WO2011133442A1 - Novel synthesis for thiazolidinedione compounds - Google Patents

Novel synthesis for thiazolidinedione compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011133442A1
WO2011133442A1 PCT/US2011/032822 US2011032822W WO2011133442A1 WO 2011133442 A1 WO2011133442 A1 WO 2011133442A1 US 2011032822 W US2011032822 W US 2011032822W WO 2011133442 A1 WO2011133442 A1 WO 2011133442A1
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Prior art keywords
formula
compound
optionally substituted
halo
alkyl
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PCT/US2011/032822
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French (fr)
Inventor
James R. Zeller
Steven P. Tanis
Scott D. Larsen
Gerald D. Artman
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Metabolic Solutions Development Company
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Priority to ES11716155.4T priority Critical patent/ES2610623T3/en
Priority to RU2012148908/04A priority patent/RU2012148908A/en
Priority to NZ602883A priority patent/NZ602883A/en
Priority to AU2011242956A priority patent/AU2011242956B2/en
Priority to CN201180030253.8A priority patent/CN102947269B/en
Priority to KR1020127030070A priority patent/KR101781665B1/en
Priority to DK11716155.4T priority patent/DK2560956T3/en
Priority to US13/641,917 priority patent/US8937182B2/en
Application filed by Metabolic Solutions Development Company filed Critical Metabolic Solutions Development Company
Priority to JP2013506202A priority patent/JP2013525355A/en
Priority to EP11716155.4A priority patent/EP2560956B1/en
Priority to MX2012012092A priority patent/MX2012012092A/en
Priority to CA2796437A priority patent/CA2796437C/en
Publication of WO2011133442A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011133442A1/en
Priority to HK13105164.4A priority patent/HK1178155A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D277/34—Oxygen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
    • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/44—Radicals substituted by doubly-bound oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms, or by two such atoms singly-bound to the same carbon atom
    • C07D213/46—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D213/50—Ketonic radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/44—Radicals substituted by doubly-bound oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atoms, or by two such atoms singly-bound to the same carbon atom
    • C07D213/46—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D213/51—Acetal radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
    • C07F7/1896—Compounds having one or more Si-O-acyl linkages

Definitions

  • the present invention provides novel methods for synthesizing PPARy sparing compounds, e.g., thiazolidinediones, that are useful for preventing and/or treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and inflammatory diseases.
  • PPARy sparing compounds e.g., thiazolidinediones
  • Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors are members of the nuclear hormone receptor super-family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors regulating gene expression. PPARs have been implicated in autoimmune diseases and other diseases, i.e., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
  • PPARy is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. PPARy is also found in other cell types including fibroblasts, myocytes, breast cells, human bone- marrow precursors, and macrophages/monocytes. In addition, PPARy has been shown in macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques.
  • Thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone
  • PPARy ligands The finding that thiazolidinediones might mediate their therapeutic effects through direct interactions with PPARy helped to establish the concept that PPARy is a key regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis.
  • compounds that involve the activation of PPARy such as pioglitazone, also trigger sodium reabsorption and other unpleasant side effects.
  • the invention relates to methods of synthesizing compounds that have reduced binding and activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPARy when compared with high affinity PPARy ligands such as pioglitazone.
  • These novel methods are scalable for industrial production and employ safer, more stable, and/or less costly starting materials and process conditions.
  • the compounds produced by the syntheses of this invention have reduced binding or activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPARy when compared with traditional high affinity PPARy ligands (e.g., pioglitazone or rosiglitazone), and therefore produce fewer or diminished side effects (e.g., reduced augmentation of sodium reabsorption) that are associated with traditional high affinity PPARy ligands, and are therefore more useful in treating hypertension, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases.
  • traditional high affinity PPARy ligands e.g., pioglitazone or rosiglitazone
  • the reduced PPARy binding and reduced activity exhibited by these compounds are particularly useful for treating hypertension, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases both as single agents and in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents.
  • traditional high affinity PPARy ligands e.g., pioglitazone or rosiglitazone
  • these compounds are also useful for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and other inflammatory diseases.
