WO2012015223A2 - Micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas - Google Patents

Micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012015223A2
WO2012015223A2 PCT/KR2011/005506 KR2011005506W WO2012015223A2 WO 2012015223 A2 WO2012015223 A2 WO 2012015223A2 KR 2011005506 W KR2011005506 W KR 2011005506W WO 2012015223 A2 WO2012015223 A2 WO 2012015223A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cooling fluid
hole
micro
channel
gas
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Ceased
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PCT/KR2011/005506
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French (fr)
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WO2012015223A3 (en
Inventor
Jong Soo Park
Shin Kun Ryi
Kyung Ran Hwang
Dong Kook Kim
Tae Hwan Kim
Chun Boo Lee
Sung Wook Lee
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Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER
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Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER
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Application filed by Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER filed Critical Korea Institute of Energy Research KIER
Priority to US13/812,924 priority Critical patent/US8765081B2/en
Publication of WO2012015223A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012015223A2/en
Publication of WO2012015223A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012015223A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
    • B01J23/755—Nickel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • C10L3/08—Production of synthetic natural gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00783—Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00822—Metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00824—Ceramic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00835—Comprising catalytically active material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
    • B01J2219/00844—Comprising porous material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00873—Heat exchange

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane, and more particularly, to a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, including a porous nickel plate catalyst part.
  • Coal has a reserve life of two hundred years or more, which is longest among those of current fossil fuels, has a relatively cheap cost per heat amount, and may be mined at various regions. Due to the above-mentioned advantages, research into various methods of obtaining natural gas from the coal has been conducted.
  • the natural gas obtained from the coal has been called methane or substitute natural gas (hereinafter, referred to as synthetic natural gas) and has been expressed as synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG).
  • synthetic natural gas synthetic natural gas
  • SNG synthetic or substitute natural gas
  • a method of obtaining the SNG from the coal there are a method of obtaining the SNG through a methane synthetic reaction using synthetic gas obtained through gasification of the coal as a catalyst (a gasification method), a method of obtaining the SNG by allowing the coal to react directly to hydrogen (a hydrogasification method), and a method of obtaining the SNG by allowing the coal to react to vapor at a low temperature using a catalyst (a catalytic gasification method).
  • the method of producing the SNG based on the gasification in which the SNG is synthesized from the synthetic gas (having CO and H 2 as main components) obtained by performing gasification of the coal (CO + 3H 2 ⁇ CH 4 + H 2 0) is classified into an indirect method, and the hydrogasification method in which the SNG is obtained by allowing carbon within the coal to directly react to hydrogen supplied from the outside (C + 2H 2 ⁇ CH 4 ) and the catalytic gasification method in which the SGN is obtained by allowing carbon within the coal to react to vapor (2C + 2H 2 0 ⁇ CH 4 + C0 2 ) are classified into a direct method.
  • a process of producing the SNG from the coal is mainly divided into a synthetic gas producing process (a process of producing the synthetic gas having CO and H 2 as the main components from the coal) and a process of synthesizing the SNG using a catalyst (a process of synthesizing the SNG from the synthetic gas having CO and H 2 as the main components), wherein the synthetic gas producing process is configured to be significantly similar to a gasification process and a synthetic gas purification process in an integrated gasification combined cycle IGCC process.
  • the synthetic gas subjected to the water gas conversion process and the synthetic gas purification process may be converted into methane under a catalyst having Ni supported on a ceramic support as a main component.
  • the methanation reaction (3H 2 + CO -> CH + H 2 0) is a very strong exothermic reaction (having reaction heat of 206.1 kJ/mol)
  • catalyst activity is deteriorated due to sintering, or the like, caused by an increase in catalyst temperature.
  • Design of a methanation reactor capable of easily performing heat control may be the most important core technology.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, including a porous nickel plate catalyst part in order to more efficiently control reaction heat in producing the synthetic natural gas having the methane as a main component using the synthetic gas as a raw material.
  • another embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane in which a porous nickel plate is used as a reaction catalyst for methanation reaction of synthetic gas and heat exchanger are provided on upper and lower portions of the porous nickel layer.
  • the micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane includes gas distributors
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a method for producing synthetic natural gas using synthetic gas as a raw material through the reactor.
  • a reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing
  • methane gas from synthetic gas includes a porous nickel plate catalyst part in order to more efficiently control reaction heat in producing the synthetic natural gas having the methane as a main component using the synthetic gas as a raw material.
  • the reactor for producing synthetic natural gas according to the present invention may produce synthetic natural gas only using a porous nickel plate catalyst part.
  • the porous nickel plate has excellent thermal conductivity, thereby making it possible to minimize heat generation within the reactor.
  • a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas for methanation reaction of the synthetic gas includes: an upper plate including a reactant introduction pipe and a cooling fluid discharge pipe formed at different positions on an upper surface thereof, the reactant introduction pipe introducing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide therethrough; a lower plate including a cooling fluid introduction pipe and a product discharge pipe formed at different positions on a lower surface thereof, the product discharge pipe discharging a product containing methane gas produced after reaction therethrough; upper and lower heat exchangers each provided between the upper and lower plates and each including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole formed at each corner thereof, and a micro-channel; and a porous nickel plate catalyst part provided between the upper and lower heat ex- changers, including a cooling fluid discharge through-hole and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and including a porous nickel plate.
  • Each of the reactant introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe included in the upper plate and the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the product discharge pipe included in the lower plate may be formed at a position corresponding to that of each of the through-holes included in the heat exchangers, the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole included in the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be formed at positions corresponding to those of the cooling fluid discharge pipe and the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and the heat exchangers may be configured so that each of the through-holes thereof corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe and cooling fluid discharge pipe is connected to the micro-channel by a connection pipe.
  • the micro-channel reactor may further include an upper gas distributor provided between the upper heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the reactant introduction through-hole being connected to the porous- channel by a connection pipe; and a lower gas distributor provided between the lower heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the product discharge through-hole being connected to the porous-channel by a connection pipe.
  • the micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas including the porous nickel plate catalyst part according to the present invention has excellent heat transfer efficiency, thereby making it possible to minimize activity deterioration of methanation reaction due to heat generation reaction within the reactor.
  • reaction heat of the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be further easily controlled through the gas distributor and the heat exchanger, such that the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be used in the reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas.
  • the reaction gas is uniformly distributed over the inside of the reactor, thereby making it possible to uniformize a reaction region and efficiently control the reaction heat by the heat exchanger.
  • the micro-channel reactor according to the present invention may be easily used in a commercialization process for producing natural gas from synthetic gas.
