WO2012009288A2 - Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer - Google Patents
Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012009288A2 WO2012009288A2 PCT/US2011/043594 US2011043594W WO2012009288A2 WO 2012009288 A2 WO2012009288 A2 WO 2012009288A2 US 2011043594 W US2011043594 W US 2011043594W WO 2012009288 A2 WO2012009288 A2 WO 2012009288A2
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- cancer
- hypoxia
- hypoxia activated
- activated prodrug
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- 0 *P(*)(OCc1ccc([N+]([O-])=O)[o]1)=O Chemical compound *P(*)(OCc1ccc([N+]([O-])=O)[o]1)=O 0.000 description 1
- IHHAGZRNSTYUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+](c(cc[nH]1)c1I)=O Chemical compound [O-][N+](c(cc[nH]1)c1I)=O IHHAGZRNSTYUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
- A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
- A61K31/4045—Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
- A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4412—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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- A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
- A61K39/39558—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against tumor tissues, cells, antigens
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- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods of treating cancer by administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents and generally relates to the fields of medicine, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry.
- Antiangiogenic agents have been used for treating various cancers. Administration of these agents often shows encouraging progression free survival (PFS). However, the overall survival (OS) periods for cancer patients on such treatment are often comparable to survival periods observed for treatments employing agents other than antiangiogenic agents.
- PFS progression free survival
- OS overall survival
- the median PFS for a combination of Avastin® bevacizumab (Roche) and paclitaxel and paclitaxel alone was, in one study, 11.3 and 5.8 months, respectively.
- the OS for the combination of bevacizumab and paclitaxel and paclitaxel alone was 24.8 and 26.5 months, respectively.
- the median PFS for a combination of bevacizumab and interferon-a and a combination of placebo and interferon was 10.2 and 5.4 months, respectively.
- the OS for the combination of bevacizumab and the interferon and the combination of placebo and the interferon was 21 and 23 months, respectively.
- the median PFS for Sutent® sunitinib (Pfizer) and IFN-a and IFN-a alone was 11 and 5 months, respectively.
- the OS for the combination of sunitinib and IFN-a and IFN-a alone was 26.4 and 21.8 months, respectively.
- Antiangiogenic agents prevent or target vascularization of tumor tissues and so can be predicted to increase tumor hypoxia, which is highly associated with poor prognosis.
- Tumor hypoxia has been targeted in cancer therapy research for many years, but without success, using hypoxia activated prodrugs.
- a hypoxia activated prodrug called TH-302 has showed promising activity in Phase 2 clinical trials, but to date, no hypoxia activated prodrug has been approved by the FDA.
- hypoxia activated prodrug might be improved by coadministration with an antiangiogenic agent, as one could predict that the increase in hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment due to administration of the antiagiogenic agent would increase activation of the hypoxia activated prodrug in the hypoxic tumor zone.
- antiangiogenic therapy is vascular normalization mediated by the antiangiogenic first acting on immature vasculature, characterized by poor pericyte coverage. This would result in decreased hypoxia and decreased activation of a hypoxia activated prodrug. This initial effect is predicted to be followed by overall vascular inhibition, leading to greater tumor hypoxia.
- These more aggressive phenotypes could be resistant to hypoxia activated prodrug therapy as well.
- the present invention meets this need by providing methods of treating cancer in which a hypoxia activated prodrug and an antiangiogenic agent are co-administered. . Dkt. No. : 095401-0360
- hypoxia activated prodrug is administered sufficiently before the administration of the hypoxia activated prodrug that the hypoxic fraction of the tumor is increased at the time of hypoxia activated prodrug administration.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is a compound of formula I:
- Y 2 is O, S, NR 6 , NCOR 6 , or NS0 2 R6 wherein R 6 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
- R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of 2- haloalkyl, 2-alkylsulfonyloxyalkyl, 2-heteroalkylsulfonyloxyalkyl, 2-arylsulfonyloxyalkyl, and 2-heteroalkylsulfonyloxyalkyl;
- Ri has the formula L-Z 3 ;
- L is C(Zi) 2 ; each Zi
- L independently is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, Ci-C 6 acyl, Ci-C 6 heteroacyl, aroyl, or heteroaroyl; or L is:
- Z 3 is a bioreductive group having a formula selected from the group consisting of:
- each Xi is independently N or CR 8 ;
- X 2 is NR 7 , S, or O;
- each R 7 is independently Ci- C alkyl, Ci-C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl; and
- R 8 is . Dkt.
- the compound utilized in this invention is a compound of formula I that is TH-281, TH-302, or TH-308 (structures provided below).
- the antiangiogenic agent is selected from the group consisting of bevacizumab, pazopanib, sorafenib, and sunitinib.
- bevacizumab and TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug are administered to a patient with a cancer that is resistant to bevacizumab therapy alone (i.e., the cancer has progressed despite having been treated with bevacizumab).
- TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug and pazopanib are administered in combination to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), sarcoma, and pancreatic cancer, including but not limited to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET).
- TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug and sorafenib are administered in combination to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC) and RCC.
- HCC hepatic cell carcinoma
- RCC hepatic cell carcinoma
- TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug and sunitinib are administered in combination to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of RCC, including advanced RCC, gastrointestinal cancer, including but not limited to gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and pancreatic cancer, including PNET.
- RCC gastrointestinal cancer
- GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- PNET pancreatic cancer
- a biomarker of hypoxia is used to select patients for treatment and/or to identify patients that are responding to therapy comprising a hypoxia activated prodrug and an antiangiogenic agent.
- these methods provide that increased levels of biomarkers that increase with hypoxia (or decreased levels of those that decrease with hypoxia) correlate with increased probability that the patient will respond favorably to therapy.
- these methods provide that decreased levels of biomarkers associated with hypoxia correlate with a favorable response to therapy.
- the practice of the present invention includes the use of conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunology, which are within the skill of the art.
- alkyl refers to -CO- alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined here.
- Aroyl refers to -CO-aryl, wherein aryl is as defined here.
- Alkoxy refers to -O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined here.
- alkenyl refers to a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms indicated in the prefix and containing at least one double bond, but no more than three double bonds.
- (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl includes, ethenyl, propenyl, 1,3-butadienyl and the like.
