WO2011154695A1 - Anti-inflammatory agents - Google Patents
Anti-inflammatory agents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011154695A1 WO2011154695A1 PCT/GB2011/000862 GB2011000862W WO2011154695A1 WO 2011154695 A1 WO2011154695 A1 WO 2011154695A1 GB 2011000862 W GB2011000862 W GB 2011000862W WO 2011154695 A1 WO2011154695 A1 WO 2011154695A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- tetrahydropyridin
- compound
- group
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- inflammatory
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C07D223/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D223/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D223/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D223/12—Nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
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- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
- A61K31/45—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cycloheximide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D211/68—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D211/72—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D211/74—Oxygen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D211/68—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D211/72—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D211/74—Oxygen atoms
- C07D211/76—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 6
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
Definitions
- the invention relates to aryl substituted 3-aminolactam derivatives and their use in preventing or treating inflammatory diseases.
- Inflammation is an important component of physiological host defence. Increasingly, however, it is clear that temporally or spatially inappropriate inflammatory responses play a part in a wide range of diseases, including those with an obvious leukocyte component (such as autoimmune diseases, asthma or atherosclerosis) but also in diseases that have not traditionally been considered to involve leukocytes (such as osteoporosis or Alzheimer's disease).
- the chemokines are a large family of signalling molecules with homology to interleukin-8 which have been implicated in regulating leukocyte trafficking both in physiological and pathological conditions.
- the system With more than fifty ligands and twenty receptors involved in chemokine signalling, the system has the requisite information density to address leukocytes through the complex immune regulatory processes from the bone marrow, to the periphery, then back through secondary lymphoid organs.
- this complexity of the chemokine system has at first hindered
- chemokine receptor blockade It has proved difficult to determine which chemokine receptor(s) should be inhibited to produce therapeutic benefit in a given inflammatory disease.
- BSCIs Broad Spectrum Chemokine Inhibitors
- peptides and peptoid derivatives such as NR58-3.14.3, may not be optimal for use in vivo. They are quite expensive to synthesise and have relatively
- NR58- 3.14.3 is not orally bioavailable and is cleared from blood plasma with a half-life period of less than 30 minutes after intravenous injection.
- aminoglutarimide and aminolactam BSCIs have focussed almost exclusively on compounds with simple linear and branched alkyl side chains.
- aminoglutarimide ring was susceptible to enzymatic ring opening in serum. Consequently, for some applications (for example, where the inflammation under treatment is chronic, such as in autoimmune diseases) these compounds may not have optimal properties, and a more stable compound with similar anti-inflammatory properties may be superior.
- BSCIs stable, broad spectrum chemokine inhibitors
- 3- amino caprolactams with a seven-membered monolactam ring
- further useful anti-inflammatory compounds have also been generated from other 3-aminolactams with different ring size (see for example WO2006/134385).
- the BSCI activity is conferred on the molecule by the cyclic "head group” (a 3-amino lactam or imide) and defined, to an extent, the structural limitations for activity (for example, bulky substituents on the ring nitrogen are detrimental for activity, but variations in ring size have little impact).
- this "head group” must have an acyl "tail group” attached.
- Compounds with a 3-amino group, either free or N-alkyl substituted, bearing a positive charge at physiological pH are completely inactive as BSCIs.
- this "tail group” can be linked to the "head group” through simple amide, sulfonamide, urea or carbamate linkers.
- tail groups Although the universe of possible “tail groups” known to retain BSCI activity for suitable aminolactam "head groups” is very large, some “tail groups” have been described as preferred. In some cases, structural features of the "tail group” have been identified which increase the potency of BSCI activity of the aminolactam compound. The most obvious such example is the introduction of 2 ',2' disubstitution, with a tetrahedral sp3 arrangement at the 2' carbon centre in the tail group (the so-called "key carbon”), which confers a 10-fold increase in potency as a BSCI, at least in vitro, compared to a related compound lacking 2'2'-disubstitution.