  • FIGS. 1A and B are, respectively, an enlarged view of a porous nickel plate of a micro-channel reactor according to the present invention and an exploded perspective view of each component of a micro-channel reactor according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a view showing a reaction system in which a micro-channel reactor
  • FIGS. 3 A and B are, respectively, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph and a graph of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, after reaction under a condition of Example 10.
  • SEM scanning electron microscope
  • EDX energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
  • thermometer thermocouple
  • a porous nickel plate catalyst according to the present invention may be produced by compressing a nickel powder having a size of 0.1 m to 50 m by a press or be produced by mixing the nickel powder with a binder and then performing heat treatment.
  • the porous nickel plate catalyst according to the present invention may be produced by coating a catalyst on a metal mesh.
  • a size of the porous nickel plate is not limited, but may be determined according to capacity of a reactor and may be 50 to 99 % of a cross-sectional area of the reactor.
  • the porous nickel plate may have various shapes such as a circular shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or the like.
  • the catalyst in order to improve durability of the catalyst, may be produced by coating ceramics on a surface of a nickel powder or mixing ceramics.
  • the ceramic may be selected from a metal oxide containing at least one or two metal selected from a group consisting of Al, Si, Ti, V, Zr, and Ce and be 0.1 to 3 wt% based on nickel.
  • the porous nickel plate catalyst is used singly, thereby making it possible to produce the synthetic natural gas.
  • the porous nickel plate has excellent heat transfer efficiency, thereby making it possible to minimize heat generation within the reactor.
  • the reactor may be configured to
  • porous nickel plate catalyst part include the porous nickel plate catalyst part, heat exchangers, and upper and lower plates.
  • the upper plate includes a reactant introduction pipe and a cooling fluid discharge pipe formed at different positions on an upper surface thereof, the reactant introduction pipe introducing a reactant therethrough, and the lower plate includes a cooling fluid introduction pipe and a product discharge pipe formed at different positions on a lower surface thereof, the product discharge pipe discharging a product after reaction therethrough.
  • the cooling fluid is introduced from a cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate in an opposite direction to a direction in which the reactant is introduced, that is, an opposite direction to a direction in which the reactant moves from the reactant introduction pipe to the product discharge pipe through the porous nickel plate, and is discharged through the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate on which the reactant introduction pipe is formed.
  • the cooling fluid may be preferably liquid or gas, and more preferably, liquid such as water, alcohol, or the like, and may be variously selected according to a process condition.
  • a material of the upper and lower plates may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of preventing a thermal damage of the upper and lower plates capable of occurring at the time of operation at a high temperature.
  • the heat exchangers will be described in detail. As shown in FIG. 1, the heat exchangers allow the cooling fluid to pass through a space between the upper plate and the porous nickel plate catalyst part or a space between the lower plate and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, thereby making it possible to cool the porous nickel plate that has become hot due to reaction heat generated by methanation reaction.
  • the heat exchangers allow the cooling fluid to pass through a space between the upper plate and the gas distributor and a space between the lower plate and the gas distributor, thereby making it possible to cool the porous nickel plate and the gas distributors that has become hot due to the reaction heat generated by the methanation reaction.
  • Each of the heat exchangers includes through-holes, that is, a reactant introduction through-hole 21 1, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 221, a product discharge through-hole 212, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 223, formed at each corner thereof, and a micro-channel 210, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • Each of the through-holes through which the reactant and the cooling fluid are introduced or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged are formed corresponding to positions of the reactant introduction pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, the product discharge pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe, that are attached to the upper or lower plate.
  • each of the through-holes corresponding to the positions of the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe is connected to the micro- channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow the cooling fluid to move to the spaces between the upper and lower plates and the heat exchangers.
  • a material of the heat exchanger may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of preventing a thermal damage of the heat exchanger capable of occurring at the time of operation at a high temperature.
  • the micro-channel is formed to have a wide surface area in order to allow the
  • cooling fluid to efficiently cool reaction gas (or product gas) passing through the gas distributors and the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
  • the micro-channel may be formed by processing a metal or ceramic thin plate
  • the micro-channel may be more preferably formed through an etching process and have a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m.
  • the gas distributors are formed of a straight or curved porous channel having a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m, and more preferably, a three- dimensional (3D) channel in order to increase a contact area between the gas distributor and the porous nickel separation layer and between the gas distributor and the heat exchanger and easily mix the reactant.
  • the 3D channel may be formed to have a mesh shape and have a lattice structure having a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m.
  • Each of the gas distributors includes through-holes, that is, a reactant introduction through-hole 311, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 321, a product discharge through-hole 312, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 323, formed at each corner thereof and having the reactant and the cooling fluid introduced therethrough or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged therethrough, and a micro-channel 310, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • Each of the through-holes through which the reactant and the cooling fluid are introduced or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged may be formed corresponding to positions of the reactant introduction pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, the product discharge pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe, that are attached to the upper or lower plate, and may also be formed at positions corresponding to the through-holes (the reactant introduction through-hole, the cooling fluid introduction through-hole, the product discharge through-hole, and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole) that are formed in the heat exchangers and have the reactant and the cooling fluid introduced therethrough or the product and the cooling fluid discharged therethrough.
  • the through-hole of the upper gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe is connected to the porous channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow synthetic gas introduced from the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate to pass through the reactant introduction through-hole of the heat exchanger, pass through the upper gas distributor, and then be uniformly introduced into the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
  • product discharge pipe is connected to the porous channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow the product passing through the porous nickel plate catalyst part to be uniformly collected through the lower gas distributor, pass through the lower heat exchanger, and then be discharged to the lower plate.
  • a porous channel 310 of the gas distributor may be made of a porous material capable of passing the reaction gas and the product gas therethrough and needs to ensure durability so that operation may be performed at a high temperature and a high pressure for a long time.
  • a material of the gas distributor may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of maintaining durability at a high temperature.
  • a ceramic coating layer has a thickness of 0.01 to 10 m. When the ceramic coating layer has a thickness smaller than 0.01 m, durability is weak, and when the ceramic coating layer has a thickness larger than 10 m, it becomes excessively hot, such that it has deteriorated heat transfer efficiency or is delaminated.
  • porous channel a porous nickel plate capable of being used as a
  • methanation reaction catalyst in the present invention may be used instead of a porous metal plate or metal mesh.
  • a nickel catalyst layer component is additionally formed in the reactor, such that it is further necessary to efficiently remove the reaction heat within the reactor.
  • the methanation reaction may be performed only by the upper and lower plates, the heat exchangers, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, without using the gas distributors, according to a reaction process condition.