- Alkenyl can be optionally substituted with substituents, including for example, deuterium ("D"), hydroxyl, amino, mono or di(Ci-Ce)alkyl amino, halo, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl ether, cyano, nitro, ethynyl, Ci -C 6 alkoxy, Ci -C 6 alkylthio, -COOH, -CONH 2 , mono- or di(Ci-C 6 )alkylcarboxamido, -S0 2 NH 2 , . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- -OS0 2 -(Ci-Ce)alkyl mono or di(Ci-C 6 ) alkylsulfonamido, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl or heteroalkylsulfonyloxy, and aryl or heteroarylsulfonyloxy.
- Alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms indicated in the prefix.
- (Ci -Ce)alkyl can be optionally substituted with substituents, including for example, deuterium ("D"), hydroxyl, amino, mono or di(Ci-C 6 ) alkyl amino, halo, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl ether, cyano, nitro, ethenyl, ethynyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, Ci -C 6 alkylthio, -COOH, -CONH 2 , mono- or di(Ci-C 6 )alkylcarboxamido, -S0 2 NH 2 , -OS0 2 -(Ci-C 6 )alkyl, mono or di(Ci-C 6 ) alkylsulfonamido, aryl, heteroaryl, alky
- Ci-C qq the prefixes (Ci-C qq ), Ci_ qq , and Ci-C qq , wherein qq is an integer from 2-20, have the same meaning.
- (Ci-Ce)alkyl, Ci- 6 alkyl, or Ci-C 6 alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and the like.
- Alkylamino or mono-alkylamino refers to -NH-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined here.
- Alkynyl refers to a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical having the number of carbon atoms indicated in the prefix and containing at least one triple bond, but no more than two triple bonds.
- (C 2 - C 6 )alkynyl includes, ethynyl, propynyl, and the like.
- Alkynyl can be optionally substituted with substituents, including for example, deuterium ("D"), hydroxyl, amino, mono or di(Ci - C 6 )alkyl amino, halo, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl ether, cyano, nitro, ethenyl, Ci -C 6 alkoxy, Ci -C 6 alkylthio, -COOH, -CONH 2 , mono- or di(Ci-C 6 )alkylcarboxamido, -S0 2 NH 2 , -OS0 2 -(Ci- C 6 )alkyl, mono or di(Ci-C 6 )alkylsulfonamido, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl or
- substituents including for example, deuterium (“D"), hydroxyl, amino, mono or di(Ci - C 6 )alkyl amino, halo, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl ether,
- heteroalkylsulfonyloxy and aryl or heteroarylsulfonyloxy.
- Aryl refers to a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6 to 10 ring atoms which is substituted independently with one to eight substituents, preferably one, two, three, four of five substituents selected from deuterium ("D"), alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, acylamino, mono- . Dkt.
- R x and R y together is cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl. More specifically the term aryl includes, but is not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, and 2- naphthyl, and the substituted forms thereof.
- Cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent cyclic hydrocarbon radical of three to seven ring carbons.
- the cycloalkyl group can have one or more double bonds and can also be optionally substituted independently with one, two, three or four substituents selected from alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, or -C(0)R z (where R z is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, or optionally substituted phenyl).
- cycloalkyl includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, phenylcyclohexyl, 4-carboxycyclohexyl, 2-carboxamidocyclohexenyl, 2- dimethylaminocarbonyl-cyclohexyl, and the like.
- Dialkylamino or di-alkylamino refers to -N(alkyl) 2 , wherein alkyl is as defined here.
- Heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl radical as defined herein with one, two or three substituents independently selected from cyano, -OR w , -NR x R y , and -S(0) p R z (where p is an integer from 0 to 2), with the understanding that the point of attachment of the heteroalkyl radical is through a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl radical.
- R w is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, carboxamido, or mono- or di-alkylcarbamoyl.
- R x is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl or araalkyl.
- R y is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, araalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl,
- R z is hydrogen (provided that n is 0), alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, araalkyl, amino, mono- alkylamino, di-alkylamino, or hydroxyalkyl.
- Representative examples include, for example, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, and 2-methylsulfonyl-ethyl.
- R w , R x , R y , and R z can be further substituted .
- the prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms e.g., Ci -C 10
- Ci -C 10 refers to the total number of carbon atoms in the portion of the heteroalkyl group exclusive of the cyano, -OR w , -NR x R y , or - S(0) p R z portions.
- R x and R y together is cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl.
- Heteroaryl refers to a monovalent monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic radical of 5 to 12 ring atoms having at least one aromatic ring containing one, two, or three ring heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ring atoms being C, with the understanding that the attachment point of the heteroaryl radical will be on an aromatic ring.
- the heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted independently with one to eight substituents, preferably one, two, three or four substituents, selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, acylamino, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, heteroalkyl, -COR (where R is hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl, - (CR'R") n -COOR (where n is an integer from 0 to 5, R' and R" are independently hydrogen or alkyl, and R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl), or - (CR'R") n -CONR x R y (where n is an integer from 0 to
- R x and R y together is cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl. More specifically the term heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, pyridyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, benzofuranyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl,
- the arrangement of the hetero atoms within the ring can be any arrangement allowed by the bonding characteristics of the constituent ring
- the heterocyclyl ring can be optionally substituted independently with one, two, three or four substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, mono-alkylamino, di- alkylamino, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, -COR (where R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl), -(CR'R") n -COOR (n is an integer from 0 to 5, R' and R" are independently hydrogen or alkyl, and R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl,
- cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl or -(CR'R") n -CONR x R y (where n is an integer from 0 to 5, R' and R" are independently hydrogen or alkyl, R x and R y are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl).
- heterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, pyridyl, tetrahydropyranyl, N- methylpiperidin-3-yl, N-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl, 2-pyrrolidon-l -yl, furyl, quinolyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 1 , 1 -dioxo-hexahydro- 1 A 6 -thiopyran-4-yl, tetrahydroimidazo [4,5 - c]pyridinyl, imidazolinyl, piperazinyl, and piperidin-2-only and the derivatives thereof.
- the prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms refers to the total number of carbon atoms in the portion of the cycloheteroalkyl or heterocyclyl group exclusive of the number of heteroatoms.
- Heteroacyl refers to -CO-heteroalkyl, wherein heteroalkyl is as defined here.
- Heteroaroyl refers to -CO-heteroayl, wherein heteroaryl is as defined here.
- R ar is H, methyl, or bromo. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- R' and R" When R' and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
- -NR'R is meant to include 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
- Other suitable substituents include each of the above aryl substituents attached to a ring atom by an alkylene tether of from 1-4 carbon atoms. Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -T -
- One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond.
- two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -(CH 2 ) s -X 5 -(CH 2 ) t -, wherein s and t are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X 5 is -0-, -NR'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(0) 2 -, or -S(0) 2 NR'-.
