WO2012045351A1 - Capability negotiation and control - Google Patents
Capability negotiation and control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012045351A1 WO2012045351A1 PCT/EP2010/064954 EP2010064954W WO2012045351A1 WO 2012045351 A1 WO2012045351 A1 WO 2012045351A1 EP 2010064954 W EP2010064954 W EP 2010064954W WO 2012045351 A1 WO2012045351 A1 WO 2012045351A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- capability
- control information
- service
- drain
- source
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0893—Assignment of logical groups to network elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0866—Checking the configuration
- H04L41/0873—Checking configuration conflicts between network elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
- H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
- H04L47/20—Traffic policing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
- H04W28/02—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control
- H04W28/0247—Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control based on conditions of the access network or the infrastructure network
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L41/00—Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
- H04L41/08—Configuration management of networks or network elements
- H04L41/0894—Policy-based network configuration management
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W8/00—Network data management
- H04W8/02—Processing of mobility data, e.g. registration information at HLR [Home Location Register] or VLR [Visitor Location Register]; Transfer of mobility data, e.g. between HLR, VLR or external networks
- H04W8/04—Registration at HLR or HSS [Home Subscriber Server]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus, a method, a system, and a computer program product related to capability negotiation and control. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus, a method, a system, and a computer program product for capability negotiation and control with respect to policy charging and control.
- the Evolved Packet System is known by the brand name long term evolution (LTE) network. It comprises the E-UTRAN Radio Access network and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) .
- the 3 rd generation partnership program (3GPP) is in the process of defining enhancements to the evolved packet system.
- Policy and Charging Control has a key role in the way users' services are handled. It provides a way to manage the service related connections in a consistent and controlled way. It determines e.g. how bearer resources are allocated for a given service, and quality of service (QoS)
- Fig. 1 shows the PCC functions and interfaces in one
- a user equipment signals a request for a service in the Service Layer, and the application function (AF) residing in that layer contacts the Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) for appropriate bearer resources via the Rx interface.
- the PCRF is in charge of meeting decisions on what PCC to use for the service. If subscriber specific policies are used, the PCRF may enquire the subscriber related policies from the subscription profile repository (SPR) via the Sp interface.
- the packet data network gateway (P-GW) comprises e.g. the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) .
- PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
- 3GPP SA2 has a Rel-10 study item on "Policy solutions and enhancements” . Studied items are documented in technical report TR 23.813. Key issue 4 "Service Awareness and Privacy Policies" of the study deals with the traffic detection for policy and charging control purposes.
- the traffic detection functionality may be implemented either as collocated with PCEF or as a standalone entity.
- the standalone solution aims at avoiding performance and scalability problems that may occur in a solution where the traffic detection is integrated in the same entity/gateway with the PCEF.
- TDF Traffic Detection Function
- Such conditions may occur for example when the AF does not have an interface to the PCRF (refer to the Rx interface between AF/P-CSCF and PCRF; P-CSCF: Proxy call session control function) or when there is no explicit service level signaling and hence no interaction between the Application Function (AF) and PCRF or when filters related to a service have not been installed in the PCEF .
- the TDF indicates the start and stop of the detected services to the PCRF.
- the PCRF provisions/modifies/deletes PCC rules for the detected service.
- the use of the service traffic detection mechanism may be combined with privacy policies (as suggested in the draft TR 23.813 by 3GPP SA2 ) , i.e. the PCRF shall check upon an IP-CAN session establishment whether the use of the traffic
- the PCRF then instructs the TDF on which services it should detect and report .
- the PCC architecture has to be extended to include user privacy policies (e.g. the PCRF should check the subscription data in the SPR upon an internet protocol - connectivity access network (IP-CAN) session establishment, if the PCEF indicates the support of the traffic detection function) .
- IP-CAN internet protocol - connectivity access network
- Gx and Rx based interfaces are proposed in the TR 23.813 as candidates for the interface between the PCRF and TDF.
- TDF and PCEF are collocated, the Gx based solution would be an extension to the current Gx interface/protocol and an Rx based solution would mean an extra Rx based protocol (in addition to Gx) between the TDF/PCEF and PCRF.
- a standalone TDF would mean a new (possibly Gx or Rx based) protocol between the standalone TDF and PCRF.
