WO2011143444A2 - Diphenylbutypiperidine autophagy inducers - Google Patents

Diphenylbutypiperidine autophagy inducers Download PDF

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WO2011143444A2
WO2011143444A2 PCT/US2011/036272 US2011036272W WO2011143444A2 WO 2011143444 A2 WO2011143444 A2 WO 2011143444A2 US 2011036272 W US2011036272 W US 2011036272W WO 2011143444 A2 WO2011143444 A2 WO 2011143444A2
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compound
autophagy
certain embodiments
compounds
disease
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WO2011143444A3 (en
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Junying Yuan
Chengye Yuan
Gang Chen
Hong-Guang Xia
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President And Fellows Of Harvard College
Shanghai Institute Of Organic Chemistry
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/438The ring being spiro-condensed with carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/40Oxygen atoms
    • C07D211/44Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
    • C07D211/52Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having an aryl radical as the second substituent in position 4
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/56Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D211/58Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/60Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D211/62Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals attached in position 4
    • C07D211/64Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals attached in position 4 having an aryl radical as the second substituent in position 4
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D279/00Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D279/101,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines
    • C07D279/121,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines not condensed with other rings
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/06Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/04Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/10Spiro-condensed systems
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent process whereby proteins or damaged organelles within a cell are degraded (Klionsky, DJ., and Emr, S. D. (2000). Science. 290: 1717-21). During this process, an autophagosome having a double membrane encloses the component of the cell to be degraded, the autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome which carries out the function of degradation, which results in the recycling of amino acids. This system of degradation and recycling has been conserved to a high degree by evolution and is of key importance in development, growth, aging, illness, death, and other biological processes.
  • autophagy- lysosome pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway form the two principal degradation systems of eukaryotic cells; however, the two pathways have different functions in the cell.
  • Autophagy is primarily involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, and cellular organelles and other cellular components.
  • autophagy appears to have great significance for the treatment of various diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates in specific tissues and cells.
  • autophagy is maintained at a very low basal level within a cell, but when confronted with starvation or other stress conditions, the level of autophagy is rapidly up-regulated.
  • ATG autophagy-related genes
  • the proteins encoded by these seventeen genes can be divided into four types, comprising several kinds of serine- threonine kinase (Atgl, Atgl3, Atgl7) that are involved in regulating upstream autophagy signals (such as mTOR); proteins that are involved in regulating lipase/kinase signal compounds during the initiation stage of the autophagy process (Atg6, Atgl4, Vps34, and Vpsl5); two types of new ubiquitin-like conjugation systems (the Atg8 and Atgl2 systems) that are involved in autophagosome formation; and proteins (Atg2, Atg9, and Atgl8) that assist ATG molecules bound to an autophagosome during the autophagosome formation process to dissociate from the mature autophagosome.
  • Atgl serine- threonine kinase
  • Atgl3, Atgl7 proteins that are involved in regulating upstream autophagy signals (such as mTOR)
  • Autophagy can be induced by many factors both from within and outside the cell, including starvation, nutrient deprivation, bacterial infection, damage to cellular organelles, and protein mismatching. At present, only the mechanism underlying starvation-induced autophagy is understood with relative clarity. However, at the same time, it has been demonstrated that a number of intracellular signaling molecules, such as AMPK, mTOR, C3PI3K, and MAPK, are also involved in autophagy regulation.
  • Autophagy has been proposed to play complex roles in development and treatment of cancers. Activation of autophagy may promote tumor cell survival under metabolic stress and function as a tumor suppression mechanism by preventing necrotic cell death and subsequent inflammation which favors tumor growth (White, E. (2008). Autophagic cell death unraveled: Pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy enables necrosis. Autophagy 4, 399-401).
  • Beclin 1 an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 15077-15082) and decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins in malignant epithelial ovarian cancer (Shen, Y., Li, D.D., Wang, L.L., Deng, R., and Zhu, X.F. (2008). Decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins in malignant epithelial ovarian cancer. Autophagy 4, 1067-8). Thus, chronic suppression of autophagy may stimulate tumorigenesis.
  • imatinib-resistant cell lines BaF3/T315I and BaF3/E255K
  • inhibition of autophagy sensitizes tumor cells to imatinib-induced cell death.
  • the block of autophagy has been proposed to be a new strategy for the treatment of CML (Mishima, Y., Terui, Y., Taniyama, A., Kuniyoshi, R., Takizawa, T., Kimura, S., Ozawa, K., and Hatake, K. (2008).
  • Autophagy and autophagic cell death are next targets for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • a conditional knockout mouse that lacks the autophagy-related (Atg) gene Atg5 in the pancreatic acinar cells has shown significantly reduced severity of acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein (Ohmuraya, M., and Yamamura, K. (2008).
  • Autophagy and acute pancreatitis a novel autophagy theory for trypsinogen activation.
  • Autophagy 4 1060- 1062 Thus autophagy exerts a detrimental effect in pancreatic acinar cells by activation of trypsinogen to trypsin.
  • Inhibitors of autophagy may provide important new therapeutics for acute pancreatitis.
  • One aspect of the present invention relates to an autophagy inducing compound represented by compounds of formula I:
  • R is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 2 is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 3 is fluorenyl or fluorenyl-like
  • R 4 is aryl, heteroaryl
  • W, Y and Z are independently for each occurrence selected from the group
  • E is arylene or heteroarylene
  • R 5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, silyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, amino or amido;
  • R 6 is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R 7 is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 8 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective for treating an autophagy associated disease, wherein the compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically- protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
  • the compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically- protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
  • composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the autophagy associated disease is a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • the disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates is selected from the group consiting of: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease.
  • the disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates is a chronic disease.
  • the autophagy associated disease is cancer.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of inducing autophagy in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to induce autophagy in the cell.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I, or a
  • the cell is present in a subject. In certain embodiments, the cell is present in an in vitro cell culture. In certain
  • the cell is contacted with an autophagy inducing compound at a
  • the cell is contacted with an autophagy inducing compound at a concentration of about 3.0 ⁇ to about 9.0 ⁇ .
  • the cell is selected from the group consisting of neural cells, glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, lymphatic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, cancer cells, and haematopoietic cells.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating an autophagy associated disease in a subject; the method includes administering to the subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat the disease, or a composition comprising the compound, thereby treating the disease in the subject.
  • the autophagy associate disease is a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • the disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates is selected from the group including: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease.
  • the disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates is a chronic disease.
  • the autophagy associated disease is cancer.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration of about 0.1 ⁇ to about 15.0 ⁇ .
  • the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration of about 3.0 ⁇ to about 9.0 ⁇ .
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a kit which includes: (i) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound and (ii) instructions for administering the composition to a subject for the treatment of an autophagy associated disease.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Figure 1 depicts DPBPs autophagy regulators: Fluspirilene (1), Pimozide (2), Trifluoperazine (3) and Penfluridol (4).
  • Figure 2 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 36-41 and 45-54.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) THF, Reflux; (b) EtOH, Con. HC1, Reflux; (c) CBr 4 , Ph 3 P, CH 2 C1 2 , 0 °C- RT; (d) Pd/C, H 2 , EtOH, RT; and (e) piperidines, NaC0 3 , KI, CH 3 CN, Reflux.
  • Figure 3 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 42-44 and 55-57.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) Et 2 0, Reflux; (b) MgBr 2 , Et 2 0, Reflux; (c) Pd/C, H 2 , EtOH, RT; and (d) piperidines, NaC0 3 , KI, CH 3 CN, Reflux.
  • Figure 4 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 67-76. Reagents and conditions: (a) THF, Reflux; (b) EtOAc, 3M HC1 RT; and (c) diphenylbutyl bromide, NaC0 3 , KI, CH 3 CN, Reflux.
  • Figure 5 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 77-90. Reagents and conditions:
  • Figures 6 to 11 depicts tables of EC50 values for selected autophagy inducers.
  • Figure 12 depicts DPBP autophagy regulators: Pimozide (2), and DPBPs scaffolds, wherein the piperidines have 6,5-fused rings, P-1-56 and P-2-56, or 6,6-fused rings, P-1-66 and P-2-66 at their 4-position (wherein W, X, Y and Z are as defined herein).
  • Figures 13 and 14 depict tables of EC50 values for selected autophagy inducers
  • Figures 15 and 16 depict a synthetic route to compounds 142-150, 152, 153, 156- 58, 160 and 161.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) NaH, DMF, 90 °C; (b) TFA, CH 2 C1 2 , 0 °C- RT; (c) NaBH(OAc) 3 , DCE, RT; (d) (Cl 3 CO) 3 CO, py., THF; (e) KOH, MeOH, Reflux; (f) Pd/C, H 2 , EtOH, RT; (g) NaBH 3 CN, AcOH; and (h) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc) 3 , DCE, RT.
  • Figure 17 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 163-180.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) PPA, 180 °C; (b) BH 3 .THF; (c) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc) 3 , DCE, RT; (d)TFA, CH 2 C1 2 , 0 °C-RT; (e) DMF, 90 °C; and (f) DEAD, Ph 3 P, THF.
  • Figures 18 and 19 depict tables of EC 50 values for selected P-l-56 autophagy inducers.
  • Figure 20 depicts a table of EC50 values for selected P-2-56 autophagy inducers.
  • Figures 21 and 22 depict a synthetic route to compounds 218-223.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) NaBH 3 CN, BF 3 .Et 2 0; (b) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc) 3 , DCE, RT; (c) TFA, CH 2 CI 2 , 0 °C-RT; (d) TsOH, toluene; (e) L1AIH 4 , dioxane; (f) CDI, CH 3 CN, Reflux; (g) Pd(OH) 2 /H 2 , MeOH; (h) sulfamide, pyridine, Reflux; (i) HCOOH, Reflux; (j) NaN0 2 , coned HC1; and (k) CS 2 ,EtOH, Reflux.
  • Figures 23 and 24 depict a synthetic route to compounds 224-233.
  • Reagents and conditions (a) NaBH 4 , NiCl 2 , MeOH; (b) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc) 3 , DCE, RT; (c) TFA, CH 2 CI 2 , 0 °C-RT; (d) NaBH 4 , MeOH; (e) CDI, CH3CN, Reflux; (f) Pd(OH) 2 /H 2 , MeOH; (h) NaN0 2 , coned HC1; (i) CH(OMe) 3 .
  • Figure 25 depicts a table of EC50 values for selected P-l-66 autophagy inducers.
  • Figures 26 and 27 depict tables of EC50 values for selected P-2-66 autophagy inducers.
  • Figure 28 depicts a table of EC 50 values for selected autophagy inducers.
  • Figure 29 depicts compounds 238 and 239 and their autophagy EC50 values.
  • the invention relates to autophagy inducing compounds that are useful in treating or preventing autophagy associated diseases, e.g., diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • autophagy associated diseases e.g., diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to
  • diphenylbutylpiperidines which have autophagy inducing activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to an effective synthetic route to a diphenylbutyl bromide intermediate useful in the preparation of compounds of the invention.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to novel diphenylbutylpiperidines which have improved autophagy inducing activity when comapared to known diphenybutylpiperidines. For example, modification of compounds 1 and 4 resulted in up to about a 10-fold increase in autophagy inducing activity (e.g., compound 48).
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds derived from compound 2, in which different 5,6- and 6,6-ring systems are substituted at the 4-position of piperidine ring, as shown in Figure 12 (Klionsky, D.J.; Emr, S.D. Science. 2000, 290, 1717; and Levine B, Yuan J. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115, 2679).
  • an element means one element or more than one element.
  • a reference to "A and/or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
  • the phrase "at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
  • This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.
  • At least one of A and B can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
  • autophagy refers to the catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components; such as, long lived proteins, protein aggregates, cellular organelles, cell membranes, organelle membranes, and other cellular components.
  • the mechanism of autophagy may include: (i) the formation of a membrane around a targeted region of the cell, separating the contents from the rest of the cytoplasm, (ii) the fusion of the resultant vesicle with a lysosome and the subsequent degradation of the vesicle contents.
  • autophagy may refer to one of the mechanisms by which a starving cell re-allocates nutrients from unnecessary processes to more essential processes.
  • autophagy may inhibit the progression of some diseases and play a protective role against infection by intracellular pathogens.
  • the term "compound” is intended to mean a substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms.
  • a compound generally refers to a chemical entity, whether in the solid, liquid or gaseous phase, and whether in a crude mixture or purified and isolated.
  • Compounds encompass the chemical compound itself as well as, where applicable: amorphous and crystalline forms of the compound, including polymorphic forms, said forms in mixture or in isolation; free acid and free base forms of the compound; isomers of the compound, including geometric isomers, optical isomers, and tautomeric isomers, said optical isomers to include enantiomers and diastereomers, chiral isomers and non-chiral isomers, said optical isomers to include isolated optical isomers or mixtures of optical isomers including racemic and non- racemic mixtures; said geometric isomers to include transoid and cisoid forms, where an isomer may be in isolated form or in admixture with one or more other isomers; isotopes of the compound, including deuterium- and tritium-containing compounds, and including compounds containing radioisotopes, including therapeutically- and diagnostically-effective radioisotopes; multimeric forms of the compound, including dimeric, trimeric, etc.
  • salts of the compound including acid addition salts and base addition salts, including organic counterions and inorganic counterions, and including zwitterionic forms, where if a compound is associated with two or more counterions, the two or more counterions may be the same or different; and solvates of the compound, including hemisolvates, monosolvates, disolvates, etc., including organic solvates and inorganic solvates, said inorganic solvates including hydrates; where if a compound is associated with two or more solvent molecules, the two or more solvent molecules may be the same or different
  • autophagy inducing compound refers to a compound that induces autophagy in a cell.
  • autophagy inducing compound comprises the specific compounds disclosed herein.
  • misfolded protein aggregates refers to a mass of misfolded proteins, wherein said proteins have not adopted the appropriate three-dimensional structure, i.e., tertiary structure.
  • the misfolded proteins may have clustered together to form an assemblage of misfolded proteins.
  • autophagy associated disease includes a disease that can be treated by the induction of autophagy.
  • diseases include diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates is intended to include any disease, disorder or condition associated with or caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • such diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease.
  • autophagy associated disease also includes cancer e.g., any cancer wherein the induction of autophagy would inhibit cell growth and division, reduce mutagenesis, remove mitochondria and other organelles damaged by reactive oxygen species or kill developing tumor cells. Autophagy associated diseases can be chronic diseases.
  • chronic disease refers to a persistent and lasting disease or medical condition, or one that has developed slowly.
  • an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention refers to the amount of an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention required to treat or prevent an autophagy associated disease, e.g., a disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates.
  • the effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound of the invention used to practice the invention for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of autophagy associated diseases varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age, body weight, and general health of the subject.
  • An effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound, as defined herein may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the subject, and the ability of the autophagy inducing compound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.
  • an effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects (e.g., side effects) of the autophagy inducing compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound may range from about 0.001 to 30 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferably about 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight.
  • treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
  • a subject is treated with an autophagy inducing compound in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks.
  • the effective dosage of an autophagy inducing compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.
  • composition refers to a composition containing an autophagy inducing compound of the invention formulated with one or more
  • compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); or any other formulation described herein.
  • unit dosage form e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup
  • topical administration e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment
  • intravenous administration e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like, that may be used as a media for a pharmaceutically acceptable substance.
  • the active materials can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, or have another action.
  • the autophagy inducing compounds may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active ingredients.
  • treating refers to administering a pharmaceutical composition for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes.
  • To “prevent disease” refers to prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not yet ill, but who is susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular disease.
  • To “treat disease” or use for “therapeutic treatment” refers to administering treatment to a subject already suffering from a disease to improve or stabilize the subject's condition.
  • treating is the administration to a subject either for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
  • subject includes humans, and non-human animals amenable to therapy, e.g., preferably mammals and animals susceptible to an autophagy associated disease, such as a disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates, including non- human primates, transgenic animals, mice, rats, dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, and cows.
  • an autophagy associated disease such as a disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates, including non- human primates, transgenic animals, mice, rats, dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, and cows.
  • the subject is a human subject
  • each expression e.g., alkyl, m, n, and the like, when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.
  • substitution or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • substituted is also contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds.
  • Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein below.
  • the permissible substituents may be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms.
  • This invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the term "lower” when appended to any of the groups listed below indicates that the group contains less than seven carbons (i.e. six carbons or less).
  • “lower alkyl” refers to an alkyl group containing 1-6 carbons
  • lower alkenyl refers to an alkyenyl group containing 2-6 carbons.
  • saturated refers to compounds and/or groups which do not have any carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • unsaturated as used herein, pertains to compounds and/or groups which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • aliphatic refers to compounds and/or groups which are linear or branched, but not cyclic (also known as “acyclic” or “open-chain” groups).
  • cyclic refers to compounds and/or groups which have one ring, or two or more rings (e.g., spiro, fused, bridged).
  • aromatic refers to a planar or polycyclic structure characterized by a cyclically conjugated molecular moiety containing 4n+2 electrons, wherein n is the absolute value of an integer.
  • Aromatic molecules containing fused, or joined, rings also are referred to as bicylic aromatic rings.
  • bicyclic aromatic rings containing heteroatoms in a hydrocarbon ring structure are referred to as bicyclic heteroaryl rings.
  • hydrocarbon refers to an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • heteroatom refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen.
  • Illustrative heteroatoms include boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium.
  • alkyl means an aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, and 1-cyclohexylethyl.
  • alkylene is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group, as defined above.
  • alkenyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens.
  • Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5- hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-l-heptenyl, and 3-decenyl.
  • alkynyl as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
  • Carbocyclyl as used herein means monocyclic or multicyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.) hydrocarbons containing from 3 to 12 carbon atoms that is completely saturated or has one or more unsaturated bonds, and for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system (e.g. phenyl).
  • carbocyclyl groups include 1-cyclopropyl, 1-cyclobutyl, 2-cyclopentyl, 1- cyclopentenyl, 3-cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl and 2-cyclopentenylmethyl.
  • heterocyclyl include non-aromatic, ring systems, including, but not limited to, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic rings, which can be completely saturated or which can contain one or more units of unsaturation, for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system, and have 3 to 12 atoms including at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • heterocyclic rings azepines, azetidinyl, morpholinyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinicludinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl and tetrahydrofuranyl.
  • heterocyclyl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl,
  • alkylene moiety e.g. methylene
  • aryl as used herein means a phenyl group, naphthyl or anthracenyl group.
  • the aryl groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkyn
  • haloalkylcarbonyl fluoroalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynylsul
  • arylalkyl or "aralkyl” as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3- phenylpropyl, and 2-naphth-2-ylethyl.