- the substituent R' in - NR'- and -S(0) 2 NR'- is selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted Ci- 6 alkyl.
- Certain compounds utilized in the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers, regioisomers and individual isomers (e.g., separate enantiomers) are all intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
- the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 atoms that constitute such compounds.
- the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example, and without limitation, tritium ( H), iodine - 125 ( 125 I), or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
- administering or "administration of a drug to a patient (and grammatical equivalents of this phrase) refers to direct administration, which may be administration to a patient by a medical professional or may be self-administration, and/or indirect
- administration which may be the act of prescribing a drug.
- a physician who instructs a patient to self-administer a drug and/or provides a patient with a prescription for a drug is administering the drug to the patient.
- Angio genesis refers to the growth of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels.
- Antiangiogenic agent refers to a drug or an agent that can inhibit angiogenesis and includes, without limitation, an anti-VEGF antibody, a VEGF-trap, an anti- VEGFR antibody, a VEGFR inhibitor, or a biological equivalent of each thereof; thalidomide or a thalidomide derivative; a Dl 14-Notch inhibitor; an anti-tubulin vascular disrupting agent (VDA); an angiopoietin-Tie2 inhibitor; a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor; a cationic poly amino acid dendrimer; rapamycin (sirolimus) or a rapamycin derivative (including but not limited to everolimus and temsirolimus); a low molecular weight heparin; a SPARC (osteonectin) peptide; bevacizumab, Lucentis® ranibizumab (Roche), ramucirumab (Lilly), Zaltrap
- HBC hydrogen-carbonate
- tasquinimod quinoline-3-carboxamide
- conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, and temozolomide dosed in a manner termed "metronomic dosing" (more frequent than standard administration of lower doses than standard dose levels) are antiangiogenic agents (see Wu et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2011 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]; Takano et al. J
- Bio equivalent in reference to an antibody or a fragment thereof, refers to proteins or peptides that bind to the same epitope, as the reference antibody or fragment.
- Cancer refers to malignant solid tumors of potentially unlimited growth, as well as various blood cancers that may originate from cancer stem cells in the hypoxic bone marrow, which can expand locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis.
- cancers include, but are not limited to cancer of the adrenal gland, bone, brain, breast, bronchi, colon and/or rectum, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract, head and neck, kidneys, larynx, liver, lung, neural tissue, pancreas, prostate, parathyroid, skin, stomach, and thyroid.
- cancers include, adenocarcinoma, adenoma, basal cell carcinoma, cervical dysplasia and in situ carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, epidermoid carcinomas, giant cell tumor, glioblastoma multiforma, hairy-cell tumor, intestinal ganglioneuroma, hyperplastic corneal nerve tumor, islet cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, leukemias, lymphomas, malignant carcinoid, malignant melanomas, malignant hypercalcemia, marfanoid habitus tumor, medullary carcinoma, metastatic skin carcinoma, mucosal neuroma, myelodisplastic syndrome, myeloma, mycosis fungoides, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, osteogenic and other sarcoma, ovarian tumor, pheochromocytoma, polycythermia vera, primary brain tumor, small-cell lung tumor, squamous
- cancers also include astrocytoma, a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), a glioma or glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer.
- GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- RCC renal cell carcinoma
- HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
- pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer examples include astrocytoma, a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), a glioma or glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and a pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer.
- Combination therapy or “combination treatment” refers to the use of two or more drugs in therapy, i.e., use of a hypoxia activated prodrug as described herein together with one or more antiangiogenic drugs used to treat cancer is a combination therapy. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- Administration in "combination” refers to the administration of two agents (e.g., a hypoxia activated prodrug and an antiangiogenic agent for treating cancer) in any manner in which the pharmacological effects of both manifest in the patient at the same time.
- administration in combination does not require that a single pharmaceutical composition, the same dosage form, or even the same route of administration be used for administration of both agents or that the two agents be administered at precisely the same time.
- an antiangiogenic agent can be administered with a hypoxia activated prodrug in accordance with the present invention in combination therapy.
- Hyperproliferative disease refers to a disease characterized by cellular
- hyperproliferation e.g., an abnormally increased rate or amount of cellular proliferation.
- a cancer is a hyperproliferative disease.
- hyperproliferative diseases other than solid tumors include, but are not limited to, allergic angiitis and granulomatosis (Churg- Strauss disease), asbestosis, asthma, atrophic gastritis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive airway disease, chronic sinusitis, Crohn's disease, demyelinating neuropathies, dermatomyositis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, eustachean tube diseases, giant cell arteritis, graft rejection, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura), irritant dermatitis, inflammatory hemolytic anemia, inflammatory neutropenia, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki
- Hypoxia activated prodrug refers to a drug that is less active or inactive under normoxia than under hypoxia or anoxia.
- Hypoxia activated prodrugs include drugs that are activated by a variety of reducing agents and reducing enzymes, including without limitation single electron transferring enzymes (such as cytochrome P450 reductases) and two electron . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 transferring (or hydride transferring) enzymes (see US Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2005/0256191, 2007/0032455, and 2009/0136521, and PCT Pub. Nos. 2000/064864, 2004/087075, and 2007/002931, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
- hypoxia activated prodrugs useful in the methods of the present invention are compounds of formula I, including but not limited to compounds where Z 3 , as defined by that formula, is a 2- nitroimidazole moiety.
- Examples of particular hypoxia activated prodrugs useful in the methods of the invention include without limitation TH-281, TH-302, and TH-308.
- Methods of synthesizing, formulating, and using TH-302 and other compounds of formula I are described in PCT Pub. Nos. 2007/002931, 2008/083101, and 2010/048330, and PCT App. No. US2011/042047, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Hypoxic fraction refers to the ratio in a tumor, a tumor segment, or another cancer, of cells that contain a partial pressure of oxygen (p0 2 ) of less than or equal to 10 mm Hg over the total number of cells in the tumor, tumor segment, or cancer.
- Hypoxic fraction can be expressed in percentage by multiplying hypoxic fraction with 100.
- Increased hypoxic fraction refers to, e.g., at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, or at least 25% increase in hypoxic fraction.
- hypoxic fraction and increased hypoxic fraction can be determined by correlation to a level of a hypoxic marker.
- the number or percentage of hypoxic cells in a tumor, tumor segment, or another cancer is not determined; rather, the level of such a hypoxic marker is used to assign a hypoxic fraction corresponding thereto.