- the following enforcement actions may be applied to the traffic by the PCEF: a. Permit Unrestricted - the detected service/flow is allowed to continue without further policy action b. Block - the detected service / application flows are blocked (or the "gate is closed")
- Shape - apply some regime of traffic shaping to the detected service / application flows (e.g. to bandwidth limit for P2P file sharing flows)
- controlled address e.g. redirect to a top-up / service provisioning page. This may not be possible for all types of detected flows (e.g. this may only be performed on specific HTTP based flows) .
- Such policy enforcement actions may be activated immediately at the TDF after the detection of a given service. Normally these enforcement actions are performed by the PCEF.
- Some policy enforcement actions may be supported by two different network elements, such as PCEF/GW and TDF server, in particular when a standalone TDF is supported in a network.
- Even the traffic and/or service detection may be supported by two different network elements (e.g. PCEF, TDF), the extent of the support possibly being different, i.e. one network element being capable of
- service set 1 detecting certain services
- service set 2 the other network element being capable of detecting another set of services
- service set 2 possibly at least partly different and partly the same as the services of service set 1.
- any capability may be supported by one or more than one network element in a communication system.
- overlapping capabilities should not be activated in two entities of a communication system.
- an apparatus comprising enforcement means having an own capability to enforce a policy for a service, and/or to detect a traffic, and/or to detect the service in a
- the determining means may be configured not to activate the own capability if it corresponds to the capability to be controlled.
- the determining means may be configured to determine to activate the own capability for the service if the own capability corresponds to the capability to be controlled .
- the apparatus may further comprise providing means configured to provide an information about the own capability to the steering apparatus.
- an apparatus comprising control means configured to control a policy for a service in a communication system; first control information preparing means configured to prepare a first control information about a drain capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy and/or for
- the apparatus may further comprise detecting means configured to detect that a request for a source call control of the service is received from the source apparatus and a request for a drain call control of the service is received from the drain apparatus; and the first control information preparing means may be configured to prepare the first control
- the first control information preparing means may be configured to prepare the first control
- the source capability information such that it depends on whether or not the source capability information corresponds to a drain capability information received from the drain apparatus.
- the apparatus may further comprise second control information preparing means configured to prepare, a second control information about a source capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy, wherein the second control information is based on the drain capability information; and second providing means configured to provide, to the source
- the second control information preparing means may be configured to prepare the second control information such that it depends on whether or not the drain capability information corresponds to the source capability information .
- the first control information preparing means may be configured to prepare the first control information additionally based on at least one of a relative priority between the source apparatus and the drain
- the first control information may comprise an instruction to activate the drain capability to be
- a method comprising enforcing, by an own
- the method may be an enforcing method. In the method, it may be determined not to activate the own capability if it corresponds to the capability to be
- the method may further comprise providing an information about the own capability to the steering apparatus.
- a method comprising controlling a policy for a service in a communication system and/or detecting a traffic and/or detecting the service; preparing a first control information about a drain capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy, wherein the first control information is based on a source capability information received from a source apparatus; and providing, to a drain apparatus, the first control information, wherein the source apparatus is different from the drain apparatus.
- the method may be a controlling method.
- the method may further comprise detecting that a request for a source call control of the service is received from the source apparatus and a request for a drain call control of the service is received from the drain apparatus; and the first control information may be prepared only, if it is detected that both the request for the drain call control and the request for the source call control are received.
- the first control information may be prepared such that it depends on whether or not the source capability information corresponds to a drain capability information received from the drain apparatus.
- the method may further comprise preparing a second control information about a source capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy, wherein the second control information is based on the drain capability information; and providing, to the source apparatus, the second control information.
- the second control information may be prepared such that it depends on whether or not the drain capability information corresponds to the source capability information.
- the first control information may be prepared additionally based on at least one of a relative priority between the source apparatus and the drain apparatus, and/or a user profile of a user accessing the service.
- the first control information may comprise an instruction to activate the drain capability to be
- a computer program product comprising computer- executable components which perform, when the program is run on a computer, the execution of which result in operations of the method according to any of the seventh and eighth aspect.
- the computer program product may be embodied as a computer- readable storage medium.
- an apparatus comprising enforcement processor having an own capability to enforce a policy for a service, and/or to detect a traffic, and/or to detect the service in a communication system; determining processor configured to determine, based on the own capability and a control
- the determining processor may be configured not to activate the own capability if it corresponds to the capability to be controlled. In the apparatus, the determining processor may be configured to determine to activate the own capability for the service if the own capability corresponds to the capability to be controlled.
