or substituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being C-r Cfe alky! or C--C6 alkoxy, and said halo substituent is chloro, iodo, bromo or fluoro, aryl, mono(C--C^)alkoxyaryl, di(C-!-Ci2)alkoxyaryl, monQ(Gi-Ci2)a|kylaryl, di(C<- Ci2)aikylaryl, haloaryl, C3-C7 cydoalkylaryl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyloxy, C3- C7 cycloalkyloxy(G1-Ci2)alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyloxy(Ci-C«2)aikoxy, aryl(Ci-Ci2)alkyl, aryl<CrCi2)a[koxy, aryloxy, aryloxy(C1-Ci2)alkyl, aryloxy(CrC12)alkoxy, mono- or df(Ci,-Ci2)alkylary!(Ci-Cis)alkyl, mono- or di-(Ci-Ci2)alkoxyaryl(Ci-C12)alkyl, mono- or di-(CrC 2)alkylaryl(Ci-C 2)alkoxy, mono- or d i - (C 1 -C - 2)a I koxya ry l(C C 12 )a I koxy , amino, mono- or di-(Ci-C<2)alkylamino, diarylamino, piperazino, N-(C C12)alkylpiperazino, N-arylpiperazino, aziridino, indofino, piperidino, morpholino, thiomorpholino, tetrahydroquinolino, tetrah yd roi soq u i no I i no , pyrrolidyl, C1-C12 a!kyl, Ci- Ci2 haloalkyl, CrCi2 alkoxy, mono(CrC12 )aikoxy(CrC12 )alkyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, or halogen.
[0097] The B and B' groups can also each independently be ah unsubstituted Or mono-substituted group chosen from pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazoliny), pyrrolinyl, phenothiazinyi, phenoxazinyf, phenazinyl, and acrid inyl, each of said substituents being C C2o alkyl (e.g., C1-C12 alkyl), CrC2o alkoxy (e.g., C-.-C 2 alkoxy), phenyl, or halogen. [0098] In addition, the B and B' groups can each be independently selected from a group represented by the following genera! Formulas Xl A or XIVB, A
Figure imgf000039_0001
and
Figure imgf000039_0002
independently with each of general formulas XIVA and XIVB, is -CHs- or and M is -O- or substituted nitrogen, provided that when M is substituted nitrogen, K is -CH2-, the substituted nitrogen substituents being hydrogen, C C^o alkyl > or Q1-G20 acyl, each R25 being independently chosen for each occurrence from C1-C20 alky I, CrC2o alkoxy, hydroxy, and halogen, R26 and R2 each being independently hydrogen or Ο-Ο» alkyl, and u is an integer ranging from 0 to 2.
[0099] Each B and B' group can independently be a g oup represented by the following general Formula XV,
Figure imgf000039_0003
With the group represented by general Formula XV, R28 is hydrogen or Ci-d2 alkyl, and R29 is an unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted group chosen from naphthyl, phenyl, furanyl, and thienyl. The substitutents of the mono- OF di-substituted napht yls, phenyls, furanyls, and thienyl s, are in each case independently selected from CrCt2 alky!, d-C^ alkoxy, or halogen.
[00100] The B and B' groups can together form a member selected from,
a fluoren-9-ylidene, a mono-substituted fluoren-9-ylidene, or a di-substituted fluoren-9- ylidene. The substituents of the mono-substituted fluoren-9-yiidene, and the di^ substituted fIuoren-9-ylidene can in each case be independently selected from Ci-C20 alkyl (e.g., C Ciz alkyl), C1-C20 alkoxy (e.g., C Ci2 alkoxy), or halogen,
[00101] With some embodiments of the present invention, and with further reference to the indeno-fused ring pyran represented by Formula X: R1 for each m, and R2 for each n> are in each case independently selected from Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C7 cyc!oalky!,
G C8 haloaikyl, ffuoro, chloro, iodo, bromo and -O-R18'; R3 and R* are each independently selected from hydrogen, CT-Ge alkyl, CfCe hatoalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyl, or together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms; and B and B' are each independently selected from aryl substituted with C1-C8 alkoxy, and aryl substituted with morpholino.
[00102] Ring-A and Ring-B can each be a phenyl ring, with some embodiments of the present invention, in which case the fused rin indenopyran represented by Formula X, can be represented by the following Formula Xa, and the fused ring indenopyran represented by Formula X-2, can be represented by the following Formula X-2a:
Figure imgf000040_0001
[00103] With some embodiments Of the present invention, B and B' can each be independently selected from polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group. The polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group from which B and B' can each be independently selected can be represented b the following Formulas XXV and XXVI.
XXV
-Z[(OC2H4)x (OC3H6)y (OC4HS)z]Z' XXVI
-[(OC2H4)x (OC3H6)y <OC4H8)2]Z'
With Formulas XXV and XXVI, -2 is chosen from -C(O)- or -CH2-, Z is chosen from CrC3 alkoxy or a polymerizable group. As used herein and in the claims, the term "polymerizable group" means any functional group capable of participating in a polymerizaticn reaction.
[00104] With some embodiments, polymerization of the polymerizable indeno-fused naphthopyrans can occur by mechanisms described with regard to the definition of "polymerization" in Hawle s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Thirteenth Edition, 1997, John Wiley & Sons, pages 901-902. Those mechanisms include: by "addition," in which free radicals are the initiating agents that react wit the ethyleniqally unsaturated double bond of the monomer by adding to it on on© side at the same time producing a new free electron on the other side; by "condensation," involving the splitting out of a component, such as water molecules, by two reacting monomers; and by so-called "oxidative coupling."
[00105] Examples of po!ymerizable groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, thiol, isocyanate groups, oxirane groups (e.g., oxiranylmethyl), radically polymerizable ethylenical!y unsaturated groups, allyl groups, (meth)acryloxy, and 2- (methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl. When there are 2 or more polymerizable groups on the naphthopyran, they can be the same or different.
[00106] With some embodiments and with further reference to Formulas XXV and XXVI: the group, -(OC2H4)x-, can represent poly(ethylene oxide); the group
-(OC3Hg)y-, can represent polypropylene oxide); and the group -(OC Hg)z-. can represent poly(buty!ene oxide). When used in combination, the poly(ethyterie oxide), poly(propylene oxide) and poly(butylene oxide) groups of Formulas XXV and XXVI can be in a random or block order within the polyalkoxy moiety. The subscript letters x, y and z of Formulas XXV and XXVI are each independently a number between 0 and 50, and the sum of x, y and z is between 2 and SO. The sum of x, y and z can be any number that fails within the range of 2 to 50 (e.g., 2, 3, 4 ... 50). This sum can also range from any lower number to any higher number within the range of 2 to 50 (e.g., 6 to 50, 31 to 50). The numbers for x> y, and z are average values and can be partial numbers (e.g., 9.5).
[00107] As previously discussed, some of the groups of the various compounds and intermediates described herein, such as each of the R\ R2, R3, R4, B and B' groups, can independently be selected from or include at least one of a reactive substituent and/or a compatibiizing substituent. If the various compounds and/or intermediates described previously herein, such as the indeno-fused ring compound represented by Formula III, and/or the indeno-fused ring pyran compound represented by Formula X, include multiple reactive substituents and/or multiple compatibiizing substituents, each reactive substituent and each compatibiizing substituent can be independently chosen.
[00108] The reactive substituent and the compatibilizing substituent can each independently be represented in each case by one of:
Figure imgf000041_0001
[00109] With formulas (XVI) through (XXIV), non-limiting examples of groups that -A'- can represent according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein include -O-, -C(=0)-, -CH2-, -OC(*0)- and -NHC(=0)-t provided that if -A'- represents -O-, - A'- forms at least one bond with -J.
[00110] Non-limiting examples of groups that -D- can represent according to various non-limiting embodiments include a diamine residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first amino nitrogen of said diamine residue can form a bond with -A'-, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno-fused naphtho! or indeno-fused naphthopyran), and a second amino nitrogen of said diamine residue can form a bond with -E-, -G- or -J; and an amino alcohol residue or a derivative thereof, wherein an amino nitrogen of the amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -A1-, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno- fused naphthol or indeno-fused naphthopyran), and an alcohol oxygen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -E-, -G- or -J. Alternatively, according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein the amino nitrogen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -£-, -G- or -J, and said alcohol oxygen of said amino alcohol residue can form a bond with -A'-, or a substituent or an available position on the compound (such as the indeno-fused ring compound or indeno-fused ring pyran compound).