  • compounds synthesized by the present invention may induce remission of the symptoms of diabetes in a human patient.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidinedione compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. This synthesis is useful for preparing a compound of Formula I:
  • each of Ri and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R' 2 and R 2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, - -0-CH(R m )OC(0)R n , -0-CH(R m )OP(0)(OR n ) 2 -0-P(0)(OR n ) 2 , or , wherein each R m is independently C 1-6 alkyl, each R n is independently Ci-12 alkyl, C 3- g cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R 2 and R' 2 together form oxo, R 2 and R' 2 together form -
  • ring B is selected from
  • Yi is hydrogen or PG N and Y 2 is PGo, wherein PG N is a nitrogen protecting group and PGQ is an oxygen protectin group, to form a compound of Formula 4A;
  • the present invention provides novel methods for preparing thiazolidinedione compounds having reduced PPARy activity.
  • protecting group refers to a moiety or functionality that is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group in order to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction.
  • Standard protecting groups are provided in Wuts and Greene : “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” 4th Ed, Wuts, P.G.M. and Greene, T.W., Wiley-Interscience, New York:2006.
  • compounds of the invention may optionally be substituted with one or more moieties, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
  • hydroxyl or "hydroxy” refers to an -OH moiety.
  • aliphatic encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • an "alkyl” group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms.
  • An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl.
  • An alkyl group can be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino,
  • substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalky
  • heterocycloalkylalkyl carbonylamino
  • heteroarylcarbonylamino heteroarylcarbonylamino
  • amino e.g., aliphaticamino, cycloaliphaticamino, or heterocycloaliphaticamino
  • sulfonyl e.g.
  • substituted alkyls include carboxyalkyl (such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (alkyl-S0 2 -amino)alkyl), aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkyl, or haloalkyl.
  • carboxyalkyl such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl
  • cyanoalkyl hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (al
  • an "alkenyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl.
  • alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or
  • heterocycloalkenyl aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g.,
  • heteroarylcarbonylamino heteroaralkylcarbonylamino alkylaminocarbonyl
  • heteroarylaminocarbonyl amino [e.g., aliphaticamino, cycloaliphaticamino,
  • heterocycloaliphaticamino or aliphaticsulfonylamino
  • sulfonyl e.g.,
  • substituted alkenyls include cyanoalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, acylalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, aralkenyl, (alkoxy aryl)alkenyl,
  • (sulfonylamino)alkenyl such as (alkyl-S0 2 -amino)alkenyl), aminoalkenyl, amidoalkenyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkenyl, or haloalkenyl.
  • an "alkynyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond.
  • An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl.
  • An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, sulfanyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl or cycloaliphaticsulfanyl], sulfinyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl or cycloaliphaticsulfinyl], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-S0 2 -, aliphaticamino-S0 2 -, or cycloaliphatic-S0 2 -], amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylamino
  • heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino or heteroarylaminocarbonyl urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl or
  • heterocycloaliphatic carbonyl
  • amino e.g., aliphaticamino
  • sulfoxy e.g., sulfoxy, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, or (heteroaryl)alkoxy.
  • an “amido” encompasses both “aminocarbonyl” and
  • carbonylamino when used alone or in connection with another group refer to an amido group such as -N(R x )-C(0)-R Y or -C(0)-N(R x ) 2 , when used terminally, and -C(0)-N(R x )- or -N(R x )-C(0)- when used internally, wherein R x and R Y can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl or heteroaraliphatic.
  • amido groups examples include alkylamido (such as alkylcarbonylamino or
  • alkylaminocarbonyl (heterocycloaliphatic)amido, (heteroaralkyl)amido, (heteroaryl)amido, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylamido, arylamido, aralkylamido, (cycloalkyl)alkylamido, or cycloalkylamido.
  • an "amino" group refers to -NR X R Y wherein each of R x and R Y is independently hydrogen, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heteroaryl, carboxy, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, arylcarbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl,
  • amino groups include alkylamino, dialkylamino, or arylamino.
  • amino is not the terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is represented by -NR X -, where R x has the same meaning as defined above.