  • fluorenyl refers to a radical having the chemical formula and numbering scheme indicated below:
  • 9 indicates the bridgehead carbon atom.
  • the remaining carbon atoms available to accept substituents are indicated by numbers 1-4 on one phenyl group of the ligand, and numbers 5-8 on the other phenyl group of the fluorenyl group.
  • the fluorenyl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
  • fluroralkylsulfonyl alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfmyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfmyl, fluroralkoxysulfmyl, alkenyloxysulfmyl,
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfmyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • fluorenyl-like refers to a fluorenyl radical, as described above, wherein 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the carbons, excluding the C-9 carbon, is/are replaced with a nitrogen; and/or the bond between the C-4' and C-5' carbons is replaced with -S-, -0-, - N(H)-, -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
  • the fluorenyl-like groups of the invention are substituted, on the aromatic rings or on the atoms between C-4' and C-5', with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • alkylene moiety e.g. methylene
  • heteroaryl as used herein include aromatic ring systems, including, but not limited to, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic rings, and have 3 to 12 atoms including at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralk
  • alkynyloxysulfony aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl
  • heteroarylene is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from adjacent atoms of a heteroaryl ring, as defined above.
  • heteroarylalkyl or “heteroaralkyl” as used herein means a heteroaryl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, pyridin- 3-ylmethyl and 2-(thien-2-yl)ethyl.
  • halo or halogen means -CI, -Br, -I or -F.
  • haloalkyl means an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen is replaced with a halogen, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.
  • fluoroalkyl means an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein all the hydrogens are replaced with fluorines.
  • hydroxy as used herein means an -OH group.
  • alkoxy as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.
  • alkyenyloxy “alkynyloxy”, “carbocycyloxy”, and “heterocycyloxy” are likewise defined.
  • haloalkoxy as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen is replaced with a halogen, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.
  • fluoroalkyloxy is likewise defined.
  • aryloxy as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen.
  • heteroaryloxy as used herein means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen.
  • heteroaryloxy is likewise defined.
  • arylalkoxy or "arylalkyloxy” as used herein means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen.
  • heteroarylalkoxy is likewise defined. Representative examples of aryloxy and heteroarylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, 2-chlorophenylmethoxy, 3-trifluoromethyl- phenylethoxy, and 2,3-dimethylpyridinylmethoxy.
  • sulfhydryl or "thio" as used herein means a -SH group.
  • alkylthio as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur.
  • Representative examples of alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio, tert-butylthio, and hexylthio.
  • haloalkylthio fluoroalkylthio
  • alkyenylthio alkynylthio
  • arylthio as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an sulfur.
  • heteroarylthio is likewise defined.
  • arylalkylthio or “aralkylthio” as used herein means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an sulfur.
  • heteroarylalkylthio is likewise defined.
  • alkylsulfonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • alkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl.
  • haloalkylsulfonyl include fluroralkylsulfonyl, “alkenylsulfonyl”, “alkynylsulfonyl”, “carbocycylsulfonyl”, “heterocycylsulfonyl", “arylsulfonyl”,
  • aralkylsulfonyl "heteroarylsulfonyl” and “heteroaralkylsulfonyl” are likewise defined.
  • alkoxysulfonyl as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
  • alkoxysulfonyl include, but are not limited to,
  • aralkyloxysulfonyl "hetero aryloxy sulfonyl” and “heteroaralkyloxysulfonyl” are likewise defined.
  • triflyl, tosyl, mesyl, and nonaflyl are art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonyl, /?-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, and
  • nonafluorobutanesulfonyl groups respectively.
  • triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and nonaflate are art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonate ester, /?-toluenesulfonate ester, methanesulfonate ester, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester functional groups and molecules that contain said groups, respectively.
  • aminosulfonyl as used herein means an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.
  • oxy refers to a -O- group.
  • alkylcarbonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1- oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl.
  • haloalkylcarbonyl "fluoroalkylcarbonyl”, “alkenylcarbonyl”, “alkynylcarbonyl”, “carbocycylcarbonyl”, “heterocycylcarbonyl”, “arylcarbonyl”, “aralkylcarbonyl”, “heteroarylcarbonyl”, and “heteroaralkylcarbonyl” are likewise defined.
  • alkoxycarbonyl as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.
  • Representative examples of alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and tert-butoxy carbonyl.
  • heteroaryoaralkyloxycarbonyl are likewise defined.
  • alkylcarbonyloxy as used herein means an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, and tert-butylcarbonyloxy.
  • haloalkylcarbonyloxy fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy
  • alkenylcarbonyloxy alkynylcarbonyloxy
  • aralkylcarbonyloxy "heteroarylcarbonyloxy”, and “heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy” are likewise defined.
  • alkylsulfonyloxy as used herein means an alkylsulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
  • haloalkylsulfonyloxy fluroralkylsulfonyloxy
  • alkenylsulfonyloxy alkylsulfonyloxy
  • alkynylsulfonyloxy "carbocycylsulfonyloxy”
  • heterocycylsulfonyloxy
  • heteroaryloxysulfonyloxy and “heteroaralkyloxysulfonyloxy”
  • amino refers to -NH 2 and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one or both of the hydrogens are independently replaced with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carbocycylcarbonyl,
  • heterocycylcarbonyl arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarnbonyl,
  • Representative examples include, but are not limited to methylamino, acetylamino, and dimethylamino.
  • amino as used herein means an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl.
  • cyano as used herein means a -C ⁇ N group.
  • nitro as used herein means a -N0 2 group.
  • azido as used herein means a -N 3 group.
  • phosphinyl as used herein includes -PH 3 and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one, two or three of the hydrogens are independently replaced with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, and amino.
  • sil as used herein includes H 3 Si- and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one, two or three of the hydrogens are independently replaced with subsitutuents selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl.
  • TMS trimethylsilyl
  • TDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl
  • TPS/TBDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl
  • TIPS triisopropylsilyl
  • SEM [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl
  • silyloxy as used herein means a silyl group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecule through an oxygen atom.
  • Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, and Ms represent methyl, ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl, /?-toluenesulfonyl and
  • One aspect of the invention relates to autophagy inducing compounds. Recently, a high-throughput image-based screen was used to identified seven FDA-approved drugs which can induce autophagy without inducing cell death (see International Patent
  • Fluspirilene an FDA-approved phenothiazine tranquilizer (antipsychotic drug), has been used to treat schizophrenia (Meijer, AJ. and Codogno, P. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004, 36, 2445-62). This molecule may function by blocking adrenaline and dopamine transport in the central nervous system (Janssen, P.A., Niemegeers, CJ., Schellekens, K.H., et al. Arzneiffen 1974, 20, 1689-98).
  • Trifluoperazine is another FDA-approved tranquilizer, which, like fluspirilene, can effectively treat acute schizophrenia (Janssen, P. A., Niemegeers, CJ., Schellekens, K.H., et al. Arzneistoffforschung 1970, 20, 1689-98).
  • trifluoperazine has also been reported to inhibit calmodulin activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore
  • MTP calcium ion channel blocker
  • Pimozide is an FDA-approved tranquilizer used in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. It may act on central aminergic receptors. At high doses, this compound may also affect the degradation of norepinephrine.
  • niguldipine acts as an inhibitor of Type-T Ca 2+ current in cardiac myocytes.
  • nicardipine is frequently used to treat chronic angina pectoris, high blood pressure, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
  • Amiodarone is another highly effective anti- arrhythmia drug. It also blocks Ca 2+ channels.
  • Loperamide is a heterocyclic piperidine derivative. As an FDA-approved drug to treat diarrhea, it can effectively improve gastrointestinal symptoms. Loperamide can block high-voltage-activated Ca 2+ channels and reactions to N-methyl-D-aspartate in the hippocampal neurons of rabbits and mice (Girotti, F., Carella, F., Scigliano, G., et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984, 47: 848-52). In addition, loperamide can also block voltage-dependant Ca 2+ channels in cultured dorsal root ganglions (Church, J. Fletcher, EJ., Abdel-Hamid, K. et al. Mol Pharmacol. 1995, 45: 747-57).
  • Penitrem A a fungal neurotoxin discovered in ryegrass, can selectively block Ca 2+ - activated K + channels (100% blockage is achieved by 10-nM penitrem A). It has been reported that this compound may possess marked neurotoxicity and can cause severe tremors or ataxia (Hagiwara, K., Nakagawasai, O., Murata, A., et al. Neurosci Res. 2003, 46, 493-7); however the results presented in International Patent Application publication number WO/2009/049242 show that this drug does not destroy H4.
  • DPBPs were originally antagonists of the D 2 receptor and were clinically used to treat various forms of psychosis (Seeman, P.; Lee, T.; Chau-Wong, M; Wong. K. Nature.
  • R 1 is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 2 is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 3 is fluorenyl or fluorenyl-like
  • n 0, 1, 2 or 3;
  • W, Y and Z are independently for each occurrence selected from the rou
  • E is arylene or heteroarylene
  • R 5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, silyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, amino or amido;
  • R 6 is hydrogen or alkyl
  • R 7 is aryl or heteroaryl
  • R 8 is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • W, X, Y and Z certain selections of W, X, Y and Z, such as when W, X, Y and Z are all ⁇ 0 ⁇ , result in non-sensical compounds. In other words, the selection of W, X, Y and Z must be in accordance with permitted valence and result in a stable compound.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • A is not (i.e., provided that the compound is not 1, 2 or 4, as depicted in Figure 1).
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R
  • the invention rel ed compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, whereiinn R is or In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is heteroaryl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
  • fluroralkylsulfonyl alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfmyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfmyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is a 4-substituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is heteroaryl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is a 4-substituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 and R 2 are the same. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 1 and R 2 are not the same.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 3 is fluorenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 3 is fluorenyl-like.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • alkyl independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfony
  • alkynyloxysulfony aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfmyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfmy, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloal
  • 0-8 substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 0. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 1. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 2. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 3. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is heteroaryl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
  • fluroralkylsulfonyl alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfmyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is a 4-substituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, cyano or amino. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy or alkylcarbonyloxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention rel e aforementioned
  • the invention rel e aforementioned
  • X is XX .
  • the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is H . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is H . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention rel e aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is ⁇ ff, * ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ j n cer tain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is . i n certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, where In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relate e aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to an of the aforementioned com ounds and attendant any
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is ⁇ XX ⁇ . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is XX ⁇ . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is .
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is In certain embodiments of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
  • the invention rel e aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
  • the invention re to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is .
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, where In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is ⁇ .
  • the invention relat e aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is .
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is ⁇ j n cer ain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is * N In certain embodiments, of the aforementioned compounds and
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is R 8 . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is arylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • E is ed with 0-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroral
  • haloalkylcarbonyl fluoroalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynylsul
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • R 4 is In certain embodiments, the invention relates to an of the aforementioned
  • R 4 is In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is .
  • R is .
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relate of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 8 is hydrogen.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 6 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 7 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • R 7 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl
  • alkynyloxysulfiny aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
  • fluoroalkylcarbonyl alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, hal
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 7 is phenyl.
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 6 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is arylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
  • E is ed with 0-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroral
  • haloalkylcarbonyl fluoroalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynylsul
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
  • pharmaceutically compatible counterions i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound or a prodrug of a compound of this invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable counterion” is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms.
  • Acids commonly employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acids such as hydrogen bisulfide, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, ascorbic, maleic, besylic, fumaric, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, glutamic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, lactic, oxalic, para- bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids.
  • Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate,
  • Suitable bases for forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with acidic functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl,N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N- (hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,
  • Certain compounds of the invention and their salts may exist in more than one crystal form and the present invention includes each crystal form and mixtures thereof.
  • Certain compounds of the invention and their salts may also exist in the form of solvates, for example hydrates, and the present invention includes each solvate and mixtures thereof.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers, and exist in different optically active forms.
  • compounds of the invention contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms and the present invention includes both enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, such as racemic mixtures.
  • the enantiomers may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by
  • a compound of the invention When a compound of the invention contains more than one chiral center, it may exist in diastereoisomeric forms.
  • the diastereoisomeric compounds may be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers may be separated as described above.
  • the present invention includes each diastereoisomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different tautomeric forms or as different geometric isomers, and the present invention includes each tautomer and/or geometric isomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers.
  • the present invention includes each conformational isomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may exist in zwitterionic form and the present invention includes each zwitterionic form of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
  • the present invention also includes pro-drugs.
  • pro-drug refers to an agent which is converted into the parent drug in vivo by some physiological chemical process (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH is converted to the desired drug form).
  • Pro-drugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not.
  • the prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmacological compositions over the parent drug.
  • pro-drug a compound of the present invention wherein it is administered as an ester (the "pro-drug") to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is not beneficial, but then it is metabolically hydro lyzed to the carboxylic acid once inside the cell where water solubility is beneficial.
  • Pro-drugs have many useful properties. For example, a pro-drug may be more water soluble than the ultimate drug, thereby facilitating intravenous administration of the drug. A pro-drug may also have a higher level of oral bioavailability than the ultimate drug. After administration, the prodrug is enzymatically or chemically cleaved to deliver the ultimate drug in the blood or tissue.
  • Exemplary pro-drugs upon cleavage release the corresponding free acid, and such hydrolyzable ester-forming residues of the compounds of this invention include but are not limited to carboxylic acid substituents (e.g., -C(0) 2 H or a moiety that contains a carboxylic acid) wherein the free hydrogen is replaced by (Ci-C 4 )alkyl, (C 2 -Ci 2 )alkanoyloxymethyl, (C 4 -Cc))l-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- l-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1- (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- 1 - (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N- (alkoxycarbonyl)amino
  • exemplary pro-drugs release an alcohol or amine of a compound of the invention wherein the free hydrogen of a hydroxyl or amine substituent is replaced by (C i -C 6 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1 -((C i -C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -((C i - C 6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl, N-(Ci-C 6 )alkoxycarbonylamino- methyl, succinoyl, (Ci-Ce)alkanoyl, a-amino(Ci-C 4 )alkanoyl, arylactyl and a-aminoacyl, or ⁇ -aminoacyl-a-aminoacyl wherein said a-aminoacyl moieties are independently any of the naturally occurring L-amino acids found in proteins
  • protecting group means temporary substituents which protect a potentially reactive functional group from undesired chemical transformations.
  • protecting groups include esters of carboxylic acids, silyl ethers of alcohols, and acetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones, respectively.
  • the field of protecting group chemistry has been reviewed (Greene, T.W.; Wuts, P.G.M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2 nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991). Protected forms of the inventive compounds are included within the scope of this invention.
  • chemically protected form pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions, that is, are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group). It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle the active compound in a chemically protected form.
  • the aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
  • an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (-
  • NHC( 0)OC(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 NHBoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (-NHFmoc), as a 6- nitroveratryloxy amide (-NFINvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (-NHTeoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (-NHTroc), as an allyloxy amide (-NHAlloc), as a 2- (phenylsulfonyl)ethyloxy amide (-NHPsec); or, in suitable cases (e.g., cyclic amines), as a nitroxide radical.
  • a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester or an amide, for example, as: a benzyl ester; a t-butyl ester; a methyl ester; or a methyl amide.
  • -SR thioether
  • benzyl thioether a benzyl thioether
  • autophagy inducing compounds are useful in the treatment of autophagy associated diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases caused by mismatched proteins, such as polyglutamine expansion diseases, and can be prepared so as to be useful for the treatment of diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates and other autophagy-related diseases.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a method of preparing diphenylbutyl bromides comprising the steps of reacting at least two equivalents of an aryl magnesium bromide with one equivalent of a ⁇ -butyrolactone to first open the lactone and form a compound containing a primary alcohol and an aryl ketone, and then react with the resultant aryl ketone, thereby forming an tertiary alcohol; dehydrating the tertiary alcohol to form an alkene; hydrogenating the alkene; and converting the primary alcohol to a halide, such as a bromide.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a heteroaryl magenisum bromide instead of an aryl magnesium bromide.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of another carbanion, such as a lithiate.
  • a tosylate or other sulfonate leaving group may be formed.
  • One aspect the invention provides a method for inhibiting autophagy in a subject for whom inhibition of autophagy is beneficial, comprising administering to the subject a compound of the invention such that autophagy activity in the subject is altered and treatment or prevention is achieved.
  • the subject is a human.
  • treating encompasses the administration and/or application of one or more compounds described herein, to a subject, for the purpose of providing prevention of or management of, and/or remedy for a condition.
  • Treatment for the purposes of this disclosure, may, but does not have to, provide a cure; rather,
  • treatment may be in the form of management of the condition.
  • compounds described herein are used to treat unwanted proliferating cells, including cancers,
  • treatment includes partial or total destruction of the undesirable proliferating cells with minimal destructive effects on normal cells.
  • a desired mechanism of treatment of unwanted rapidly proliferating cells, including cancer cells, at the cellular level is apoptosis.
  • preventing includes either preventing or slowing the onset of a clinically evident unwanted cell proliferation altogether or preventing or slowing the onset of a preclinically evident stage of unwanted rapid cell proliferation in individuals at risk. Also intended to be encompassed by this definition is the prevention or slowing of metastasis of malignant cells or to arrest or reverse the progression of malignant cells. This includes prophylactic treatment of those at risk of developing precancers and cancers. Also encompassed by this definition is the prevention or slowing of restenosis in subjects that have undergone angioplasty or a stent procedure.
  • subject for purposes of treatment includes any human or animal subject who has been diagnosed with, has symptoms of, or is at risk of developing a disorder wherein inhibition of autophagy would be beneficial.
  • the subject is any human or animal subject.
  • a subject may be a human subject who is at risk of or is genetically predisposed to obtaining a disorder characterized by unwanted, rapid cell proliferation, such as cancer.
  • the subject may be at risk due to exposure to carcinogenic agents, being genetically predisposed to disorders characterized by unwanted, rapid cell proliferation, and so on.
  • the compounds described herein are also useful for veterinary treatment of mammals, including companion animals and farm animals, such as, but not limited to dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep, and pigs.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for treating autophagy associated diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates, in a subject, comprising the step of administering to a subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat or prevent the disease.
  • the methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to treat, for example, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease or any other diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates described herein.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for treating autophagy associated diseases caused by protein aggregates, in a subject, comprising the step of administering to a subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat or prevent the disease.
  • the methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to treat, for example, diabetes.
  • Deposition of amyloid, derived from the polypeptide hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; 'amylin') is the single most typical islet alteration in type 2 diabetes.
  • Islet amyloid is a polymerization product of a novel ⁇ -cell regulatory product.
  • amyloid may not be of importance since there is no strict correlation between the degree of islet amyloid infiltration and the disease.