- Patient refers to mammals, particularly humans, but also includes animals of veterinary and research interest, such as simians, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and rodents suffering from cancer or another hyperproliferative disease.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art that include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and tetraalkylammonium, and when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, and oxalate. Suitable salts include those described in Stahl and Wermuth (Eds.), Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use; 2002. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- QnD or qnd refers to drug administration once every n days.
- QD or qd refers to once every day or once daily dosing
- Q2D or q2d refers to a dosing once every two days
- Q7D refers to a dosing once every 7 days or once a week
- Q5D refers to dosing once every 5 days.
- Reduction of a symptom or symptoms refers to decreasing the severity or frequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s).
- Relapsed or refractory refers to a type of cancer that is resistant to treatment with an agent, such as an antiangiogenic agent, or responds to treatment with an agent but recurs with or without being resistant to that agent.
- TH-281 refers to the com ound of formula:
- TH-302 refers to the compound of formula:
- TH-308 refers to the compound of formula:
- “Therapeutically effective amount” of a drug or an agent refers to an amount of the drug or the agent that, when administered to a patient with cancer or another
- hyperproliferative disease will have the intended therapeutic effect, e.g., alleviation, amelioration, palliation or elimination of one or more manifestations of cancer or another hyperproliferative disease in the patient.
- a therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses.
- a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations.
- Treating or “treatment of a condition or patient refers to taking steps to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results.
- beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms of cancer or another hyperproliferative disease including conditional survival and reduction of tumor load or volume; diminishment of extent of disease; delay or slowing of disease progression; amelioration, palliation, or stabilization of the disease state; or other beneficial results.
- the present invention provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a hypoxia activated prodrug and a therapeutically effective amount of an antiangiogenic agent to a patient in need of such treatment thereby treating the cancer.
- the combination therapy is administered to a patient that has been previously treated with an antiangiogenic agent, but the cancer is progressing despite the therapy, or the therapy has been discontinued due to cancer progression.
- the administration of antiangiogenic agent used in combination therapy is started from at least 24 hours to at least 7 days before administration of the hypoxia activated prodrug.
- the antiangiogenic agent and the hypoxia activated prodrug may be administered with shorter or even no intervening period of time, i.e., they may both be administered on the same day.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is selected from the group consisting of TH-281, TH-302, and TH-308.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug administered is TH-302.
- the TH-302 or other hypoxia activated prodrug is administered once daily, once every 3 days, weekly, or once every 3 weeks.
- the TH-302 or other hypoxia activated prodrug is administered parenterally. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302, which is administered
- the daily dose of TH-302 is administered in a single dose for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days of no TH-302 administration, i.e., a one week cycle of therapy. Such a 1 week cycle of therapy can be repeated for 1-3 additional cycles, followed by 1-3 weeks of no drug administration, and this treatment regimen may be repeated one or multiple times. The less frequent the administration, the higher the daily doses of the hypoxia activated prodrug administered may be. In one embodiment, TH-302 or other hypoxia activated prodrug is administered once weekly.
- the therapeutically effective amount of TH-302 is a once weekly dose of about 480 mg/m 2 - about 670 mg/ m 2 , i.e., 575 mg/m 2. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of TH-302 is a once weekly dose of about 240 mg/m administered for three weeks of a 4 week cycle. In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of TH-302 is a daily dose of about 240 mg/m 2 to about 480 mg/m 2 administered on days 1 and 8 of a 3 week cycle.
- the antiangiogenic agent is selected from the group consisting of bevacizumab (Avastin); pazopanib (Votrient); sorafenib (Nexavar); and sunitinib (Sutent).
- the cancer is a cancer of the brain, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, or pancreas.
- the cancer is an astrocytoma, a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), a glioma or glioblastoma, a renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or a pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer.
- the antiangiogenic agent is administered first, and the hypoxia activated prodrug is not administered until the antiangiogenic agent has had time to exert its anti- vascular effect and increased hypoxia in (increased the hypoxic fraction of) the tumor.
- the antiangiogenic agent will be administered a week before the hypoxia activated prodrug, such as TH-302, is administered.
- the antiangiogenic agent is administered at least a day before, 3 days before, 5 days before, or 42 days before a hypoxia activated prodrug such as TH-302 is administered.
- the delay between . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 administration of the antiangio genie agent and the next administration of the hypoxia activated prodrug is not critical, because the antiangiogenic agent has already increased hypoxia in the tumor.
- TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug is administered at least 2 hours before the other agent in these second and subsequent cycles of therapy in accordance with the methods of the invention. See PCT Pub. No. 2010/048330, incorporated herein by reference.
- the first (and/or one or more subsequent) administration(s) of the hypoxia activated prodrug occurs on the same day as an administration of the antiangiogenic agent.
- the patient's cancer treated is a metastatic cancer or a refractory and/or relapsed cancer that is refractory to first, second, or third line treatment.
- the treatment is a first, a second, or a third line treatment.
- first line or second line or third line refers to the order of treatment received by a patient.
- First line treatment regimens are treatments given first, whereas second or third line treatment are given after the first line therapy or after the second line treatment, respectively. Therefore, first line treatment is the first treatment for a disease or condition.
- primary treatment can be surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these therapies.
- First line treatment is also referred to those skilled in the art as primary therapy or primary treatment.
- a patient is given a subsequent chemotherapy regimen because the patient did not show a positive clinical or only showed a sub-clinical response to the first line therapy, or the first line treatment has stopped.
- the improved treatment results achieved by practice of certain methods of the invention derive from the cancer having an increased hypoxic fraction at the time of first administration of the hypoxia activated prodrug, resulting from the initial administration of the antiangiogenic agent, as compared to the hypoxic fraction of the same cancer in the case where the hypoxia-activated prodrug is administered first or administered prior to the time the antiangiogenic 's anti-vascular effects have manifested in the tumor.
- the treatment methods of the present invention are used for treating hyperproliferative diseases other than cancer.
- the TH-302 is provided in 100 mg vials, lyophilized, and dissolved in D5W and administered intravenously (IV) over approximately 30 - 60 minutes via an infusion pump.
- the infusion volume depends on the total dose given (in mg) during the infusion If less than about 1000 mg is being infused, about 500 cc of D5W are used for infusion. If the total dose is greater than about 1000, about 1000 cc of D5W are used for infusion.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302, which is administered intravenously over about 30 - about 60 minutes in doses of about 240 mg/m to about 480 mg/m given in Q2 week (once every 2 weeks) schedule post surgery, for a brain cancer, and the antiangiogenic agent is bevacizumab, which is administered in the standard dose of 10 mg/kg IV once every 2 weeks.