  • the porous nickel plate catalyst part according to the present invention includes through-holes, that is, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 421 and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 423 formed at each corner thereof and having the cooling fluid introduced or discharged therethrough, and a porous nickel plate 410, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the through-holes are formed at positions corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe attached to the upper and lower plate and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole among the through-holes formed in the heat exchangers, and are formed at positions corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole among the through-holes formed in the gas distributors.
  • the porous nickel plate catalyst which may be produced by compressing the nickel powder by the press, is used.
  • the nickel powder may preferably have a size of 0.1 m to 50 m, and the size of the porous nickel plate obtained from the nickel powder is not limited, but may be determined according to the capacity of the reactor and may be 50 to 99 % of a cross- sectional area of the reactor.
  • the porous nickel plate may have various shapes such as a circular shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or the like.
  • the catalyst in order to improve durability of the catalyst, the catalyst may be produced by coating ceramics on the surface of the nickel powder or mixing ceramics.
  • a thickness of a plate needs to be determined in consideration of a width and a depth of the micro-channel and the porous channel.
  • each plate may be brazing-bonded, diffusion-bonded, or bolt-connected to each other.
  • the reactor for methanation reaction according to the present invention is manufactured by installing the upper and lower plates, the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, the reactant introduction pipe, the reactant discharge pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper and lower plates need to be installed at positions corresponding to each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchangers, the gas distributors, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part installed so as to contact each other under the upper and lower plates.
  • the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate and each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge pipe form a long space capable of being connected as a path of the cooling fluid
  • the cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate and each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe also form a long space capable of being connected as a path of the cooling fluid, such that the cooling fluid may be freely moved.
  • the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate and each of the through- holes formed in the upper heat exchanger and the upper gas distributor and corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe form a space capable of being connected as a path of a fluid, and the through-holes of the upper gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe is connected to the porous channel, thereby making it possible to allow the synthetic gas introduced from the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate to pass through the reactant introduction through-hole of the heat exchanger, pass through the gas distributor, and then be uniformly introduced into the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
  • the product discharge pipe of the lower plate and each of the through- holes formed in the lower heat exchanger and the gas distributor and corresponding to the product discharge pipe form a space capable of being connected as a path of a fluid, thereby making it possible to allow the fluid to freely move.
  • product discharge pipe is connected to the porous channel, thereby making it possible to allow the product passing through the porous nickel plate catalyst part to be uniformly collected through the lower gas distributor, pass through the lower heat exchanger, and then be discharged to the lower plate.
  • the cooling fluid is introduced through the cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate to thereby pass through a space between the lower plate and the gas distributor.
  • the cooling fluid introduction through-hole and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole are connected to each other by the micro-channel in a lower surface of the lower heat exchanger.
  • a portion of the cooling fluid coming from the cooling fluid introduction pipe may linearly move in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and a remaining portion of the cooling fluid may move through the micro-channel of the lower heat exchanger and then linearly move in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge pipe.
  • the cooling fluid moving through a space between the upper heat exchanger and the upper plate may move through a path similar to the above- mentioned path.
  • the cooling fluid introduction through-hole and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole are connected to each other through the micro-channel in an upper surface of the upper heat exchanger, the cooling fluid moving from the cooling fluid introduction through-hole of the upper heat exchanger passes through the micro- channel to thereby be combined with the cooling fluid moving toward the cooling fluid discharge through-hole in a vertical direction (linearly moving in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharging pipe), and is then discharged to the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate.
  • the synthetic gas is introduced into the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate, passes through the through-hole of the upper heat exchanger corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe, is introduced into the through-hole of the gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe, is introduced into the porous-channel through the connection pipe connected to the porous-channel included in the gas distributor, passes through the porous-channel, and is then subjected to methanation reaction in the porous nickel plate.
  • the product including natural gas obtained through the above-mentioned process passes through the lower gas distributor, is discharged to the though-hole of the lower gas distributor corresponding to the product discharge pipe through the connection pipe included in the lower gas distributor, passes through the through-hole of the heat exchanger corresponding to the product discharge pipe, and is then discharged to the product discharge pipe of the lower plate.
  • the reactor does not generally need a separate heat in the methanation process.
  • a combustor or a cooler may also be separately installed at a front or rear end of the reactor.
  • a conversion rate and a selectivity of methane, which is a product may be changed according to a preferable reaction condition such as a temperature and a pressure within the reactor, a stay condition of the reaction gas, or the like.
  • a reaction temperature may preferably be 200 to 400 °C, more preferably, 220 to 380 °C, and most preferably, 240 to 360 °C.
  • a stay time may be preferably 0.1 to 1000 msec, more preferably 0.5 to 500 msec, and most preferably, 1 to 200 msec.
  • the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and catalyst part are stacked in plural in series with each other within a single reactor or each of a plurality of reactors are connected in parallel with each other, making it possible to efficiently enhance the methanation reaction.
  • a porous nickel separation layer catalyst was produced through a method similar to a method described in Journal of Membrane Science 339 (2009) pp 189-194.
  • the nickel powder was processed in an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution to thereby produce a nickel powder coated with alumina.
  • the nickel powder coated with 4g of alumina was introduced in a 25.4 mm of metal cylinder mold without using a binder, and was then compressed by a press at a pressure of 140 MPa to thereby produce a porous nickel powder.
  • the press maintains a pressure at a preset pressure value for 10 seconds, thereby making it possible to produce the porous nickel powder.
  • the porous nickel powder has a radius of 25.0 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm.
  • a structure of the porous nickel powder may be appreciated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
  • Each of frames of upper and lower plates, a heat exchanger, and a gas distributor was manufactured using a stainless steel and included a reactant introduction through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a stainless steel frame of a catalyst part was manufactured as a frame having only a cooling fluid introduction through-hole and a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, and a micro-channel of the heat exchanger was manufactured through an etching process.
  • each plate may be bonded to each other through brazing-bonding or bolt-connection. According to the present invention, each plate was bonded to each other though the bolt connection.
  • a gas flow controller (MFC) was configured so that molar ratios of hydrogen and carbon monoxide may be controlled, thereby controlling the molar ratios of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to be 3.0. Then, the methanation reaction was performed in the reactor including the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part under reaction conditions shown in Table 1.
  • a flow of a reactant was controlled by an MFC (Brooks 5850 series), and a product was analyzed by a gas chromatography (GC, Agilent 6890N) in which HP-MOLSIV and HAYESEP D columns, thermal conductivity detectors(TCD) were mounted.