- the apparatus may further comprise providing processor configured to provide an information about the own capability to the steering apparatus.
- an apparatus comprising control processor
- first control information preparing processor configured to prepare a first control information about a drain capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy and/or for detecting a traffic and/or for detecting the service, wherein the first control information is based on a source capability information received from a source apparatus; and first providing processor configured to provide, to a drain apparatus, the first control information, wherein the source apparatus is different from the drain apparatus .
- the apparatus may further comprise detecting processor configured to detect that a request for a source call control of the service is received from the source apparatus and a request for a drain call control of the service is received from the drain apparatus; and the first control information preparing processor may be configured to prepare the first control information only, if it is detected that both the request for the drain call control and the request for the source call control are received.
- the first control information preparing processor may be configured to prepare the first control 1
- the apparatus may further comprise second control information preparing processor configured to prepare, a second control information about a source capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy, wherein the second control information is based on the drain capability information; and second providing processor configured to provide, to the source apparatus, the second control information.
- the second control information preparing processor may be configured to prepare the second control information such that it depends on whether or not the drain capability information corresponds to the source capability information .
- the first control information preparing processor may be configured to prepare the first control information additionally based on at least one of a relative priority between the source apparatus and the drain
- the first control information may comprise an instruction to activate the drain capability to be
- a policy enforcement point comprising an apparatus according to the first or sixth aspect.
- a policy control point comprising an apparatus according to the second or seventh aspect. 1
- a system comprising a drain apparatus according to the first aspect or the sixth aspect; and the steering apparatus of the drain apparatus, wherein the steering apparatus has a source capability to enforce the policy for the service and/or to detect a traffic and/or to detect the service and is configured to provide, to the drain apparatus, the control information, and wherein the control information is related to the source capability.
- a system comprising a control apparatus according to the second or seventh aspect; the drain apparatus of the control apparatus, and the source apparatus of the control apparatus, wherein the drain apparatus has a drain capability to enforce the policy for the service and/or to detect the traffic and/or to detect the service and is configured to activate the drain capability on response to the first control information, the source apparatus has a source capability to enforce the policy for the service and/or to detect a traffic and/or to detect the service and is
- the control apparatus configured to provide, to the control apparatus, the source capability information, and the source capability information is related to the source capability.
- Fig. 1 shows a PCC architecture according to 3GPP release 8 ;
- Fig. 2 shows a first method according to an embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 3 shows a second method according to an embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 4 shows a third method according to an embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 5 shows an enforcement apparatus according to an
- Fig. 6 shows a control apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 7 shows a system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 8 shows another system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the apparatus is configured to perform the corresponding method, although in some cases only the apparatus or only the method are
- PCEF and TDF indicate their capabilities, and based on these indications, it is decided which of PCEF and TDF activates a specific
- PCEF and TDF may indicate their capabilities, such as policy enforcement, traffic and/or service detection etc., to the PCRF upon contacting the PCRF after the
- Fig. 8 shows a first system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the system comprises a first enforcement apparatus 300, also called “source apparatus”, and a second enforcement apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the invention, which is also called “drain apparatus”.
- the methods are also called “source apparatus”.
- PCEF enforcement apparatus 100
- TDF enforcement apparatus 300
- Fig. 2 shows a method according to an embodiment of the invention.
- each TDF capability has priority over the corresponding one of the PCEF .
- a UE establishes a default/primary context with the network for a given service as known in the prior art .
- PCEF sends a request message (CC Request) to the PCRF to get informed about the policy to be applied to the service (and for the user, if the user specific policies are supported) .
- the PCRF sends back CC answer (step 3) .
- the CC request of the PCEF may or may not comprise information about PCEF ' s capabilities.
- Steps 4 and 5 for the TDF correspond to steps 2 and 3 of the PCEF. However, different to step 2, in step 4 the TDF
- steps 4 and 5 An alternative way for steps 4 and 5 is that the PCRF sends a request message to the TDF and the TDF indicates its capabilities in the answer message to the PCRF.
- the PCRF informs the PCEF about the activated TDF ' s capabilities in a request message (RA request), which is answered in step 7.
- the PCEF activates its own capabilities for the service.