  • amyloid is important in subjects where islets have been destroyed by pronounced islet amyloid deposits. Even when there is less islet amyloid the deposits are widely spread, and ⁇ -cells show ultrastructural signs of cell membrane destruction.
  • type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous and that in one major subtype aggregation of IAPP into amyloid fibrils is determining the progressive loss of ⁇ - cells.
  • development of islet amyloid may be an important event in the loss of ⁇ -cell function after islet transplantation into type 1 diabetic subjects.
  • the disease is type I diabetes. In certain embodiments, the disease is type II diabetes.
  • the methods and compositions of the present invention may also be used to treat other diseases associated with autophagy.
  • diseases may include cancer.
  • the cancer may be any cancer wherein the induction of autophagy would inhibit cell growth and division, reduce mutagenesis, remove mitochondria and other organelles damaged by reactive oxygen species or kill developing tumor cells.
  • the cancer may be cancer of the breast, liver, prostate, stomach, colon, GI tract, pancreases, skin, head, neck, throat, bladder, eye, esophagus, lung, kidney, or brain.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing cancer, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Chloroquine causes a dose-dependent accumulation of large autophagic vesicles and enhances alkylating therapy-induced cell death to a similar degree as knockdown of ATG5.
  • CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • chloroquine markedly enhanced death of a CML cell line, K562, induced by imatinib.
  • imatinib- resistant cell lines, BaF3/T315I and BaF3/E255K can be induced to die by co-treatment with imatinib and chloroquine.
  • Lymphoblastic Leukemia Adult; Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood; Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult; Adrenocortical Carcinoma; Adrenocortical Carcinoma,
  • Brain Tumor Ependymoma
  • Brain Tumor Medulloblastoma
  • Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer; Liver Cancer, Adult (Primary); Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary); Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell; Lung Cancer, Small Cell; Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult Acute; Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood Acute; Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic; Lymphoma, AIDS-Related; Lymphoma, Central Nervous System (Primary); Lymphoma, Cutaneous T- Cell; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Adult; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Childhood; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's During Pregnancy; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's, Adult; Lymphoma, Non- Hodgkin's, Childhood; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's During Pregnancy; Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System; Ma
  • Thymoma Medulloblastoma, Childhood; Melanoma; Melanoma, Intraocular; Merkel Cell Carcinoma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult
  • Oropharyngeal Cancer Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; Ovarian Cancer, Childhood; Ovarian Epithelial Cancer; Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor; Pancreatic Cancer; Pancreatic Cancer, Childhood; Pancreatic Cancer, Islet Cell; Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer; Parathyroid Cancer; Penile Cancer; Pheochromocytoma; Pineal and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood; Pituitary Tumor; Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma; Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; Pregnancy and Breast Cancer; Pregnancy and Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Pregnancy and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma; Primary Liver Cancer, Adult; Primary Liver Cancer, Childhood; Prostate Cancer; Rectal Cancer; Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer
  • the methods of the present invention may be useful to treat such types of cancer.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing acute pancreatitis, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas mediated by the release of digestive enzymes that eventually lead to the destruction of the organ itself. Pancreatitis can be a severe, life-threatening illness with many complications. In severe cases, bleeding, tissue damage to the heart, lungs and kidneys, and infection may occur. About 80,000 cases of acute pancreatitis occur annually in the United States; about 20 percent of them are severe. There is no known treatment for pancreatitis. The current approaches for managing pancreatitis involve waiting for it to resolve on its own and the treatment of heart, lungs and kidney complications if that occur.
  • Atg5-/- mice which are defective for a key autophagy gene Atg5
  • the severity of acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein is greatly reduced with a significantly decreased level of trypsinogen activation.
  • activation of autophagy may exert a detrimental effect in pancreatic acinar cells by mediating the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin.
  • Inhibition of autophagy may provide a unique opportunity for blocking trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis.
  • Development of an autophagy inhibitor may provide a first-in-class inhibitor for acute pancreatitis.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease caused by an intracellular pathogen, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
  • a method of treating or preventing a disease caused by an intracellular pathogen comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
  • the intracellular pathogen is selected from the group consisting of Group A streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis,
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas syringae, Toxoplasma gondeii, Sindbis virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus and Herpes simplex virus.
  • the methods of the invention further include administering to a subject a
  • an autophagy inducing compound in combination with another pharmaceutically active compound known to treat an autophagy associated disease; or a compound that may potentiate the autophagy inducing activity of the autophagy inducing compound.
  • Other pharmaceutically active compounds that may be used can be found in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Thirteenth Edition, Eds. T.R. Harrison et al. McGraw-Hill N.Y., NY; and the Physicians Desk Reference 50th Edition 1997, Oradell New Jersey, Medical Economics Co., the complete contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the combination therapy contemplated by the invention includes, for example, administration of a compound of the invention, or a
  • co-administration shall mean the administration of at least two agents to a subject so as to provide the beneficial effects of the combination of both agents.
  • the agents may be administered simultaneously or sequentially over a period of time.
  • the combinations included within the invention are those combinations useful for their intended purpose.
  • the agents set forth below are illustrative for purposes and not intended to be limited.
  • the combinations, which are part of this invention can be the compounds of the present invention and at least one additional agent selected from the lists below.
  • the combination can also include more than one additional agent, e.g., two or three additional agents if the combination is such that the formed composition can perform its intended function.
  • an autophagy inhibitor e.g., a compound of formula I
  • an anti-angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of cancers.
  • anti-angiogenesis inhibitors have the promise to inhibit tumor growth by suppressing the growth of blood vessels in tumors which are required for supporting tumor survival and growth.
  • the angiostatic agent endostatin and related chemicals can suppress the building of blood vessels and reduce tumor growth.
  • anti-angiogenesis drugs are now under way. In tests with patients, anti-angiogenesis therapies are able to suppress tumor growth with relatively few side effects. However, anti-angiogenesis therapy alone may not be
  • autophagy inhibitors may provide a new option to work alone or in combination with anti-angiogenesis therapy.
  • Endostatin has been shown to induce autophagy in endothelial cells by modulating Beclin 1 and beta-catenin levels (Nguyen, T.M., et al, Endostatin induces autophagy in endothelial cells by modulating Beclin 1 and beta-catenin levels. J Cell Mol Med, 2009). As disclosed herein, it has been found that inhibition of autophagy selectively kills a subset of cancer cells under starvation condition. Therefore, it is proposed that anti-angiogenesis therapy may induce additional metabolic stress to sensitize cancer cells to autophagy inhibitors, which are not normally cytotoxic.
  • a combination of anti-angiogenesis therapy and anti-autophagy therapy may provide a new option for treatment of cancers without cytotoxicity to normal cells (Ramakrishnan, S., et al, Autophagy and angiogenesis inhibition. Autophagy, 2007. 3(5): p. 512-5).
  • Non-limiting examples of anti-angiogenesis agents with which a compound of the invention of the invention can be combined include, for example, the following:
  • bevacizumab (Avastin®), carboxyamidotriazole, TNP-470, CM101, IFN-a, IL-12, platelet factor-4, suramin, SU5416, thrombospondin, VEGFR antagonists, angiostatic steroids with heparin, Cartilage-Derived Angiogenesis Inhibitory Factor, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, angiostatin, endostatin, 2-methoxyestradiol, tecogalan, thrombospondin, prolactin, ⁇ 3 inhibitors and linomide.
  • autophagy inhibitors can be used to treat a subject who has been identified as having a glycolysis dependent cancer by combining one or more autophagy inhibitors with one or more anti-cancer compounds which converts glycolysis dependent cancer to cells incapable of glycolysis.
  • anti-cancer compounds which convert glycolysis dependent cancer to cells incapable of glycolysis: Alkylating Agents; Nitrosoureas; Antitumor Antibiotics; Corticosteroid Hormones; Anti-estrogens; Aromatase Inhibitors; Progestins; Anti-androgens; LHRH agonists; Kinase Inhibitors; and Antibody therapies; for example, busulfan, cisplatin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, dacarbazine (DTIC), mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), melphalan, carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), idarubicin, mitoxantrone, prednisone, dexamethasone, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, anastrozole, letroz
  • the invention features compositions, kits, and methods for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates or additional autophagy-related diseases by administering a compound of the invention (i.e., an autophagy inducing compound).
  • a compound of the invention i.e., an autophagy inducing compound.
  • Compounds of the present invention may be administered by any appropriate route for treatment or prevention of a disease or condition associated with misfolded protein aggregates or additional autophagy-related diseases. These may be administered to humans, domestic pets, livestock, or other animals with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or excipient, in unit dosage form.
  • Administration may be topical, parenteral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, by suppositories, or oral administration.
  • Therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, ear drops, or aerosols.
  • Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes.
  • Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
  • Nanoparticulate formulations may be used to control the biodistribution of the compounds.
  • Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems include ethylene -vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes.
  • Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
  • concentration of the compound in the formulation will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the dosage of the drug to be administered, and the route of administration.
  • the compound may be optionally administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as a non-toxic acid addition salts or metal complexes that are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • acid addition salts include organic acids such as acetic, lactic, pamoic, maleic, citric, malic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, palmitic, suberic, salicylic, tartaric, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, or trifluoro acetic acids or the like; polymeric acids such as tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like; and inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid phosphoric acid, or the like.
  • Metal complexes include zinc, iron, and the like.
  • the autophagy inducing compound has (i) a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., the difference between the plasma concentration leading to harmful side effects or toxic reactions and the plasma concentration leading to a therapeutic effect is small; generally, the therapeutic index, TI, is defined as the ratio of median lethal dose (LD 50 ) to median effective dose (ED 50 )); ( ⁇ ) a narrow absorption window in the gastro-intestinal tract; or (iii) a short biological half-life, so that frequent dosing during a day is required in order to sustain the plasma level at a therapeutic level.
  • a narrow therapeutic index e.g., the difference between the plasma concentration leading to harmful side effects or toxic reactions and the plasma concentration leading to a therapeutic effect is small
  • the therapeutic index, TI is defined as the ratio of median lethal dose (LD 50 ) to median effective dose (ED 50 )
  • a narrow absorption window in the gastro-intestinal tract
  • a short biological half-life so that frequent dosing during a day is required in order to sustain
  • controlled release can be obtained by the appropriate selection of formulation parameters and ingredients, including, e.g., appropriate controlled release compositions and coatings. Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, microspheres, nanop articles, patches, and liposomes.
  • Formulations for oral use include tablets containing the active ingredient(s) in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose and sorbitol), lubricating agents, glidants, and antiadhesives (e.g., magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas,
  • Formulations for oral use may also be provided in unit dosage form as chewable tablets, tablets, cap lets, or capsules (i.e., as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium).
  • the formulations can be administered to human subjects in therapeutically effective amounts. Typical dose ranges are from about 0.01 ⁇ g/kg to about 2 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • the preferred dosage of drug to be administered is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of the disorder, the overall health status of the particular subject, the specific compound being administered, the excipients used to formulate the compound, and its route of administration. Routine experiments may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular compound.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration in the range from about 0.001 ⁇ g/kg to greater than about 500 mg/kg.
  • the concentration may be 0.001 ⁇ g/kg, 0.01 ⁇ g/kg, 0.05 ⁇ g/kg, 0.1 ⁇ g/kg, 0.5 1.0 10.0 ⁇ , 50.0 100.0 500 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg,
  • the autophagy inducing compound is administered in doses that range from 0.01 ⁇ to greater than or equal to 500 ⁇ .
  • the dose may be 0.01 ⁇ , 0.02 ⁇ , 0.05 ⁇ , 0.1 ⁇ , 0.15 ⁇ , 0.2 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ , 0.7 ⁇ , 1.0 ⁇ , 3.0 ⁇ , 5.0 ⁇ , 7.0 ⁇ , 10.0 ⁇ , 15.0 ⁇ , 20.0 ⁇ , 25.0 ⁇ , 30.0 ⁇ , 35.0 ⁇ , 40.0 ⁇ , 45.0 ⁇ , 50.0 ⁇ , 60.0 ⁇ , 70.0 ⁇ , 80.0 ⁇ , 90.0 ⁇ , 100.0 ⁇ , 150.0 ⁇ , 200.0 ⁇ , 250.0 ⁇ , 300.0 ⁇ , 350.0 ⁇ , 400.0 ⁇ , 450.0 ⁇ , to greater than about 500.0 ⁇ or any incremental value thereof. It is to be understood that all values and ranges between these values and ranges are meant to be encompassed by the present invention.
  • the autophagy inducing compound is administered at concentrations that range from 0.10 ⁇ g/ml to 500.0 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the concentration may be 0.10 ⁇ g/ml, 0.50 ⁇ g/ml, 1 ⁇ g/ml, 2.0 ⁇ g/ml, 5.0 ⁇ g/ml, 10.0 ⁇ g/ml, 20 ⁇ g/ml, 25 ⁇ g/ml, 30 ⁇ g/ml, 35 ⁇ g/ml, 40 ⁇ g/ml, 45 ⁇ g/ml, 50 ⁇ g/ml, 60.0 ⁇ g/ml, 70.0 ⁇ g/ml, 80.0 ⁇ g/ml, 90.0 ⁇ g/ml, 100.0 ⁇ g/ml, 150.0 ⁇ g/ml, 200.0 ⁇ g/ml, 250.0 ⁇ g/ml, 300.0 ⁇ g/ml, 350.0 ⁇ g/ml, 400.0 ⁇ g/ml, 450.0
  • the present invention discloses a kit which includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention (e.g. a compound of formula I) and instructions for administering the composition to a subject for the treatment or prevention of an autophagy associated disease, e.g., a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
  • an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention e.g. a compound of formula I
  • the pharmaceutical composition may include one or more autophagy inducing compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Diphenylbutylpiperidines compounds such as those described below, can be prepared by S N 2 substitution of diphenylbutyl halide compounds with piperidines (as described in Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213).
  • piperidines as described in Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213.
  • synthetic routes to diphenylbutyl bromide 10 have been reported (see Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.;
  • Figures 6 and 7 contain the results of incorporating various chemical moieties into the butyl linkers between the diphenyl moiety and the piperidine.
  • Autophagy inducing activity may be determined as described in International Patent Application publication number WO/2009/049242.
  • modification of the linker decreased the autophagy inducing activity, as compared to compound 1.
  • compound 31 showed the same activity as compound 30.
  • Compounds 23 and 33 which contain amide linkages, showed no autophagy activity, perhaps due to in vivo hydrolysis.
  • compounds 24-27 wherein one of the biphenyl phenyl rings is replaced with a hydrogen, showed no activity, suggestiung that the diphenyl moeity is essential.
  • Diphenylbutylpiperidines compounds such as those described herein, can be prepared by S N 2 substitution of halodiphenylbutyl compounds with piperidines (as described in Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213).
  • Figures 18 and 19 showed the biological activity of selected P-l-56 compounds.
  • compound 109 showed 2-fold increased potent activity comparable to compound 2.
  • a series of compounds with CN group have also been prepared; interestingly, some showed good results (147 vs 155, 151 vs 159, 153 vs 161) while some did not (149 vs 157, 150 vs 158, 152 vs 160).
  • compounds 149, 150, 152 and 153 showed 3 to 5-fold increased activity comparable to compound 2, while compounds 148, 151 and 154 showed no activity.
  • compounds 157, 158 and 160 showed 3 to 7-fold increased activity comparable to compound 2, while compounds 156 and 162 showed no activity. All of the above results indicate that the 4-position of piperidine ring can tolerate 6,5-fused heterocycle groups.
  • Cyclization 187 with different regents gave compounds 191, 193, 195 and 197 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Kasuya, Y.; Shigenobl, K.; Hashikami, M.; Karashima, N. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1116; and Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Hashimoto, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1104).

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Abstract

Autophagy inducing compounds, methods of their preparation and use, and kits containg said compounds are disclosed herein.

Description

Diphenylbutylpiperidine Autophagy Inducers
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of priority to United States Provisional Patent Application serial number 61/334,802, filed May 14, 2010, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
This invention was made with U.S. Government support under National Institutes of Health Grant Nos. AG012859 and AG027916. The government has certain rights in the invention.
BACKGROUND
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent process whereby proteins or damaged organelles within a cell are degraded (Klionsky, DJ., and Emr, S. D. (2000). Science. 290: 1717-21). During this process, an autophagosome having a double membrane encloses the component of the cell to be degraded, the autophagosome then fuses with a lysosome which carries out the function of degradation, which results in the recycling of amino acids. This system of degradation and recycling has been conserved to a high degree by evolution and is of key importance in development, growth, aging, illness, death, and other biological processes. Together, the autophagy- lysosome pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway form the two principal degradation systems of eukaryotic cells; however, the two pathways have different functions in the cell. Autophagy is primarily involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, and cellular organelles and other cellular components. Thus, in addition to taking part in various important physiological processes, autophagy appears to have great significance for the treatment of various diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates in specific tissues and cells.
Under ordinary circumstances, autophagy is maintained at a very low basal level within a cell, but when confronted with starvation or other stress conditions, the level of autophagy is rapidly up-regulated. Seventeen autophagy-related genes (abbreviated "ATG" genes) have already been confirmed through the analysis of yeast genes (Klionsky, D.J., Cregg, J.M., Dunn, W. A., et al. (2003) Dev Cell. 5 : 539-45). The proteins encoded by these seventeen genes can be divided into four types, comprising several kinds of serine- threonine kinase (Atgl, Atgl3, Atgl7) that are involved in regulating upstream autophagy signals (such as mTOR); proteins that are involved in regulating lipase/kinase signal compounds during the initiation stage of the autophagy process (Atg6, Atgl4, Vps34, and Vpsl5); two types of new ubiquitin-like conjugation systems (the Atg8 and Atgl2 systems) that are involved in autophagosome formation; and proteins (Atg2, Atg9, and Atgl8) that assist ATG molecules bound to an autophagosome during the autophagosome formation process to dissociate from the mature autophagosome. The vast majority of ATG genes in yeast have homologues in high-level eukaryotic biological cells (Mizushima, N. and Klionsky, DJ. (2007) Annu Rev Nutr. 27: 19-40). For example, in mammalian cells, the inhibition of autophagy under non-starvation conditions is mediated by target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase (Lum, J.J., DeBerardinis, R.J., and Thompson, CB. (2005) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6: 439-48). By contrast, C3 PI3 kinase, the homologue of yeast Vps34 protein in mammalian cells, is required for the initiation of autophagy.
Autophagy can be induced by many factors both from within and outside the cell, including starvation, nutrient deprivation, bacterial infection, damage to cellular organelles, and protein mismatching. At present, only the mechanism underlying starvation-induced autophagy is understood with relative clarity. However, at the same time, it has been demonstrated that a number of intracellular signaling molecules, such as AMPK, mTOR, C3PI3K, and MAPK, are also involved in autophagy regulation.