- This embodiment is particularly useful in the treatment of glioblastoma, including recurrent glioblastoma, including recurrent glioblastoma that has been previously treated with bevacizumab or another antiangiogenic agent.
- cancers contemplated to be treated include metastatic colorectal cancer, where the standard bevacizumab doses are 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks in combination with intravenous 5-FU based treatment; lung cancer, including but not limited to non-squamous non- small cell lung cancer; where the standard dose is 15 mg/kg once every 3 weeks in combination with .
- the cancer can include a cancer that has recurred or progressed after prior therapy with bevacizumab or another antiangiogenic agent.
- hypoxia status can be checked using about 500 mg/m pimonidazole hydrochloride (hypoxyprobe-1) administered IV.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302, which is administered intravenously over about 30 minutes in doses of about 240 mg/m 2 , about 340 mg/m 2 , about
- the antiangiogenic agent is pazopanib, which is given at the full monotherapy dose of 800 mg (orally) p.o. once daily.
- the pazopanib is first administered, and after a week of therapy, the hypoxia activated prodrug, such as TH-302, is first administered a week later in either a weekly or three of four week schedule.
- the pazopanib and TH-302 are first administered a week later in either a weekly or three of four week schedule.
- TH-302 therapy being administered in either a weekly or three of four week schedule.
- Other suitable doses of pazopanib on this schedule include 400 mg once daily and 200 mg once daily.
- This treatment regimen can be administered in accordance with the invention to patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), sarcoma, pancreatic cancer, including but not limited to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, or other solid tumor cancers.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302, which is administered on days 8, 15 and 22, of 28 day cycles, and the antiangiogenic agent is sorafenib, which is administered orally without food on days 1-28 of those cycles.
- the antiangiogenic agent is sorafenib, which is administered orally without food on days 1-28 of those cycles.
- Sorafenib is dosed at, for example, 200 mg p.o. twice daily (bid, 400 mg total daily dose in two daily doses) on days 1-28, and TH-302 can be dosed at about 240 mg/m IV (e.g. in a 30 - 60 minute infusion) on days 8, 15 and 22, in cycles of 28 days.
- sorafenib on this schedule include 400 mg p.o. bid, 400 mg p.o. once every day (QD), and 400 mg p.o. once every two days.
- the sorafenib dose may be reduced to 400 mg once daily or . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 once every other day to manage treatment-related toxicity.
- Other suitable doses of TH-302 on this schedule include about 180, about 340 and about 480 mg/m IV.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302, which is administered on days 8, 15 and 22, of 42 day cycles, and the antiangiogenic agent is sunitinib, which is administered 50 mg PO, daily, on days 1 to 28 and 2 weeks off in the same 42 day cycle.
- TH- 302 can be dosed at about 240 mg/m IV (e.g., in a 30 - 60 minute infusion) on days 8, 15 and 22, cycles every 42 days.
- Other suitable doses of TH-302 on this schedule include about 120, about 180, about 340, and about 480 mg/m IV.
- this combination therapy of the invention is administered to a patient selected from the group consisting of RCC, including advanced RCC, gastrointestinal cancer, including but not limited to gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and pancreatic cancer, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
- RCC including advanced RCC
- gastrointestinal cancer including but not limited to gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
- pancreatic cancer including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
- the antiangiogenic agent is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of sunitinib.
- the sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once daily (QD).
- the administration of the sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is started at least about 7 days before
- the sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for about 1 week to about 6 weeks before administering the hypoxia activated prodrug. In one embodiment, the sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for about 3 weeks to about 1 year. In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is a daily dose of about 50 mg. In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is in an amount selected from the group of about 25 mg, about 37.5 mg, about 62.5 mg, or about 75 mg. In one embodiment, the sunitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally.
- a marker of hypoxia (also referred to herein as a "biomarker”) is used to select patients for treatment and/or to identify patients that are responding (or not responding) to therapy.
- Hypoxia markers have been developed in the . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 course of studies showing that hypoxia promotes more aggressive solid tumor phenotypes and associates with resistance to radiation and many chemotherapies, as well as likelihood of tumor invasion and poor patient survival.
- cells at p0 2 ⁇ 10 mm Hg resist the ionizing effect of radiotherapy and cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy.
- hypoxic necrotic foci with pseudopalisading tumor cells are one of the features that define glioblastoma (GBM), for example.
- GBM glioblastoma
- a variety of methods have been devised to assess degree of hypoxia in xenografts and patient tumors, and, in accordance with the invention, these methods, suitably modified and practiced as described herein, are used in certain embodiments of the methods of the invention to select patients and assess response to therapy.
- the invention provides methods for identifying patients suitable for therapy with a hypoxia activated prodrug in which a marker of hypoxia is used to identify whether a patient's cancer is hypoxic and, if so, then the patient is treated with a hypoxia activated prodrug, i.e., the higher the degree of hypoxia, the more likely the patient will respond to therapy with a hypoxia activated prodrug.
- a marker of hypoxia is used to identify whether a patient's cancer is hypoxic and, if so, then the patient is treated with a hypoxia activated prodrug, i.e., the higher the degree of hypoxia, the more likely the patient will respond to therapy with a hypoxia activated prodrug.
- hypoxic markers that have been identified in pre-clinical studies that are suitable for use in accordance with the methods of the invention include GLUT-1, HIF-la, CA-IX, LDH-A, osteopontin, VEGF, and microRNA markers, including but not limited to miPv-210. Each of these proteins or RNAs is up-regulated in hypoxia, and they can be . Dkt. No. : 095401-0360 detected by tumor biopsy.
- markers i.e., CA-IX LDH-A, osteopontin, VEGF, and microRNA markers, including but not limited to miR-210 will be detectable in the blood, serum, or plasma of a patient, allowing a simple blood test, instead of a tumor biopsy, to be used to select patients for hypoxia activated prodrug therapy.
- PET tracers such as Copper(ll)-diacetyl-bis(N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) labeled with a positron emitting isotope of copper [60Cu], [61Cu], [62Cu] or [64Cu], and [68Ga]- 1 ,4,7-Triazacyclononane- 1 ,4,7-triacetic acid-2-nitroimidazole-N-ethylamine (68Ga- NOTA-NI) and [68Ga]-isothiocyanatobenzyl-l ,4,7-triazacyclononane-l ,4,7-triacetic acid-2- nitroimidazole-N-ethylamine (68Ga-SCN-NOTA-NI) can also be employed in accordance with the methods of the invention.