[00111] Non-limiting examples of suitable diamine residues that -D- can represent include an aliphatic diamin residue, a cyclo aliphatic diamine residue, a diazacycloalkane residue, an azacycio aliphatic amine residue, a diazacrown ether residue, and an aromatic diamine residue. Specific non-limiting examples diamine residues that can be used in conjunction with various non-limtting embodiments disclosed herein include the following;
Figure imgf000042_0001
[00112] Non-limiting examples of suitable amino alcohol residues that -D- can represent include an aliphatic amino alcohol residue, a cyc!o aliphatic amino alcohol residue, an azacyclo aliphatic alcohol residue, a diazacyclo aliphatic alcohol residue and an aromatic amino alcohol residue, Specific non-limiting examples amino alcohol residues that carl be used in conjunction wit various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein include the following:
Figure imgf000043_0001
[00113] With continued reference to formulas (XVI) through (XXIV) above, according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein, -E- can represent a dicarboxylic acid residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first carbonyl group of said dicarboxylic acid residue can form a bond with -G- or -D-, and a second carbonyl group of said dicarboxylic acid residue can form a bond with -G-. Non-limiting examples of suitable dicarboxylic acid residues that -E- can represent include an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid residue, a cycloa!iphatic dicarboxylic acid residue and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid residue. Specific non-limiting examples of dicarboxylic acid residues that can be used in conjunction with various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein include the following:
Figure imgf000043_0002
[00114] According to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein, -G can represent a group -[(Ο02Η4)χ(Ο03Η6)γ(Ο04Η8)_]··Ο-, wherein x, y and z are each independently chosen and range from 0 to 50, and a sum of x, y, and z ranges from 1 to SO; a polyoi residue or a derivative thereof, wherein a first potyol oxygen of said poiyol residue can form a bond with -A'-, -D-, -E-, or a substituent or an available position on the indeno-fused naphthopyran, and a second polyol oxygen of said polyol can form a bond with -E- or -J; or a combination thereof, wherein the first polyol oxygen of the polyol residue forms a bond with a group -[{OC2H4)x(OC3H6)sf{OC4H8)z}- (i.e., to form the group -[(OC2H4 oC3H6)y {OC4H8)7]-O-), and the second polyol oxygen forms a bond with -E- or -J, Non-iimiting examples of suitable polyol residues that ~G- can represent include an aliphatic polyol residue, a cyclo aliphatic polyol residue and an aromatic polyol residue.
[00115] More particular, illustrative and non-iimiting examples of polyols from which the polyol residues that -G- can represent c be formed according to various non- limiting embodiments disclosed herein include: (a) low molecular weight polyols having an average molecular weight less than 500, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 4, lines 48-50, and col. 4, line 55 to col. 6, line 5, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (b) polyester polyols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 5, fines 7-33, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (c) po!yether polyols, such as but not limited to those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,565,028 at col. 5, lines 34-50, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein: (d) amide-containing polyols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No, 6,555,028 at col. 5, lines 51-62, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference; (e) epoxy polyols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 5 line 63 to col. 6, line 3, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (f) polyhydric polyvinyl alcohols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 4-12, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (g) urethane polyols, such as, but not limited to those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 3-43, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (h) polyacrylic polyols, such as< but not limited to those set forth in U .S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 6, lines 43 to col. 7, line 40, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; (i) polycarbonate polyols, such as, but not limited to, those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at col. 7, lines 41 -55, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein; and (j) mixtures of such polyols,
[00116] With further reference to formulas (XVI) throug (XXIV), accordin to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein, -J can represent a group -K, wherein -K represents a group such as, but no limited to, -CH2COOH, -CH(CH3)COOH, -C(O)(CH2)„COOH, -Ce^SOaH, -C3H10SO3H, -C4H8S03H, -C3HeS03H, -C2H4S03H and -SOjH, wherein "w" ranges from 1 to 18. According to other non-timiting embodiments -J can represent hydrogen that forms a bond with an oxygen or a nitrogen of linking group to form a reactive moiety such as -OH or -NH. For example, according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein, -J can represent hydrogen, provided that if -J represents hydrogen, -J is bonded to an oxygen of -D- or -G-, or a nitrogen of -D-.
[00117] According to still further non-limiting embodiments, -J can represent a group -L or residue thereof, wherein -L can represent a reactive moiety. For example, according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein -L can represent a group such as, but not limited to, acryl, methacryl, crotyl, 2- (methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioxy)ethoxycarbonyl, 4-vinylphenyI, vinyl, 1- chlorovinyi or epoxy. As used herein, the terms acryl, methacryl, crotyl, 2- (methacrytoxy)ethylcarbamyl, 2-(methacryioxy)ethoxycarbonyli 4-vinyl phenyl, vinyl, 1- chlorovinyt, and epoxy refer to t e following structures:
vinyl epoxy
X : 2-{meaiacryloxy)ei y)cetbanjyi
Figure imgf000045_0001
X l-fmethacryloAyJetiioxycsrbOrty!
[00118] As previously discussed, -G- can represent a residue of a polyol, which is defined herein to include hydroxy-containing carbohydrates, such as those set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028 at coi. 7, line 56 to col. 8, line 17, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein. The polyol residue can be formed, for example and without limitation herein, by the reaction of one or more of the polyol hydroxyl groups with a precursor of -A'-, such as a carboxylic acid or a methylene ha!ide, a precursor of polyalkoxylated group, such as polyalkylene glycol, or a hydroxyl substituent of the indeno-fused naphthopyran. The polyol can be represented by g-{OH)a and the residue of the polyol can be represented by the formula -O-qf-(OH)a.i , wherein q is the backbone or main chain of the polyhydroxy compound and "a" is at least 2.
[00119] Further, as discussed above, one or more of the polyol oxygens of -G- can form a bond with -J (i.e., forming the group -G-J). For example, although not limiting herein, wherein the reactive and/or compatiblizing substituent comprises the group -G- J, if -G- represents a polyoi residue and -J represents a group -K that contains a carboxyl terminating group, -G-J can be produced by reacting one or more polyoi hydroxy! groups to form the group -K (fbr example as discussed with respect to Reactions B and C at col. 13, line 22 to col. 16, line 15 of U.S. Patent No. 6,555,028, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein) to produce a carboxylated polyoi residue. Alternatively, if -J represents a group -K that contains a ■sulfcx or su!fono terminating group, although not limiting herein, -G-J can be produced by acidic condensation of one or more of the polyoi hydroxy! groups with HOC6H4S03H; HOC5HioS03H; HOC4H8S03 H; HOC3H6S03H; HOC2H4S03H; or H2S04, respectively. Further, although not limiting herein, if -G- represents a polyoi residue and -J represents a group -L chosen from aery I, methacryl, 2-<methacryloxy)ethylcarbamyl and epoxy, -L can be added by condensation of the polyoi residue with acryloyl chloride, methacryloyl chloride, 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate or epichlorohydrin, respectively.
[00120] The indeno-fused ring pyran compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, prepared by the method of the present invention, can be used to render compositions and/or articles photochromic. Examples of articles that can be rendered photochromic by the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, optical elements, displays, windows (or transparencies), mirrors, and components or elements of liquid crystal cells. As used herein the term "optica!" means pertaining to or associated with light and/or vision. Examples of optical elements that can be rendered photochromic include, without limitation, ophthalmic elements, display elements, windows, mirrors, and liquid crystal cell elements. As used herein the term "ophthalmic'' means pertaining to or associated with the eye and vision. Non-limiting examples of ophthalmic elements include corrective and non-corrective lenses, including single vision or multi-vision lenses, which can be either segmented or non-segmented multi-vision lenses (such as, but not limited to, bifocal lenses, trifocal lenses and progressive lenses), as well as other elements used to correct, protect, or enhance (cosmetically or otherwise) vision, including without limitation, magnifying lenses, protective lenses, visors, goggles, as well as, lenses for optical instruments (for example, cameras and telescopes). As used herein the term "display" means the visible or machine-readable representation of information in words, numbers, symbols, designs or drawings. Non-limiting examples of display elements include screens, monitors, and security elements, such as security marks. As used herein the term "window" means an aperture adapted to permit the transmission of radiation there-through. Non-limiting examples of windows include automotive and aircraft transparencies, windshields, filters, shutters, and optical switches. As used herein the term "mirror" means a surface that specularly reflects a large fraction of incident light. As used herein the term "liquid crystal ceil" refers to a structure containing a liquid crystal material that is capable of being ordered. One non-limiting example of a liquid crystal cell element is a liquid crystal display.
[00121] Articles can be rendered photochromic with the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds of the present invention by methods including, but not limited to, imbibition methods, cast-in-pface methods, coating methods, in-mo!d coating methods, over-mold methods, and lamination methods. With imbibition methods, the indeno- fused ring pyran compound is typically diffused into a polymeric material of a previously formed or fabricated article, such as a substrate or previously applied coating or film. Imbibition can be performed by immersing th polymeric material of a previously formed or fabricated article in a solution containing the indeno-fused ring pyran compound, with or without heating, Thereafter, although not required, the indeno-fused ring pyran compound can be bonded with the polymeric material (e.g., of the substrate or coating).
[00 22] With cast-in*place methods, the indeno-fused ring pyran compound can be mixed with: a polymer and/or oligomer composition in solution or melt form; or monomer composition in liquid form, so as to form a castable photochromic composition. The castable photochromic composition is then typically introduced into the cavity of a moid (e.g., a lens mold). The castable photochromic composition is then set (e.g., cured) within the moid so as to form a photochromic article.