- the PCEF may deactivate all capabilities which are activated by the TDF, or may adapt the application of some of its capabilities such that they fit better to the activated TDF ' s capabilities. result of this embodiment, it is avoided that the same ility is applied twice to a service. Thus, the overall performance of the network is enhanced. In addition, it may be ensured that the applied capabilities of TDF and PCEF fit to each other.
- Fig. 3 shows another method according to an embodiment of the invention. This method is quite similar to that of Fig. 2, however, some TDF capabilities may not have priority over corresponding PCEF capablities. In this embodiment, both PCEF and TDF indicate their
- the PCRF may send the capabilities of the PCEF further to the TDF and the capabilities of the TDF further to the PCEF, either in a separate request /command or in an acknowledgement /reply to a request.
- An alternative way for steps 4 and 5 is that the PCRF sends a request message indicating the PCEF capabilities to the TDF and the TDF indicates its capabilities in the answer message to the PCRF.
- both the PCEF and the TDF support a same capability, either the PCEF or the TDF may determine which one
- the priority/priorities may be indicated with the capability/capabilities in the negotiation message.
- the PCRF may provide the priorities e.g. based on a predefined table or based on some other detection result such as the current traffic load or processor load on some entities, or a combination of such criteria.
- the priorities may be defined in the PCEF and TDF.
- the priorities may be defined in the PCEF and TDF.
- the priorities may be defined in the PCEF and TDF.
- the priorities may be defined in the PCEF and TDF.
- the priorities may be defined in the PCEF and TDF.
- the conditions can be locally determined by the PCEF and TDF, respectively.
- one of the entities may inform the other one whether or not it will activate a capability with equal priorities. Such decision may be met based on predefined rules or based on some other - preferably local - conditions (e.g. traffic load or processor load), or a combination thereof.
- the other entity then has to activate or deactivate the capability in response to this information.
- the information may be send via the PCRF in further request message .
- deactivation means undo the activation if the capability is activated, or not
- the PCRF forwards the information about the capability of the TDF only if the PCRF detects that control requests for the same service are detected from both the PCEF and TDF.
- the PCRF will reduce the load on PCEF and TDF and their links to PCRF, when no such forwarding takes place if 1 only one of the entities may be involved in the policy enforcement or traffic and/or service detection.
- the PCRF is involved in negotiating which entity activates which capability.
- the PCRF may not be involved in the negotiation.
- the TDF may not be involved in the negotiation.
- the TDF may not be involved in the negotiation.
- PCEF capability information directly to the PCEF, and the PCEF decides which own capabilities to activate, based on the information received from the TDF.
- the roles of PCEF and TDF in this scenario may be interchanged.
- an interface between PCEF and TDF is required. Such an interface may be based e.g. on present Rx or Gx interfaces.
- Fig. 7 shows a second system according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the system comprises a control apparatus 200 such as a PCRF of an embodiment of the invention, and two enforcement apparatuses 300, 400, such as a PCEF and a TDF.
- Enforcement apparatus 300 is also called “source apparatus”
- enforcement apparatus 100 is also called “drain
- a method as according to Fig. 4 may be performed.
- PCEF enforcement apparatus 400
- TDF enforcement apparatus 300
- the roles of PCEF and TDF may be interchanged.
- Fig. 4 shows a method according to another embodiment of the invention. Steps 1 to 5 correspond to the corresponding ones of Fig. 3, the PCEF and TDF indicating their capabilities to the PCRF.
- an alternative way for steps 4 and 5 is that the PCRF sends a request message to the TDF and the TDF indicates its capabilities in the answer message to the PCRF.
- step 6 which is preferably only performed if the PCRF receives CC requests from both the PCEF and the TDF, the PCRF decides which of PCEF and TDF shall apply which capability. That is, the PCRF decides on a set A of
- the decision may be based on predefined tables or on actual conditions such as traffic load or processor load, or a combination thereof.
- the PCRF determines which one applies/activates the capability that is supported by both the PCEF and TDF.
- the PCRF sends the capability activation instructions to the PCEF and TDF, either in a separate request /command (as in Fig. 4) or in an acknowledgement /reply to a request.
- the capability negotiation/indication may also indicate that a certain capability is not supported by an entity and should be supported by the other entity, or that a certain
- capability is supported to a certain extent (e.g. certain shaping measures, or traffic detection or detection of certain services) and the entity having a better support should apply/activate the capability or should apply/activate 1 the parts of the capability not supported by the other entity .