  • MFC Brooks 5850 series
  • a product was analyzed by a gas chromatography (GC, Agilent 6890N) in which HP-MOLSIV and HAYESEP D columns, thermal conductivity detectors(TCD) were mounted.
  • a water cooling cooler was mounted in a distal end of the reactor in order to analyze the product, and a heat and a K-type thermocouple were mounted in both distal ends of the reactor, thereby controlling a reaction temperature while monitoring the reaction temperature.
  • a pressure is controlled by a digital pressure controller mounted in a distal end of the water cooling cooler.
  • a difference in temperature between upper and lower portions of the reactor was about 20 °C in a CO conversion rate of 97 % or more and a methane selectivity of 90 % or more under the reaction condition of Examples 1 to 12. Therefore, in the case of using the porous nickel plate according to the present invention for the methanation reaction, reaction heat is easily controlled, thereby making it possible to minimize an increase in temperature within the reactor.
  • a reactor including upper and lower plates, a porous nickel layer, a heat exchanger, and a gas distributor was introduced into a reaction system of FIG. 2 and methanation reaction was then performed under the same reaction condition as the reaction conditions according to Examples 1 to 12.
  • a CO conversion rate (%) and a selectivity (S) were the same as those of the previous case and a difference in temperature within the reaction was barely generated.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas, and more particularly, to a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, including a porous nickel plate catalyst part.

Description

Description
Title of Invention: MICRO-CHANNEL REACTOR FOR
PRODUCING SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS
Technical Field
[ 1] The present invention relates to a micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane, and more particularly, to a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, including a porous nickel plate catalyst part.
[2]
Background Art
[3] In order to solve a price increase of crude oil and natural gas and a global warming problem caused by the use of fossil fuel, an effort for deviating from dependence on the existing fossil fuel has recently been actively conducted. However, the fossil fuel is occupying a substantial portion of energy consumed all over the world up to now, and an energy consumption structure in which the fossil fuel is mainly used is expected to continue for the present.
[4] Coal has a reserve life of two hundred years or more, which is longest among those of current fossil fuels, has a relatively cheap cost per heat amount, and may be mined at various regions. Due to the above-mentioned advantages, research into various methods of obtaining natural gas from the coal has been conducted.
[5] The natural gas obtained from the coal has been called methane or substitute natural gas (hereinafter, referred to as synthetic natural gas) and has been expressed as synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG). As a method of obtaining the SNG from the coal, there are a method of obtaining the SNG through a methane synthetic reaction using synthetic gas obtained through gasification of the coal as a catalyst (a gasification method), a method of obtaining the SNG by allowing the coal to react directly to hydrogen (a hydrogasification method), and a method of obtaining the SNG by allowing the coal to react to vapor at a low temperature using a catalyst (a catalytic gasification method). The method of producing the SNG based on the gasification in which the SNG is synthesized from the synthetic gas (having CO and H2 as main components) obtained by performing gasification of the coal (CO + 3H2→ CH4 + H20) is classified into an indirect method, and the hydrogasification method in which the SNG is obtained by allowing carbon within the coal to directly react to hydrogen supplied from the outside (C + 2H2→ CH4) and the catalytic gasification method in which the SGN is obtained by allowing carbon within the coal to react to vapor (2C + 2H20→ CH4 + C02) are classified into a direct method. [6] Describing the method of producing the SNG from the synthetic gas obtained through the gasification of the coal (the indirect method) among the above-mentioned methods, a process of producing the SNG from the coal is mainly divided into a synthetic gas producing process (a process of producing the synthetic gas having CO and H2 as the main components from the coal) and a process of synthesizing the SNG using a catalyst (a process of synthesizing the SNG from the synthetic gas having CO and H2 as the main components), wherein the synthetic gas producing process is configured to be significantly similar to a gasification process and a synthetic gas purification process in an integrated gasification combined cycle IGCC process.
However, since a ratio of H2 to CO within the synthetic gas discharged during gasification of the coal is 1.0 or less, a water gas conversion process (CO + H20→ H2 + C02) of increasing a concentration so that the ratio of H2 to CO becomes about 3.0 is required, and a purification process having a higher degree than that of the purification process in the existing IGCC due to characteristics of the SNG requiring a H2S concentration at a ppb level within the synthetic gas is required.
[7] Meanwhile, the synthetic gas subjected to the water gas conversion process and the synthetic gas purification process may be converted into methane under a catalyst having Ni supported on a ceramic support as a main component. Since the methanation reaction (3H2 + CO -> CH + H20) is a very strong exothermic reaction (having reaction heat of 206.1 kJ/mol), in the case of using the catalyst produced using the ceramic support having low thermal conductivity, catalyst activity is deteriorated due to sintering, or the like, caused by an increase in catalyst temperature. Design of a methanation reactor capable of easily performing heat control may be the most important core technology.
[8] As a method used in order to prevent a rapid increase in temperature in this reaction process, methods such as a gas recycling method of recycling a portion of reduced gas toward an introduction side of a methanation reactor, a gas distributing method of distributing synthetic gas introduced into a methanation reactor, and a reactor serial connection method of preventing an increase in temperature due to a rapid reaction in a single reactor by sequentially connecting several reactors in series with each other, or the like, have been attempted. However, in a reactor design technology for efficiently controlling reaction heat in a methanation reaction, continuous improvement or introduction of a new technology has been demanded even up to now.
[9]
Disclosure of Invention
Technical Problem
[10] An embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, including a porous nickel plate catalyst part in order to more efficiently control reaction heat in producing the synthetic natural gas having the methane as a main component using the synthetic gas as a raw material.
[11] In addition, another embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane in which a porous nickel plate is used as a reaction catalyst for methanation reaction of synthetic gas and heat exchanger are provided on upper and lower portions of the porous nickel layer.
[ 12] The micro-channel reactor for synthesizing methane includes gas distributors
between the heat exchangers and the porous nickel plate, respectively, thereby making it possible to further facilitate heat transfer and diffusion of gas to a catalyst part.
[ 13] Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to providing a method for producing synthetic natural gas using synthetic gas as a raw material through the reactor.
[14]
Solution to Problem
[15] In one general aspect, a reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing
methane gas from synthetic gas includes a porous nickel plate catalyst part in order to more efficiently control reaction heat in producing the synthetic natural gas having the methane as a main component using the synthetic gas as a raw material.
[16] The reactor for producing synthetic natural gas according to the present invention may produce synthetic natural gas only using a porous nickel plate catalyst part. The porous nickel plate has excellent thermal conductivity, thereby making it possible to minimize heat generation within the reactor.