[00123] With articles that include a substrate, the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can be connected to at least a portion of the substrate as part of a coating that is connected to at least a portion of the substrate. The substrate can be a polymeric substrate or an inorganic substrate (such as, but not limited to, a glass substrate). The fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention can be incorporated into at least a portion of a coating composition prior to application of the coating composition to the substrate. Alternatively, a coating composition can be applied to the substrate, at least partially set, and thereafter the fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention can be imbibed into at least a portion of the coating. As used herein, the terms "set" and "setting" include, without limitation, curing, polymerizing, cross-linking, cooling, and drying. [00124] Photochrome articles can be prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention by art-recognized in-moid coating (or in-mold casting) methods. With in-mold coating methods, a photochrome coating composition including the fused ring indenopyran compound of the present invention, which can be a liquid coating composition or a powder coating composition, is applied to at least a portio of the interior surface of a mold, and then at least partially set. Thereafter, a polymer solution or melt, or otigomeric or monomeric solution or mixture is cast or molded within the mold cavity and i contact with the previously applied photochrome coating composition, and at least partially set, The resulting photochrome article is then removed from the mold. Non-limiting examples of powder coatings in whic the indeno-fused ring pyran compounds according to various non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein can be employed are set forth in U.S. Patent No. 6,068,797 at col. 7, line 50 to col. 19, line 42, which disclosure is hereby specifically incorporated by reference herein,
[00125] Photochrome articles prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can also be formed by art-recognized over-mold methods, Over-mold methods typically involve forming a substrate within a mold, and then forming a interior space between the substrate and an interior surface of the mold, into which a photochrome coating composition is then subsequently introduced (e.g., injected) and then set (e.g., cured). Alternatively, over-mold methods can involve introducing a previously formed substrate into a mold, such that an interior space is defined between the substrate and an interior mold surface, and thereafter a photochrome coating composition is introduced (e.g., injected) into the interior space.
[00126] Photochrome articles, prepared using the fused ring indenopyran compounds prepared by the methods of the present invention, can also be formed by art- recognized lamination methods. With lamination methods, a film comprising the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention can be adhered or otherwise connect to a portion of the substrate, with or without an adhesive and/or the application of heat and pressure. Thereafter, if desired, a second substrate can be applied over the first substrate and the two substrates can be laminated together (e.g., by the application of heat and pressure) to form an element wherein the film comprising the fused ring indenopyran compound is interposed between the two substrates. Methods of forming films comprising a photochrome material can include for example and without limitation, combining a photochrome material with a polymeric solution or oligomeric solution or mixture, casting or extruding a film therefrom, and, if required, at least partially setting the film. Additionally or alternatively, a film can be formed (with or without a photochrome material) and imbibed with the photochromic material,
{00127] The fused ring indenopyran compounds prepared b the methods of the present invention; can be used alone or in combination wit other photochromic materials. Classes of photochromic materials that can be used in combination (e.g., in mixture) with the fused ring indenopyran compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to: spir0(ihdOline)naphthoxazines and spiro(indOl ne)benzoxazines, for example as described in U.S. Pat, Nos. 3,562,172, 3,578,602, 4,215,010, 4,342,668, 5,405,958, 4,637,698, 4,931 ,219, 4,816,584, 4,880,667, and 4,818,096; benzopyrans, for example as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,605, 4,826,977, 5,066,818, 4,826,977, 5,066,818, 5,466,398, 5,384,077, 5,238,931 , and 5,274,132; photochromic organo-metal dithizonates, such as, (arylazo)-thioformic ary!hydrazidates, e.g., mercury dithizonates which are described in, for example, U.S. Pat, No, 3,361 ,706; and fulgides and fulgimides, e.g., the 3-furyi and 3-thienyl fulgides and fulgimides which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,931 ,220 at column 20, line 5 through column 21 , line 38.
EXAMPLES
In Part 1 of the Examples, the synthesis procedures used to make the lactones of Examples 1-8, naphthol of Example 7B and photochromic materials of Examples 1A to 6A. Part 2 describes the photochromic performance testing and results for photochromic compounds of Examples 1A-6A.
Part 1: Synthesis of the Lactones of Examples 1-8, Naphthol of Example 7B and
Photochromic Compounds of Examples 1A-6A
Example 1
Figure imgf000049_0001
Step 1
A 2 L flask with tribromobenzene (100 g) and a magnetic stir bar was dried in a vacuum oven at 80eC for 4 hours. Dry THF (500 ml) was added. The resulting mixture was placed in an NaCl saturated ice bath. 3M isopropyl magnesium chloride (160 L) was added drop wise to the solution at a rate so that the inside temperature was controlled to -20 to 0°C. The addition was finished in about 30 minutes to 1 hour. The mixture was stirred for half an hour at the same temperature and bis[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl]ether (61 g) was added slowly over a 5 minutes interval and a large amount of precipitate formed. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 minutes and a mixture of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoy! chloride (73 g) and THF (100 mL) was added over a 5 minute interval. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight. Water (100 mL) was added slowly and the pH was adjusted to 2 with 3N HCl. The resulting organic layer was collected by a separatory funnel, washed with 5% NlaOH/water and NaCl/water, dried and concentrated. To the recovered oil, methanol (300 mL) was added and the product crystallized. The product was collected by vacuum filtration. NMR showed that the obtained white crystals (87 g) have a structure consistent with 3,5- dibromo-4'-trifluoromethylbenzophenone.
Step 2
A mixture of the product of Step 1 (75 g), dimethyl succinic ester (32.2 g) and toluene (800 ml) were placed in a three neck 5 L flask equipped with a mechanical stir. Potassium t- butoxide (22.6 g) was added batch wise over a 30 minute interval. An exothermic reaction along with the formation of a large amount of precipitate was observed. After two hours, water (500 mL) was added. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to -2 using 3 N HCl. After stirring at room temperature for 10 minutes, the resulting organic layer was collected, washed with NaCl water, dried over gSC , After concentration, hexanes were added and white crystals formed. The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration. NM showed that the obtained product (62 grams) had a structure consistent with (E)-4-(3,5-dibromopheny!)-3- (me$hoxycarbonyl)i -(4-(trifluoromethyl)pheny{)but-3Hsnoic acid, This step was repeated to produce more product for the next Step.
Step 3
Solid anhydrous lanthanum (III) chloride (100 g) was ground to a very fine powder and then mixed with lithium chloride (52 g) and dry THF (1 liter) in a 5 liter three-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stir and a dropping funnel. The mixture was refluxed for few hours until it dissolved. The product of Step 2 was dissolved in the mixture. The mixture was then cooled to ~15 C. A solution of 3M methyl magnesium chloride (238 mL) was placed in the dropping funnel. The first 30% of the Grignard was added slowly to the mixture.
Generation of gas bubbles and the rise of the mixture temperature were observed. After the temperature returned to -15*C, the remainder of the Grignard was added to the mixture over 2 minutes, After 30 minutes, water (1 L) was added slowly to the mixture and the pH was adjusted to acidic using acetic acid, The mixture turned clear with formation of two layers, The water layer was drained off. The recovered organic layer Was washed with NaCl/water four times and then concentrated to dry, A light yellowish solid was recovered and dissolved In toluene. The solution was filtered using a silica gel plug column and the recovered clear solution was concentrated to dryness, White solid product was obtained and used in the next Step without further purification. A portion of the product was recrystallized from methanol and N R analysis showed that the purified crystals had a structure consistent with (EHbeta-{(3,5-dibromophenyl)(4-(trtfluoromethyl)phenyl)methylene))-gamma,gamma- dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone, NMR also showed that the unpurified white solid product had a mixture of E Z isomer of beta-{{3,5-dibromophenyl)(4- (tnflu0romethyl)phenyl)methyle^
Example 1A
Figure imgf000051_0001
Step 1
A mixture of the product from Example 1 , toluene (500 mL), bismuth triflate (20 g) and acetic acid (0.24 g) was stirred at reflux for 1 hour. After cooling back to room temperature, acetic anhydride (100 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux again. After one hour, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a silica gel plug column and eluted with toluene. The resulting dear solution was concentrated. Acetone (50 mL) was added and a slurry was obtained. To the slurry mixture, methanol (250 mL) was added and the mixture was cooled in an ice bath. White crystals were collected a d dried to yield 58 g of product NMR showed that the product had a structure consistent ith 8, 10-dibromo-7( 7-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethy!)-7H-benzo[c]ffuoren-5-yl acetate,
Step 2
To a flask containing the product of Step 1 (2.42 g) 1 were added methanol (20 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL) was added and the solution was heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by passing through a plug of silica gel, using 4:1 hexane/ethyl acetate mixture as the eluent. Fractions containing the desired material were grouped and concentrated to provide a cream colored solid (1.63 g). NMR analysis of the cream colored solid indicated a structure that was consistent with 8,10-dibromo-7,7-dimethyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)-7W-benzo[c}fluoren-5-o1. Step 3
To a dichloroethane solution (100 mL) of the product of Step 2 were added 1-(4- methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-yn-1-Ql (4 g) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (3 mg). The solution was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified with silica gel plug column separation followed by recrystallization from acetone/methanol. The grey crystals were collected by vacuum filtration (7.6 g). NMR analysis of the product indicated a structure that was consistent with 3^4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-10, 12-dibromo-6-trifluromethyl»13, 13-dimethyl-3H, 13/7- indeno^'.S'^^Jnaphthofl ^-bJpyran.