Autophagy has been proposed to play complex roles in development and treatment of cancers. Activation of autophagy may promote tumor cell survival under metabolic stress and function as a tumor suppression mechanism by preventing necrotic cell death and subsequent inflammation which favors tumor growth (White, E. (2008). Autophagic cell death unraveled: Pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy enables necrosis. Autophagy 4, 399-401). On the other hand, inhibition of autophagy may lead to genome instability through unknown mechanisms which might explain the increased frequency of beclin 1 heterozygosity in multiple lines of cancers (Qu, X., Yu, J., Bhagat, G., Furuya, N., Hibshoosh, H., Troxel, A., Rosen, J., Eskelinen, EX., Mizushima, N., Ohsumi, Y., et al. (2003). Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene. J Clin Invest 112, 1809-1820; and Yue, Z., Jin, S., Yang, C, Levine, A.J., and Heintz, N. (2003). Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 15077-15082) and decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins in malignant epithelial ovarian cancer (Shen, Y., Li, D.D., Wang, L.L., Deng, R., and Zhu, X.F. (2008). Decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins in malignant epithelial ovarian cancer. Autophagy 4, 1067-8). Thus, chronic suppression of autophagy may stimulate tumorigenesis.
The proposed role of autophagy in anticancer therapy is opposite to that during tumorigenesis. Once a tumor is formed, acute inhibition of autophagy might be beneficial for the therapeutic goal by promoting radiosensitization and chemosensitization
(Amaravadi, R.K., and Thompson, C.B. (2007). The roles of therapy-induced autophagy and necrosis in cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res 13, 7271-7279). In an animal model of cancer therapy, inhibition of therapy-induced autophagy either with shRNA against a key autophagy gene ATG5 or with anti-malarial drug chloroquine enhanced cell death and tumor regression of Myc-driven tumors in which either activated p53 or alkylating chemotherapy was used to drive tumor cell death (Amaravadi, R.K., Yu, D., Lum, J.J., Bui, T., Christophorou, M.A., Evan, G.I., Thomas-Tikhonenko, A., and Thompson, C.B. (2007). Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy-induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma. J Clin Invest 117, 326-336). Chloroquine causes a dose-dependent
accumulation of large autophagic vesicles and enhances alkylating therapy-induced cell death to a similar degree as knockdown of ATG5. In another example, resistance to TRAIL was found to be reversed by a common approach of targeting specific components of autophagic process, such as Beclinl or Vps34, for inhibition (Hou, W., Han, J., Lu, C, Goldstein, L.A., and Rabinowich, H. (2008). Enhancement of tumor-TRAIL susceptibility by modulation of autophagy. Autophagy 4, 940-943). In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine markedly enhanced death of a CML cell line, K562, induced by imatinib. Furthermore, imatinib-resistant cell lines, BaF3/T315I and BaF3/E255K, can be induced to die by co-treatment with imatinib and chloroquine. Thus, inhibition of autophagy sensitizes tumor cells to imatinib-induced cell death. The block of autophagy has been proposed to be a new strategy for the treatment of CML (Mishima, Y., Terui, Y., Taniyama, A., Kuniyoshi, R., Takizawa, T., Kimura, S., Ozawa, K., and Hatake, K. (2008). Autophagy and autophagic cell death are next targets for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Sci 99, 2200-8). These studies suggest that autophagy can promote resistance to DNA-damaging therapy. Since chloroquine is a blocker of lysosomes, it will be interesting to see if specific inhibitors targeting different steps of autophagy process also have the same effect in enhancing the effect of chemotherapies in cell-based assays and animal models. In addition, autophagy has also been shown to play an important role in mediating cellular damage induced by acute pancreatitis. Autodigestion of the pancreas by its own prematurely activated digestive proteases is thought to be an important event in the onset of acute pancreatitis. A conditional knockout mouse that lacks the autophagy-related (Atg) gene Atg5 in the pancreatic acinar cells has shown significantly reduced severity of acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein (Ohmuraya, M., and Yamamura, K. (2008). Autophagy and acute pancreatitis: a novel autophagy theory for trypsinogen activation. Autophagy 4, 1060- 1062). Thus autophagy exerts a detrimental effect in pancreatic acinar cells by activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. Inhibitors of autophagy may provide important new therapeutics for acute pancreatitis.
SUMMARY
One aspect of the present invention relates to an autophagy inducing compound represented by compounds of formula I:
Figure imgf000005_0001
I
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically-protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof; wherein, independently for each occurrence,
Figure imgf000005_0002
R is aryl or heteroaryl;
R2 is aryl or heteroaryl;
R3 is fluorenyl or fluorenyl-like;
Figure imgf000005_0003
R4 is aryl, heteroaryl,
Figure imgf000005_0004
Figure imgf000006_0001
W, Y and Z are independently for each occurrence selected from the group
Figure imgf000006_0002
E is arylene or heteroarylene;
R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, silyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, amino or amido;
R6 is hydrogen or alkyl;
R7 is aryl or heteroaryl; and
R8 is hydrogen or alkyl.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective for treating an autophagy associated disease, wherein the compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically- protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the
composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain
embodiments, the autophagy associated disease is a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates. In certain embodiments, the disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates is selected from the group consiting of: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease. In certain embodiments, the disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates is a chronic disease. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the autophagy associated disease is cancer. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of inducing autophagy in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to induce autophagy in the cell. In certain embodiments, the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically-protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell is present in a subject. In certain embodiments, the cell is present in an in vitro cell culture. In certain
embodiments, the cell is contacted with an autophagy inducing compound at a
concentration of about 0.1 μΜ to about 15.0 μΜ. In certain embodiments, the cell is contacted with an autophagy inducing compound at a concentration of about 3.0 μΜ to about 9.0 μΜ. In certain embodiments, the cell is selected from the group consisting of neural cells, glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, lymphatic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, cancer cells, and haematopoietic cells.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating an autophagy associated disease in a subject; the method includes administering to the subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat the disease, or a composition comprising the compound, thereby treating the disease in the subject. In certain
embodiments, the autophagy associate disease is a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates. In certain embodiments, the disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates is selected from the group including: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease. In certain embodiments, the disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates is a chronic disease. In yet another embodiment of this aspect, the autophagy associated disease is cancer. In certain embodiments, the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration of about 0.1 μΜ to about 15.0 μΜ. In certain embodiment, the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration of about 3.0 μΜ to about 9.0 μΜ. Another aspect of the invention relates to a kit which includes: (i) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound and (ii) instructions for administering the composition to a subject for the treatment of an autophagy associated disease. In certain embodiments, the autophagy inducing compound is selected from at least one compound of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Additional aspects, embodiments, and advantages of the invention are discussed below in detail.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 depicts DPBPs autophagy regulators: Fluspirilene (1), Pimozide (2), Trifluoperazine (3) and Penfluridol (4).
Figure 2 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 36-41 and 45-54. Reagents and conditions: (a) THF, Reflux; (b) EtOH, Con. HC1, Reflux; (c) CBr4, Ph3P, CH2C12, 0 °C- RT; (d) Pd/C, H2, EtOH, RT; and (e) piperidines, NaC03, KI, CH3CN, Reflux.
Figure 3 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 42-44 and 55-57. Reagents and conditions: (a) Et20, Reflux; (b) MgBr2, Et20, Reflux; (c) Pd/C, H2, EtOH, RT; and (d) piperidines, NaC03, KI, CH3CN, Reflux.
Figure 4 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 67-76. Reagents and conditions: (a) THF, Reflux; (b) EtOAc, 3M HC1 RT; and (c) diphenylbutyl bromide, NaC03, KI, CH3CN, Reflux.
Figure 5 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 77-90. Reagents and conditions:
(a) acetyl chloride, CHC13, 0 °C-RT; and (b) Con. H2S04, CH3CN, RT.
Figures 6 to 11 depicts tables of EC50 values for selected autophagy inducers. Figure 12 depicts DPBP autophagy regulators: Pimozide (2), and DPBPs scaffolds, wherein the piperidines have 6,5-fused rings, P-1-56 and P-2-56, or 6,6-fused rings, P-1-66 and P-2-66 at their 4-position (wherein W, X, Y and Z are as defined herein).
Figures 13 and 14 depict tables of EC50 values for selected autophagy inducers Figures 15 and 16 depict a synthetic route to compounds 142-150, 152, 153, 156- 58, 160 and 161. Reagents and conditions: (a) NaH, DMF, 90 °C; (b) TFA, CH2C12, 0 °C- RT; (c) NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, RT; (d) (Cl3CO)3CO, py., THF; (e) KOH, MeOH, Reflux; (f) Pd/C, H2, EtOH, RT; (g) NaBH3CN, AcOH; and (h) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, RT. Figure 17 depicts a synthetic route to compounds 163-180. Reagents and conditions: (a) PPA, 180 °C; (b) BH3.THF; (c) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, RT; (d)TFA, CH2C12, 0 °C-RT; (e) DMF, 90 °C; and (f) DEAD, Ph3P, THF.
Figures 18 and 19 depict tables of EC50 values for selected P-l-56 autophagy inducers.
Figure 20 depicts a table of EC50 values for selected P-2-56 autophagy inducers.
Figures 21 and 22 depict a synthetic route to compounds 218-223. Reagents and conditions: (a) NaBH3CN, BF3.Et20; (b) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, RT; (c) TFA, CH2CI2, 0 °C-RT; (d) TsOH, toluene; (e) L1AIH4, dioxane; (f) CDI, CH3CN, Reflux; (g) Pd(OH)2/H2, MeOH; (h) sulfamide, pyridine, Reflux; (i) HCOOH, Reflux; (j) NaN02, coned HC1; and (k) CS2,EtOH, Reflux.
Figures 23 and 24 depict a synthetic route to compounds 224-233. Reagents and conditions: (a) NaBH4, NiCl2, MeOH; (b) N-Boc piperidone, NaBH(OAc)3, DCE, RT; (c) TFA, CH2CI2, 0 °C-RT; (d) NaBH4, MeOH; (e) CDI, CH3CN, Reflux; (f) Pd(OH)2/H2, MeOH; (h) NaN02, coned HC1; (i) CH(OMe)3. coned HC1, Reflux; (j) ClC02Et, Reflux; (k) KOH, EtOH, Reflux; (1) Pd-C, H2, EtOH; (m) sulfamide, pyridine, Reflux; and (n) CS2,EtOH, Reflux.
Figure 25 depicts a table of EC50 values for selected P-l-66 autophagy inducers. Figures 26 and 27 depict tables of EC50 values for selected P-2-66 autophagy inducers.
Figure 28 depicts a table of EC50 values for selected autophagy inducers.
Figure 29 depicts compounds 238 and 239 and their autophagy EC50 values.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to autophagy inducing compounds that are useful in treating or preventing autophagy associated diseases, e.g., diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates. One aspect of the invention relates to
diphenylbutylpiperidines which have autophagy inducing activity. Another aspect of the invention relates to an effective synthetic route to a diphenylbutyl bromide intermediate useful in the preparation of compounds of the invention. Another aspect of the invention relates to novel diphenylbutylpiperidines which have improved autophagy inducing activity when comapared to known diphenybutylpiperidines. For example, modification of compounds 1 and 4 resulted in up to about a 10-fold increase in autophagy inducing activity (e.g., compound 48). Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds derived from compound 2, in which different 5,6- and 6,6-ring systems are substituted at the 4-position of piperidine ring, as shown in Figure 12 (Klionsky, D.J.; Emr, S.D. Science. 2000, 290, 1717; and Levine B, Yuan J. J Clin Invest. 2005, 115, 2679).
DEFINITIONS
The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element" means one element or more than one element.
The phrase "and/or," as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and/or" should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the "and/or" clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to "A and/or B", when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising" can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and/or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and/or" shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as "only one of or "exactly one of," or, when used in the claims, "consisting of," will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e., "one or the other but not both") when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as "either," "one of," "only one of," or "exactly one of." "Consisting essentially of," when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase "at least one," in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non- limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently, "at least one of A or B," or, equivalently "at least one of A and/or B") can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.
In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," "involving," "holding," "composed of," and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of and "consisting essentially of shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
Numerous values and ranges are recited in connection with various embodiments of the present invention, e.g., amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II) present in a composition. It is to be understood that all values and ranges which fall between the values and ranges listed are intended to be encompassed by the present invention unless explicitly stated otherwise. The term "about" as used herein in association with parameters, ranges and amounts, means that the parameter or amount is within + 1% of the stated parameter or amount.
The term "autophagy" refers to the catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components; such as, long lived proteins, protein aggregates, cellular organelles, cell membranes, organelle membranes, and other cellular components. The mechanism of autophagy may include: (i) the formation of a membrane around a targeted region of the cell, separating the contents from the rest of the cytoplasm, (ii) the fusion of the resultant vesicle with a lysosome and the subsequent degradation of the vesicle contents. For example, the term autophagy may refer to one of the mechanisms by which a starving cell re-allocates nutrients from unnecessary processes to more essential processes. Also, for example, autophagy may inhibit the progression of some diseases and play a protective role against infection by intracellular pathogens.
As used herein, the term "compound" is intended to mean a substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms. A compound generally refers to a chemical entity, whether in the solid, liquid or gaseous phase, and whether in a crude mixture or purified and isolated. Compounds encompass the chemical compound itself as well as, where applicable: amorphous and crystalline forms of the compound, including polymorphic forms, said forms in mixture or in isolation; free acid and free base forms of the compound; isomers of the compound, including geometric isomers, optical isomers, and tautomeric isomers, said optical isomers to include enantiomers and diastereomers, chiral isomers and non-chiral isomers, said optical isomers to include isolated optical isomers or mixtures of optical isomers including racemic and non- racemic mixtures; said geometric isomers to include transoid and cisoid forms, where an isomer may be in isolated form or in admixture with one or more other isomers; isotopes of the compound, including deuterium- and tritium-containing compounds, and including compounds containing radioisotopes, including therapeutically- and diagnostically-effective radioisotopes; multimeric forms of the compound, including dimeric, trimeric, etc. forms; salts of the compound, including acid addition salts and base addition salts, including organic counterions and inorganic counterions, and including zwitterionic forms, where if a compound is associated with two or more counterions, the two or more counterions may be the same or different; and solvates of the compound, including hemisolvates, monosolvates, disolvates, etc., including organic solvates and inorganic solvates, said inorganic solvates including hydrates; where if a compound is associated with two or more solvent molecules, the two or more solvent molecules may be the same or different
The term "autophagy inducing compound" refers to a compound that induces autophagy in a cell. The term autophagy inducing compound, as used herein, comprises the specific compounds disclosed herein.
The term "misfolded protein aggregates" refers to a mass of misfolded proteins, wherein said proteins have not adopted the appropriate three-dimensional structure, i.e., tertiary structure. For example, the misfolded proteins may have clustered together to form an assemblage of misfolded proteins.
The term "autophagy associated disease" includes a disease that can be treated by the induction of autophagy. Examples of such diseases include diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates. The term "disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates" is intended to include any disease, disorder or condition associated with or caused by misfolded protein aggregates. For example, such diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease. The term "autophagy associated disease" also includes cancer e.g., any cancer wherein the induction of autophagy would inhibit cell growth and division, reduce mutagenesis, remove mitochondria and other organelles damaged by reactive oxygen species or kill developing tumor cells. Autophagy associated diseases can be chronic diseases.
The term "chronic disease" refers to a persistent and lasting disease or medical condition, or one that has developed slowly.
The term "effective" amount refers to the amount of an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention required to treat or prevent an autophagy associated disease, e.g., a disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates. The effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound of the invention used to practice the invention for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of autophagy associated diseases varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age, body weight, and general health of the subject. An effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound, as defined herein may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the subject, and the ability of the autophagy inducing compound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. An effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects (e.g., side effects) of the autophagy inducing compound are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A therapeutically effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound (i.e., an effective dosage) may range from about 0.001 to 30 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferably about 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In one example, a subject is treated with an autophagy inducing compound in the range of between about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an autophagy inducing compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment.
The term "pharmaceutical composition" refers to a composition containing an autophagy inducing compound of the invention formulated with one or more
pharmaceutical-grade excipients in a manner that conforms with the requirements of a governmental agency regulating the manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals as part of a therapeutic regimen for the treatment or prevention of disease in a mammal (e.g., manufactured according to GMP regulations and suitable for administration to a human). Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated, for example, for oral administration in unit dosage form (e.g., a tablet, capsule, caplet, gelcap, or syrup); for topical administration (e.g., as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment); for intravenous administration (e.g., as a sterile solution free of particulate emboli and in a solvent system suitable for intravenous use); or any other formulation described herein.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration. For example, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like, that may be used as a media for a pharmaceutically acceptable substance. In addition, the active materials can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, or have another action. The autophagy inducing compounds may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active ingredients.
As used herein, the term "treating" refers to administering a pharmaceutical composition for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes. To "prevent disease" refers to prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not yet ill, but who is susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular disease. To "treat disease" or use for "therapeutic treatment" refers to administering treatment to a subject already suffering from a disease to improve or stabilize the subject's condition. Thus, in the claims and embodiments, treating is the administration to a subject either for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
The term "subject" includes humans, and non-human animals amenable to therapy, e.g., preferably mammals and animals susceptible to an autophagy associated disease, such as a disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates, including non- human primates, transgenic animals, mice, rats, dogs, cats, rabbits, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, and cows. Preferably, the subject is a human subject
The definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m, n, and the like, when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to be independent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.
It will be understood that "substitution" or "substituted with" includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
The term "substituted" is also contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein below. The permissible substituents may be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, the
heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. The term "lower" when appended to any of the groups listed below indicates that the group contains less than seven carbons (i.e. six carbons or less). For example "lower alkyl" refers to an alkyl group containing 1-6 carbons, and "lower alkenyl" refers to an alkyenyl group containing 2-6 carbons.
The term "saturated," as used herein, pertains to compounds and/or groups which do not have any carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon triple bonds.
The term "unsaturated," as used herein, pertains to compounds and/or groups which have at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond.
The term "aliphatic," as used herein, pertains to compounds and/or groups which are linear or branched, but not cyclic (also known as "acyclic" or "open-chain" groups).
The term "cyclic," as used herein, pertains to compounds and/or groups which have one ring, or two or more rings (e.g., spiro, fused, bridged).