  • an "aryl” group used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl” refers to monocyclic (e.g., phenyl); bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl); and tricyclic (e.g., fluorenyl tetrahydrofluorenyl, or tetrahydroanthracenyl, anthracenyl) ring systems in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in a bicyclic or tricyclic ring system is aromatic.
  • the bicyclic and tricyclic groups include benzofused 2-3 membered carbocyclic rings.
  • a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with two or more C 4 -8 carbocyclic moieties.
  • An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents including aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic; heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy;
  • cycloaliphatic)oxy (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of a benzofused bicyclic or tricyclic aryl); nitro; carboxy; amido; acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl; (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl; (araliphatic)carbonyl;
  • sulfonyl e.g., aliphatic-S0 2 - or amino-S0 2 -
  • sulfinyl e.g., aliphatic-S(O)- or cycloaliphatic-S(O)-
  • sulfanyl e.g., aliphatic-S-]
  • cyano halo; hydroxy; mercapto; sulfoxy; urea; thiourea; sulfamoyl; sulfamide; or carbamoyl.
  • an aryl can be unsubstituted.
  • Non-limiting examples of substituted aryls include haloaryl [e.g., mono-, di (such as j9,m-dihaloaryl), and (trihalo)aryl]; (carboxy)aryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)aryl,
  • aminocarbonyl)aryl (((alkylamino)alkyl)aminocarbonyl)aryl, (alkylcarbonyl)aminoaryl, (arylaminocarbonyl)aryl, and (((heteroaryl)amino)carbonyl)aryl]; aminoaryl [e.g.,
  • (sulfamoyl)aryl [e.g., (aminosulfonyl)aryl]; (alkylsulfonyl)aryl; (cyano)aryl;
  • an "araliphatic” such as an “aralkyl” group refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a C alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group.
  • "Aliphatic,” “alkyl,” and “aryl” are defined herein.
  • An example of an araliphatic such as an aralkyl group is benzyl.
  • an "aralkyl” group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both “alkyl” and “aryl” have been defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl.
  • An aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl], cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy,
  • substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl], cycloaliphatic [e.g., cyclo
  • heteroaralkyloxy aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
  • heteroarylcarbonylamino or heteroaralkylcarbonylamino] cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
  • a "bicyclic ring system” includes 8-12 (e.g., 9, 10, or 11) membered structures that form two rings, wherein the two rings have at least one atom in common (e.g., 2 atoms in common).
  • Bicyclic ring systems include bicycloaliphatics (e.g., bicycloalkyl or bicycloalkenyl), bicycloheteroaliphatics, bicyclic aryls, and bicyclic heteroaryls.
  • a "cycloaliphatic” group encompasses a “cycloalkyl” group and a “cycloalkenyl” group, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • a "cycloalkyl” group refers to a saturated carbocyclic mono- or bicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms.
  • Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,
  • bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or ((aminocarbonyl)cycloalkyl)cycloalkyl.
  • a "cycloalkenyl” group refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds.
  • Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, or bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl.
  • a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic) aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino,
  • sulfonyl e.g., alkyl-S0 2 - and aryl-S0 2 -
  • sulfinyl e.g.
  • heterocycloaliphatic encompasses heterocycloalkyl groups and heterocycloalkenyl groups, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a 3-10 membered mono- or bicylic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof).
  • heterocycloalkyl group examples include piperidyl, piperazyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 1,4-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolidyl, isoxazolidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholyl, octahydrobenzofuryl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydrothiochromenyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydropyrindinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydrobenzo[&]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza- bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,
  • a "heterocycloalkenyl” group refers to a mono- or bicylic (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S).
  • Monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycloaliphatics are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy,
  • substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy,
  • heteroaryloxy (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic )carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino,
  • heterocycloaliphaticcarbonylamino ((heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonylamino, (heteroaryl)carbonylamino, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonylamino] nitro, carboxy [e.g., HOOC-, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy], acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl,
  • sulfonyl e.g., alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl
  • sulfinyl
  • a “heteroaryl” group refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system having 4 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof) and in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in the bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems is aromatic.