Example 2
Figure imgf000052_0001
Br
Procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1 were followed except that 3,5- difluorobenzoyl chloride was used in place of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride. White solids were obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E/Z isomer of beta-((3,5-dibromophenyi)(3,5-difluorophenyl)methylene)- gamma^amma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactohev
Example 2 A
Br
Figure imgf000052_0002
F
The procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1A were followed except that: in Step 1 , the product of Example 2 was used in place of the product of Example 1 ; in Step 2, the desired product 8 Q^ibromo ^-difluoro-7,7-^ was recrystallized out using ethyl acetate as solvent; In Step 3( 1-{4-fluorophenyl}-1-(4-(N- morpholino)phenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2- yn-1-ol. NMR confirmed that the final product had a structure consistent with 3-(4- fiuoΓo hen l)-3-( -morpholi o henyl)-10, 2-dibromo-5,7-difluoro-13, 13-dimethyl-3W, 13H- i de o^'.S'^^lnaphthotl ^-bJ yran. Example 3
Figure imgf000053_0001
Br
Procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1 were followed except that 2,4- diftuorobenzoyl chloride was used in place of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride in Step 1. White solids were obtained as the product NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E/Z isomer of beta-((3,5-dibromophenyl)(2,4- difluorophenyl)methylene)-gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone.
Example 3A
Figure imgf000053_0002
The procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1A were followed except that: in Step 1 , the product of Example 3 was used in place of the product of Example 1 ; in Step 3, 1 ,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ot was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1- pheny!pror 2-yn-1-Ol. NMR analysis of the obtained off-white crystals indicated a structure that was consistent with 3,3»bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-10, 12-dibromo-6,8-dif iuoro-13, 13- dimethyl-3H,13H-indeno[2',3':3,43naphtho(1.2-b3pyran. Example 4
Figure imgf000054_0001
Procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1 were followed except that 3,5- dtfluorobromobenzene and 2-methoxybenzoy! chloride were used in place of tribromobenzene and 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride in Step 1 and product from Step 2 was purified by column separation. A clear oil was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E/Z isomer of beta-((3,5- difiuorophenyl)(2-methoxyphenyl)methylene)-gamma,gammaHdimethyl-gamma- butyrolactone.
Example 4A
Figure imgf000054_0002
/
The procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1A were followed except that: in Step 1, the product of Example 4 was used in place of the product of Example 1; also in Ste 1 before the addition of acetic anhydride, the toluene solution was washed with water, dried over magnesium and filtered though CELITE® filter aid to remove bismuth triflate; in Step 3, 1 ,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pfop-2-yn~1-o! was used in place of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1- phenytprop-2-yn-1-ol. NMR confirmed that the off-white crystalline product had a structure consistent with 3,3-bis(4-methOxyphenyt)-9-me
indenotSVS^^jna hthop ^bJpy an, Example 5
Figure imgf000055_0001
Procedures from Step 1 to Ste 3 of Example 1 were followed except that 3,5- dichlorobromobenzene and 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride was used in place of tribromobenzene and 4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride in Step 1. White solid was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E Z isomer of beta-((3,5-dichlorophenyl 4-methoxyphenyl)methylene}-gamma,gamma^ dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone.
Example 5A
Figure imgf000055_0002
Step 1
The procedure from Step 1 of Example 1A was followed except that the product of Example 5 was used in place of the product of Example 1. An off-white solid was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with 2,4-dichloro- 9-methoxy-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[c]fluoren-5-yt acetate.
Step 2
A mixture of the product of Step 1 (5 g), N-bromosuccinimide (2.7 g) and DMF (100 mL) was stirred in a reaction flask and heated at 90°C for two hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (400 mL) and extracted with 1/1 ethyl acetate THF (200 mL). The organic layer was collected, washed with sodium bisulfite aqueous solution three times, dried and concentrated. To the obtained crude product, methanol (100 mL) was added. After filtration, off white solid (4.4 g) was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with 10-bromo-2,4-dichloro-9-methoxy-7,7-dimethyl-7H- benzo[clfluoren-5-yl acetate.
Step 3
A mixture of the product of Step 2 (4.3 g), 4'-(4-trans-pentylcyclohexyl)-N-(4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenylH1 A '-biphenyl]-4^carboxamide (4.94 g), sodium carbonate (4 g), THF (200 mL), water (20 mL) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1 g) was placed in a reaction flask and degassed by bubbling nitroge through the mixture for 10 minutes, The mixture was then heated to reflux for 17 hours. Then to the reaction mixture, potassium carbonate (5 g) and ethanol (50 ml) were added. After refluxing for another 8 hours, THF (200 mL) and sodium chloride saturated water (200 mL) were added, The resulting organic layer was collected, washed with 100 ml 1 N HCl three times, washed with 100 mL 1 N sodium sulfite water solution once, washed with sodium chloride saturated water once, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The obtained residue was dissolved in 10/1 toluene THF (200 mL) and then passed through a silica gel plug column and eluted with 10/1 toluene/THF, The obtained clear solution was concentrated and stirred in methanol for half an hour. The resulting solid was collected and dried. Off-white solid (7.5 g) was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with N-tA-^.^-dichlo^^
4'-(4-trans-pentylcyclohexyl)-[ , 1 '-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide.
Step 4
The product of Step 3 (3 g), 1 -(4-butoxyphenyl)-1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-yn-1 -ol (1 -8 g p-toluenesulfonic acid (73 mg) and dichloroethane (50 ml) were placed in a reaction flask. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for hours. All solvent was removed. The product wa purified by CombiFlash® Rf from Teledyne ISCO. A black solid (2 g) was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the structure was consistent with 3-(4- butoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methOxyphenyl)-10-[4- 4-(4-(4-trans- pentylcyclohe yf)phenyl)benzamido)phen^
SKI SW-indeno^^^^J aphthotl ^- Jp an.
Example 6
Figure imgf000056_0001
Procedures from Step 1 to Step 3 of Example 1 were followed except that 2,5- difluorobenzoyt chloride was used in place of 4-trifluoromethyl benzoyl chloride in step 1. White solid was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a: mixture of E 2 isomer of beta-((3,5-dibromophenylX2,5- difluorophehyl)m©thy!ene)-gamm Example 6A
Figure imgf000057_0001
Step 1
Using the product from Example 6, the procedure from Step 1 of Example 1 A was followed. White crystals were obtained as the product. ISIM indicated that the product had a structure consistent with 8,10-dibromo-1 ,4-difluoro-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[c]f!uoren-5-yl acetate.
Step 2
To a degassed solution of toluene (40 mL) and ethanol (40 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (0.32 g) and palladium acetate (0.1 g). The product of Step 1 (2.00 g) and 4'-(4-trans-penty!cyclohexyt)-N-(4-(4,4,5>5-tetramethyl-1,3l2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)- [1 ,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide (2.22 g) were added and the solution was degassed for 10 min. Potassium carbonate (1.67 g) was added and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The mixture was filtered through a bed of CELITE® filter aid and the filtrate was collected and concentrated to provide a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column separation using 19/1 toluene/ethyl acetate as the eluent. To the resulting cream colored residue, toluene was added to precipitate the product. The resulting precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and dried to provide a cream colored solid (0.6 g).
Step 3
The procedure from Step 3 of Example 1 A was followed except that 1-(4- butoxyphenyl)-1 -(4-fiuoraphenyl)prop-2-yn-1-ol and the product of Step 2 were used in place of 1 -(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 -phenylprop-2-yn-1 -ol and the product of Step 2 of Example 1A. NMR analysis of the obtained solid indicated a structure that was consistent with 3-(4- butoxyphenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-10-[4-(4-(4-(4-trans-pentylcyclohexyl)
phenyl)benzamido)phenyl]-5,8-difluoro-13^
bjpyran, Example 7
Figure imgf000058_0001
Procedures from Step 2 to Step 3 of Example 1 were fol towed except that (4- fluorophenyl) (thien-2-yl} ketone was used in place of 3,5-dibromo-4'- trifluoromethylbenzophenone in step 2. Oil was obtained as the product. NMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E/Z isomer of beta-((4- fluorophenyl)(thiophen-2-yl)methyfene)-gamma,gamma-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone.
Exam le 78
0
Figure imgf000058_0002
Using the product from Example 7, procedures from Steps 1 and 2 of Example 1A were followed. NMR indicated that the obtained black solid product had a structure consistent with i -(3-fluoro-5-hydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo[6,7]indeno[1 ,2-b]thiophen-9- yl)ethanone.
Figure imgf000058_0003
Procedures from Step 2 to Step 3 of Example 1 were followed except that furan-2- yl(phenyl)methanone, which was prepared following a literature procedure using a Friedel- Crafts reaction (Sarvari, . ; Sharghi, H. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 6953-6956), was used in place of 3,5-dibromo-4'-trifluoromethylbenzophenone in Step 2. Oil was obtained as the product. MMR indicated that the product had a structure consistent with a mixture of E/Z isomer of beta-(phenyi(furan-2-yl)methy!ene)-gamma,garrima-dimethyl-gamrna'- butyrolactone.
Part 2: Photochromic Performance Testing and Results
The photochrome performance of the photochromic materials of Examples 1A-6A were tested as follows. A quantity of the photochromic material to be tested, calculated to yield a 1.5 x 10-3 M solution, was added to a flask containing 50 grams of a monomer blend of 4 parts ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BPA 2EO DMA), 1 part poiy(ethy!ene glycol) 600 drmethacryiate, and 0.033 weight percent 2,2'-azobis(2~methyl propionitrile) (AIBN). The photochromic material was dissolved into the monomer blend by stirring and gentle heating if necessary. After a clear solution was obtained, it was vacuum degassed before being poured into a flat sheet mold having the interior dimensions of 2.2 mm x 6 inches (15.24 cm) x 6 inches (15.24 cm). The mold was seated and placed in a horizontal air flow, programmable oven programmed to increase the temperature from 40°C to 95°C over a 5 hour interval, hold the temperature at 95°C for 3 hours and then lower it to 60°C for over a 2 hour interval. After the mold was opened, the polymer sheet was cut using a utility knife to score the surface and snap into 2 inch (5.1 cm) test squares.