- Cu-ATSM Copper(ll)-diacetyl-bis(N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazone)
- MRI or EPRI can also be used to detect hypoxia (i.e., to measure the hypoxic fraction of a tumor or otherwise to provide a measure of hypoxia in the cancer).
- hypoxia i.e., to measure the hypoxic fraction of a tumor or otherwise to provide a measure of hypoxia in the cancer.
- DCE-MRI dynamic contrast- enhanced MRI
- BOLD-MRI blood oxygen level-dependent MRI
- DW MRI diffusion- weighted
- Hypoxyprobe®-l (pimonidazole hydrochloride, marketed by Hypoxyprobe, Inc.) when administered, either IV or orally, is distributed to all tissues in the body including the brain but only forms adducts with proteins in those cells that have an oxygen concentration less than 14 micromolar (equivalent to a p0 2 of 10 mm Hg at 37 degrees Celsius).
- Hypoxyprobe- lMAbl is a mouse IgGl monoclonal antibody that detects protein adducts of Hypoxyprobe-1 in hypoxic cells. This reagent is typically added to each tissue sample.
- Chromogenic or fluorescent secondary antibody reagents are then used in accordance with the invention to reveal where Hypoxyprobe-1 adducts have formed in the hypoxic tissue.
- these methods can be used to identify patients that are responding to therapy with a hypoxia activated prodrug, because the hypoxic fraction of the tumors in such patients should decrease over time, as the hypoxia activated prodrug kills the cells in the hypoxic fraction.
- hypoxia activated prodrugs of the invention defined by formula I are activated by reductases, so biopsies or blood tests that show a patient has higher levels of an activating reductase, such as POR (P450 oxido- reductase), MTRR (methionine synthase reductase), and/or NOS (nitric oxide synthase), demonstrate that a patient is more likely to respond to hypoxia activated prodrug therapy.
- POR P450 oxido- reductase
- MTRR methionine synthase reductase
- NOS nitric oxide synthase
- the DNA damage induced by these hypoxia activated prodrugs is repaired by the HDR (also known as HR) system, and the lower the levels of the proteins in this system, including but not limited to BRCA, FANC, XPF (also known as ERCC4), XRCC2 and/or XRCC3, in the blood or tumor biopsy of a patient, the more likely the patient will respond to hypoxia activated prodrug therapy with hypoxia activated prodrugs that inflict DNA damage repaired by this system.
- HDR also known as HR
- the present invention provides a method of determining a cancer patient as likely or unlikely to be suitable for a treatment comprising administration of a hypoxia activated prodrug, the method comprising:
- determining the hypoxic fraction in a cancer sample isolated from the cancer patient optionally including a cancer patient treated with an antiangio genie agent,
- hypoxic fraction comparing the hypoxic fraction with a predetermined level of hypoxic fraction, wherein an increased hypoxic fraction compared to the predetermined level indicates the cancer patient as likely to be suitable for the treatment comprising administering the hypoxia activated prodrug, optionally in combination with an antiangio genie agent, and
- a similar or diminished hypoxic fraction compared to the predetermined level indicates the cancer patient as unlikely to be suitable for treatment comprising administering the hypoxia activated prodrug. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- a cancer patient as likely or unlikely to be suitable for a treatment refers to a cancer patient who has undergone, is undergoing, or could undergo the treatment.
- suitable for a treatment means that the patient is likely to exhibit one or more desirable clinical outcomes as compared to patients having the same disease and receiving the same treatment but possessing a different characteristic that is under consideration for the purpose of the comparison.
- a more desirable clinical outcome is a relatively higher likelihood of favorable tumor response, such as tumor load reduction.
- a more desirable clinical outcome is relatively longer overall survival.
- a more desirable clinical outcome is relatively longer progression free survival or time to tumor progression.
- a more desirable clinical outcome is relatively longer disease free survival.
- a more desirable clinical outcome is elimination of, or delay in, tumor recurrence. In another embodiment, a more desirable clinical outcome is elimination of or decreased metastasis. In another embodiment, a more desirable clinical outcome is lower relative risk. In another embodiment, a more desirable clinical outcome is relatively reduced toxicity or side effects. In some embodiments, more than one clinical outcome is achieved. In one embodiment, a patient possessing a characteristic may exhibit one or more desirable clinical outcomes but simultaneously exhibit one or more less desirable clinical outcomes. The clinical outcomes are then considered collectively, and a decision as to whether the patient is suitable for the therapy will be made accordingly, taking into account the patient's specific situation and the relevance of the respective clinical outcomes. In some embodiments, progression free survival or overall survival is weighted more heavily than tumor response in such decision making.
- the predetermined hypoxic fraction is the hypoxic fraction of a cancer sample that is taken from a cancer patient prior to treatment with any anti-cancer agent, including but not limited to an antiangiogenic agent.
- the present invention provides a method of determining the cancer patient as unlikely to be suitable for treatment with a hypoxia activated prodrug; in this embodiment, the method reveals that the cancer in the patient is characterized by a small or non-existent hypoxic fraction. . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- the present invention provides a method of determining the cancer patient as likely to be suitable for treatment with a hypoxia activated prodrug. In one embodiment, the method further comprises administering a hypoxia activated prodrug after determining that the patient is likely to respond favorably to treatment.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-281, TH-302, or TH-308. In one embodiment, the hypoxia activated prodrug is TH-302.
- the TH-302 is administered once daily, once every 3 days, once weekly, or once every 3 weeks, optionally followed by a week of no therapy. In another embodiment, the TH-302 is administered parenterally.
- the method further comprises administering to the cancer patient TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug in a daily dose of about 120 mg/m 2 to about 460 mg/m 2.
- Other doses, dosing frequencies, and periods of administration of TH-302 or another hypoxia activated prodrug, as disclosed herein, are also useful in various embodiments of this aspect.
- the antiangio genie agent is bevacizumab, sunitinib, pazopanib, or sorafenib. Treatment methods carried out as disclosed above are employed for treating the cancer patient as identified above.
- the cancer is a metastatic cancer or a cancer refractory to first, second, or third line treatment, one of which may optionally be a treatment with an antiangio genie agent.
- the hypoxia activated prodrug selected from the group consisting of TH-281, TH-302, and TH-308.
- the predetermined value of the hypoxic fraction is the hypoxic fraction of the same or similar cancer sample from the same or a different patient (including but not limited to predetermined values determined by studies of multiple patients or patient populations). In one embodiment, the predetermined value is determined using a cancer sample from a patient or patients that have not been treated with the antiangiogenic agent.