- 2'2'- dimethyldodecenanoyl-3-aminocaprolactam is 10-fold more potent as a BSCI in the MCP-1 induced THP-1 cell migration than assay than dodecanoyl-3- aminocaprolactam (as disclosed previously in WO2005/053702), or indeed any other related compound with a linear alkyl "tail group".
- the increased potency for branched alkyl "tail groups" is restricted to branching at the 2' position - 3'3'- dimethyldodecanoyl-3-aminocaprolactam is no more potent than the linear alkyl analogs.
- the pivoyl "tail group” of 2'2'-dimethylpropanoyl-3-aminovalerolactam contributes to the unexpected, and particularly favourable, pharmaceutical properties of this molecule (as disclosed previously in WO2009/016390).
- the pivoyl group is resistant to metabolism, and therefore contributes to the unusually prolonged biological half-life of this compound.
- the present invention discloses a series of sulfonamide analogs of 3-aminolactam compounds, each with aromatic "tail groups", as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and medical uses of the compounds and compositions such as for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Surprisingly, all of the
- n is an integer from 1 to 4
- k is an integer from 0 to 5, representing the number of groups substituting C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 and/or C 6 of the benzyl ring;
- X are linear or branched groups substituting the benzyl ring independently selected from any one of the group consisting of: alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, carboxy, and halogen.
- the carbon atom at position 3 of the lactam ring is asymmetric and consequently, the compounds according to the present invention have at least two possible enantiomeric forms, that is, the "R” and “S” configurations.
- the present invention encompasses each of the two enantiomeric forms and all combinations of these forms, including the racemic "RS" mixtures. With a view to simplicity, when no specific configuration is shown in the structural formula, it should be understood that each of the two enantiomeric forms and their mixtures are represented.
- Also provided according to the invention is a compound of formula (F), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of an inflammatory disorder:
- n is an integer from 1 to 4; k is an integer from 0 to 5, representing the number of groups substituting C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 and/or C 6 of the benzyl ring; and X are linear or branched groups substituting the benzyl ring independently selected from any one of the group consisting of: alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, carboxy, and halogen.
- a compound of formula (P), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder:
- C 3 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, or d-C 6 haloalkyl, or
- C 4 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C(-C 6 alkoxy, C - C 6 haloalkyl, amino, aminoalkyl or aminodialkyl, or C 5 on the benzyl ring is other than hydrogen or halogen; and provided that the compound is neither of the group consisting of: 3-(2'- carboxybenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, and (R)-3-(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam.
- the compounds of general formula (I) do not include the compounds 3-(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, 3-(4 - chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, 3-(4'-bromobenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam, (R)-3-(4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, 3-(4'- chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, and 3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam.
- n, k and X are defined as for general formula (I) above, provided that the compound is none of the group consisting of: (S)-3-(4 - methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, (S)-3 -(4'- methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, (S)-3 -(4'-bromobenzenesulfonylamino)- caprolactam, and (S)-3-(4'-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam.
- WO2005/042489 teaches sulphonamide compounds of formula 9.0 (page 91) as intermediates for the preparation in "Scheme 3" of N-substituted benzenesulfonamides that are stated to be for use in treating cognitive disorders. Overlap with these intermediate compounds is hereby disclaimed from the present invention.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active ingredient, a compound per se as defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or carrier.
- salt in particular the addition salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, phosphate, diphosphate and nitrate or of organic acids such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, lactate, methanesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate, palmoate and stearate.
- inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, phosphate, diphosphate and nitrate
- organic acids such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, lactate, methanesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate, palmoate and stearate.
- bases such as sodium or potassium hydroxide.
- Salt selection for basic drugs (1986) Int. J. Pharm. 33: 201-217.
- the pharmaceutical composition can be in the form of a solid, for example powders, granules, tablets, gelatin capsules, liposomes or suppositories.
- Appropriate solid supports can be, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and wax.