The photochromic test squares prepared as described above were tested for photochromic response on an optical bench. Prior to testing on the optical bench, the photochromic test squares were exposed to 365 nm ultraviolet light for about 15 minutes to cause the photochromic material to transform from the ground state-form to an activated- state form, and then placed in a 75"C oven for about 15 minutes to allow the photochromic material to revert back to the ground state-form. The test squares were then cooled to room temperature, exposed to fluorescent room lighting for at least 2 hours, and then kept covered (that is, in a dark environment) for at least 2 hours prior to testing on an optical bench maintained at 73°F (23°C).
The optical bench fitted with a Schott 3mm KG-2 band -pass filter, neutral density filter(s) and a Newport Model# 67005 300-watt Xenon arc lamp with Model# 69911 power supply in association with a Newport Model 689456 Digital Exposure/Timer was used to control the intensity of the irradiance beam utilized for activation of the sample. A Uniblitz modeW CS25S3ZM0 with model# VMM-D3 controller) high-speed computer controlled shutter, a fused silica condensing lens for beam collimation of this activation lamp beam though a quartz glass water bath sample chamber.
A custom made broadband light source for monitoring response measurements was directed through the sample such that the angle between the activation source and the monitoring beam is 30 degrees with the sample positioned perpendicular to this monitoring beam. This broad beam light source is Obtained by collecting and combining separately filtered light from a 100-Watt tungsten halogen lamp (controlled by a Lambda UP60-14 constant voltage powder supply) with a split-end, bifurcated fiber optical cable to enhance the short wavelength light intensity. After passing through the sample, this monitoring light was refocused into a 2-inch integrating sphere and fed to an Ocean Optics S2000 spectrophotometer by fiber optic cables. Ocean Optics SpectraSuite and PPG proprietary software were used to measure response and control the operation of the optical bench.
The Amax- is is the wavelength in the visible spectrum at which the maximum absorption of the activated-state form of the photochrome compound in a test square occurs. The Amax-vis wavefength was determined by testing the photochromic test squares in a Varian Gary 4000 UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
The change in Optical density at saturation for each test sample was determined by opening the shutter from the xenon lamp and measuring the transmittance after exposing the test chip to 3W/m2 UVA radiation for 30 minutes. The change in Optical density at saturation was calculated using the formula: ΔΟ0 - log (%Tb/%Ta), where %Tb is the percent transmittance in the bleached state, %Ta is the percent transmittance in the activated state both at the Amax.Vis and the logarithm is to the base 10. The first fade half life ("T1/2") or bleach rate is the time interval in seconds for the absorbance of the activated-state form Of the photochromic material in the test squares to reach one half the LOO at saturation value at room temperature (23°C), after removal of the source of activating light. The Sensitivity (ΔΟΟ/Min) is a measure of how quickly the sample darkens and is calculated from the equation ΔΟΡϊ»η = AOD^in X 12.
Figure imgf000060_0001
The present invention has been described with reference to specific details of particular embodiments thereof. It is not intended that such details be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.

Claims

We claim:
1. A lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula II,
Figure imgf000062_0001
wherein Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring ary!, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroary and substituted heteroar l,
m and n are eac independently selected from 0 to 4,
R1 for eac m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(0 , -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, - S02-, -N(R-i')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C{0 , -0(O)0-, -S(Q)-, -S02-, -N(R11')- where n' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; halogen; cyano; and -N(R1-')R12't wherein R11' and R 2' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, or R11' and R<2' together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom, and
R3 and R4 are each independentl selected from hydrogen; hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -0(O)-, -C(O)0-r -S(O)-, -S02-, and - (R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; and substituted hydrocarbyl optionally Interrupted wit at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(0)-, -C(O)0-, - S(O)-, -S02-, and -N(R-i')- where R-,,' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; or R3 and RA together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom.
2. The lactone compound of claim 1 wherein,
Ring-A and Rtng-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryt and substituted aryl;
R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from, a reactive substituent;
a compatiblizing substituent;
halogen selected from fluoro, iodo, bromo and chloro;
C C20 alkyl;
G3-G10 cycloalkyl;
substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being selected from hydroxyl, halogen, carbonyl, C1-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halo(Ci- C2o)afkyl, CrC2o alkyl or d-C^ alkoxy;
-O-Fty or -C(O)-R1o'or -C(0}-OR1o', wherein R10' is hydrogen, CI-C2Q alkyl* phenyl(CT-C20)alkyl, mono(CrC2o)alkyl substituted phenyl(CrC¾,)alkyl, mono(CrC20)alkoxy substituted phenyl^ -CaoJafkyl, (C1-C2c)alkoxy(C2- C2o)alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or mono(CrC2o)alkyl substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl;
-NtR11'JR^', wherein Hn' and R12' are each independently hydrogen, Cr'Cao alkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thiertyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzopyridyl, fluorenyl, CrC20 alkyiaryl, C3-G10 cycloalkyl, C4-C20 bicycloalkyl, C5- C20 tricycloalkyl or C C20 alkoxyalkyl, wherein sak. aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, or R11 ! and R12' come together with the nitrogen atom to form a C3- Cx) hetero-bicycioalkyl ring or a C4-C2o hetero-tricycloalkyl ring; a nitrogen containing ring represented by the following graphic formula XIIA,
Figure imgf000064_0001
wherein each -Y- is independently chosen for each occurrence from -CH2., -CH(R13 , -C{Rn)r, -CH(aryl)-, -C(aryl)2-, and -C(R13')(ary!)-, and Z is -Y-, - 0-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -NH-, -N(R13 , or -N(aryl)-, wherein each R13' is independently CrCw alkyl, each aryl is independently phenyl or naphthyl, m is an integer 1, 2 or 3, and p is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3 and provided that when p is 0, Z is -Y-; a group represented by one of the following graphic formulas XIIB orXIIC, IIC
Figure imgf000064_0002
wherein R-5, Rig, and R17 are each independently hydrogen, CrCzo alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, or the groups R15 and R-.e together form a ring of 5 to 8 carbon atoms and each Rd is independently for each occurrence selected from Ci- ¾o alkyl, CrCao a!koxy, fluoro or chloro, and Q is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3; and unsubstituted, mono-, or di-substituted C^Cte spirobicyclic amine, or unsubstituted, mono-, and di-substituted C4-Ci8 spirotricyclic amine, wherein said substituents are independently aryl, CrCao alkyl, C-C20 alkoxy, or phenyl(C C2o)alky!; or
two adjacent R1 groups, or two adjacent R2 groups, independently together form a group represented by one of XI ID and X1IE:
XI IE
Figure imgf000064_0003
wherein T and T' are each independentl oxygen or the grou -NR,
R-ir , R1s, and R16 are as set forth above; and R3 and R4 are each independently selected from,
(i) hydrogen, Ci-Czp alkyl, C1-C20 hatoalkyl, C3-C10 cycloaikyi, aifyt, benzyl, or mono-substituted benzyl, said benzyl substituents being chosen from halogen, C1-C20 alkyl or Gr-Caj alko y;
(ii) an unsubstituted, mono- di-or tri-substituted group chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazolyl, or indolyl, said group substituents in each case being independently chosen from halogen, C--C2o alkyl or C.-C20 alkoxy;
(iii) mono-substituted phenyl, said substituent located at the para position being -{CH2)t- or -0{CH2)t-> wherein t is the integer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, said substituent being connected to an aryl group which is a member of a photochromic material;
<iv) the group -CH(R10)G, wherein R 0 is hydrogen, C-,-C20 alkyl or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, and G is -CH2OR11, wherein R11 is hydrogen, -C(O)R10, C C20 aikyl, C C2o alkoxy{Ci-C2o)alkyl, phenyl(C -C20)alkyl, mono(Ci-C;>o)aikoxy substituted phenyi(CrC2o)alkyj, or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryi groups phenyl or naphthyl, each of said phenyl and naphthyl group substituents being C1-C20 alkyi or C1-C20 alkoxy; or
(v) R3 and R4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containin 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom, said spiro-carbocyclic ring and spiro- heterocyclic ring being annellated with 0, 1 or 2 benzene rings, said substituents being hydrogen or CrCao alkyl.
3. The lactone compound of Claim 1 , wherein R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from CrC6 alkyl, C3-C7 cycloaikyi, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, fluoro, iodo, bromo, chloro, and -O-R10'.