The term "aromatic" refers to a planar or polycyclic structure characterized by a cyclically conjugated molecular moiety containing 4n+2 electrons, wherein n is the absolute value of an integer. Aromatic molecules containing fused, or joined, rings also are referred to as bicylic aromatic rings. For example, bicyclic aromatic rings containing heteroatoms in a hydrocarbon ring structure are referred to as bicyclic heteroaryl rings.
The term "hydrocarbon" as used herein refers to an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., 1986-87, inside cover.
The term "heteroatom" as used herein is art-recognized and refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Illustrative heteroatoms include boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium.
The term "alkyl" means an aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbon radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, and 1-cyclohexylethyl.
The term "alkylene" is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group, as defined above.
The term "alkenyl" as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens. Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5- hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-l-heptenyl, and 3-decenyl.
The term "alkynyl" as used herein means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.
The term "carbocyclyl" as used herein means monocyclic or multicyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.) hydrocarbons containing from 3 to 12 carbon atoms that is completely saturated or has one or more unsaturated bonds, and for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system (e.g. phenyl).
Examples of carbocyclyl groups include 1-cyclopropyl, 1-cyclobutyl, 2-cyclopentyl, 1- cyclopentenyl, 3-cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl and 2-cyclopentenylmethyl.
The term "heterocyclyl", as used herein include non-aromatic, ring systems, including, but not limited to, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic rings, which can be completely saturated or which can contain one or more units of unsaturation, for the avoidance of doubt, the degree of unsaturation does not result in an aromatic ring system, and have 3 to 12 atoms including at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. For purposes of exemplification, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this invention, the following are examples of heterocyclic rings: azepines, azetidinyl, morpholinyl, oxopiperidinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinicludinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl and tetrahydrofuranyl. The heterocyclyl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl,
alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfmyl, alkenylsulfmyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfmyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfmyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl,
alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy,
alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the heterocyclyl group through an alkylene moiety (e.g. methylene).
The term "aryl," as used herein means a phenyl group, naphthyl or anthracenyl group. The aryl groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl,
haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said subsituents bound to the aryl group through a methylene, ethylene or propylene moiety. The term "arylene," is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from adjacent carbons of an aryl ring, as defined above.
The term "arylalkyl" or "aralkyl" as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of aralkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3- phenylpropyl, and 2-naphth-2-ylethyl.
The term "fluorenyl" as used herein refers to a radical having the chemical formula and numbering scheme indicated below:
Figure imgf000019_0001
In this numbering scheme, 9 indicates the bridgehead carbon atom. The remaining carbon atoms available to accept substituents are indicated by numbers 1-4 on one phenyl group of the ligand, and numbers 5-8 on the other phenyl group of the fluorenyl group. The fluorenyl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfmyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfmyl, fluroralkoxysulfmyl, alkenyloxysulfmyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfmyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the fluorenyl group through an alkylene moiety (e.g. methylene).
The term "fluorenyl-like" as used herein refers to a fluorenyl radical, as described above, wherein 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the carbons, excluding the C-9 carbon, is/are replaced with a nitrogen; and/or the bond between the C-4' and C-5' carbons is replaced with -S-, -0-, - N(H)-, -CH2- or -CH2CH2-. The fluorenyl-like groups of the invention are substituted, on the aromatic rings or on the atoms between C-4' and C-5', with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the fluorenyl-like group through an alkylene moiety (e.g. methylene).
The term "heteroaryl" as used herein include aromatic ring systems, including, but not limited to, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic rings, and have 3 to 12 atoms including at least one heteroatom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. For purposes of exemplification, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this invention: azaindolyl, benzo(b)thienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl,
benzothiadiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, indolyl, indolinyl, indazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, triazolyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thienyl, thiomorpholinyl, triazolyl or tropanyl. The heteroaryl groups of the invention are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl,
alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfmyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfmyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said subsituents bound to the heteroaryl group through an alkylene moiety (e.g. methylene).
The term "heteroarylene," is art-recognized, and as used herein pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from adjacent atoms of a heteroaryl ring, as defined above.
The term "heteroarylalkyl" or "heteroaralkyl" as used herein means a heteroaryl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, pyridin- 3-ylmethyl and 2-(thien-2-yl)ethyl.
The term "halo" or "halogen" means -CI, -Br, -I or -F.
The term "haloalkyl" means an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen is replaced with a halogen, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, and 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl.
The term "fluoroalkyl" means an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein all the hydrogens are replaced with fluorines.
The term "hydroxy" as used herein means an -OH group.
The term "alkoxy" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy. The terms "alkyenyloxy", "alkynyloxy", "carbocycyloxy", and "heterocycyloxy" are likewise defined.
The term "haloalkoxy" as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, wherein at least one hydrogen is replaced with a halogen, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy. The term "fluoroalkyloxy" is likewise defined.
The term "aryloxy" as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen. The term "heteroaryloxy" as used herein means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen. The terms "heteroaryloxy" is likewise defined.
The term "arylalkoxy" or "arylalkyloxy" as used herein means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen. The term "heteroarylalkoxy" is likewise defined. Representative examples of aryloxy and heteroarylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, 2-chlorophenylmethoxy, 3-trifluoromethyl- phenylethoxy, and 2,3-dimethylpyridinylmethoxy.
The term "sulfhydryl" or "thio" as used herein means a -SH group.
The term "alkylthio" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur. Representative examples of alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio, tert-butylthio, and hexylthio. The terms "haloalkylthio", "fluoroalkylthio", "alkyenylthio", "alkynylthio",
"carbocycylthio", and "heterocycylthio" are likewise defined.
The term "arylthio" as used herein means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an sulfur. The term "heteroarylthio" is likewise defined.
The term "arylalkylthio" or "aralkylthio" as used herein means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an sulfur. The term "heteroarylalkylthio" is likewise defined.
The term "sulfonyl" as used herein refers to -S(=0)2- group.
The term "sulfonic acid" as used herein refers to -S(=0)20H.
The term "alkylsulfonyl" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
Representative examples of alkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl. The terms "haloalkylsulfonyl", "fluroralkylsulfonyl", "alkenylsulfonyl", "alkynylsulfonyl", "carbocycylsulfonyl", "heterocycylsulfonyl", "arylsulfonyl",
"aralkylsulfonyl", "heteroarylsulfonyl" and "heteroaralkylsulfonyl" are likewise defined.
The term "alkoxysulfonyl" as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.
Representative examples of alkoxysulfonyl include, but are not limited to,
methoxysulfonyl, ethoxysulfonyl and propoxy sulfonyl. The terms "haloalkoxysulfonyl", ' 'fluroralkoxy sulfonyl", ' 'alkeny loxy sulfonyl' ' , ' 'alkyny loxy sulfonyl",
' 'carbocycy loxy sulfonyl' ' , ' 'heterocy cy loxy sulfonyl", ' 'aryloxy sulfonyl",
"aralkyloxysulfonyl", "hetero aryloxy sulfonyl" and "heteroaralkyloxysulfonyl" are likewise defined.
The terms triflyl, tosyl, mesyl, and nonaflyl are art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonyl, /?-toluenesulfonyl, methanesulfonyl, and
nonafluorobutanesulfonyl groups, respectively. The terms triflate, tosylate, mesylate, and nonaflate are art-recognized and refer to trifluoromethanesulfonate ester, /?-toluenesulfonate ester, methanesulfonate ester, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate ester functional groups and molecules that contain said groups, respectively.
The term "aminosulfonyl" as used herein means an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group. The term "sulfmyl" as used herein refers to -S(=0)- group. Sulfmyl groups are as defined above for sulfonyl groups. The term "sulfmic acid" as used herein refers to - S(=0)OH.
The term "oxy" refers to a -O- group.
The term "carbonyl" as used herein means a -C(=0)- group.
The term "thiocarbonyl" as used herein means a -C(=S)- group.
The term "formyl" as used herein means a -C(=0)H group.
The term "alkylcarbonyl" as used herein means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1- oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl. The terms
"haloalkylcarbonyl", "fluoroalkylcarbonyl", "alkenylcarbonyl", "alkynylcarbonyl", "carbocycylcarbonyl", "heterocycylcarbonyl", "arylcarbonyl", "aralkylcarbonyl", "heteroarylcarbonyl", and "heteroaralkylcarbonyl" are likewise defined.
The term "carboxy" as used herein means a -C02H group.
The term "alkoxycarbonyl" as used herein means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and tert-butoxy carbonyl. The terms
"haloalkoxycarbonyl", "fluoroalkoxycarbonyl", "alkenyloxycarbonyl",
"alkynyloxycarbonyl", "carbocycyloxycarbonyl", "heterocycyloxycarbonyl",
"aryloxycarbonyl", "aralkyloxycarbonyl", "heteroaryloxycarbonyl", and
"heteroaralkyloxycarbonyl" are likewise defined.
The term "alkylcarbonyloxy" as used herein means an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
Representative examples of alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, and tert-butylcarbonyloxy. The terms "haloalkylcarbonyloxy", "fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy", "alkenylcarbonyloxy", "alkynylcarbonyloxy",
"carbocycylcarbonyloxy", "heterocycylcarbonyloxy", "arylcarbonyloxy",
"aralkylcarbonyloxy", "heteroarylcarbonyloxy", and "heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy" are likewise defined.
The term "alkylsulfonyloxy" as used herein means an alkylsulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. The terms "haloalkylsulfonyloxy", "fluroralkylsulfonyloxy", "alkenylsulfonyloxy",
"alkynylsulfonyloxy", "carbocycylsulfonyloxy", "heterocycylsulfonyloxy",
' 'arylsulfony loxy ", ' 'aralky lsulfony loxy ", ' 'heteroarylsulfony loxy ",
' 'heteroaralky lsulfony loxy ", ' 'haloalkoxy sulfony loxy ' ' , ' 'fluroralkoxy sulfony loxy ", "alkenyloxysulfonyloxy", "alkynyloxysulfonyloxy", "carbocycyloxysulfonyloxy", ' 'heterocy cy loxy sulfony loxy ' ' , ' 'aryloxy sulfony loxy ' ' , ' 'aralky loxy sulfony loxy ",
"heteroaryloxysulfonyloxy" and "heteroaralkyloxysulfonyloxy"
The term "amino" as used herein refers to -NH2 and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one or both of the hydrogens are independently replaced with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carbocycylcarbonyl,
heterocycylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarnbonyl,
heteroaralkylcarbonyl and the sufonyl and sulfmyl groups defined above; or when both hydrogens together are replaced with an alkylene group (to form a ring which contains the nitrogen). Representative examples include, but are not limited to methylamino, acetylamino, and dimethylamino.
The term "amido" as used herein means an amino group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl.
The term "cyano" as used herein means a -C≡N group.
The term "nitro" as used herein means a -N02 group.
The term "azido" as used herein means a -N3 group.
The term "phosphinyl" as used herein includes -PH3 and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one, two or three of the hydrogens are independently replaced with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, and amino.
The term "phosphoryl" as used herein refers to -P(=0)OH2 and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one or both of the hydroxyls are independently replaced with substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, aryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, and amino.
The term "silyl" as used herein includes H3Si- and substituted derivatives thereof wherein one, two or three of the hydrogens are independently replaced with subsitutuents selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocycyl, heterocycyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaralkyl. Representative examples include trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS/TBDMS), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), and [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl (SEM).
The term "silyloxy" as used herein means a silyl group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecule through an oxygen atom.
The abbreviations Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, and Ms represent methyl, ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl, /?-toluenesulfonyl and
methanesulfonyl, respectively. A more comprehensive list of the abbreviations utilized by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume of the Journal of Organic Chemistry; this list is typically presented in a table entitled Standard List of Abbreviations.
AUTOPHAGY INDUCING COMPOUNDS
One aspect of the invention relates to autophagy inducing compounds. Recently, a high-throughput image-based screen was used to identified seven FDA-approved drugs which can induce autophagy without inducing cell death (see International Patent
Application publication number WO/2009/049242, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). These compounds are discussed below.
Fluspirilene, an FDA-approved phenothiazine tranquilizer (antipsychotic drug), has been used to treat schizophrenia (Meijer, AJ. and Codogno, P. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004, 36, 2445-62). This molecule may function by blocking adrenaline and dopamine transport in the central nervous system (Janssen, P.A., Niemegeers, CJ., Schellekens, K.H., et al. Arzneimittelforschung 1970, 20, 1689-98).
Trifluoperazine is another FDA-approved tranquilizer, which, like fluspirilene, can effectively treat acute schizophrenia (Janssen, P. A., Niemegeers, CJ., Schellekens, K.H., et al. Arzneimittelforschung 1970, 20, 1689-98). In addition, trifluoperazine has also been reported to inhibit calmodulin activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore
(MTP), and to reduce the toxic effect that expanded polyglutamine associated with Huntington's disease has on cells (Stokes, H. B. Dis Nerv Syst. 1975, 36, 102-5). In addition, it has also been found that it is a calcium ion channel blocker.
Pimozide is an FDA-approved tranquilizer used in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. It may act on central aminergic receptors. At high doses, this compound may also affect the degradation of norepinephrine.
Three additional autophagy inducing agents niguldipine, nicardipine, and amiodarone are all FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, including high blood pressure, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, and the like. Moreover, these compounds have been used to inhibit intracellular Ca2+ current. Among them, niguldipine acts as an inhibitor of Type-T Ca2+ current in cardiac myocytes. As a dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nicardipine is frequently used to treat chronic angina pectoris, high blood pressure, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Amiodarone is another highly effective anti- arrhythmia drug. It also blocks Ca2+ channels.
Loperamide is a heterocyclic piperidine derivative. As an FDA-approved drug to treat diarrhea, it can effectively improve gastrointestinal symptoms. Loperamide can block high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels and reactions to N-methyl-D-aspartate in the hippocampal neurons of rabbits and mice (Girotti, F., Carella, F., Scigliano, G., et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984, 47: 848-52). In addition, loperamide can also block voltage-dependant Ca2+ channels in cultured dorsal root ganglions (Church, J. Fletcher, EJ., Abdel-Hamid, K. et al. Mol Pharmacol. 1995, 45: 747-57).
Penitrem A, a fungal neurotoxin discovered in ryegrass, can selectively block Ca2+- activated K+ channels (100% blockage is achieved by 10-nM penitrem A). It has been reported that this compound may possess marked neurotoxicity and can cause severe tremors or ataxia (Hagiwara, K., Nakagawasai, O., Murata, A., et al. Neurosci Res. 2003, 46, 493-7); however the results presented in International Patent Application publication number WO/2009/049242 show that this drug does not destroy H4.
Interestingly, five of these compounds were previously known to have activity in inhibiting intracellular Ca2+. Few studies have proposed the possible involvement of intracellular Ca2+ in regulating autophagy. William et al. reported that L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists, the K+ATP channel opener minoxidil, and the Gi signaling activator clonidine could induce autophagy in mTOR-independent manner (Williams, A.; Sarkar, S.; Cuddon, P.; Ttofi, E.K.; Saiki, S.; Siddiqi,F. H.; et al. Chem Biol. 2008, 4, 295). Recently, the activity of fluspirilene in inhibiting Ca2+ flux was confirmed. Further, it was shown that calpains play an important role in controlling the levels of autophagy in normal living cells by regulating the levels of ATG5 (Xia, H.; Zhang, L.; Chen, G.; Zhang, t.; Liu, J.; Jin, M.;
Ma, X.; Ma, D.; Yuan, J. Autophagy. 2010, 6, 1).
Three of these compounds— Fluspirilene (1), Pimozide (2), Trifluroperazine (3)— belong to a class of compounds known as the diphenylbutylpiperidines, or DPBPs (see
Figure 1). DPBPs were originally antagonists of the D2 receptor and were clinically used to treat various forms of psychosis (Seeman, P.; Lee, T.; Chau-Wong, M; Wong. K. Nature.
1976, 261, 717). However, more recently, increasing evidence suggested that DPBPs are also potent antagonists of calcium channels (Gould, R.J.; Murphy, K.M.M.; Reynolds, I.J.; Snyder, S.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. t/.S. 1983, 80,5122; Grantham, C.J.; Main, M. J.;
Cannell, M. B. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 111, 483; Sah, D. W. Y.; Bean, B.P.; Mol
Pharmacol. 1994, 45, 4; Enyeart, J. J; Biagi, B. A.; Day, R, N.; Sheu, S. S; Maurer, R.A. J.
Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 16373; Galizzi, J.P.; Fosset, M.; Romey, G.; Laudron, P.;
Lazdunski, M . Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1986, 83, 7513; and King, V. F.; Garcia, M. L.; Shevell, J. L.; Slaughter, R. S.; Kaczorowski, G. J. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 5633).
Penfluridol (4), one of common DPBPs, which is not in the above screening library, has also been found to be a good autophagy inducer (EC50 = 3.2 μιη).
One aspect of the invention rel ound represented by formula I:
Figure imgf000028_0001
I
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically-protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof; wherein, independently for each occurrence,
Figure imgf000028_0002
R1 is aryl or heteroaryl;
R2 is aryl or heteroaryl;
R3 is fluorenyl or fluorenyl-like;
n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
Figure imgf000029_0001
W, Y and Z are independently for each occurrence selected from the rou
consisting of R8 R8 , R8
Figure imgf000029_0002
Figure imgf000029_0003
E is arylene or heteroarylene;
R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, silyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, amino or amido;
R6 is hydrogen or alkyl;
R7 is aryl or heteroaryl; and
R8 is hydrogen or alkyl.
As one of skill in the art will appreciate, W, X, Y and Z (as defined above) need to be selected so that each single bond (represented by "-") is connected to an adjacent single bond, and each double bond (represented by "=") is connected to an adjacent double bond. One of skill in the art will also appreciate that certain selections of W, X, Y and Z, such as when W, X, Y and Z are all ^ 0 ^ , result in non-sensical compounds. In other words, the selection of W, X, Y and Z must be in accordance with permitted valence and result in a stable compound. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions rovided that when R is
Figure imgf000030_0001
A is not
Figure imgf000030_0002
(i.e., provided that the compound is not 1, 2 or 4, as depicted in Figure 1).
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000030_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R
In certain embodiments, the invention rel ed compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R
Figure imgf000030_0004
Figure imgf000030_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, whereiinn R is
Figure imgf000030_0006
or
Figure imgf000030_0007
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000031_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfmyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfmyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfmyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfmyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfmyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the phenyl group through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is a 4-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000032_0001
certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
attendant definitions, wherein R1 is
Figure imgf000032_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfmyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfmyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfmyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the phenyl group through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is a 4-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R2 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000034_0002
certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
7
attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000034_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 and R2 are the same. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R1 and R2 are not the same.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R3 is fluorenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R3 is fluorenyl-like.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
R3 is
Figure imgf000034_0004
independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl,
alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfmyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfmy, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents
Figure imgf000035_0001
with 0-8 substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 0. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 1. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 2. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein n is 3. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A is R4 R5 .