- Other appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or carriers will be known to those skilled in the art.
- compositions according to the invention can also be presented in liquid form, for example, solutions, emulsions, suspensions or syrups.
- Appropriate liquid supports can be, for example, water, organic solvents such as glycerol or glycols, as well as their mixtures, in varying proportions, in water.
- Exemplar compounds according to general formula (I) and formula ( ⁇ ) for medical uses according to the invention may be selected from the group consisting of:
- Exemplar per se compounds of the invention according to general formula (I) and/or exemplar compounds according to general formula ( ⁇ ) for medical uses according to the invention may be selected from the group consisting of: (R)-3-(4'-Ethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one,
- An exemplar compound according to general formula (I) or ( ⁇ ) for medical uses according to the invention is (S)-3-(4'-methylbenzenesulfonylamino)-caprolactam, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- An exemplar compound per se or for medical use according to formula (F) is (S)-3- (4'-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one, or a
- inflammatory disorders intended to be prevented or treated by the compounds of formula (I) or (F), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments containing them as active ingredients
- autoimmune diseases for example such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease
- vascular disorders including stroke, coronary artery diseases, myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, atherosclerosis or vasculitis, e.
- Behcet's syndrome giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease;
- organ transplant rejection and/or delayed graft or organ function e.g. in renal transplant patients
- fibrotic disorders including hypertrophic scarring (keloid formation), adhesion formations following general or gynaecological surgery, lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis (including alcoholic liver disease) or kidney fibrosis, whether idiopathic or as a consequence of an underlying disease such as diabetes (diabetic nephropathy); or allergies.
- the inflammatory disorder may be selected from the group consisting of autoimmune diseases, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, a disorder characterised by an elevated TNF-a level, psoriasis, allergies, multiple sclerosis, fibrosis (including diabetic nephropathy), and formation of adhesions.
- the term inflammatory disorder may exclude cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and/or memory loss.
- Compounds of formula (I) or ( ⁇ ) are particularly useful for local delivery, and also for the preparation of medicaments for local delivery, including creams and ointments for topical delivery, powders, aerosols or emulsions for inhaled delivery, and solutions or emulsions for injection.
- Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more excipients suitable for such local delivery are therefore envisaged, and subsequently claimed.
- Administration of a compound, composition or medicament according to the invention can be carried out by topical, oral, parenteral route, by intramuscular injection, etc.
- the administration dose envisaged for a compound, composition or medicament according to the invention is comprised between 0.1 mg and 10 g depending on the formulation and route of administration used.
- the invention further encompasses a library consisting of elements all of which have structures according to the formula (I) or ( ⁇ ), and hence which all have antiinflammatory activity, useful for screening compounds for novel or improved properties in a particular assay of anti-inflammatory activity.
- the invention includes compounds, compositions and uses thereof as defined, wherein the compound is in hydrated or solvated form. Unless specified otherwise, compounds of the invention include tautomers, resolved enantiomers, resolved diastereomers, racemic mixtures, solvates, metabolites, salts and prodrugs thereof, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs.
- n may be 2.
- n may be 3.
- X may be haloalkyl, for example trifluoromethyl.
- An exemplar group of compounds per se and/or for medical use according to any aspect of the invention is selected from among compounds according to formula (I) or (F) where X is halogen or haloakyl and where k is between 1 and 3.
- X may be fluoro or fluoroalkyl (such as trifluoromethyl) and k may be between 1 and 3.
- the benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with an alkyl (such as other than para-methyl), haloalkyl (such as trifluoromethyl, for example para-trifluoromethyl [i.e. 4'- trifluoromethyl]).
- the benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with a halogen.
- the benzyl ring may be monosubstituted with ortho-carboxy (i.e. 2'-carboxy).
- the compounds of general formula (I) or (F) can be prepared using the processes described hereafter.
- a numerical range in this description is intended unambiguously to include within the scope of the invention all individual integers within the range and all the combinations of upper and lower limit numbers within the broadest scope of the given range.