4. The lactone compound of Claim 3, wherein R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, CrC8 alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloaikyi, or R3 and R4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro- carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
5. The lactone compound of Claim 1, wherein R for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from a group represented by the following Formula, - (SiMQ< -<S2)d■)„■ -.(<¼ ~(S3)e ) ~(Q3 -{S,)f )f-S5-P
wherein, Qi, Q2, and (な are each independently chosen from, a divalent group chosen from, an unsubstituted or a substituted aromatic group, an unsubstituted or a substituted alicycl'tc group, an unsubstituted or a substituted heterocyclic group, and mixtures thereof, wherein substituents for the substituted aromatic groups, substituted aiicyclic groups and substituted heterocyclic groups are independently chose from,
a group represented by P, liquid crystal mesogens, halogen, poly(CrCi8alkoxy), Cr Ci8 alkoxycarbonyi, C C18 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-Cie alkoxycarbonyloxy,
aryloxycarbonyloxy, perfluoro(CrCi8)alkoxy, perfluoro(CrCi8)alkoxycarbonyl, perfluoro(Ci-C 8)alkylcarbonyl, perfluoro(Ci-C18}alkylamino, di-(perfluoro(Cr
C18)alkyl)amino, perfluoro(Ci-Ci8)alkylthio, C-.-Cie alkylthio, C--C<8 acetyl, C3-C10 cycfoalkyl, C3-Ci0cycloalkoxy, a straight-chain or branched C C1 s alkyl group that is mono-substituted with cyano, halo, or C<-Ci8 alkoxy, or poly-substituted with halo, and a group chosen from one of the following formulas, - (Τ)(!.· and -M(OT)(M)> wherein M is chosen from aluminum, antimony, tantalum, titanium, zirconium and silicon, T is chosen from organofurictionai radicals, organofunctional hydrocarbon radicals, aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals and aromatic hydrocarbon radicals, and t is the valence of M,
c, d, e, and f are each independently chosen from an integer ranging from 1 to 20, inclusive,
Si, S2, S3, Si, and S5 are each independently chosen from a spacer unit chosen from,
(i) -(CH2)g-, -{CFz , -Si(CH2)e-, -(Si(CH3)20),-, wherein g is independently chosen for each occurrence from 1 to 20, and h is a whole number from 1 to 16 inclusive,
(ii) -N(Z)-, -C(Z)=C(Z)-, -C(Z)=N-, -C(Z')-C(Z , or a single bond, wherein Z is independently chosen for each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-C18 alkyi, CrCio cycloalkyl and aryl, and Z' is independently chosen for each occurrence from Ci-Cie alkyl, C3-Ciccycloalkyl and aryl, and
(iii) -O-, -C(Oy, -C≡C~, -N-N-, -S-, -S{0)-, -S(O)(O , -(O)S(O)0-, -O(0)S(O)O-, or straight-chain or branched C1-C2-. alkylene residue, said C1-C2 alkylene residue being unsubstituted, mono-substituted by cyano or halo, or poly-substituted by halo, provided that when two spacer units comprising heteroatoms are linked together the spacer units are linked so that heteroatoms are not directly linked to each other, each bond between Si and Ring-A and Si and Ring-B is free of two heteroatoms linked together, and the bond between S5 and P is free of two heteroatoms linked to each other, P is chosen from, hydroxy, amino, C2-C18 alkenyt, C2-Cta alkynyl, azidd, silyl, siloxy, silylhydride, (tetrahydrO-2H-pyran-2-yl}oxy, thio, isocyanato, thioisocyanato, acryloyloxy, methacryfoyloxy, 2-(acryloyloxy)ethy{carbamyl, 2-
(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamyl, aziridinyl, alfyloxycarbonyloxy, epoxy, carboxylic acid, carboxyfic ester, acryloylamino, methacrytoylamino, aminocarbonyl, C Ci8 alkyl aminocarbonyl, aminocarbony CrCieJaikyl, C|-Ci8 alkyioxycarbonyloxy, halocarbon l, hydrogen, aryl, hydroxy(C<-C18)alkyl, C--Ci8 alkyl, Ci-CiB alkoxy, amino(CrC'8)alkyl, C Ci8 alkylamino, di-( C CteJalkylamino, C &e alkyl(Ci-Ci8)alkoxy, C Cta alkoxy(CrCi8)alkoxy, nitro, poly(C1-Cie)alkyl ether, (CrC"8)alkyl(Ci-Ci8)alkoxy(C1-C18)alkyl, polyethyleneoxy, poiypropyleneoxy, ethylenyl, acryloyi, acrytoyloxy(CrCt8)alkyl, methacryloyl, methacryfoyloxy(CrCi8)alkyl, 2-chloroacryloyl, 2-phenylacryloyl, acryloyloxyphenyl, 2- chloroacryloylamino, 2-phenylaciyioylaminocarbonyl, oxetanyl, glycidyj, cyano, isoGyanato(CrGi8)alkyl, itaconic acid ester, vinyl ether, vinyl ester, a st rene derivative, main-chain and side-chain liquid crystal polymers, sitoxane derivatives, ethyleneimine derivatives, maleic acid derivatives, fumaric acid derivatives, unsubstituted cinnamic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives that are substituted with at least one of methyl, methoxy, cyano and halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted chiral or non-chiral monovalent or divalent groups chosen from steroid radicals, terpenoid radicals, alkaloid radicals and mixtures thereof, wherein the substituents are independently chosen from Cr-Ci8 alkyl, C Ci8 alkoxy, amino, C3-Ci0 cycloaikyl, Ci-Ci8 alkyl(Ci-C 8)alkoxy, fluoro(CrC 8)alkyl, cyano, cyano{CrCi8)alkyl, cyano(C1-C18)alkdxy or mixtures thereof, or P is a structure having from 2 to 4 reactive groups, or P is an unsubstituted or substituted ring opening metathesis polymerization precursor, and
d'. e' and f are each independently chosen from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, provided that the sum of d' + e' + f is at least 1.
6. The lactone compound of Claim 1 , wherein said lactone compound is selected from lactone compounds represented b a least o e of the following Formula la and Formula Ha,
la
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000068_0002
7. A method of making an fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula III and Formula lli-2:
Figure imgf000069_0001
Figure imgf000069_0002
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000070_0002
wherein Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryi,
m and n are each independently selected from 0 to 4,
R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, ar in each case independently selected from hydrocarby! optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)0-, -S(O)-, - S02-, and -N(R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -Q-, -S-, - C{0)-, -C{0)0-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, and -N{R11')- where Ra' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; halogen; cyano; -O-R or -C{O)-Ri0' or -C{0}-OR1o\ wherein each R1C' is independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; and - (R11')R12', wherein Rtl' and ^' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, or Rri' and R12' together form a ring structure optionally Including at least one heteroatom, and R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen; hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -0(0}-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -SO , -N(RTi')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; and substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -0(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -N(R11')- where Ru is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; or R3 and R4 together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom, and
R12 is selected from hydrogen, -C(O)-R13 and -S(O)(O)R13, wherein R13 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarbyl,
said method comprising,
(a) converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV- 2;
I
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000072_0002
Figure imgf000072_0001
(b) converting said acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2 to said fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula ill and Formula 111-2,
8, The method of Claim 7, wherein conversion of said lactone compound is conducted in the presence of a catalyst selected from one or more Lewis acids, and
conversion of said acid intermediate represented by at least one of Formula IV and Formula I V-2 to said compound represented by at least one of Formula III and Formula 111-2, is conducted in the presence of a material selected from carboxylic acid halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, sulfonyl halide, su onyi anhydride and combinations thereof, thereby forming an intermediate represented by at least one of the following Formula V and Formula V-2:
Figure imgf000073_0001
Figure imgf000073_0002
wherein R14 is selected from -C(O)-R13 and -S(OXQ)R13, wherein R 3 is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarby!,
optionally followed by hydrolysis of said intermediate represented by at least one of Formula V arid Formula V-2 in the presence of a protonic acid or a base, thereby forming said fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of the Formula III and Formula 111-2, wherein R1z is hydrogen,
9. The method of Claim 8, wherein Ring-A of said lactone compound has an electron richness that is greater than an electron richness of Ring-B of said lactone compound, and said Lewis acid is selected from at least one of B -S02-R15)3, wherein R1S is selected from hydrocarbyl and halohydrocarbyl, and B1X3, where each X is selected independently from halogen.