  • a heteroaryl group includes a benzofused ring system having 2 to 3 rings.
  • a benzofused group includes benzo fused with one or two 4 to 8 membered heterocycloaliphatic moieties (e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[6]furyl, benzo[£>]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl).
  • heterocycloaliphatic moieties e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[6]furyl, benzo[£>]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl.
  • heteroaryl examples include pyridyl, lH-indazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, isoquinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, benzo[l,3]dioxole, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, puryl, cinnolyl, quinolyl, quinazolyl,cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, isoquinolyl, 4H-quinolizyl, benzo- 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, or 1,8-naphth
  • monocyclic heteroaryls include furyl, thiophenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4-H-pranyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazyl, or 1,3,5-triazyl.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H- indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[6]furyl, benzo[Z?]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolizyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, benzo[&]furyl, bexo[&]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, or pteridyl.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
  • a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic;
  • heterocycloaliphatic (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy;
  • cycloaliphatic (cycloaliphatic)oxy; (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of a bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl); carboxy; amido; acyl [e.g., aliphaticcarbonyl; (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl;
  • heterocycloaliphatic aliphatic
  • carbonyl or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl]
  • sulfonyl e.g., aliphaticsulfonyl or aminosulfonyl
  • sulfinyl e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl
  • sulfanyl e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl
  • a heteroaryl can be unsubstituted.
  • Non-limiting examples of substituted heteroaryls include (halo)heteroaryl [e.g., mono- and di-(halo)heteroaryl]; (carboxy)heteroaryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)heteroaryl]; cyanoheteroaryl; aminoheteroaryl [e.g., ((alkylsulfonyl)amino)heteroaryl and
  • alkylsulfonyl heteroaryl
  • hydroxyalkyl heteroaryl
  • alkoxy alkyl heteroaryl
  • heterocycloaliphatic heteroaryl
  • cycloaliphatic heteroaryl
  • nitrogenalkyl heteroaryl
  • (cyanoalkyl)heteroaryl (acyl)heteroaryl [e.g., (alkylcarbonyl)heteroaryl]; (alkyl)heteroaryl; or (haloalkyl)heteroaryl [e.g., trihaloalkylheteroaryl].
  • heteroaralkyl group refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a CM alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • heteroaryl group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both “alkyl” and “heteroaryl” have been defined above.
  • a heteroaralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
  • heteroarylcarbonylamino heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
  • cyclic moiety and “cyclic group” refer to mono-, bi-, and tri-cyclic ring systems including cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been previously defined.
  • bridged bicyclic ring system refers to a bicyclic
  • bridged bicyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, adamantanyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.0 3 ' 7 ]nonyl.
  • a bridged bicyclic ring system can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy,
  • substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycl
  • heteroaralkyloxy aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
  • heteroarylcarbonylamino heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
  • an "acyl” group refers to a formyl group or R x -C(0)- (such as alkyl-C(O)-, also referred to as “alkylcarbonyl”) where R x and "alkyl” have been defined previously.
  • R x and "alkyl” have been defined previously.
  • Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups.
  • an “aroyl” or “heteroaroyl” refers to an aryl-C(O)- or a
  • heteroaryl-C(O)- The aryl and heteroaryl portion of the aroyl or heteroaroyl is optionally substituted as previously defined.
  • an "alkoxy” group refers to an alkyl-O- group where "alkyl” has been defined previously.
  • a “carbamoyl” group refers to a group having the structure
  • R x and R Y have been defined above and R z can be aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, or heteroaraliphatic.
  • a "carboxy” group refers to -COOH, -COOR x , -OC(0)H,
  • haloaliphatic refers to an aliphatic group substituted with 1-3 halogen.
  • haloalkyl includes the group -CF 3 .
  • mercapto refers to -SH.
  • a "sulfo" group refers to -SO3H or -S0 3 R x when used terminally or -S(0) 3 - when used internally.
  • a "sulfamide" group refers to the structure -NR x -S(0) 2 -NR Y R z when used terminally and -NR x -S(0) 2 -NR Y - when used internally, wherein R x , R Y , and R z have been defined above.