- the range of 0. lmg to 1 Og specified in respect of (inter alia) a dose of a compound or composition of the invention to be used is intended to include all doses between O.lmg and lOg and all sub-ranges of each combination of upper and lower numbers, whether exemplified explicitly or not.
- compositions comprising as active ingredient a compound
- this terminology is intended to cover both compositions in which other active ingredients may be present and also compositions which consist only of one active ingredient as defined.
- alkyl or alkyl group refers to a saturated linear or branched- chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical, for example of one to twenty carbon atoms, one to twelve carbon atoms, one to six carbon atoms, one to four carbon atoms, or as otherwise specified herein.
- alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me, -CH 3 ), ethyl (Et, -CH 2 CH 3 ), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1 -butyl (n-Bu, n- butyl, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2- methyl-1 -propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl (s- Bu, s-butyl, - CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1-pentyl (n- pentyl, - CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-pentyl (n
- haloalkyl or “haloalkyl group” as used herein refers to an alkyl group (as defined above) except that one or more or all of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced by a halogen, which replacement can be at any site on the alkyl, including the end.
- Examples include, but are not limited to, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 2 F 5 CH 2 CHF 2 , CH 2 CF 3 , CHFCF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , C3 ⁇ 4C1, CHC1 2 , CC1 3 , CH 2 CH 2 C1, CH 2 CHC1 2 , CH 2 CC1 3 , CHC1CC1 3 , and CC1 2 CC1 3 .
- halogen (which may be abbreviated to “halo") or "halogen group” as used herein includes fluorine (F), bromine (Br), chlorine (CI), and iodine (I).
- hydroxyalkyl or "hydroxyalkyl group” as used herein refers to an alkyl group (as defined above) except wherein one or more or all of the hydrogens of the alkyl group is replaced by an hydroxy group, which replacement can be at any site on the alkyl, including the end.
- alkoxy or "alkoxy group” denotes an alkyl group as defined above attached via a divalent oxygen atom to the rest of the molecule. Examples include but are not limited to methoxy (-OCH 3 ), ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert- butoxy, pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy.
- amino or “amino group” denotes the group "-NH 2 ".
- aminoalkyl or “aminoalkyl group” refers to an amino group in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group as defined above.
- aminodialkyl or “aminodialkyl group” refers to an amino group in which both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an alkyl group as defined above.
- the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom may be different or the same.
- benzyl ring (also known as a "phenyl group”) refers to a 6 carbon aryl group in compounds of general formulae (I) and ( ⁇ ') shown above.
- phenyl group refers to a 6 carbon aryl group in compounds of general formulae (I) and ( ⁇ ') shown above.
- numbering to locate the carbon atoms C 2 -C 6 within the benzyl ring is in a clockwise direction from Ci which is linked to the 3-aminolactam group.
- numbering of ring carbons with respect to one or more substituent groups on the benzyl ring for specific compounds follows the IUPAC rule that the second substituent in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction is afforded the lower possible location number.
- the IUPAC rule is that they are listed in alphabetical order. Location numbers on the ring are assigned according to the IUPAC rule to the substituents so that they have the lowest possible number (starting from Cj which is linked to the 3-aminolactam group), counting in either a clockwise or counter- clockwise direction.
- such compounds are made by coupling the "tail group" in the form of a suitably activated acid (such as an acid chloride) with the appropriate 3 -aminolactam.
- a suitably activated acid such as an acid chloride
- 3 -aminolactams with 5, 6, 7 and 8 membered rings encompassing all the compounds claimed herein, have been extensively described in the literature.
- the 3 -aminolactam product is reacted with an appropriate sulfonyl chloride, for example as previously described for 7-ring aminolactams (Fox et al, 2005, J Med Chem 48: 867-74) but using a sulfonyl chloride (RS(0 2 )C1) instead of a carboxylic acid derived acid chloride (RC(O)Cl).