10. The method of Claim 9, wherein R.16 is CF3.
11. The method of Claim 7, wherein conversion of said lactone compound is conducted in the presence of a catalyst selected from one o more Lewis acids, and
conversion of said acid intermediate represented by Formula IV to said fused ring indenoi compound represented by Formula III, is conducted in the presence of a protonic acid, wherein R12 is hydrogen,
12. The method of Claim 11 , wherein said protonic aci is selected from carboxytic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of Claim 7, wherein
Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl and substituted aryl;
R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from, a reactive substituent;
a compatiblizing substituent;
halogen selected from fluoro, iodo, bromo and chloro;
C1-C20 alkyl;
CrC10 cycloaikyl;
substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, the phenyl substttuents being selected from hydroxy!, hatogen, carbonyl, Q-C20 alkoxycarbony!, cyano, halo(C C2o)alkyl, CrC20 alkyl or C1-C20 alkoxy;
-O-R10' or -C(O)-R1cOr -C(O)-OR10', wherein R10' is hydrogen, C C¾) alkyl, phenyl(Ci-C2o)alkyl, mono(CrC20)alkyi substituted phenyl(Ci-C2o)alkyl, mono(Ci-C2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC20)aikyi, (C C2o)alkoxy(C2- Ca alkyi, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or mono(C C2o)alkyl substituted C C10 cycloalkyl;
-N(R,i ')R-}2', wherein R11' and R12' a e each independently hydrogen, CrC20 alkyf, phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, benzopyridyl, fluorenyl, CrC20 alkylaryl, C3-Ci0 cycloalkyl, C4-C20 bicycloalkyl, C£- C20 tricycloalkyl or C C20 aikoxyalkyl, wherein said aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, or R ' and R12' come together with the nitrogen atom to form a C3- C20 hetero-bicycloaikyl ring or a CrCao.hetero-tricycloalkyl ring;
a nitrogen containing ring represented by the following graphic formula X!IA,
Figure imgf000075_0001
wherein each -Y- is independently chosen for each occurrence from -Chfe,, -CH(R|3')-, -C(R13') , -Ctt(aryl)-, -C(aryl)2-, and -C(R'3')(aryl)-, and Z Is -Y^, - 0-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -NH-, -N(R13')-, or -N(aryl)-, wherein each R13' is independently C1-C20 alkyl, each ary! Is independently phenyl or naphthyl, m is an integer 1 , 2 or 3, and p is an integer 0, 1, 2, or 3 and provided that when p is 0, Z is -Y-;
a group represented by one of the following graphic formulas XIIB or XI1C,
XIIC
Figure imgf000075_0002
wherein R15, R16< and R17 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, or the groups 15 and R1S together form a ring of 5 to 8 carbon atoms and each Rd is independently for each occurrence selected from C1-C20 alkyi, C C20 alkoxy, fluoro or chloro, and Q is an integer 0, 1, 2, or 3; and unsubstituted, mono-, or di-substituted CA-CIB spirobicyclic amine, Of unsubstituted, mono-, and di-substituted C4-Ci8 spirotricyc!ic amine, wherein said substituents are independentl aryl, C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, or phenyl(CrC2o)alkyl; or
two adjacent R1 groups, or two adjacent R2 groups, independently together form a group represented by one of XIID and XIIE:
XIIE
Figure imgf000076_0001
wherein T and T are each independently oxygen or the group - R11'-, where R11', is, and R16 are as set forth above; and
R3 and R are each independently selected from,
(i) hydrogen, C1-C20 alkyl, C -C20 haloalkyl, C3-C10 cycfoalkyl, allyl, benzyl, or mono-substituted benzyl, said benzyl substituents being chosen from halogen, C-C20 alkyl or C C2o alkoxy;
(n) an unsubstituted, mono- di-or tri-substituted group chosen from phenyl, naphthyt, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuranyi, thienyl, benzothienyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazolyl, or indolyl, said group substituents in each case being independently chosen from halogen, Ci~C20 alkyl or C\-C%> alkoxy;
(iii) mono-substituted phenyl, said substituent located at the para position being -{CH2) or -O-(CH2)t-, wherein t is the integer i , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, said substituent being connected to an aryl group which is a member of a photochrome material;
(iv) the grou -CH(R10)G, wherein R 0 is hydrogen, d-Ce alkyl or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, and G is -CH2OR11, wherein R is hydrogen, ~C(O)R10, CrC20 alkyl, Gi-C20 alkoxy(CrC20)alkyl, phenyl(C1-C20)alkyl, mono(C C2q)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC20)alkyl, or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, each of said phenyl and naphthyl group substituents being d-C^ alkyl or C1-C20 aikpxy; or
(v) R3 and R4 together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyciic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom, said spiro-carbocyclrc ring and spiro- heterocyclic ring being annellated with 0, 1 or 2 benzene rings, said substituents being hydrogen or C1-C20 alkyl.
14. The method of Claim 13, wherein R1 for each m, and R2 for eac n, are in each case independently selected from CrCe alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, CrCe haloalkyl, fluoro, iodo, bromo, chloro, and -O-R10',
15. The method of Claim 1 , wherein R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen, CrCfi alkyl, CrCo haloalkyl, and C3-C? cycloalkyl, or R3 and R4 together form a spiro substitueht selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyciic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
16. The method of Claim 7, wherein said fused ring indenol compound represented by Formuta III is represented by the following Formula Ilia,
Figure imgf000077_0001
said lactone compound is represented by one at least one of the following Formula la and Formula Ha,
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000078_0002
Figure imgf000078_0003
17, A method of forming a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula It,
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000079_0002
wherein Ring -A and Rlng-B are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, uh substituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted heteroaryl,
m and n are each independentl selected from 0 to 4,
R1 for each m, and R* for each n, are in each case independently selected from hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)0-, -S(O)-, - S02-, -N(R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two or more thereof; substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C{0}-, -C(O)0-, -S(O)-, -S02-, -NfR11')- where ri' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, and combinations of two o more thereof; halogen; cyano; and - iR11'JR^', wherein RH' and R12' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarby!, or R11' and R12' together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom, and
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen; hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(0 , -C(O)0-, -S(Cfy, -S02-. and -N(R11 where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; and substituted hydrocarbyl optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(O)0-, - S(Oy, -S02-, and -N(R11')- where is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; or Rs and R4 together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom,
said method comprising, reacting an acid ester represented by at least one of Formula VI and Formula VII with at least one of a metal hydride reducing agent, and a nucieophile represented by at least one of Formula VIII and Formula IX, thereby forming said lactone compound,
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000080_0002
Vlfl
R3M¾ and R4 2 wherein R 6 is selected from hydrocarbyt and substituted hydrocarby R3 is a nucleophile of R3 as descnbed with reference to Formulas I and II, R* is a nucleophile of R4 as described with reference to Formulas I and II, and M' and M2 are each independently selected from Si(R18)3) where each R18 is independently selected from d-Cg alkyl, or M1 and lyt2 each independently represent a counterion comprising a metal selected from Mg, Li, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Ti, Ln, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of Claim 17, wherein said metal hydride reducing agent is selected from sodium borohydride, lithiurh aluminum hydride, or di{C-,-C2o alkyl) aluminum hydride reducing agent, M and M2 are each independently selected from MgX{+), wherein X is selected from halogen, and reaction of said acid ester with said nucleophile is conducted in the presence of a Lewis acid and an alkali metal halide.
19. The method of Claim 17, wherein said lactone compound is represented by one of the following Formula la and Formula lla,
l
Figure imgf000081_0001
and
Figure imgf000082_0001
Figure imgf000082_0002
Figure imgf000083_0001
20, A method of making an fused ring indenapyran compound represented by at least one of the following Formula X and Formula X-2,
Figure imgf000084_0001
Figure imgf000084_0002
wherein Ring-A and Ring-8 are each independently Selected from unsubstituted aryl, substituted aryl, unsubstituted fused ring aryl, substituted fused ring aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted heterparyl,
m and n are each independently selected from 0 to 4,
R for each m, and Rz for each n, are in each case independently selected from hydrocarbyi optionally interrupted with at least one of -0-, -S-, -C(O)-, -0(O)0-, -S(0}-, - SO2-, -N(R11')- where R11' is; selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi, and combinations of two or more thereof; substituted hydrocarbyi optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -0(0 )-, -0(0)0-, -8(0)-, -S02-, -N(R11')- where Rv is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi, and combinations of two or more thereof; halogen; cyano; -O-R10' or -C(0}-Ria' or -C{O)-OR10', wherein each R10' is independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi; and -N(Rii')R12', wherein R11' and R-2' are each independently selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi, or R^' and R12' together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom, and
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from hydrogen; hydrocarbyi optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -C(0)0-, -S(Oy, -S02-, and -N(R11 where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi; and substituted hydrocarbyi optionally interrupted with at least one of -O-, -S-, -C(0 , -C(0)0- - S(0 , -SO2-, and -N(R11')- where R11' is selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbyi or substituted hydrocarbyi; or R3 and R4 together form a ring structure optionally including at least one heteroatom, and
B and B' are each independently selected from unsubstituted aryi, substituted aryi, unsubstituted heteroaryi, substituted heteroaryl, polyalkoxy, and polyalkoxy having a polymerizable group, or B and B' taken together form a ring structure selected from unsubstituted f!uoren-9-ylidene, substituted fluoren-9-ylidene, saturated spiro-monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, saturated spiro-bicyciic hydrocarbon ring, and spiro-tricyclic hydrocarbon ring,
said method comprising,
(a) converting a lactone compound selected from lactone compounds represented by at least one of the following Formula I and Formula II, to an acid intermediate comprising an acid intermediate represented by at feast one of Formula IV and Formula IV-
I
Figure imgf000085_0001
Figure imgf000086_0001
Figure imgf000086_0002
(b) converting said acid intermediate represented by at (east one of Formula IV and Formula IV-2 to an fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula ill and Formula 111-2,
Figure imgf000087_0001
Figure imgf000087_0002
wherein R 2 is selected from hydrogen, -C(0)-R13 and -S(O)(O)R13, wherein R 3 is selected from hydrocarbyl and hatohydrocarbyl, and
{c) reacting the fused ring indenol compound represented by at least one of Formula III and Formula 111-2 with a propargyl alcohol represented by Formula Xl( XI
Figure imgf000088_0001
thereby forming said fused ring indenopyran compound represented by at least one of Formula X and Formula X-2.