- the hypoxic fraction may be determined by using a variety of known probes and methods, as discussed above. Such methods can include a step of isolating a cancer sample and staining it with a chemical probe of hypoxia such as hypoxyprobe-1 (pimonidazole), EF5, or another 2-nitroimidazole derivative, followed by immunohistochemistry or can alternatively include a step of taking a blood, serum, or plasma sample from a patient and measuring the level of a hypoxic marker contained therein. For example, the level of HIF-la . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 or carbonic anhydrase can be measured to determine a hypoxic fraction value. Methods for identifying these genes products are known to one of skill in the art. Other suitable hypoxic markers are disclosed above. Other methods include using oxygen electrodes, with or without isolating the cancer sample, to measure oxygen levels. As used herein, "isolating" refers to obtaining biological or cellular materials from a patient.
- nude mice bearing 786-0 RCC xenograft tumors were randomized into 3 groups, vehicle (8 mice), sunitinib (Sutent, Pfizer) 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, QDx5, oral, respectively (6 mice each). Seventy one hours after the last sunitinib administration, pimonidazole was administered. Hoechst 33342 was
- hypoxic fraction in the 786-0 xenograft tumor was 1.6 ⁇ 0.9% with 20 mg/kg and 17.2 ⁇ 0.9% with 40 mg/kg, compared with 1.4 ⁇ 0.9% with vehicle. Significant increased hypoxic fraction was observed when 40 mg/kg of sunitinib was administered.
- the 786-0 RCC tumor is a well-vascularized tumor as characterized by CD31 and Hoechst staining with a relatively small baseline hypoxic compartment ( ⁇ 5% volume) in the xenograft tumors. Still, sunitinib induced a dose dependent increase in tumor hypoxia volume and a corresponding decrease in functional vasculature in the RCC tumor.
- nude mice bearing H460 non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft tumors were intraperitoneally administered sunitinib .
- Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 with the dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, QDx5, respectively (5 mice each), and compared with vehicle treated animals (5 mice).
- Pimonidazole and Hoechst 33342 were subsequently administered, and the animals sacrificed as described above, and the results again
- the percent hypoxic fraction in the harvested tissue was analyzed by morphometries.
- the NSCLC (H460) tumor exhibits a baseline hypoxic fraction of 7%.
- Sunitinib induced a dose-dependent increase in tumor hypoxia volume (24 ⁇ 3.2% with 40 mg/kg vs. 7.3 ⁇ 3.8%, with Vehicle, p ⁇ 0.05) and a corresponding decrease in tumor microvasculature.
- Sorafenib induced a dose-dependent increase in tumor hypoxia volume: 0.8 ⁇ 0.2% with vehicle; 3.5 ⁇ 1.6% with 20 mg/kg sorafenib administration, and 10 ⁇ 2.5% with sorafenib 40 mg/kg. Significant increased hypoxia volume was observed in the 40 mg/kg treated group (p ⁇ 0.05 vs. vehicle).
- hypoxia level in another cancer, hepatocellular cancer PLC/PRF/5, after sorafenib administration was also measured.
- the measurement was carried out as above, except that sorafenib was administered at 20 or 40 mg/kg once daily for 8 days.
- PLC/PRF/5 (HCC) tumor exhibits a baseline hypoxic fraction of 4.3%.
- Sorafenib induced a dose-dependent increase in tumor hypoxia volume: 4.3 ⁇ 0.4%> with vehicle; 6.5 ⁇ 0.6%> with 20 mg/kg sorafenib administration; and 9.3 ⁇ 0.7% with sorafenib 40 mg/kg.
- Significant increased hypoxia volume was observed in 20 mg/kg treated group (p ⁇ 0.05 vs. vehicle) and 40 mg/kg treated group (p ⁇ 0.001 vs. vehicle). . Dkt. No. : 095401-0360
- TH-302 's anti cancer efficacy was demonstrated in combination with antiangiogenic therapy.
- Xenograft tumors were established by s.c. implantation of 5 xlO 6 786-0 human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 5xl0 6 A375 melanoma, or lxlO 6 H460 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells into the flanks of nude mice, or 5xl0 6 PLC/PRF/5 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) into the flanks of Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) mice.
- TCC renal cell carcinoma
- HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
- SCID Severe Combined Immunodeficient mice.
- Tumor hypoxia was detected by pimonidazole immunostaining, and morphometric analysis was performed to determine the hypoxic fraction.
- sunitinib or sorafenib was administered daily.
- Sunitinib at 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg was administered p.o. daily for 3 weeks (QDx21).
- TH-302 administration began one week after antiangiogenic agent administration.
- TH-302 administration was begun on the same day as sorafenib administration.
- TH-302 at 50 mg/kg was
- TGI tumor growth inhibition
- sunitinib was administered for 5 weeks, and TH-302 was administered for 4 weeks, beginning one week after sunitinib therapy was initiated, in accordance with the methods of the invention.
- TH-302 was administered for 4 weeks, beginning one week after sunitinib therapy was initiated, in accordance with the methods of the invention.
- anti tumor activity increased.
- Medium dose sunitinib (40 mg/kg) in combination with TH-302 reached 99% TGI and delayed tumor growth to 500 mm for 29 days.
- body weight loss a toxicity indicator, was not significantly increased with TH-302 in combination with any of the antiangiogenic agents in these studies.
- a complementary effect of TH-302 in combination with sorafenib was also observed in multiple xenograft tumors, including PLC/PRF/5 HCC, H460 NSCLC, and A375 melanoma xenografts.
- 94% TGI for combination . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360 therapy was observed, versus less than 80% TGI for either monotherapy in the NSCLC tumor.
- Sorafenib combination therapy also increased TGI when administered (QDxl4) to 786-0 RCC bearing mice in combination with TH-302 (QDx5/week for two weeks, 50 mg/kg).
- Table 1 TH-302 enhanced Sunitinib monotherapy in 786-0 renal cell carcinoma
- Table 2 TH-302 enhanced sunitinib monotherapy in H460 non small cell lung cancer
- Table 3 TH-302 enhanced sorafenib monotherapy in xenograft tumors . Dkt. No.: 095401-0360
- HCC RCC: NSCLC: Melanoma:
- Example 3 Clinical Administration of TH-302 with Sunitinib for the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinomas, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- One patient with advanced renal cell carcinoma has been treated at a TH-302 dose of 240 mg/m in combination with a daily sunitinib dose of 50 mg.