[17] In another general aspect, a micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas for methanation reaction of the synthetic gas includes: an upper plate including a reactant introduction pipe and a cooling fluid discharge pipe formed at different positions on an upper surface thereof, the reactant introduction pipe introducing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide therethrough; a lower plate including a cooling fluid introduction pipe and a product discharge pipe formed at different positions on a lower surface thereof, the product discharge pipe discharging a product containing methane gas produced after reaction therethrough; upper and lower heat exchangers each provided between the upper and lower plates and each including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole formed at each corner thereof, and a micro-channel; and a porous nickel plate catalyst part provided between the upper and lower heat ex- changers, including a cooling fluid discharge through-hole and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and including a porous nickel plate.
[ 18] Each of the reactant introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe included in the upper plate and the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the product discharge pipe included in the lower plate may be formed at a position corresponding to that of each of the through-holes included in the heat exchangers, the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole included in the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be formed at positions corresponding to those of the cooling fluid discharge pipe and the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and the heat exchangers may be configured so that each of the through-holes thereof corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe and cooling fluid discharge pipe is connected to the micro-channel by a connection pipe.
[ 19] The micro-channel reactor may further include an upper gas distributor provided between the upper heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the reactant introduction through-hole being connected to the porous- channel by a connection pipe; and a lower gas distributor provided between the lower heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the product discharge through-hole being connected to the porous-channel by a connection pipe.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
[20] The micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas including the porous nickel plate catalyst part according to the present invention has excellent heat transfer efficiency, thereby making it possible to minimize activity deterioration of methanation reaction due to heat generation reaction within the reactor.
[21] In addition, reaction heat of the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be further easily controlled through the gas distributor and the heat exchanger, such that the porous nickel plate catalyst part may be used in the reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas.
[22] In addition, according to the present invention, the reaction gas is uniformly distributed over the inside of the reactor, thereby making it possible to uniformize a reaction region and efficiently control the reaction heat by the heat exchanger.
Therefore, the micro-channel reactor according to the present invention may be easily used in a commercialization process for producing natural gas from synthetic gas.
[23]
Brief Description of Drawings
[24] The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[25] FIGS. 1A and B are, respectively, an enlarged view of a porous nickel plate of a micro-channel reactor according to the present invention and an exploded perspective view of each component of a micro-channel reactor according to the present invention.
[26] FIG. 2 is a view showing a reaction system in which a micro-channel reactor
according to the present invention is used for methanation reaction.
[27] FIGS. 3 A and B are, respectively, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph and a graph of an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, after reaction under a condition of Example 10.
[28]
[29] [Detailed Description of Main Elements]
[30] 1 : hydrogen supply source
[31] 2: carbon monoxide supply source
[32] 3: MFC
[33] 4: heater
[34] 5: reactor
[35] 6: thermometer (thermocouple)
[36] 7: water cooling cooler
[37] 100: upper plate
[38] 111 : reactant introduction pipe
[39] 112: cooling fluid discharge pipe
[40] 200: heat exchanger
[41] 210: micro-channel
[42] 220: connection pipe
[43] 21 1 : reactant introduction through-hole
[44] 221 : cooling fluid discharge through-hole
[45] 212: product discharge through-hole
[46] 223: cooling fluid introduction through-hole
[47] 300: gas atmosphere
[48] 311 : reactant introduction through-hole
[49] 321: cooling fluid discharge through-hole
[50] 312: product discharge through-hole [51] 323: cooling fluid introduction through-hole
[52] 310: porous channel
[53] 320: connection pipe
[54] 400: porous nickel plate catalyst part
[55] 421: cooling fluid discharge through-hole
[56] 423: cooling fluid introduction through-hole
[57] 410: porous nickel plate
[58] 500: lower plate
[59] 41 1 : product discharge pipe
[60] 421: cooling fluid introduction pipe
Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention
[61] A configuration of the present invention will be described in detail.
[62] A porous nickel plate catalyst according to the present invention may be produced by compressing a nickel powder having a size of 0.1 m to 50 m by a press or be produced by mixing the nickel powder with a binder and then performing heat treatment. In addition, the porous nickel plate catalyst according to the present invention may be produced by coating a catalyst on a metal mesh. A size of the porous nickel plate is not limited, but may be determined according to capacity of a reactor and may be 50 to 99 % of a cross-sectional area of the reactor. In addition, the porous nickel plate may have various shapes such as a circular shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or the like.
[63] In the case of using the porous nickel plate catalyst, in order to improve durability of the catalyst, the catalyst may be produced by coating ceramics on a surface of a nickel powder or mixing ceramics. The ceramic may be selected from a metal oxide containing at least one or two metal selected from a group consisting of Al, Si, Ti, V, Zr, and Ce and be 0.1 to 3 wt% based on nickel.
[64] In producing synthetic natural gas having methane as a main component using
synthetic gas as a raw material, the porous nickel plate catalyst is used singly, thereby making it possible to produce the synthetic natural gas. The porous nickel plate has excellent heat transfer efficiency, thereby making it possible to minimize heat generation within the reactor.
[65] In addition, according to the present invention, the reactor may be configured to
include the porous nickel plate catalyst part, heat exchangers, and upper and lower plates.
[66] Each of the upper and lower plates according to the present invention is configured as described below.
[67] The upper plate includes a reactant introduction pipe and a cooling fluid discharge pipe formed at different positions on an upper surface thereof, the reactant introduction pipe introducing a reactant therethrough, and the lower plate includes a cooling fluid introduction pipe and a product discharge pipe formed at different positions on a lower surface thereof, the product discharge pipe discharging a product after reaction therethrough.
[68] The cooling fluid is introduced from a cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate in an opposite direction to a direction in which the reactant is introduced, that is, an opposite direction to a direction in which the reactant moves from the reactant introduction pipe to the product discharge pipe through the porous nickel plate, and is discharged through the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate on which the reactant introduction pipe is formed.
[69] The cooling fluid may be preferably liquid or gas, and more preferably, liquid such as water, alcohol, or the like, and may be variously selected according to a process condition.
[70] A material of the upper and lower plates may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of preventing a thermal damage of the upper and lower plates capable of occurring at the time of operation at a high temperature.
[71] The heat exchangers will be described in detail. As shown in FIG. 1, the heat exchangers allow the cooling fluid to pass through a space between the upper plate and the porous nickel plate catalyst part or a space between the lower plate and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, thereby making it possible to cool the porous nickel plate that has become hot due to reaction heat generated by methanation reaction.