  • a "sulfamoyl” group refers to the structure -0-S(0) 2 -NR Y R z wherein R Y and R z have been defined above.
  • a "sulfonamide” group refers to the structure -S(0) 2 -NR x R Y or -NR x -S(0) 2 -R z when used terminally; or -S(0) 2 -NR x - or -NR X -S(0) 2 - when used internally, wherein R x , R Y , and R z are defined above.
  • sulfanyl group refers to -S-R x when used terminally and -S- when used internally, wherein R x has been defined above.
  • sulfanyls include aliphatic-S-, cycloaliphatic-S-, aryl-S-, or the like.
  • a "sulfinyl” group refers to -S(0)-R x when used terminally and -S(O)- when used internally, wherein R x has been defined above.
  • exemplary sulfinyl groups include aliphatic-S(O)-, aryl-S(O)-, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))-S(0)-, cycloalkyl-S(O)-, heterocycloaliphatic-S(O)-, heteroaryl-S(O)-, or the like.
  • a "sulfonyl” group refers to-S(0) 2 -R x when used terminally and -S(0) 2 - when used internally, wherein R x has been defined above.
  • exemplary sulfonyl groups include aliphatic-S(0) 2 -, aryl-S(0) 2 -, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))-S(0) 2 -,
  • a "sulfoxy" group refers to -0-SO-R x or -SO-0-R x , when used terminally and -O-S(O)- or -S(0)-0- when used internally, where R x has been defined above.
  • halogen or halo group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • alkoxycarbonyl which is encompassed by the term carboxy, used alone or in connection with another group refers to a group such as alkyl-O-C(O)-.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to an alkyl group such as alkyl-O-alkyl-, wherein alkyl has been defined above.
  • a "carbonyl” refer to -C(O)-.
  • phospho refers to phosphinates and phosphonates.
  • phosphinates and phosphonates include -P(0)(R p ) 2 , wherein R p is aliphatic, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic or amino.
  • aminoalkyl refers to the structure (R x ) 2 N-alkyl-.
  • cyanoalkyl refers to the structure (NC)-alkyl-.
  • urea refers to the structure -NR x -CO-NR Y R z and a
  • thiourea refers to the structure -NR X -CS-NR Y R Z when used terminally and
  • the term "vicinal” refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
  • the term "geminal” refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to the same carbon atom.
  • terminal refers to the location of a group within a substituent.
  • a group is terminal when the group is present at the end of the substituent not further bonded to the rest of the chemical structure.
  • Carboxyalkyl i.e., R x O(0)C-alkyl is an example of a carboxy group used terminally.
  • a group is internal when the group is present in the middle of a substituent of the chemical structure.
  • Alkylcarboxy e.g., alkyl-C(0)0- or alkyl-OC(O)-
  • alkylcarboxyaryl e.g., alkyl-C(0)0-aryl- or alkyl-O(CO)-aryl-
  • carboxy groups used internally are examples of carboxy groups used internally.
  • an "aliphatic chain” refers to a branched or straight aliphatic group (e.g., alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or alkynyl groups).
  • a straight aliphatic chain has the structure -[CH 2 ] V -, where v is 1-12.
  • a branched aliphatic chain is a straight aliphatic chain that is substituted with one or more aliphatic groups.
  • a branched aliphatic chain has the structure -[CQQ] V - where Q is independently a hydrogen or an aliphatic group; however, Q shall be an aliphatic group in at least one instance.
  • the term aliphatic chain includes alkyl chains, alkenyl chains, and alkynyl chains, where alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are defined above.
  • Each substituent of a specific group is further optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • an alkyl group can be substituted with alkylsulfanyl and the alkylsulfanyl can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl portion of a (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
  • the two alkxoy groups can form a ring together with the atom(s) to which they are bound.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
  • Specific substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof.
  • an optionally substituted group can have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure can be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position.