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl,
fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfmyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the phenyl group through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is a 4-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is a 3-substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is a 3,4-disubstituted phenyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is phenyl substituted in the 3- or 4- position with halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy or haloalkoxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is 3-alkyl-4-halophenyl or 3-haloalkyl-4-halophenyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000037_0001
certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000037_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, cyano or amino. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy or alkylcarbonyloxy. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R5 is amino. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R5 is cyano. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R5 is
Figure imgf000038_0001
,
Figure imgf000038_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000038_0003
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A is or R
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A is
Figure imgf000038_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A
In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R
In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein X
Figure imgf000038_0005
in certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
wherein X is XX . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein X is
Figure imgf000038_0006
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
Figure imgf000038_0007
In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y
Figure imgf000039_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
wherein Y is
Figure imgf000039_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
Figure imgf000039_0003
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y jn cer^am embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
Figure imgf000039_0004
definitions, wherein Y is m certain embodiments, the invention relates to any
of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wh
Figure imgf000039_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is H . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000039_0006
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z
Figure imgf000039_0007
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is <ff,*<^^'^ jn certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
Figure imgf000039_0008
. in certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
Figure imgf000040_0001
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, where
Figure imgf000040_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
attendant definitions, wherein Z is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
XX.
In certain embodiments, the invention relate e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000040_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000040_0004
wherein Y is In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is R8 . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to an of the aforementioned com ounds and attendant any
Figure imgf000040_0005
of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000040_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is ^ XX ^ . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
Figure imgf000041_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000041_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein X is -w w/L/w. .
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
Figure imgf000041_0003
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is XX ^ . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
Figure imgf000041_0004
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
definitions, wherein Y is O O . in certain embodiments, the invention relates to any
of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wh
Figure imgf000041_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
Figure imgf000041_0006
embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is In certain embodiments of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000042_0001
compounds and attendant definitions,
In certain embodiments, the invention rel e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z
Figure imgf000042_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000042_0003
wherein Z embodiments, the invention re to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
Figure imgf000042_0004
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
I
definitions, wherein Z is R8 . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, where
Figure imgf000042_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and
attendant definitions, wherein Z is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
XX.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is R R . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R 4 is
Figure imgf000043_0001
.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein X is -uvwLwn. .
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is
Figure imgf000043_0002
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Y is ^ .
In certain embodiments, the invention relat e aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
Figure imgf000043_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
wherein Z is O O . in certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is
Figure imgf000043_0004
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is ^^^ jn cer ain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein Z is * N In certain embodiments, of the aforementioned compounds and
attendant definitions,
Figure imgf000043_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
I
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is R8 . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is
Figure imgf000044_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein W is
Figure imgf000044_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is arylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
Figure imgf000044_0003
ed with 0-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfmyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfmyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl,
haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfmyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfmyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfmyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents
bound to the
Figure imgf000045_0001
through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
Figure imgf000045_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000045_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000045_0004
or
I
R8 . In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000045_0005
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000045_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to an of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000046_0001
. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions,
wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000046_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000046_0003
. In certain any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
Figure imgf000046_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any
of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000046_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
com ounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is and Z is
Figure imgf000046_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000047_0001
. In certain any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant
. any
o
Figure imgf000047_0002
f the aforementioned compounds and
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000047_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000047_0004
Figure imgf000047_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000047_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000048_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000048_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000048_0003
; and Y is .
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000048_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000048_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000048_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000049_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000049_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000049_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
; and Z is
Figure imgf000049_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000049_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
com ounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000050_0001
; Y is or
Figure imgf000050_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000050_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relate of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000050_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000050_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000050_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000051_0001
W is
Figure imgf000051_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000051_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000051_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000051_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000051_0006
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000052_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000052_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000052_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds
8
Figure imgf000052_0004
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R is
Figure imgf000052_0005
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000053_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000053_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R8 is hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A is
Figure imgf000053_0003
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is methyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R7 is aryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R7 is phenyl substituted with 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfuric acid, alkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfinyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl,
alkynyloxysulfiny, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl,
fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy,
alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents bound to the phenyl group through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R7 is phenyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
compounds and attendant definitions, wherein A is
Figure imgf000054_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is alkyl. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein R6 is methyl.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is arylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the
aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
Figure imgf000054_0002
ed with 0-4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyenyloxy, alkynyloxy, carbocycyloxy, heterocycyloxy, haloalkoxy, fluoroalkyloxy, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, fluoroalkylthio, alkyenylthio, alkynylthio, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, fluroralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, haloalkoxysulfonyl, fluroralkoxysulfonyl, alkenyloxysulfonyl, alkynyloxysulfony, aminosulfonyl, sulfinic acid, alkylsulfmyl, haloalkylsulfinyl, fluroralkylsulfinyl, alkenylsulfinyl, alkynylsulfmyl, alkoxysulfinyl, haloalkoxysulfinyl, fluroralkoxysulfinyl, alkenyloxysulfinyl, alkynyloxysulfmy, aminosulfinyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl,
haloalkylcarbonyl, fluoroalkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkynylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, fluoroalkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, alkynyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, fluoroalkylcarbonyloxy, alkenylcarbonyloxy, alkynylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, haloalkylsulfonyloxy, fluroralkylsulfonyloxy, alkenylsulfonyloxy, alkynylsulfonyloxy, haloalkoxysulfonyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfonyloxy, alkenyloxysulfonyloxy, alkynyloxysulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyloxy, haloalkylsulfinyloxy, fluroralkylsulfinyloxy, alkenylsulfinyloxy, alkynylsulfinyloxy, alkoxysulfinyloxy, haloalkoxysulfinyloxy, fluroralkoxysulfinyloxy, alkenyloxysulfinyloxy, alkynyloxysulfinyloxy, aminosulfinyloxy, amino, amido, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfinyl, cyano, nitro, azido, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, silyl, silyloxy, and any of said substiuents
bound to the
Figure imgf000055_0001
through an alkylene moiety. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein E is
Figure imgf000055_0002
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000055_0003
Figure imgf000056_0001
Figure imgf000057_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000057_0002
Figure imgf000058_0001
hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned
Figure imgf000058_0002
Figure imgf000059_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000059_0002
Figure imgf000060_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000060_0002
Figure imgf000061_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000061_0002
Figure imgf000062_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000062_0002
Figure imgf000063_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000064_0001
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000065_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000065_0002
Figure imgf000066_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000066_0002
Figure imgf000067_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000067_0002
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000067_0003
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to any of the aforementioned compounds and attendant definitions, wherein the compound is
Figure imgf000068_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof.
Many of the compounds of the invention may be provided as salts with
pharmaceutically compatible counterions (i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable salts). A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" means any non-toxic salt that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound or a prodrug of a compound of this invention. A "pharmaceutically acceptable counterion" is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient. Pharmaceutically compatible salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms.
Acids commonly employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acids such as hydrogen bisulfide, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, ascorbic, maleic, besylic, fumaric, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, glutamic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, lactic, oxalic, para- bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate,
dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-1,4- dioate, hexyne-l,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephathalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene- 1 -sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate and the like salts. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, and especially those formed with organic acids such as maleic acid.
Suitable bases for forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with acidic functional groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl,N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N- (hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2- hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like.
Certain compounds of the invention and their salts may exist in more than one crystal form and the present invention includes each crystal form and mixtures thereof.
Certain compounds of the invention and their salts may also exist in the form of solvates, for example hydrates, and the present invention includes each solvate and mixtures thereof.
Certain compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers, and exist in different optically active forms. When compounds of the invention contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms and the present invention includes both enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, such as racemic mixtures. The enantiomers may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by
crystallization; formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic esterification; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent. It will be appreciated that where the desired enantiomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, a further step may be used to liberate the desired enantiomeric form. Alternatively, specific enantiomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.
When a compound of the invention contains more than one chiral center, it may exist in diastereoisomeric forms. The diastereoisomeric compounds may be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers may be separated as described above. The present invention includes each diastereoisomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different tautomeric forms or as different geometric isomers, and the present invention includes each tautomer and/or geometric isomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers. The present invention includes each conformational isomer of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
Certain compounds of the invention may exist in zwitterionic form and the present invention includes each zwitterionic form of compounds of the invention and mixtures thereof.
The present invention also includes pro-drugs. As used herein the term "pro-drug" refers to an agent which is converted into the parent drug in vivo by some physiological chemical process (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH is converted to the desired drug form). Pro-drugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmacological compositions over the parent drug. An example, without limitation, of a pro-drug would be a compound of the present invention wherein it is administered as an ester (the "pro-drug") to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is not beneficial, but then it is metabolically hydro lyzed to the carboxylic acid once inside the cell where water solubility is beneficial. Pro-drugs have many useful properties. For example, a pro-drug may be more water soluble than the ultimate drug, thereby facilitating intravenous administration of the drug. A pro-drug may also have a higher level of oral bioavailability than the ultimate drug. After administration, the prodrug is enzymatically or chemically cleaved to deliver the ultimate drug in the blood or tissue.
Exemplary pro-drugs upon cleavage release the corresponding free acid, and such hydrolyzable ester-forming residues of the compounds of this invention include but are not limited to carboxylic acid substituents (e.g., -C(0)2H or a moiety that contains a carboxylic acid) wherein the free hydrogen is replaced by (Ci-C4)alkyl, (C2-Ci2)alkanoyloxymethyl, (C4-Cc))l-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- l-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1- (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1 -methyl- 1 - (alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N- (alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N- (alkoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, 3-phthalidyl, 4- crotonolactonyl, gamma-butyrolacton-4-yl, di-N,N-(Ci-C2)alkylamino(C2-C3)alkyl (such as β-dimethylaminoethyl), carbamoyl-(Ci-C2)alkyl, N,N-di(Ci-C2)-alkylcarbamoyl-(Ci- C2)alkyl and piperidino-, pyrrolidino- or morpholino(C2-C3)alkyl.
Other exemplary pro-drugs release an alcohol or amine of a compound of the invention wherein the free hydrogen of a hydroxyl or amine substituent is replaced by (C i -C6)alkanoyloxymethyl, 1 -((C i -C6)alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -((C i - C6)alkanoyloxy)ethyl, (Ci-C6)alkoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl, N-(Ci-C6)alkoxycarbonylamino- methyl, succinoyl, (Ci-Ce)alkanoyl, a-amino(Ci-C4)alkanoyl, arylactyl and a-aminoacyl, or α-aminoacyl-a-aminoacyl wherein said a-aminoacyl moieties are independently any of the naturally occurring L-amino acids found in proteins, -P(0)(OH)2, -P(0)(0(Ci-Ce)alkyl)2 or glycosyl (the radical resulting from detachment of the hydroxyl of the hemiacetal of a carbohydrate).
The phrase "protecting group" as used herein means temporary substituents which protect a potentially reactive functional group from undesired chemical transformations. Examples of such protecting groups include esters of carboxylic acids, silyl ethers of alcohols, and acetals and ketals of aldehydes and ketones, respectively. The field of protecting group chemistry has been reviewed (Greene, T.W.; Wuts, P.G.M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991). Protected forms of the inventive compounds are included within the scope of this invention. The term "chemically protected form," as used herein, pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions, that is, are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group). It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle the active compound in a chemically protected form.
By protecting a reactive functional group, reactions involving other unprotected reactive functional groups can be performed, without affecting the protected group; the protecting group may be removed, usually in a subsequent step, without substantially affecting the remainder of the molecule. See, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (T. Green and P. Wuts, Wiley, 1991), and Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (T. Green and P. Wuts; 3rd Edition; John Wiley and Sons, 1999).
For example, a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (-OR) or an ester (-OC(=0)Pv), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), or trityl (triphenylmethyl) ether; a trimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester (-OC(=0)CH3,-0 Ac).
For example, an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal or ketal, respectively, in which the carbonyl group (C(=0)) is converted to a diether (C(OR)2), by reaction with, for example, a primary alcohol. The aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
For example, an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (-
NRC(=0)R) or a urethane (-NRC(=0)OR), for example, as: a methyl amide (- NHC(=0)CH3); a benzyloxy amide (-NHC(=0)OCH2C6H5NHCbz); as a t-butoxy amide (- NHC=(=0)OC(CH3)3,-NHBoc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (-
NHC(=0)OC(CH3)2C6H4C6H5NHBoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (-NHFmoc), as a 6- nitroveratryloxy amide (-NFINvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (-NHTeoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (-NHTroc), as an allyloxy amide (-NHAlloc), as a 2- (phenylsulfonyl)ethyloxy amide (-NHPsec); or, in suitable cases (e.g., cyclic amines), as a nitroxide radical.
For example, a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester or an amide, for example, as: a benzyl ester; a t-butyl ester; a methyl ester; or a methyl amide.
For example, a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (-SR), for example, as: a benzyl thioether; or an acetamidomethyl ether (-SCH2NHC(=0)CH3).
tamoxifen. As discussed below, the foregoing autophagy inducing compounds are useful in the treatment of autophagy associated diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases caused by mismatched proteins, such as polyglutamine expansion diseases, and can be prepared so as to be useful for the treatment of diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates and other autophagy-related diseases.
METHODS OF PREPARING DIARYL- OR DIHETEROARYLBUTYL HALIDE S
One aspect of the invention relates to a method of preparing diphenylbutyl bromides comprising the steps of reacting at least two equivalents of an aryl magnesium bromide with one equivalent of a γ-butyrolactone to first open the lactone and form a compound containing a primary alcohol and an aryl ketone, and then react with the resultant aryl ketone, thereby forming an tertiary alcohol; dehydrating the tertiary alcohol to form an alkene; hydrogenating the alkene; and converting the primary alcohol to a halide, such as a bromide. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a heteroaryl magenisum bromide instead of an aryl magnesium bromide. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of another carbanion, such as a lithiate. In another asepct of the invention, instead of forming a halide, in the last step, a tosylate or other sulfonate leaving group may be formed.
METHODS OF USE
One aspect the invention provides a method for inhibiting autophagy in a subject for whom inhibition of autophagy is beneficial, comprising administering to the subject a compound of the invention such that autophagy activity in the subject is altered and treatment or prevention is achieved. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
The term "treating" as used herein, encompasses the administration and/or application of one or more compounds described herein, to a subject, for the purpose of providing prevention of or management of, and/or remedy for a condition. "Treatment" for the purposes of this disclosure, may, but does not have to, provide a cure; rather,
"treatment" may be in the form of management of the condition. When the compounds described herein are used to treat unwanted proliferating cells, including cancers,
"treatment" includes partial or total destruction of the undesirable proliferating cells with minimal destructive effects on normal cells. A desired mechanism of treatment of unwanted rapidly proliferating cells, including cancer cells, at the cellular level is apoptosis.
The term "preventing" as used herein includes either preventing or slowing the onset of a clinically evident unwanted cell proliferation altogether or preventing or slowing the onset of a preclinically evident stage of unwanted rapid cell proliferation in individuals at risk. Also intended to be encompassed by this definition is the prevention or slowing of metastasis of malignant cells or to arrest or reverse the progression of malignant cells. This includes prophylactic treatment of those at risk of developing precancers and cancers. Also encompassed by this definition is the prevention or slowing of restenosis in subjects that have undergone angioplasty or a stent procedure.
The term "subject" for purposes of treatment includes any human or animal subject who has been diagnosed with, has symptoms of, or is at risk of developing a disorder wherein inhibition of autophagy would be beneficial. For methods of prevention the subject is any human or animal subject. To illustrate, for purposes of prevention, a subject may be a human subject who is at risk of or is genetically predisposed to obtaining a disorder characterized by unwanted, rapid cell proliferation, such as cancer. The subject may be at risk due to exposure to carcinogenic agents, being genetically predisposed to disorders characterized by unwanted, rapid cell proliferation, and so on. Besides being useful for human treatment, the compounds described herein are also useful for veterinary treatment of mammals, including companion animals and farm animals, such as, but not limited to dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep, and pigs.
Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for treating autophagy associated diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates, in a subject, comprising the step of administering to a subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat or prevent the disease. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to treat, for example, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease or any other diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates described herein.
Another aspect of the invention relates to methods for treating autophagy associated diseases caused by protein aggregates, in a subject, comprising the step of administering to a subject an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective to treat or prevent the disease. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used to treat, for example, diabetes. Deposition of amyloid, derived from the polypeptide hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; 'amylin') is the single most typical islet alteration in type 2 diabetes. Islet amyloid is a polymerization product of a novel β-cell regulatory product. Similar to the situation in Alzheimer's disease, it has been argued that the amyloid may not be of importance since there is no strict correlation between the degree of islet amyloid infiltration and the disease. However, amyloid is important in subjects where islets have been destroyed by pronounced islet amyloid deposits. Even when there is less islet amyloid the deposits are widely spread, and β-cells show ultrastructural signs of cell membrane destruction. It is suggested that type 2 diabetes is heterogeneous and that in one major subtype aggregation of IAPP into amyloid fibrils is determining the progressive loss of β- cells. Interestingly, development of islet amyloid may be an important event in the loss of β-cell function after islet transplantation into type 1 diabetic subjects. In certain
embodiments, the disease is type I diabetes. In certain embodiments, the disease is type II diabetes.
The methods and compositions of the present invention may also be used to treat other diseases associated with autophagy. Such diseases may include cancer. Preferably, the cancer may be any cancer wherein the induction of autophagy would inhibit cell growth and division, reduce mutagenesis, remove mitochondria and other organelles damaged by reactive oxygen species or kill developing tumor cells. For example, the cancer may be cancer of the breast, liver, prostate, stomach, colon, GI tract, pancreases, skin, head, neck, throat, bladder, eye, esophagus, lung, kidney, or brain.
One aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing cancer, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
Suppression of autophagy has been proposed to be a new anticancer therapy by promoting radiosensitization and chemosensitization. In an animal model of cancer therapy, inhibition of therapy-induced autophagy either with shR A against a key autophagy gene ATG5 or with anti-malarial drug chloroquine enhanced cell death and tumor regression of Myc-driven tumors in which either activated p53 or alkylating chemotherapy was used to drive tumor cell death (Amaravadi, R.K., et al., Autophagy inhibition enhances therapy- induced apoptosis in a Myc-induced model of lymphoma. J Clin Invest, 2007. 117(2): p. 326-36). Chloroquine causes a dose-dependent accumulation of large autophagic vesicles and enhances alkylating therapy-induced cell death to a similar degree as knockdown of ATG5. In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chloroquine markedly enhanced death of a CML cell line, K562, induced by imatinib. Furthermore, imatinib- resistant cell lines, BaF3/T315I and BaF3/E255K, can be induced to die by co-treatment with imatinib and chloroquine. These studies suggest that inhibiting autophagy may potentiate conventional chemotherapy.