- This reaction may be carried out, for example, in chloroform or dichloromethane.
- the most preferred reaction solvent is dichloromethane, and is preferably carried out in the presence of a base, for example Na 2 C0 3 or triethylamine (e.g. by a method similar to that described in WO
- the above reaction may be carried out at ambient temperature (about 25 °C) or more generally at a temperature between 20 and 50 °C.
- the two reactions may be carried out independently, with separation and purification of the 3 -aminolactam between the reactions, or alternatively, the reactions may be performed in a single vessel without purification of the 3 -aminolactam prior to its derivatisation with sulfonyl chloride.
- Fig. 1 shows the chemical structure of various examples of compounds according to the invention and reference examples
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing the results of a murine sub-lethal endotoxemia test.
- column A shows data from a control group (1% CMC lOml/kg p.o.)
- column B shows data from a group treated with lOmg/kg p.o. thalidomide
- column C shows data from a group treated with lOmg/kg p.o.
- Vmax/cm "1 3224, 1658 secondary CONH, lactam), 1598, 1494 (aromatic ring), 1324, 1161 (S0 2 -N), 814, 802 (pam-disubstituted benzene).
- the biological activity of the compounds of the current invention may be any one of the compounds of the current invention.
- the 96-well format micro transwell assay system from Neuroprobe (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) has been used.
- this assay consists of two chambers separated by a porous membrane. The chemoattractant is placed in the lower compartment and the cells are placed in the upper compartment. After incubation for a period at 37°C the cells move towards the chemoattractant, and the number of cells in the lower compartment is proportional to the chemoattractant activity (relative to a series of controls).
- This assay can be used with a range of different leukocyte populations.
- leukocyte subsets may be prepared, including polymorphonuclear cells or lymphocytes or monocytes using methods well known to those skilled in the art such as density gradient centrifugation or magnetic bead separations.
- immortal cell lines which have been extensively validated as models of human peripheral blood leukocytes may be used, including, but not limited to THP-1 cells as a model of monocytes or Jurkat cells as model of naive T cells.
- the transwell migration systems are manufactured by Neuroprobe, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- the plates used are ChemoTx plates (Neuroprobe 101-8) and 30 ⁇ clear plates (Neuroprobe MP30).
- Geys' Balanced Salt Solution is purchased from Sigma (Sigma G-9779).
- Fatty acid-free BSA is purchased from Sigma (Sigma A-8806).
- MTT i.e. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Sigma Sigma (Sigma M-5655).
- RPMI-1640 without phenol red is purchased from Sigma (Sigma R-8755).
- the THP-1 cell line (European Cell culture Collection) were used as the leukocyte cell population.
- the cell suspension to be placed in the upper compartment is prepared.
- the THP- 1 cells are pelleted by centrifugation (770 x g; 4 mins) and washed with Geys
- GBSS + BSA Balanced Salt Solution with lmg/ml BSA
- the volume of GBSS + BSA is then adjusted depending on the number of cells present so that the cells are at final density of 4.45 x 10 6 cells per ml of GBSS + BSA. This ensures that there are 100,000 THP-1 cells in each 25 ⁇ 1 of the solution that will be placed in the upper chamber of the plate.
- the suspension of THP-1 cells at 4.45 x 10 6 cells/ml is divided into two pots. To one pot the inhibitor under test is added at an appropriate final concentration, in an appropriate vehicle (for example at 1 ⁇ in not more than 1% DMSO). To the second pot an equal volume of GBSS + BSA plus vehicle as appropriate (e.g.
- DMSO methyl methacrylate
- MCP-1 is diluted in GBSS + BSA to give a final concentration of 25 ng/ml. This is divided into two pots, as for the cell suspension. To one pot, the test compound is added to the same final concentration as was added to the cell suspension, while to the other pot an equal volume of GBSS + BSA plus vehicle as appropriate (e,g. not more than 1 % DMSO) is added.