[72] When the reactor includes gas distributors, the heat exchangers allow the cooling fluid to pass through a space between the upper plate and the gas distributor and a space between the lower plate and the gas distributor, thereby making it possible to cool the porous nickel plate and the gas distributors that has become hot due to the reaction heat generated by the methanation reaction.
[73] Each of the heat exchangers includes through-holes, that is, a reactant introduction through-hole 21 1, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 221, a product discharge through-hole 212, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 223, formed at each corner thereof, and a micro-channel 210, as shown in FIG. 1. Each of the through-holes through which the reactant and the cooling fluid are introduced or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged are formed corresponding to positions of the reactant introduction pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, the product discharge pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe, that are attached to the upper or lower plate. In the heat exchangers, each of the through-holes corresponding to the positions of the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe is connected to the micro- channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow the cooling fluid to move to the spaces between the upper and lower plates and the heat exchangers.
[74] A material of the heat exchanger may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of preventing a thermal damage of the heat exchanger capable of occurring at the time of operation at a high temperature.
[75] The micro-channel is formed to have a wide surface area in order to allow the
cooling fluid to efficiently cool reaction gas (or product gas) passing through the gas distributors and the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
[76] The micro-channel may be formed by processing a metal or ceramic thin plate
through various processes such as an etching process, a laser processing process, a press process, or the like.
[77] The micro-channel may be more preferably formed through an etching process and have a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m.
[78] Meanwhile, the gas distributors according to the present invention will be described in detail.
[79] The gas distributors are formed of a straight or curved porous channel having a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m, and more preferably, a three- dimensional (3D) channel in order to increase a contact area between the gas distributor and the porous nickel separation layer and between the gas distributor and the heat exchanger and easily mix the reactant. The 3D channel may be formed to have a mesh shape and have a lattice structure having a width of 100 m to 1000 m and a depth of 100 m to 1000 m.
[80] Each of the gas distributors includes through-holes, that is, a reactant introduction through-hole 311, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 321, a product discharge through-hole 312, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 323, formed at each corner thereof and having the reactant and the cooling fluid introduced therethrough or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged therethrough, and a micro-channel 310, as shown in FIG. 1. Each of the through-holes through which the reactant and the cooling fluid are introduced or the product and the cooling fluid are discharged may be formed corresponding to positions of the reactant introduction pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, the product discharge pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe, that are attached to the upper or lower plate, and may also be formed at positions corresponding to the through-holes (the reactant introduction through-hole, the cooling fluid introduction through-hole, the product discharge through-hole, and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole) that are formed in the heat exchangers and have the reactant and the cooling fluid introduced therethrough or the product and the cooling fluid discharged therethrough. [81 ] The through-hole of the upper gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe is connected to the porous channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow synthetic gas introduced from the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate to pass through the reactant introduction through-hole of the heat exchanger, pass through the upper gas distributor, and then be uniformly introduced into the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
[82] In addition, the through-hole of the lower gas distributor corresponding to the
product discharge pipe is connected to the porous channel through a connection pipe, thereby making it possible to allow the product passing through the porous nickel plate catalyst part to be uniformly collected through the lower gas distributor, pass through the lower heat exchanger, and then be discharged to the lower plate.
[83] Meanwhile, a porous channel 310 of the gas distributor may be made of a porous material capable of passing the reaction gas and the product gas therethrough and needs to ensure durability so that operation may be performed at a high temperature and a high pressure for a long time. A material of the gas distributor may be preferably a metal or a ceramic, and more preferably, a metal coated with a ceramic that has excellent heat transfer efficiency and is capable of maintaining durability at a high temperature. Here, it is appropriate that a ceramic coating layer has a thickness of 0.01 to 10 m. When the ceramic coating layer has a thickness smaller than 0.01 m, durability is weak, and when the ceramic coating layer has a thickness larger than 10 m, it becomes excessively hot, such that it has deteriorated heat transfer efficiency or is delaminated.
[84] Further, as the porous channel, a porous nickel plate capable of being used as a
methanation reaction catalyst in the present invention may be used instead of a porous metal plate or metal mesh. In this case, a nickel catalyst layer component is additionally formed in the reactor, such that it is further necessary to efficiently remove the reaction heat within the reactor.
[85] According to the present invention, the methanation reaction may be performed only by the upper and lower plates, the heat exchangers, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, without using the gas distributors, according to a reaction process condition.
[86] Meanwhile, the porous nickel plate catalyst part according to the present invention will be described in detail.
[87] The porous nickel plate catalyst part according to the present invention includes through-holes, that is, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole 421 and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole 423 formed at each corner thereof and having the cooling fluid introduced or discharged therethrough, and a porous nickel plate 410, as shown in FIG. 1. The through-holes are formed at positions corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe attached to the upper and lower plate and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole among the through-holes formed in the heat exchangers, and are formed at positions corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole among the through-holes formed in the gas distributors.
According to the present invention, as the catalyst converting the synthetic gas into the natural gas by the methanation reaction, the porous nickel plate catalyst, which may be produced by compressing the nickel powder by the press, is used.
The nickel powder may preferably have a size of 0.1 m to 50 m, and the size of the porous nickel plate obtained from the nickel powder is not limited, but may be determined according to the capacity of the reactor and may be 50 to 99 % of a cross- sectional area of the reactor. In addition, the porous nickel plate may have various shapes such as a circular shape, a rectangular shape, a square shape, or the like.
In the case of using the porous nickel plate catalyst, in order to improve durability of the catalyst, the catalyst may be produced by coating ceramics on the surface of the nickel powder or mixing ceramics.
There are no limitations in a thickness, the upper and lower plates, the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part. However, in the case of the heat exchanger and the gas distributor, in order to secure a large specific surface area in the same volume, a thickness of a plate needs to be determined in consideration of a width and a depth of the micro-channel and the porous channel.
Here, each plate may be brazing-bonded, diffusion-bonded, or bolt-connected to each other.
Particularly, when the reactor for methanation reaction according to the present invention is manufactured by installing the upper and lower plates, the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, the reactant introduction pipe, the reactant discharge pipe, the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper and lower plates need to be installed at positions corresponding to each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchangers, the gas distributors, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part installed so as to contact each other under the upper and lower plates.
Therefore, the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate and each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge pipe form a long space capable of being connected as a path of the cooling fluid, and the cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate and each of the through-holes formed in the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe also form a long space capable of being connected as a path of the cooling fluid, such that the cooling fluid may be freely moved.