The National Cancer Institute alphabetical list of cancer includes: Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult; Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood; Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult; Adrenocortical Carcinoma; Adrenocortical Carcinoma,
Childhood; AIDS-Related Lymphoma; AIDS-Related Malignancies; Anal Cancer;
Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebellar; Astrocytoma, Childhood Cerebral; Bile Duct Cancer, Extrahepatic; Bladder Cancer; Bladder Cancer, Childhood; Bone Cancer,
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma; Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Adult; Brain Tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Cerebral Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma,
Childhood; Brain Tumor, Ependymoma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Medulloblastoma,
Childhood; Brain Tumor, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood; Brain Tumor, Childhood (Other); Breast Cancer; Breast Cancer and Pregnancy; Breast Cancer,
Childhood; Breast Cancer, Male; Bronchial Adenomas/Carcinoids, Childhood; Carcinoid Tumor, Childhood; Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal; Carcinoma, Adrenocortical;
Carcinoma, Islet Cell; Carcinoma of Unknown Primary; Central Nervous System
Lymphoma, Primary; Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood; Cerebral
Astrocytoma/Malignant Glioma, Childhood; Cervical Cancer; Childhood Cancers; Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia; Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders; Clear Cell Sarcoma of Tendon Sheaths; Colon Cancer; Colorectal Cancer,
Childhood; Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma; Endometrial Cancer; Ependymoma, Childhood; Epithelial Cancer, Ovarian; Esophageal Cancer; Esophageal Cancer, Childhood; Ewing's Family of Tumors; Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Childhood; Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor; Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer; Eye Cancer, Intraocular Melanoma; Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma; Gallbladder Cancer; Gastric (Stomach) Cancer; Gastric (Stomach) Cancer, Childhood; Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor; Germ Cell Tumor, Extracranial, Childhood; Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal; Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian; Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor; Glioma, Childhood Brain Stem; Glioma, Childhood Visual Pathway and Hypothalamic; Hairy Cell Leukemia; Head and Neck Cancer; Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Adult (Primary); Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Childhood (Primary); Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult; Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood; Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy; Hypopharyngeal Cancer; Hypothalamic and Visual Pathway Glioma,
Childhood; Intraocular Melanoma; Islet Cell Carcinoma (Endocrine Pancreas); Kaposi's Sarcoma; Kidney Cancer; Laryngeal Cancer; Laryngeal Cancer, Childhood; Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Adult; Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic, Childhood; Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Adult; Leukemia, Acute Myeloid, Childhood; Leukemia, Chronic
Lymphocytic; Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer; Liver Cancer, Adult (Primary); Liver Cancer, Childhood (Primary); Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell; Lung Cancer, Small Cell; Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Adult Acute; Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Childhood Acute; Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic; Lymphoma, AIDS-Related; Lymphoma, Central Nervous System (Primary); Lymphoma, Cutaneous T- Cell; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Adult; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, Childhood; Lymphoma, Hodgkin's During Pregnancy; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's, Adult; Lymphoma, Non- Hodgkin's, Childhood; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's During Pregnancy; Lymphoma, Primary Central Nervous System; Macroglobulinemia, Waldenstrom's; Male Breast Cancer; Malignant Mesothelioma, Adult; Malignant Mesothelioma, Childhood; Malignant
Thymoma; Medulloblastoma, Childhood; Melanoma; Melanoma, Intraocular; Merkel Cell Carcinoma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult
Primary; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Childhood; Multiple Myeloma/Plasma Cell Neoplasm; Mycosis Fungoides; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Myelogenous Leukemia, Chronic; Myeloid Leukemia, Childhood Acute; Myeloma, Multiple; Myeloproliferative Disorders, Chronic; Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer; Nasopharyngeal Cancer; Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Childhood; Neuroblastoma; Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Adult; Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Childhood; Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma During Pregnancy; Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; Oral Cancer, Childhood; Oral Cavity and Lip Cancer;
Oropharyngeal Cancer; Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; Ovarian Cancer, Childhood; Ovarian Epithelial Cancer; Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor; Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor; Pancreatic Cancer; Pancreatic Cancer, Childhood; Pancreatic Cancer, Islet Cell; Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer; Parathyroid Cancer; Penile Cancer; Pheochromocytoma; Pineal and Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood; Pituitary Tumor; Plasma Cell Neoplasm/Multiple Myeloma; Pleuropulmonary Blastoma; Pregnancy and Breast Cancer; Pregnancy and Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Pregnancy and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma; Primary Liver Cancer, Adult; Primary Liver Cancer, Childhood; Prostate Cancer; Rectal Cancer; Renal Cell (Kidney) Cancer; Renal Cell Cancer, Childhood; Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional Cell Cancer; Retinoblastoma; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood; Salivary Gland Cancer; Salivary Gland Cancer, Childhood; Sarcoma, Ewing's Family of Tumors; Sarcoma, Kaposi's; Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone; Sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Childhood; Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Adult; Sarcoma, Soft Tissue, Childhood; Sezary Syndrome; Skin Cancer; Skin Cancer, Childhood; Skin Cancer
(Melanoma); Skin Carcinoma, Merkel Cell; Small Cell Lung Cancer; Small Intestine Cancer; Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Adult; Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Childhood; Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, Metastatic; Stomach (Gastric) Cancer; Stomach (Gastric) Cancer, Childhood; Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors, Childhood; T-Cell Lymphoma, Cutaneous; Testicular Cancer; Thymoma, Childhood; Thymoma, Malignant; Thyroid Cancer; Thyroid Cancer, Childhood; Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter; Trophoblastic Tumor, Gestational; Unknown Primary Site, Cancer of,
Childhood; Unusual Cancers of Childhood; Ureter and Renal Pelvis, Transitional Cell Cancer; Urethral Cancer; Uterine Sarcoma; Vaginal Cancer; Visual Pathway and
Hypothalamic Glioma, Childhood; Vulvar Cancer; Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia; and Wilms' Tumor. The methods of the present invention may be useful to treat such types of cancer.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing acute pancreatitis, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof.
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas mediated by the release of digestive enzymes that eventually lead to the destruction of the organ itself. Pancreatitis can be a severe, life-threatening illness with many complications. In severe cases, bleeding, tissue damage to the heart, lungs and kidneys, and infection may occur. About 80,000 cases of acute pancreatitis occur annually in the United States; about 20 percent of them are severe. There is no known treatment for pancreatitis. The current approaches for managing pancreatitis involve waiting for it to resolve on its own and the treatment of heart, lungs and kidney complications if that occur.
Autophagy has been shown to play an important role in mediating cellular damage induced by acute pancreatitis. Autodigestion of the pancreas by its own prematurely activated digestive proteases is believed to be important for the onset of acute pancreatitis. Although lysosomal hydrolases are known to play a key role in pancreatic trypsinogen activation, it remains unclear where and how trypsinogen meets these lysosomal enzymes. Recently, autophagy has been proposed to play a key role in the release of pancreatitic digestive enzymes in animal models of pancreatitis (Hashimoto, D., et al., Involvement of autophagy in trypsinogen activation within the pancreatic acinar cells. J Cell Biol, 2008. 181(7): p. 1065-72; and Ohmuraya, M. and K. Yamamura, Autophagy and acute pancreatitis: a novel autophagy theory for trypsinogen activation. Autophagy, 2008. 4(8): p. 1060-2.) In Atg5-/- mice, which are defective for a key autophagy gene Atg5, the severity of acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein is greatly reduced with a significantly decreased level of trypsinogen activation. Thus, activation of autophagy may exert a detrimental effect in pancreatic acinar cells by mediating the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. Inhibition of autophagy may provide a unique opportunity for blocking trypsinogen activation in acute pancreatitis. Development of an autophagy inhibitor may provide a first-in-class inhibitor for acute pancreatitis.
Recent studies have established a role for autophagy in cellular defense against intracellular pathogens including bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella spp. and Salmonella typhimurium, as well as viruses and protozoa which use autophagosomes to proliferate, such as dengue viruses, hepatitis (A, B & C) viruses, poliovirus, rhinovirus, SARS coronavirus, and West Nile viruses. The execution of autophagy is regulated by upstream signal transduction systems that are influenced by largely physiological factors such as nutrient status, growth factors/cytokines, and hypoxia. The pharmacological induction of autophagy is a therapeutic strategy in which this effector of innate immunity would be triggered or amplified to defend against intracellular pathogens.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease caused by an intracellular pathogen, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, biologically active metabolite, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof. See, for example, US Patent
Application Publication No. 2009/0111799 to Chen et al. (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
In certain embodiments, the intracellular pathogen is selected from the group consisting of Group A streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis,
Burkholderia pseudomallei, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas syringae, Toxoplasma gondeii, Sindbis virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus and Herpes simplex virus.
COMBINATION THERAPY
The methods of the invention further include administering to a subject a
therapeutically effective amount of an autophagy inducing compound in combination with another pharmaceutically active compound known to treat an autophagy associated disease; or a compound that may potentiate the autophagy inducing activity of the autophagy inducing compound. Other pharmaceutically active compounds that may be used can be found in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Thirteenth Edition, Eds. T.R. Harrison et al. McGraw-Hill N.Y., NY; and the Physicians Desk Reference 50th Edition 1997, Oradell New Jersey, Medical Economics Co., the complete contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The combination therapy contemplated by the invention includes, for example, administration of a compound of the invention, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and additional agent(s) in a single pharmaceutical formulation as well as administration of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and additional agent(s) in separate pharmaceutical formulations. In other words, co-administration shall mean the administration of at least two agents to a subject so as to provide the beneficial effects of the combination of both agents. For example, the agents may be administered simultaneously or sequentially over a period of time.
It should further be understood that the combinations included within the invention are those combinations useful for their intended purpose. The agents set forth below are illustrative for purposes and not intended to be limited. The combinations, which are part of this invention, can be the compounds of the present invention and at least one additional agent selected from the lists below. The combination can also include more than one additional agent, e.g., two or three additional agents if the combination is such that the formed composition can perform its intended function. For example, one aspect of the invention relates to the use of an autophagy inhibitor (e.g., a compound of formula I) in combination with an anti-angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of cancers. It is known that anti-angiogenesis inhibitors have the promise to inhibit tumor growth by suppressing the growth of blood vessels in tumors which are required for supporting tumor survival and growth. For example, the angiostatic agent endostatin and related chemicals can suppress the building of blood vessels and reduce tumor growth. Several hundred clinical trials of anti-angiogenesis drugs are now under way. In tests with patients, anti-angiogenesis therapies are able to suppress tumor growth with relatively few side effects. However, anti-angiogenesis therapy alone may not be
insufficient to prolong patient survival; combination with a conventional chemotherapy may therfore be beneficial. Specifically, autophagy inhibitors may provide a new option to work alone or in combination with anti-angiogenesis therapy.
Endostatin has been shown to induce autophagy in endothelial cells by modulating Beclin 1 and beta-catenin levels (Nguyen, T.M., et al, Endostatin induces autophagy in endothelial cells by modulating Beclin 1 and beta-catenin levels. J Cell Mol Med, 2009). As disclosed herein, it has been found that inhibition of autophagy selectively kills a subset of cancer cells under starvation condition. Therefore, it is proposed that anti-angiogenesis therapy may induce additional metabolic stress to sensitize cancer cells to autophagy inhibitors, which are not normally cytotoxic. Thus, a combination of anti-angiogenesis therapy and anti-autophagy therapy may provide a new option for treatment of cancers without cytotoxicity to normal cells (Ramakrishnan, S., et al, Autophagy and angiogenesis inhibition. Autophagy, 2007. 3(5): p. 512-5).
Non-limiting examples of anti-angiogenesis agents with which a compound of the invention of the invention can be combined include, for example, the following:
bevacizumab (Avastin®), carboxyamidotriazole, TNP-470, CM101, IFN-a, IL-12, platelet factor-4, suramin, SU5416, thrombospondin, VEGFR antagonists, angiostatic steroids with heparin, Cartilage-Derived Angiogenesis Inhibitory Factor, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, angiostatin, endostatin, 2-methoxyestradiol, tecogalan, thrombospondin, prolactin, νβ3 inhibitors and linomide.
In addition, as described in US Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0269259 to
Thompson et al. (hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), autophagy inhibitors can be used to treat a subject who has been identified as having a glycolysis dependent cancer by combining one or more autophagy inhibitors with one or more anti-cancer compounds which converts glycolysis dependent cancer to cells incapable of glycolysis. Examples of anti-cancer compounds which convert glycolysis dependent cancer to cells incapable of glycolysis: Alkylating Agents; Nitrosoureas; Antitumor Antibiotics; Corticosteroid Hormones; Anti-estrogens; Aromatase Inhibitors; Progestins; Anti-androgens; LHRH agonists; Kinase Inhibitors; and Antibody therapies; for example, busulfan, cisplatin, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, dacarbazine (DTIC), mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), melphalan, carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), idarubicin, mitoxantrone, prednisone, dexamethasone, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, anastrozole, letrozole, megestrol acetate, bicalutamide, flutamide. leuprolide, goserelin, gleevac, Iressa, Tarceva, Herceptin, Avastin, L-asparaginase and tretinoin.
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
The invention features compositions, kits, and methods for treating or preventing a disease or condition associated with diseases caused by misfolded protein aggregates or additional autophagy-related diseases by administering a compound of the invention (i.e., an autophagy inducing compound). Compounds of the present invention may be administered by any appropriate route for treatment or prevention of a disease or condition associated with misfolded protein aggregates or additional autophagy-related diseases. These may be administered to humans, domestic pets, livestock, or other animals with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, or excipient, in unit dosage form.
Administration may be topical, parenteral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, by suppositories, or oral administration.
Therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, ear drops, or aerosols.
Methods well known in the art for making formulations are found, for example, in "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy" (20th ed., ed. A.R. Gennaro, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes. Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
Nanoparticulate formulations (e.g., biodegradable nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes) may be used to control the biodistribution of the compounds. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems include ethylene -vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel. The concentration of the compound in the formulation will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the dosage of the drug to be administered, and the route of administration.
The compound may be optionally administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as a non-toxic acid addition salts or metal complexes that are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. Examples of acid addition salts include organic acids such as acetic, lactic, pamoic, maleic, citric, malic, ascorbic, succinic, benzoic, palmitic, suberic, salicylic, tartaric, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, or trifluoro acetic acids or the like; polymeric acids such as tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like; and inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid phosphoric acid, or the like. Metal complexes include zinc, iron, and the like.
Administration of compounds in controlled release formulations is useful where the autophagy inducing compound has (i) a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., the difference between the plasma concentration leading to harmful side effects or toxic reactions and the plasma concentration leading to a therapeutic effect is small; generally, the therapeutic index, TI, is defined as the ratio of median lethal dose (LD50) to median effective dose (ED50)); (ϋ) a narrow absorption window in the gastro-intestinal tract; or (iii) a short biological half-life, so that frequent dosing during a day is required in order to sustain the plasma level at a therapeutic level.
Many strategies can be pursued to obtain controlled release in which the rate of release outweighs the rate of metabolism of the therapeutic compound. For example, controlled release can be obtained by the appropriate selection of formulation parameters and ingredients, including, e.g., appropriate controlled release compositions and coatings. Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, microspheres, nanop articles, patches, and liposomes. Formulations for oral use include tablets containing the active ingredient(s) in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose and sorbitol), lubricating agents, glidants, and antiadhesives (e.g., magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas,
hydrogenated vegetable oils, or talc).
Formulations for oral use may also be provided in unit dosage form as chewable tablets, tablets, cap lets, or capsules (i.e., as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium).
The formulations can be administered to human subjects in therapeutically effective amounts. Typical dose ranges are from about 0.01 μg/kg to about 2 mg/kg of body weight per day. The preferred dosage of drug to be administered is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of the disorder, the overall health status of the particular subject, the specific compound being administered, the excipients used to formulate the compound, and its route of administration. Routine experiments may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular compound.
In one embodiment, the autophagy inducing compound is administered at a concentration in the range from about 0.001 μg/kg to greater than about 500 mg/kg. For example, the concentration may be 0.001 μg/kg, 0.01 μg/kg, 0.05 μg/kg, 0.1 μg/kg, 0.5 1.0 10.0 γ , 50.0 100.0 500 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg,
10.0 mg/kg, 15.0 mg/kg, 20.0 mg/kg, 25.0 mg/kg, 30.0 mg/kg, 35.0 mg/kg, 40.0 mg/kg, 45.0 mg/kg, 50.0 mg/kg, 60.0 mg/kg, 70.0 mg/kg, 80.0 mg/kg, 90.0 mg/kg, 100.0 mg/kg, 150.0 mg/kg, 200.0 mg/kg, 250.0 mg/kg, 300.0 mg/kg, 350.0 mg/kg, 400.0 mg/kg, 450.0 mg/kg, to greater than about 500.0 mg/kg or any incremental value thereof. It is to be understood that all values and ranges between these values and ranges are meant to be encompassed by the present invention.
In another embodiment, the autophagy inducing compound is administered in doses that range from 0.01 μΜ to greater than or equal to 500 μΜ. For example, the dose may be 0.01 μΜ, 0.02 μΜ, 0.05 μΜ, 0.1 μΜ, 0.15 μΜ, 0.2 μΜ, 0.5 μΜ, 0.7 μΜ, 1.0 μΜ, 3.0 μΜ, 5.0 μΜ, 7.0 μΜ, 10.0 μΜ, 15.0 μΜ, 20.0 μΜ, 25.0 μΜ, 30.0 μΜ, 35.0 μΜ, 40.0 μΜ, 45.0 μΜ, 50.0 μΜ, 60.0 μΜ, 70.0 μΜ, 80.0 μΜ, 90.0 μΜ, 100.0 μΜ, 150.0 μΜ, 200.0 μΜ, 250.0 μΜ, 300.0 μΜ, 350.0 μΜ, 400.0 μΜ, 450.0 μΜ, to greater than about 500.0 μΜ or any incremental value thereof. It is to be understood that all values and ranges between these values and ranges are meant to be encompassed by the present invention.
In yet another embodiment, the autophagy inducing compound is administered at concentrations that range from 0.10 μg/ml to 500.0 μg/ml. For example, the concentration may be 0.10 μg/ml, 0.50 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 2.0 μg/ml, 5.0 μg/ml, 10.0 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml, 35 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 45 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 60.0 μg/ml, 70.0 μg/ml, 80.0 μg/ml, 90.0 μg/ml, 100.0 μg/ml, 150.0 μg/ml, 200.0 μg/ml, 250.0 μg/ml, 300.0 μg/ml, 350.0 μg/ml, 400.0 μg/ml, 450.0 μg/ml, to greater than about 500.0 μg/ml or any incremental value thereof. It is to be understood that all values and ranges between these values and ranges are meant to be encompassed by the present invention.