- a certain extent e.g. certain shaping measures, or traffic detection or detection of certain services
- Fig. 5 shows an enforcement apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the invention.
- the enforcement apparatus may be a drain apparatus.
- the enforcement apparatus may comprise a PCEF or TDF
- enforcement means 10 which has an own capability to enforce a policy for a service in the
- the determining means 20 is configured to determine whether or not the own capability has to be activated for a service and, where applicable, for a given user. A default/primary context with the enforcement apparatus may have been
- the determining is met based on received information on a capability to be controlled for enforcing the policy.
- the received information may only comprise an indication, and based on the indication and - in addition - on the own capabilities of the enforcement apparatus, the determining means may decide which own capabilities to activate and which not. More precisely, in an embodiment, the indication may comprise information on a capability supported for that service by another apparatus different from the enforcement apparatus. In this case, if the capability supported by the other apparatus corresponds to the own capability, the determining means may determine to deactivate its corresponding own capability. On the other hand, if the two capabilities do not correspond to each other, the
- determining means may determine to activate the own capability or the parts of the capability not supported by the other entity.
- the received information may comprise instructions, which own capabilities are to be activated and/or deactivated by the apparatus.
- the apparatus may comprise instructions, which own capabilities are to be activated and/or deactivated by the apparatus.
- the activating means 30 is configured to activate the own capability if activating is determined by the determining means and/or to deactivate the own capability if deactivating is determined by the determining means.
- Fig. 6 shows a control apparatus 200 according to an
- the control means 50 is configured to control a policy for a service and, where applicable, for a user.
- the control means 50 may comprise a policy and charging rules function.
- the first control information preparing means 60 is
- control information is based on a capability information received from the source apparatus .
- the control information may comprise the
- control apparatus may leave the decision to the drain
- preparing means 60 may determine which capabilities are supported by the source apparatus, and prepare a control information indicating a capability which the drain apparatus should activate or deactivate. Also, the control information may comprise instructions to activate a capability with certain restrictions or modifications. By the first providing means 70, the control information is provided to the drain apparatus.
- the control apparatus may comprise a detecting means
- TDF and PCEF in general: from a source apparatus and a drain apparatus different from each other
- activation of some capabilities is decided by an enforcement point such as PCEF, TDF, according to a system shown in Fig. 8, and activation of other capabilities is decided by a control point such as a PCRF, as according to a system shown in Fig. 7.
- an enforcement point such as PCEF, TDF, according to a system shown in Fig. 8
- activation of other capabilities is decided by a control point such as a PCRF, as according to a system shown in Fig. 7.
- exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide, for example an enforcement means such as a PCEF or a TDF, or a component thereof, an apparatus embodying the same, a method for controlling and/or operating the same, and computer program(s) controlling and/or operating the same as well as mediums carrying such computer program(s) and forming computer program product (s).
- an enforcement means such as a PCEF or a TDF, or a component thereof
- computer program(s) controlling and/or operating the same as well as mediums carrying such computer program(s) and forming computer program product (s).
- exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide, for example a policy control function such as a PCRF, or a component thereof, an apparatus embodying the same, a method for controlling and/or operating the same, and computer program(s) controlling and/or
- apparatuses, systems, techniques or methods include, as non 5 limiting examples, implementations as hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP10763684.7A EP2625897A1 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
PCT/EP2010/064954 WO2012045351A1 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
KR1020117030908A KR101492507B1 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
KR1020147010177A KR20140054453A (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
US13/319,525 US9716629B2 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
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PCT/EP2010/064954 WO2012045351A1 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
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WO2012045351A1 true WO2012045351A1 (en) | 2012-04-12 |
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PCT/EP2010/064954 WO2012045351A1 (en) | 2010-10-06 | 2010-10-06 | Capability negotiation and control |
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US (1) | US9716629B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2625897A1 (en) |
KR (2) | KR101492507B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012045351A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2625897A1 (en) | 2013-08-14 |
KR20140054453A (en) | 2014-05-08 |
US20120284394A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
KR101492507B1 (en) | 2015-02-11 |
US9716629B2 (en) | 2017-07-25 |
KR20120065275A (en) | 2012-06-20 |
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