[95] In addition, the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate and each of the through- holes formed in the upper heat exchanger and the upper gas distributor and corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe form a space capable of being connected as a path of a fluid, and the through-holes of the upper gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe is connected to the porous channel, thereby making it possible to allow the synthetic gas introduced from the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate to pass through the reactant introduction through-hole of the heat exchanger, pass through the gas distributor, and then be uniformly introduced into the porous nickel plate catalyst part.
[96] In addition, the product discharge pipe of the lower plate and each of the through- holes formed in the lower heat exchanger and the gas distributor and corresponding to the product discharge pipe form a space capable of being connected as a path of a fluid, thereby making it possible to allow the fluid to freely move.
[97] In addition, the through-hole of the lower gas distributor corresponding to the
product discharge pipe is connected to the porous channel, thereby making it possible to allow the product passing through the porous nickel plate catalyst part to be uniformly collected through the lower gas distributor, pass through the lower heat exchanger, and then be discharged to the lower plate.
[98] Since the upper and lower plates, the heat exchangers, the gas distributors, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part contact each other in order to prevent leakage of gas to the outside, contact surfaces therebetween need to be significantly finely processed and a stacked side part of them is preferably sealed by a sealant.
[99] Describing the flow of the cooling fluid according to the present invention in the case in which there is the gas distributor by way of example, the cooling fluid is introduced through the cooling fluid introduction pipe of the lower plate to thereby pass through a space between the lower plate and the gas distributor. To this end, the cooling fluid introduction through-hole and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole are connected to each other by the micro-channel in a lower surface of the lower heat exchanger. In this case, a portion of the cooling fluid coming from the cooling fluid introduction pipe may linearly move in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and a remaining portion of the cooling fluid may move through the micro-channel of the lower heat exchanger and then linearly move in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharge pipe. [ 100] Likewise, the cooling fluid moving through a space between the upper heat exchanger and the upper plate may move through a path similar to the above- mentioned path.
[101] That is, the cooling fluid introduction through-hole and the cooling fluid discharge through-hole are connected to each other through the micro-channel in an upper surface of the upper heat exchanger, the cooling fluid moving from the cooling fluid introduction through-hole of the upper heat exchanger passes through the micro- channel to thereby be combined with the cooling fluid moving toward the cooling fluid discharge through-hole in a vertical direction (linearly moving in a direction of a space formed by each of the through-holes formed in the lower heat exchanger, the lower gas distributor, the catalyst part, the upper gas distributor, and the upper heat exchanger and corresponding to the cooling fluid discharging pipe), and is then discharged to the cooling fluid discharge pipe of the upper plate.
[102] Describing the flow of the reactant and the product according to the present
invention, the synthetic gas is introduced into the reactant introduction pipe of the upper plate, passes through the through-hole of the upper heat exchanger corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe, is introduced into the through-hole of the gas distributor corresponding to the reactant introduction pipe, is introduced into the porous-channel through the connection pipe connected to the porous-channel included in the gas distributor, passes through the porous-channel, and is then subjected to methanation reaction in the porous nickel plate. The product including natural gas obtained through the above-mentioned process passes through the lower gas distributor, is discharged to the though-hole of the lower gas distributor corresponding to the product discharge pipe through the connection pipe included in the lower gas distributor, passes through the through-hole of the heat exchanger corresponding to the product discharge pipe, and is then discharged to the product discharge pipe of the lower plate.
[103] Generally, in the case of using a nickel separation layer, it is preferable that there is no difference in temperature between upper and lower portions of the nickel separation layer. Therefore, the reactor does not generally need a separate heat in the methanation process. However, in order to introduce additional reaction or raise or lower a temperature according to a reaction condition of the methanation reaction, a combustor or a cooler may also be separately installed at a front or rear end of the reactor.
[104] A conversion rate and a selectivity of methane, which is a product, may be changed according to a preferable reaction condition such as a temperature and a pressure within the reactor, a stay condition of the reaction gas, or the like.
[105] A reaction temperature may preferably be 200 to 400 °C, more preferably, 220 to 380 °C, and most preferably, 240 to 360 °C. [ 106] Meanwhile, according to the present invention, a stay time may be preferably 0.1 to 1000 msec, more preferably 0.5 to 500 msec, and most preferably, 1 to 200 msec.
[ 107] In addition, according to the present invention, the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and catalyst part are stacked in plural in series with each other within a single reactor or each of a plurality of reactors are connected in parallel with each other, making it possible to efficiently enhance the methanation reaction.
[108] Hereinafter, Examples will be provided in order to describe the present invention in more detail. However, the present invention is not limited to Examples below.
[ 109]
[1 10] [Example]
[1 1 1] <Production of Porous Nickel Plate Catalyst>
[1 12] A porous nickel separation layer catalyst was produced through a method similar to a method described in Journal of Membrane Science 339 (2009) pp 189-194.
Hereinafter, a process of producing the porous nickel separation layer catalyst will be described in detail. A spherical nickel powder having an average particle size of 3 m and purity of 99.7 % available from Sigma-Aldrich Co, was used as a catalyst raw material. In addition, in order to improve thermal stability of the catalyst, the nickel powder was processed in an aluminum nitrate aqueous solution to thereby produce a nickel powder coated with alumina.
[1 13] In the above-mentioned alumina processing, a dried nickel powder was introduced in the aluminum nitrate aqueous solution and was then fired at a temperature of 450 °C to thereby produce the nickel powder containing 0.1 wt% of alumina.
[1 14] The nickel powder coated with 4g of alumina was introduced in a 25.4 mm of metal cylinder mold without using a binder, and was then compressed by a press at a pressure of 140 MPa to thereby produce a porous nickel powder. The press maintains a pressure at a preset pressure value for 10 seconds, thereby making it possible to produce the porous nickel powder.
[1 15] The porous nickel powder obtained through the compression by the press was
process at a temperature of 900 °C for 2 hours under hydrogen atmosphere, such that it may be used for methanation reaction according to the present invention. The finally obtained porous nickel powder is shown in FIG. 1. The porous nickel powder has a radius of 25.0 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm. A structure of the porous nickel powder may be appreciated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
[116]
[117] <Manufacture of Reactor>
[1 18] Each of frames of upper and lower plates, a heat exchanger, and a gas distributor was manufactured using a stainless steel and included a reactant introduction through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a stainless steel frame of a catalyst part was manufactured as a frame having only a cooling fluid introduction through-hole and a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, and a micro-channel of the heat exchanger was manufactured through an etching process.
[119] The porous nickel plate obtained by the above-mentioned producing method was attached to the stainless steel frame of the catalyst part.