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Priority Applications (11)
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KR1020137002206A KR20130045341A (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
ES11807356.8T ES2649340T3 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated drugs and antiangiogenic agents for cancer treatment |
MX2012014428A MX2012014428A (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer. |
CA2803675A CA2803675A1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
JP2013519747A JP6066421B2 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Method of administering hypoxia activated prodrug and angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of cancer |
EP17187097.5A EP3311835B1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
RU2013103027/15A RU2597844C2 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administering hypoxically activated prodrugs and means of preventing angiogenesis, for treating cancer |
US13/809,135 US20140010805A1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
EP11807356.8A EP2593139B1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-11 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
ZA2013/00692A ZA201300692B (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2013-01-25 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiagiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
US15/998,702 US20190060275A1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2018-08-17 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
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US36361010P | 2010-07-12 | 2010-07-12 | |
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US15/998,702 Continuation US20190060275A1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2018-08-17 | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs and antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer |
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WO2012009288A9 WO2012009288A9 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
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US (2) | US20140010805A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2593139B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP6066421B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20130045341A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2803675A1 (en) |
ES (2) | ES2649340T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1254083A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2012014428A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2597844C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012009288A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA201300692B (en) |
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WO2013116385A1 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Predictive biomarker for hypoxia-activated prodrug therapy |
WO2013177633A1 (en) | 2012-06-01 | 2013-12-05 | Bionomics Limited | Combination therapy involving a vascular disrupting agent and an agent which targets hypoxia |
WO2014062856A1 (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2014-04-24 | Halozyme, Inc. | Hypoxia and hyaluronan and markers thereof for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases and conditions and related methods |
US20150005262A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2015-01-01 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Hypoxia activated prodrugs and mtor inhibitors for treating cancer |
WO2015013448A1 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2015-01-29 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of pancreatic cancer with a combination of a hypoxia-acti vated prodrug and a taxane |
EP2817011A4 (en) * | 2012-02-21 | 2015-08-19 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals Inc | Treatment of cancer |
US9226932B2 (en) | 2005-06-29 | 2016-01-05 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Phosphoramidate alkylator prodrugs |
WO2016014390A1 (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2016-01-28 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Compositions and methods for mek inhibitor combination therapy in the treatment of cancer |
JP2016519107A (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2016-06-30 | スレッショルド ファーマシューティカルズ,インコーポレイテッド | Predictive and response biomarkers for TH-302 anticancer therapy |
AU2015264805B2 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2017-04-13 | Bionomics Limited | Combination Therapy |
EP3164122A4 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2018-02-28 | Bionomics Limited | Predicting response to cancer therapy |
US10071109B2 (en) | 2013-11-06 | 2018-09-11 | Molecular Templates, Inc. | Predictive biomarker for hypoxia-activated prodrug therapy |
WO2023025312A1 (en) | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-02 | 深圳艾欣达伟医药科技有限公司 | Parp inhibitor-resistant patient treated with th-302 |
WO2023025291A1 (en) | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-02 | 深圳艾欣达伟医药科技有限公司 | Lyophilized formulation solution and lyophilized formulation, and method and use thereof |
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WO2012135757A2 (en) | 2011-04-01 | 2012-10-04 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods for treating cancer |
WO2012142520A3 (en) * | 2011-04-15 | 2013-01-03 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Unit dose form for oral administration |
JP2014510795A (en) * | 2011-04-15 | 2014-05-01 | スレッショルド ファーマシューティカルズ、インク. | Unit dosage form for oral administration |
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WO2013096687A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs in combination with chk1 inhibitors for treating cancer |
US9254299B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2016-02-09 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Administration of hypoxia activated prodrugs in combination with Chk1 inhibitors for treating cancer |
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WO2013116385A1 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-08 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Predictive biomarker for hypoxia-activated prodrug therapy |
JP2015511226A (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2015-04-16 | スレッショルド ファーマシューティカルズ,インコーポレイテッド | Predictive biomarkers for hypoxia activated prodrug therapy |
EP2817011A4 (en) * | 2012-02-21 | 2015-08-19 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals Inc | Treatment of cancer |
AU2015264805B2 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2017-04-13 | Bionomics Limited | Combination Therapy |
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JP2015518008A (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2015-06-25 | バイオノミックス リミテッド | Combination therapies involving vascular disruptors and drugs that target hypoxia |
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JP2016519107A (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2016-06-30 | スレッショルド ファーマシューティカルズ,インコーポレイテッド | Predictive and response biomarkers for TH-302 anticancer therapy |
US20160296538A1 (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2016-10-13 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Predictive and response biomarker for th-302 anti-cancer therapy |
EP2983591A4 (en) * | 2013-04-10 | 2016-12-28 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals Inc | Predictive and response biomarker for th-302 anti-cancer therapy |
WO2015013448A1 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2015-01-29 | Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of pancreatic cancer with a combination of a hypoxia-acti vated prodrug and a taxane |
US10071109B2 (en) | 2013-11-06 | 2018-09-11 | Molecular Templates, Inc. | Predictive biomarker for hypoxia-activated prodrug therapy |
EP3164122A4 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2018-02-28 | Bionomics Limited | Predicting response to cancer therapy |
US10159659B2 (en) | 2014-07-02 | 2018-12-25 | Bionomics Limited | Predicting response to cancer therapy |
WO2016014390A1 (en) * | 2014-07-25 | 2016-01-28 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Compositions and methods for mek inhibitor combination therapy in the treatment of cancer |
WO2023025312A1 (en) | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-02 | 深圳艾欣达伟医药科技有限公司 | Parp inhibitor-resistant patient treated with th-302 |
WO2023025291A1 (en) | 2021-08-27 | 2023-03-02 | 深圳艾欣达伟医药科技有限公司 | Lyophilized formulation solution and lyophilized formulation, and method and use thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2803675A1 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
US20190060275A1 (en) | 2019-02-28 |
EP3311835A1 (en) | 2018-04-25 |
EP2593139A4 (en) | 2013-11-27 |
EP2593139A2 (en) | 2013-05-22 |
JP2013531038A (en) | 2013-08-01 |
US20140010805A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
ES2649340T3 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
RU2013103027A (en) | 2014-08-20 |
ZA201300692B (en) | 2013-09-25 |
ES2877629T3 (en) | 2021-11-17 |
EP3311835B1 (en) | 2021-03-24 |
RU2597844C2 (en) | 2016-09-20 |
KR20130045341A (en) | 2013-05-03 |
MX2012014428A (en) | 2013-03-05 |
HK1254083A1 (en) | 2019-07-12 |
EP2593139B1 (en) | 2017-08-23 |
WO2012009288A9 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
JP6066421B2 (en) | 2017-01-25 |
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