- the migration chamber should be assembled. Place 29 ⁇ of the appropriate chemoattractant solution into the lower well of the chamber. Assays should be performed with at least triplicate determinations of each condition. Once all the lower chambers have been filled, apply the prous membrane to the chamber in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Finally, apply 25 ⁇ of the appropriate cell solution to each upper chamber. A plastic lid is placed over the entire apparatus to prevent evaporation.
- the assembled chamber is incubated at 37 °C, 5% C0 2 , for 2 hours.
- a suspension of cells in GBSS + BSA is also incubated under identical conditions in a tube: these cells will be used to construct a standard curve for determining the number of cells that have migrated to the lower chamber under each condition.
- the liquid cell suspension is gently removed from the upper chamber, and 20 ⁇ 1 of ice-cold 20mM EDTA in PBS is added to the upper chamber, and the apparatus is incubated at 4°C for 15 mins. This procedure causes any cells adhering to the underside of the membrane to fall into the lower chamber.
- the filter is carefully flushed with GBSS + BSA to wash off the EDTA, and then the filter is removed.
- the number of cells migrated into the lower chamber under each condition can then be determined by a number of methods, including direct counting, labelling with fluorescent or radioactive markers or through the use of a vital dye.
- a vital dye MTT. 3 ⁇ of stock MTT solution are added to each well, and then the plate is incubated at 37 °C for 1-2 hours during which time dehydrogenase enzymes within the cells convert the soluble MTT to an insoluble blue formazan product that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. In parallel, an 8-point standard curve is set up.
- the cells are added to a plate in 25 ⁇ , with 3 ⁇ of MTT stock solution added.
- the standard curve plate is incubated along side the migration plate.
- the liquid is carefully removed from the lower chambers, taking care not to disturb the precipitated formazan product.
- 20 ⁇ 1 of DMSO is added to each lower chamber to solubilise the blue dye, and absorbance at 595nm is determined using a 96-well plate reader.
- the absorbance of each well is then interpolated to the standard curve to estimate the number of cells in each lower chamber.
- the MCP-1 stimulated migration is determined by subtracting the average number of cells that reached the lower compartment in wells where no MCP-1 was added from the average number of cells that reached the lower compartment where MCP-1 was present at 25ng/ml.
- the impact of the test substance is calculated by comparing the MCP-1 -induced migration which occurred in the presence or absence of various concentrations of the test substance.
- the inhibition of migration is expressed as a percentage of the total MCP-1 induced migration which was blocked by the presence of the compound.
- a dose-response graph is constructed by determining the inhibition of MCP-1 induced migration which occurs at a range of different compound concentrations (typically ranging from InM to 1 ⁇ or higher in the case of poorly active compounds). The inhibitory activity of each compound is then expressed as the concentration of compound required to reduce the MCP-1 -induced migration by 50% (the ED50 concentration).
- the method is as follows. Female CD1 mice (28-30g, ⁇ 7 weeks of age) were dosed with their respective treatment in sterile filtered 1 % CMC by oral gavage in a dose volume of 1 Oml/kg one hour prior to an endotoxin (LPS) challenge.
- LPS endotoxin
- the endotoxin challenge was injected by the intraperitoneal route containing 675,000 Endotoxin Units of LPS (E. coli strain 01 11 :B4 (Code L4130)) in endotoxin free PBS. Mice were left for two hours and then exsanguinated under terminal anaesthesia and blood was taken. Serum was prepared from this terminal bleed and aliquoted and stored at -20°C. Serum TNF-a levels were measured by ELISA per manufacturers instructions (R and D Systems).
- the anti- inflammatory effect on TNF-a levels in vivo using (S)-3-(4 - trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonylamino)-tetrahydropyridin-2-one was quantitatively similar to a maximally effective dose of the positive control compound thalidomide.
- Thalidomide is used clinically as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing the level of TNF-a, for the treatment of leprosy.
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Abstract
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