[120] The upper and lower plates, a pair of upper and lower heat exchangers, a pair of
upper and lower gas distributors, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part, which are the four components, were sequentially stacked and then coupled to each other. Here, each plate may be bonded to each other through brazing-bonding or bolt-connection. According to the present invention, each plate was bonded to each other though the bolt connection.
[121]
[122] <Methanation Reaction>
[123] [Examples 1 to 12]: Reaction was performed only using a porous nickel plate without a heat exchanger.
[124] Methanation reaction was performed through a system configured as shown in FIG.
2.
[ 125] A gas flow controller (MFC) was configured so that molar ratios of hydrogen and carbon monoxide may be controlled, thereby controlling the molar ratios of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to be 3.0. Then, the methanation reaction was performed in the reactor including the heat exchanger, the gas distributor, and the porous nickel plate catalyst part under reaction conditions shown in Table 1.
[126] A flow of a reactant was controlled by an MFC (Brooks 5850 series), and a product was analyzed by a gas chromatography (GC, Agilent 6890N) in which HP-MOLSIV and HAYESEP D columns, thermal conductivity detectors(TCD) were mounted.
[127] A water cooling cooler was mounted in a distal end of the reactor in order to analyze the product, and a heat and a K-type thermocouple were mounted in both distal ends of the reactor, thereby controlling a reaction temperature while monitoring the reaction temperature.
[128] A pressure is controlled by a digital pressure controller mounted in a distal end of the water cooling cooler.
[129] A selectivity of the methanation reaction was defined by the following General
Formula 1.
[130]
[131] [General Formula 1]
[132] A yield and a selectivity of the methanation reaction performed under reaction conditions of Examples 1 to 12 were shown in Table 1 below.
[ 133]
[ 134] [Table 1]
[135] Hereinafter, it may be appreciated that in the case of using the porous nickel
separation layer according to the present invention, a difference in temperature between upper and lower portions of the reactor was about 20 °C in a CO conversion rate of 97 % or more and a methane selectivity of 90 % or more under the reaction condition of Examples 1 to 12. Therefore, in the case of using the porous nickel plate according to the present invention for the methanation reaction, reaction heat is easily controlled, thereby making it possible to minimize an increase in temperature within the reactor.
[136]
[ 137] Comparative Example]
[138] Methanation reaction was performed under gas hourly space velocity (GHSV)
reaction conditions disclosed in J. Kopyscinski, et al. Production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from Coal and Dry Biomass-A Technology Review from 1950 to 2009, Fuel 89 (2010) 1763-1783. In this case, a difference in temperature between upper and lower portions of the reactor was 150 to 300 °C.
[ 139] [Examples 13 to 24]: Reaction was performed using a porous nickel plate, a heat exchanger, and a gas distributor.
[140] A reactor including upper and lower plates, a porous nickel layer, a heat exchanger, and a gas distributor was introduced into a reaction system of FIG. 2 and methanation reaction was then performed under the same reaction condition as the reaction conditions according to Examples 1 to 12. In this case, a CO conversion rate (%) and a selectivity (S) were the same as those of the previous case and a difference in temperature within the reaction was barely generated.
[141] [Example 25]
[142] Catalyst durability test at the time of continuous use of reactor catalyst
[143] Reaction was performed for 25 hours under conditions according to Example 10.
After the durability test, it may be appreciated from FIG. 3 that carbon was not generated through by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph (A) and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis (B).

Claims

Claims
[Claim 1 ] A micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, comprising a porous nickel plate catalyst part.
[Claim 2] A micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas containing methane gas from synthetic gas, the micro-channel reactor comprising: an upper plate including a reactant introduction pipe and a cooling fluid discharge pipe formed at different positions on an upper surface thereof, the reactant introduction pipe introducing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide therethrough;
a lower plate including a cooling fluid introduction pipe and a product discharge pipe formed at different positions on a lower surface thereof, the product discharge pipe discharging a product containing methane gas produced after reaction therethrough;
upper and lower heat exchangers each provided between the upper and lower plates and each including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole formed at each corner thereof, and a micro-channel; and
a porous nickel plate catalyst part provided between the upper and lower heat exchangers, including a cooling fluid discharge through-hole and a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and including a porous nickel plate.
[Claim 3] The micro-channel reactor of claim 2, wherein each of the reactant introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe included in the upper plate and the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the product discharge pipe included in the lower plate is formed at a position corresponding to that of each of the through-holes included in the heat exchangers, the cooling fluid discharge through-hole and the cooling fluid introduction through-hole included in the porous nickel plate catalyst part are formed at positions corresponding to those of the cooling fluid discharge pipe and the cooling fluid introduction pipe, and the heat exchangers are configured so that each of the through-holes thereof corresponding to the cooling fluid introduction pipe and the cooling fluid discharge pipe is connected to the micro-channel by a connection pipe.
[Claim 4] The micro-channel reactor of claim 2 or 3, further comprising an upper gas distributor provided between the upper heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the reactant introduction through-hole being connected to the porous-channel by a connection pipe; and a lower gas distributor provided between the lower heat exchanger and the porous nickel plate catalyst part and including a reactant introduction through-hole, a cooling fluid discharge through-hole, a product discharge through-hole, a cooling fluid introduction through-hole, and a porous-channel, the product discharge through-hole being connected to the porous-channel by a connection pipe.
The micro-channel reactor of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the porous nickel plate is produced by compressing a nickel powder by a press and has an average particle size of 0.1 to 50 m.
The micro-channel reactor of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a porous nickel layer is produced by coating ceramics on a surface of a nickel powder or mixing ceramics.
The micro-channel reactor of claim 6, wherein the ceramic is selected from a metal oxide containing at least one or two metal selected from a group consisting of Al, Si, Ti, V, Zr, and Ce.
The micro-channel reactor of claim 7, wherein the ceramic is 0.1 to 3.0 wt% based on nickel.
The micro-channel reactor of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a combustor or a cooler provided in a front or rear end thereof in order to introduce additional reaction or raise or lower a temperature according to a reaction condition of the methanation reaction. The micro-channel reactor of claim 4, wherein as the porous channel within the gas distributor, a porous nickel plate capable of being used as a methanation reaction catalyst is used.
The micro-channel reactor of claim 4, wherein the heat exchangers-gas distributor-porous nickel plate are alternately stacked in plural within a single reactor, such that reaction heat is controlled.
PCT/KR2011/005506 2010-07-30 2011-07-26 Micro-channel reactor for producing synthetic natural gas Ceased WO2012015223A2 (en)

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US11713285B2 (en) * 2021-11-17 2023-08-01 Shahar Golan Technology Soultions, Ltd. Methanation and recovery method, system, and apparatus
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