21. The method f Claim 20, wherein,
Ring-A and Ring-B are each independently selected from unsubstttuted aryl, substituted aryl;
R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from, a reactive substituent;
a compatiblizing substituent;
halogen selected from fluoro, iodo, bromo and chloro;
C1-C20 alky I;
C3-C10 cyctoalkyi;
substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being selected from hydroxy!, halogen, carbonyl, C C20 alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, halo(d- C2o)alkyl, C1-C20 alkyl or Ci-C20 aikoxy;
-O-R-o1 or -C(O)-R10'or -C(O)-OR1o', wherein R10' is hydrogen, CrC20 alkyl, phenyi(C C2o)alkyl, mono(Ci-C2o)afkyl substituted phenyl(C--C20)alkyl, mOno(CrC2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(Ci-C20)alkyl, (CrC20)alkoxy(Cr C2o)alk l, C3-C10 cyc!oalkyl, or mono(Ci-C20)a!kyi substituted C3-C10 cycioalkyf;
- (Rv')R12', wherein R11' and R12' are each independently hydrogen, C C20 alkyl, phenyl, naphthy!, furanyi, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyi, benzopyridyl, fluorenyf, C1-C20 alkylaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C2o bicycloalkyl, C5- C20 tricycloalkyl or Cr C20 alkoxyalkyl, whefein said aryl group is phenyl or naphthyl, or n' and R12* come together with the nitrogen atom to form a C3- C20 hetero-bicycloaikyl ring or a C4-C2G hetero-tricycloalkyl ring; a nitrogen containing ring represented by the following graphic formula XIIA,
Figure imgf000089_0003
wherein each is independentl chosen for each occurrence from -CH2>, -CH(R:3 , -C(R,3V, -CH(aryl)-, -C(aryl)2-, and -CtR Xarylh and Z is -Y-, - G-, -S-, -S(Oy, -S02-( -NH-, -N(R 3')-, or -N(aryl)-, wherein each Ri3' is independently C C2o alkyl, each aryl is independently phenyl or naphthyl, m is an integer 1 , 2 or 3, and p is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3 and provided that when p is 0, Z is -Y-;
a group represented by one of the following graphic formulas XIIB or Xl!C,
Figure imgf000089_0001
wherein R15> R16, and Ru are each independently hydrogen, Ct-Ce alkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl, or the groups R 5 and R1e together form a ring of 5 to 8 carbon atoms and each Rd is independently for eac occurrence selected from CrCz) alkyl, C^CM alkoxy, fluoro or chloro, and Q is an integer 0, 1 , 2, or 3; and
unsubstituted, mono-, or di-substituted C4-Ci8 spirobicyclic amine, or unsubstituted, mono-, and di-substituted C -C-,8 spirotricyclic amine, wherein said substituents are independently aryl, C1-C20 alkyl, CrC20 alkoxy, or phenyl(CrC≤o)alkyl; or
two adjacent R1 groups, or two adjacent R2 groups, independently together form a group represented by one of ..XI ID and XIIE:
Figure imgf000089_0002
wherein T and T' are eac independently oxygen or the group -NR1- -, where R i', R15, and R16 are as set forth above; and
Rs and R4 are each independently selected from,
(i) hydrogen, Cr-C2o alkyl, CrC2g haloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, allyl, benzyl, or mono-substituted benzyl, said benzyl substituents being chosen from halogen, C Cic alkyl or CrC20 alkoxy;
(ii) an unsubstituted, mono- di-or tri-substituted group chosen from phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, quinolyt, isoquinolyl, benzofuranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, dibertzofuranyl, dibenzothtenyl, carbazolyl, or indo!yl, said group substituents in each case being independently chosen from halogen, Ci-C2o alkyl or C1-C20 alkoxy;
(iii) mono-substituted phenyl, said substituent located at the para position being -(CH2)†- Of -O-(CH2)t-, wherein t is the integer 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, said substituent being connected to an aryl group which is a member of a photochro ic material;
(iv) the group -CH(R10)G, wherein R10 is hydrogen, CrC6 alky! or the unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, and G is -CH2OR11, wherein R:1 is hydrogen, -C(O)R1D, CrC20 alkyl, Ci-C20 alkoxy(CrC20)alkyl, phenyI(CrC2o)alkyl, mono(C C20)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC2o)alkyl, or the unsubstituted, mono- or dt-substituted aryl groups phenyl or naphthyl, each of said phenyl and naphthyl group substituents being Ci-C2o alkyl or Ci-C2o alkoxy; or
(v) R3 and R together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocycltc ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-heterocyclic ring containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms including the spirocarbon atom, said spiro-carboc dic ring and spiro- heterocyclrc ring being annellated with 0, 1 or 2 benzene rings, said substituents being hydrogen or d-Cao alkyl; and
B and B' are each independently:
an aryl group that is mono-substituted with a reactive substituent or a compatiblizing substituent; a substituted phenyl; a substituted aryl; a substituted 9-julolindinyt; a substituted hetero aromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yi, dibenzofuranyl, di benzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, indolinyl, and fluorenyl, wherein the phenyl, aryl, 9-julolindmyl, or heteroaromatic substituent is a reactive substituent R; an unsubstituted, mono-, di-, or tri-substituted phenyl or aryl group; 9-julolidinyl; Of an unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted heteroaromatic group chosen from pyridyl, furanyl, benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, thienyl, benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothienyl, carbazoyl, benzopyridyl, indoiinyl, and fluorenyl, wherein each of the phenyl, aryl and heteroaromatic substituents are each independently:
hydroxyl, a group -C(=0)R2i, wherein R2i is -0な2, - (R23)Rz4.
piperidino, or morphoiino, wherein R22 is allyl, C^CZQ alkyl, phenyl, nono(CrC2o)alkyi substituted phenyl, mono(Ci-C20)alkoxy substituted phenyl, pheny C CsoJalkyl, mono(CrC2o)alky1 substituted phenyl(Cr C20)alkyl, mono(Ci-C2o)alkoxy substituted phenyl(CrC2o)aikyl, Ci-C23 alkoxy(C2-C23)alkyl or C-C^ haloalkyl, R23and Rz^are each independently C1-C20 alkyi, C5-C10 cycloalkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl, the phenyl substituents being C -C20 alkyl or Ci-C20 alkoxy, and said halo substituent is chloro, iodo, bromo or fluoro, aryl, mono(CrC2o)alkoxyaryl, di(Ci-Cao)alkoxyaryl, mono^OCaoJalkylaryl, di(Ci-C20)alkylaryl, haloary!, C3-Ci0 cycloalkylaryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyloxy, C3-CiC cycloa Iky loxy( d -Chalky I , C3-C10 cycloa!kyloxy(Ci-C2c)alkoxy, aryi(Ci*C2o)alkyl, aryl(C--C2C)alkoxy, aryloxy, aryloxy(CrC2o)alkyl, ary!oxy(CrC20}alkoxy, mono- or di(C«- C¾j)alkylaryl(C<-C20)alkyl, mono- or di-(C C2o)alkoxyaryl(C--C20)alkyl, mono- or di-(C C2o)alkylaryl(C C2o)alkQx ) mono- or di-(Cr
C2o)alkoxyaryl(CrC2c)alkoxy, amino, mono- or dHC1-C^aikylamino, diarylamino, piperazino, AHCrC^alkyipiperazino, N-arylpiperazina, aziridino, indolino, piperidino, morphoiino, thiomorpholino,
tetrahydroquinolino, tetrahydroisoqutnolino, pyrrol idyl, Ci-C20 alky I, d- C20 haloalkyl, Ci-C20 alkoxy, mono{CrC2o)alkoxy(CrC2o)alkyl, acryloxy, metfiacryloxy, or halogen;
an unsubstituted or mono-substituted group chosen from pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolinyl, Imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl,
phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phenazinyl, and acrid inyl, each of said substituents being C C^ alkyl, C C2o alkoxy, phenyl, or halogen; a group represented by one of:
Figure imgf000091_0001
and
Figure imgf000091_0002
wherein K is -CH^ or -0-, and is -O- or substituted nitrogen, provided that when M is substituted nitrogen, K is -CH2-, the substituted nitrogen substituents being hydrogen, C Cza alkyl, or C1-C20 acyi, each 25 being independently chosen for each occurrence from C1-C20 alkyl, C1- 20 alkoxy, hydroxy, and halogen, f½ and R27 each being independently hydrogen or d- C20 alkyl, and u is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; or a group represented by:
Figure imgf000092_0001
wherein R28 is hydrogen or C1-C20 alkyl, and R29 is an unsubstituted, mono-, or di-substituted group chosen from naphthyl, phenyl, furanyl, and thienyl, wherein the substituents are C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 alkoxy, or halogen; or
6 and B' taken together form one of a fluoren-9-ylidene, mono-, or di- eubstituted fluoren-9-ylidene, each of said fIuoren-9-ylidene substituents being independently chosen from C1-C20 alkyl, d-Cgo alkoxy, and halogen,
22. The method of Claim 1 , wherein,
R1 for each m, and R2 for each n, are in each case independently selected from Cj-Ce alkyl, C3 cycloalkyi, CrC8 haloalkyl, fluoro, chloro, and -O-R10'.
R3 and R are each independently selected from hydrogen, C Ce alkyl, Ct-C8 haloalkyl, and C3-C7 cycloalkyi, or together form a spiro substituent selected from a substituted or unsubstituted spiro-carbocyclic ring containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and
B and B' are each independently selected from aryl substituted with CrCe alkoxy, and aryl substituted with morpholino.
23. The method of Claim 20, wherein said fused ring indenopyran compound is represented by the following Formula Xa,
Figure imgf000093_0001
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