KITS
In one aspect, the present invention discloses a kit which includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound of the present invention (e.g. a compound of formula I) and instructions for administering the composition to a subject for the treatment or prevention of an autophagy associated disease, e.g., a disease caused by misfolded protein aggregates. In one embodiment of this aspect, the pharmaceutical composition may include one or more autophagy inducing compounds. In certain embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
EXEMPLIFICATION
The invention now being generally described, it will be more readily understood by reference to the following, which is included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1 ~ Synthesis and SAR of Diphenylbutylpiperidines Autophagy Inducers Based on Fluspirilene (1), and Penfluridol (4)
Diphenylbutylpiperidines compounds, such as those described below, can be prepared by SN2 substitution of diphenylbutyl halide compounds with piperidines (as described in Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213). As a key intermediate, synthetic routes to diphenylbutyl bromide 10 have been reported (see Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.;
Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem.
Lett. 2006, 14, 7213; Sindelar, K.; Rajsner, M.; Cervena, I.; Valenta, V.; Jilek, J. O.; Kakac, B.; Holubek, J.; Svatek, E.; Miksik, F.; Protiva, M. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1973, 38, 3879; Carlo, B.; Mauro, M.; Stefano, P.; Francesco, P. P. Tetrahedron, 2001, 57,1631; and Hulshof, J. W.; Casarosa, P.; Wiro, M. P. B.; Kuusisto, L. M.; van der Goot, H.; Smit, M. J.; de Esch, I. J. P.; Leurs, R. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 6461). In addition, herein is also disclosed a new synthetic route to diphenylbutyl halide compounds, as described in Figure 2. Treatment of Grignard reagents of bromobenzene derivative 5 with (y-)butyrolactone 6 gave dihydroxyl compound 7, which was converted to dehydrated compound 8 in the acidic conditions. Hydrogenation of 8 followed by bromination with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide gave intermediate 10. This route has several advantages: the raw materials are very cheap; and the diphenylbutyl chain with different substituents on the diphenyl ring can be easily prepared.
Three bromobutyl tricyclic compounds were prepared as described in Figure 3.
Treatment of Grignard reagents of bromocyclopropane 12 with tricyclic ketone compound 11 gave cyclopropyldiphenyldiphenylmethanol 13, which was converted to rearranging compounds 14 by MgBr2. Subsequent hydrogenation of 14 gave the desired compound 15.
Synthetic efforts also focused on changing substituents in the 4-position of piperidine ring (Figures 4 and 5). Grignard reaction of bromobenzene derivatives 16 with N-Boc piperidone gave compound 18. Deprotection of Boc group with trifluoroacetic acid gave mainly dehydrated products. After screening different reaction conditions, it was determined that piperidine 19 could be prepared by treatment with 3M HC1 with ethyl acetate as solvents under room temperature. Subsequently, the free hydroxyl group of compounds 67-72 and 76 was protected by acetyl group and substituted by acetamide group via a Ritter reaction (Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213; and Miroslav, R.; Antonnin, D.; Miroslav, P. Collection Czechoslovk Chem. Commun. 1981, 46, 1530).
Figures 6 and 7 contain the results of incorporating various chemical moieties into the butyl linkers between the diphenyl moiety and the piperidine. Autophagy inducing activity may be determined as described in International Patent Application publication number WO/2009/049242. For compounds 20-22, modification of the linker decreased the autophagy inducing activity, as compared to compound 1. Interestingly, compound 31 showed the same activity as compound 30. Compounds 23 and 33, which contain amide linkages, showed no autophagy activity, perhaps due to in vivo hydrolysis. Also, compounds 24-27, wherein one of the biphenyl phenyl rings is replaced with a hydrogen, showed no activity, suggestiung that the diphenyl moeity is essential.
In addition, the number of methylenes between the piperidine and the biphenyl was investigated. It was found that the addition of one methylene group in the structure of 1, giving compound 28, decreased the activity of the compound 2-fold. In contrast, compound 34 showed a small increased activity. Shortening of the methylene group, gave compounds 29 and 35, which both had about equipotent activity as compared to the butyl-containing compounds, suggesting that the length of the linker may be varried (e.g., a 2-4 carbon chain).
As part of the structure-activity relationship studies, variation in the substitution on diphenyl ring were also explored (Figure 8). Compound 36 and 45 (i.e. those without substitutions on diphenyl ring) showed lowest activity in this series. For compounds 37-41, different substitutions in the /?ara-position of diphenyl ring showed no improved activity comparable to compound 1. However, compounds 47-50 (having various substitutions in the /?ara-position) showed promising results. For example, compound 48 (wherein R is CF3) showed a 10-fold increase in autophagy inducing activity. Compounds wherein R is 4-CF3, 2-CH3, 4-CH3 and 3-CH3 were shown to be five to ten times potent as compound 2. It was also observed that the electronic nature of the substituients on the diphenyl moiety have little effect on the bio-activitites, while the steric effect of the substitutions show a significant influence (e.g. compounds with larger substitutions have higher bio-activity). However, compounds with very large substituents have decreased bio-activity.
Additional compounds, wherein the two phenyl rings were connected to form a tricycylic moieties, resulting in a more rigid compound, showed different results.
Compounds 42-44 showed decreased activity comparable to compound 1; and compound 56 showed about a 4-fold decrease in activity. However, compound 55 and 57 showed a small increase in autophagy inducing activity
Results of modifications of substituents at the 4-position on the piperidine (Figure 9) suggest that a saturated piperidine ring is essential. Compounds 58-60 (piperazines) and compound 61 (morphine) showed no activity. In addition, compound 62 with unsaturated piperidine and compound 63 losing hydroxyl group also showed no activity. As previously reported, modification of hydroxyl group, protected with acetyl group (compound 65) and substituted by acetamide group (compound 66), showed good results (Janneke, W.;
Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213). However, compounds wherein the hydroxyl group is replaced with a cyano group show little inducing activity. These results suggest that the six-membered ring must have the appropriate confirmation and the hydroxyl, or related, group may interact with the taget protein through hydrogen bonding.
Encouraged by above results, compounds containing substitutions on the phenyl ring in the 4-position of the piperidine ring were prepared (Figure 10). Compound 70 with R is bromo displayed the best result in this series. Compounds 68, 71, 72 with para- substituents on the phenyl showed better results comparable to compounds 73, 74, 75 with meta-substituents, while compound 67, without substituents on the phenyl ring, showed decreased activity. It was also observed that compounds containing electron withdrawing substituents have higher bio-activity than compounds with electron donating substituents. Moreover, compounds with larger substitutents have improved results.
It is believed that the 4-hydroxyl group is thought to be a site of potential metabolic toxicity (Castagnoli, N. Jr.; Rimoldi, J. M.; Bloomquist, J.; Castagnoli, K. P. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1997, 10, 924). Therefore, compounds wherein the hydroxyl at the four position of the piperidine was replaced by other moieties (Figure 11) were also prepared. The introduction of an ester group in compounds 77-83 did not result in compounds with a higher activity comparable to compounds 67-72 and 76, while introduction of an amide group in compounds 84-90 showed good results. As mentioned above, compound 63, wherein R1 is hydrogen showed no activity. Compound 91, wherein R1 is cyano and R2 is hydrogen showed no higher activity.
Example 2 ~ Synthesis and SAR of Diphenylbutylpiperidines Autophagy Inducers Based on Pimozide (2)
Diphenylbutylpiperidines compounds, such as those described herein, can be prepared by SN2 substitution of halodiphenylbutyl compounds with piperidines (as described in Janneke, W.; Hulshof, H. F.; Vischer, H.P.; Verheij, S. A.; Fratantoni, Martine, J. S.; Iwan, J. P. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 14, 7213).
As part of structure-activity relationship studies, modification of left-hand side of compound 2 were explored (Figures 13 and 14). Interestingly, compound 109 showed 2- fold increase in the activity of inducing autophagy
Modifications of the right-hand side of compound 2 were also explored. For example, synthetic variations on the P-1-56 fused ring scaffold are described in Figures 15 and 16. Reductive amination of N-Bocpiperidone with o-aminophenol was followed by cyclization with triphosgene and removal the Boc group. Substitution of the MsO group of piperidine 114 with compounds 113, 116 or 118 (6,5-fused heterocycles) followed by deprotection of Boc group by TFA afforded the desired compound 115, 117 or 119 (He, Y.; Yang, J., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 695). Reductive amination of N- Bocpiperidone 121 with o-aminophenol 120 followed by cyclization of 122 with
triphosgene and deprotection the Boc group yielded compound 123 (Flyren, K.; Bergquist, L. O.; et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 3421). Treatment of piperidone 125 with indole gave compound 126, which was converted to compound 127 by hydrogenation. Reductive amination of 121 with indoline, prepared by reduction of indole, and
deprotection gave compound 130.
Cyclization of compounds 120, 131 or 132 with 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 133 give the desired compounds 134, 135 or 136 (He, Y.; Yang, J., etal. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 695). Reductive amination of N-Boc piperidone with isoindoline prepared by reduction of phthalimide 137 and deprotection of the Boc group gave compound 138. Substitution of MsO group of piperidine 141 with phthalimide potassium salt followed by deprotection of Boc group afforded the desired compound 142. Treatment of 4-hydroxy piperidine 144 with 1,2,3-benzotriazole by Mitsunobu reaction followed by deprotection afforded two compounds 145 and 146 (Ruckle, T.; Biamonte, M., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 6921). Cyclization of compounds 121, 131 or 132 wuth 4-piperidine carboxylic acid gave compounds 134, 135 or 136 (respectively).
Figures 18 and 19 showed the biological activity of selected P-l-56 compounds. As mentioned above, compound 109 showed 2-fold increased potent activity comparable to compound 2. A series of compounds with CN group have also been prepared; interestingly, some showed good results (147 vs 155, 151 vs 159, 153 vs 161) while some did not (149 vs 157, 150 vs 158, 152 vs 160). In the left series, compounds 149, 150, 152 and 153 showed 3 to 5-fold increased activity comparable to compound 2, while compounds 148, 151 and 154 showed no activity. In the right series, compounds 157, 158 and 160 showed 3 to 7-fold increased activity comparable to compound 2, while compounds 156 and 162 showed no activity. All of the above results indicate that the 4-position of piperidine ring can tolerate 6,5-fused heterocycle groups.
The biological activity results of P-2-56 compounds is shown in Figure 20. These results suggested that compounds 163 and 166 are comparable to compound 2, while compounds 169 and 178 showed about a 4-fold increase in activity. However, compounds 164, 165, 170 and 177 showed no activity. Comparing the three isoelectronic compounds at the bottom of Figure 20, compound 166 showed the best result, while compounds 167 and 168 showed the same results. In contrast, compound 178 also showed the best result, while compounds 179 and 180 showed no activity.
Encouraged by the biological activity results of DPBPs with 6,5-fused ring linked to the piperidine ring, compounds with 6,6-fused ring shown in Figures 21-24 were also prepared. Reductive amination of N-Boc piperidone with compound 182, prepared by reduction of isoquinoline 137, and deprotection of the Boc group gave compound 183. Cyclization of anthranilamide 184 with N-benzylpiperidone 185 followed by reduction of compound 186 afforded intermediate compound 187 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Kasuya, Y.; Shigenobl, K.; Hashikami, M.; Karashima, N. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1116). Cyclization 187 with CDI and deprotection of the Boc group gave compound 189. Cyclization 187 with different regents gave compounds 191, 193, 195 and 197 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Kasuya, Y.; Shigenobl, K.; Hashikami, M.; Karashima, N. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1116; and Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Hashimoto, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1104).
The biological activity results of P-2-66 compounds is shown in Figures 23 and 24. Reductive amination of N-Boc piperidone with compound 199, prepared by reduction of quinoline 198, and deprotection of the Boc group gave compound 200. Treatment of salicylaldehyde 201 with compound 202, followed cyclization with CDI and deprotection of Bn group gave compound 205 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Hashimoto, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1104). Ring opening of compound 206 with 202 afforded intermediate 203 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Karasawa, A.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Kasuya, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986, 34, 1907). Cyclization 203 with different regents gave compounds 205, 207 and 209.
Reductive amination of compound 210 with 211, followed by deprotection of the Boc group, gave compound 212. Cyclization 212 with different regents gave compounds 213- 217 (Takai, H.; Obase, H.; Nakamizo, N.; Teranishi, M.; Kubo, K.; Shuto, K.; Hashimoto, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985, 33, 1104).
Compounds 234-237, which combined variations in both the left-hand side and right-hand side, we prepared and tested (Figure 28). Compounds 238 and 239 were also prepared and tested (Figure 29). Compound 239 (with a spiro structure) showed better results than Fluspirilene; this compound was easily prepared and has good solubility properties.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
All publications and patents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.
EQUIVALENTS
While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification. The appended claims are not intended to claim all such embodiments and variations, and the full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations.

Claims

A compound of formula I
Figure imgf000092_0001
I
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, prodrug, chemically-protected form, enantiomer or stereoisomer thereof; wherein, independently for each occurrence,
Figure imgf000092_0002
R1 is aryl or heteroaryl;
R2 is aryl or heteroaryl;
R3 is fluorenyl or fluorenyl-like;
Figure imgf000092_0003
W, Y and Z are independently for each occurrence selected from the group
Figure imgf000092_0004
E is arylene or heteroarylene;
R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, silyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy,
aralkylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, amino or amido;
R6 is hydrogen or alkyl;
R7 is aryl or heteroaryl; and
8 is hydrogen or alkyl.
2.
Figure imgf000093_0001
that the compound is not 1, 2 or 4, as depicted in Figure 1).
The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R is R,y R2x ,
Figure imgf000093_0002
The compound of claim 3, wherein R1 is aryl.
The compound of claim 3, wherein R1 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy.
Figure imgf000093_0003
T
Figure imgf000094_0001
he compound of claim 3, wherein R1 is
The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein R2 is aryl.
The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein R2 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl,
11.
Figure imgf000094_0002
12. The compound of any one of claims 1-1 the same.
The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein
Figure imgf000094_0003
or
Figure imgf000094_0004
Figure imgf000095_0001
substituted with 0-8 substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy.
15. The compound of claims 13, wherein R3 is
Figure imgf000095_0002
Figure imgf000095_0003
16. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, wherein n is 0.
17. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, wherein n is 1.
18. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, wherein n is 2.
19. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, wherein n is 3.
20. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein A is
Figure imgf000095_0004
21. The compound of claim 20, wherein R4 is aryl.
22. The compound of claim 20, wherein R4 is phenyl substituted 0-5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy and haloalkoxy.
Figure imgf000095_0005
24. T
Figure imgf000096_0001
he compound of claim 20, wherein R 4 is
25. The compound of any one of claims 20-24, wherein R5 is hydroxy, alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, cyano or amino.
26. The compound of any one of claims 20-24, wherein R5 is
Figure imgf000096_0002
Figure imgf000096_0003
The compound of any one of claims 1-19,
The compound of any one of claims 1-19,
29. The compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein
30. The compound of claim 29, wherein R4 is
Figure imgf000096_0004
or
Figure imgf000096_0005
31. The compound of claim 29, wherein R is
Figure imgf000097_0001
T
Figure imgf000097_0002
he compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein R and Z is
33. T
Figure imgf000097_0003
he compound of claim 32, wherein R is or
34. T
Figure imgf000097_0004
he compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein R is
35. The com ound of claim 34 wherein R is
Figure imgf000098_0001
and Y is
T
Figure imgf000098_0002
he compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein R and Y is
37. T
Figure imgf000098_0003
he compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein R is
38. ; Y is
Figure imgf000098_0004
39. The compound of claim 37, wherein R is
Figure imgf000098_0005
or
Figure imgf000098_0006
The compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein
Figure imgf000099_0001
and
41. T
Figure imgf000099_0002
he compound of claim 40, wherein R is
42. The compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein
Figure imgf000099_0003
or
43. T
Figure imgf000099_0004
he compound of claim 42, wherein R is
44. The compound of claim 27 or 28, wherein R is
Figure imgf000099_0005
Figure imgf000100_0001
Figure imgf000100_0002
T
Figure imgf000100_0003
he compound of claim 46, wherein R
Figure imgf000100_0004
48.
Figure imgf000101_0001
49. The compound of claim 48, wherein R is
Figure imgf000101_0002
Figure imgf000101_0003
50. The compound of any one of claims 1-49, wherein R is hydrogen.
The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein A
The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein A
The compound of any one of claims 1-52, wherein E
Figure imgf000101_0004
Figure imgf000102_0001
Figure imgf000103_0001
Figure imgf000104_0001
Figure imgf000105_0001
Figure imgf000106_0001
Figure imgf000107_0001
Figure imgf000108_0001
Figure imgf000109_0001
WO 2011/143444
Figure imgf000110_0001
Figure imgf000111_0001
110
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
hydrate thereof.
A pharmaceutical composition comprising an autophagy inducing compound in an amount effective for treating an autophagy associated disease, wherein the compound is selected from at least one compound of any one of claims 1-54; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
56. A method of inducing autophagy in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an autophagy inducing compound of any one of claims 1-54 in an amount effective to induce autophagy in the cell.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein the cell is present in a subject.
58. The method of claim 56, wherein the cell is present in an in vitro cell culture.
59. The method of any one of claims 56-58, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of neural cells, glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, lymphatic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, cancer cells, and haematopoietic cells.
60 A method of treating an autophagy associated disease in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject an autophagy inducing compound of any one of claims 1-54 or a composition of claim 55, in an amount effective to treat the disease, thereby treating the disease in the subject.
61. The method of claim 60, wherein the autophagy associated disease is a disease
caused by misfolded protein aggregates.
62. The method of claim 60, wherein the disease caused by misfolded protein
aggregates is selected from the group consiting of: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy, frontal temporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, x-linked spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease..
63. The method of claim 60, the disease associated with misfolded protein aggregates is a chronic disease.
64. The method of claim 60, the autophagy associated disease is cancer.
65. The method of claim 60, the autophagy associated disease is diabetes.
66. A method of treating a disease caused by an intracellular pathogen, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of any one of claims 1-54 or a composition of claim 55, in an amount effective to treat the disease, thereby treating the disease in the subject.
67. The method of claim 66, wherein the intracellular pathogen is selected from the group consisting of Group A streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas syringae, Toxoplasma gondeii, Sindbis virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus and Herpes simplex virus.
A kit which includes: (i) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-54; and (ii) instructions for administering the composition to a subject for the treatment of an autophagy associated disease.
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