  • a ring substituent such as a heterocycloalkyl
  • substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
  • stable or chemically feasible refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and preferably their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
  • a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40 °C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • an "effective amount” is defined as the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and is typically determined based on age, surface area, weight, and condition of the patient. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 50: 219 (1966). Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy
  • patient refers to a mammal, including a human.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers
  • stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
  • all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidine compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
  • One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidine compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. This synthesis is useful for preparing a compound of Formula I:
  • each of R ⁇ and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R' 2 and R 2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S0 2 )NH 2 , -0-CH(R m )OC(0)R n , -0-CH(R m )OP(0)(OR n ) 2 -0-P(0)(OR n ) 2 , or , wherein each R m is independently Ci- 6 alkyl, each R n is independently C 1-12 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R 2 and R' 2 together form o
  • ring B is selected from
  • Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y 2 is PGo, wherein PGo is an oxygen rotecting group, to form a compound of Formula 4A;
  • X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -OPO(OR 4 ) 2 , wherein each R4 is independently C alkyl or two of R4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring.
  • X is a halo.
  • X is -Br, -CI, or -I.
  • Some embodiments further comprise converting a compound of Formula 2B
  • Some embodiments comprise reacting a compound of Formula 5A
  • each of R 5 and R' 5 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, or R 5 and R' 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
  • Other embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 7A ⁇ f ⁇ o ⁇ r ⁇ m ⁇ a a c coumiiippouuunndu o ⁇ f ⁇ F rournmuuuliaa 5 JAA.
  • the compound of Formula 6A includes a standard Weinreb amide or NCH 3 OCH 3 .
  • R 5 and R' 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
  • the compound of Formula 7A comprises R i , wherein each of Ri and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the compound of Formula
  • 5A compri comprises
  • the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
  • the Grignard reagent comprises j ' -PrMgBr or i-PrMgCl.
  • a compound of Formula 7A is reacted with a compound of Formula 6A, under direct acylation conditions, to form a compound of Formula 2B.
  • a compound of Formula 7A is treated with n-butyllithium and Me 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OLi, followed by treatment with a compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
  • X and Xi are independently selected from -Br and -CI.
  • the compound of Formula 8A comprises
  • each of Ri and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R' 2 and R 2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S0 2 )N C(0)R n ,
  • each R n is independently Ci -12 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R 2 and R' 2 together form oxo, R 2 and R' 2 together form -0(CH 2 ) n O-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R 2 and R' 2 together form -S(CH 2 ) m S-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
  • each of R 2 and R' 2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R 2 and R' 2 together form oxo, R 2 and R' 2 together form -0(CH 2 ) n O-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R 2 and R' 2 together form -S(CH 2 ) m S-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
  • the compound of Formula 8A comprises wherein Ri is selected from a Q.6 alkyl or Ci -6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R 3 is -H or halo.
  • Ri is a Ci-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
  • Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
  • Some embodiments comprise reacting the compound
  • ring B of Formula 9A is Yj is PGN, and PGN is a nitrogen protecting group selected from Cbz, Moz, Boc, Fmoc, Ac, Bz, Bn, PMB, DMPM,
  • ring B of Formula 9A is or
  • PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(R6) 3 , optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each R$ is independently straight or branched Ci -4 alkyl or phenyl.
  • ring B of Formula A is and PG 0 is -Si(R 6 ) 3 , wherein each R ⁇ s is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i ' so-propyl, iert-butyl, or phenyl.
  • ring B of Formula 9A is
  • Ci- 6 alkyl or a Ci -6 alkylcarbonyl are examples of Ci- 6 alkyl or a Ci -6 alkylcarbonyl.
  • R' 2 and R 2 in any of the Formulae above, are
  • R 2 and R 2 are groups that can readily be converted to oxo without performing an oxidation reaction.
  • X is a leaving group that allows for nucleophilic displacement by l,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione or protected l,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione.
  • X is -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -ONs, or -OPO(OR 4 ) 2 , wherein each R4 is independently Ci-i 2 alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
  • PG is Ac, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenxyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or triphenylmethyl.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of Formula I:
  • Ri and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R' 2 and R 2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S0 2 )NH 2 , -0-CH(R m )OC(0)R protagonist, -0-CH(R m )OP(0)(OR n ) 2 -0-P(0)(OR n ) 2 , or , wherein each R m is independently C 1-6 alkyl, each R n is independently C 1 .
  • R 2 and R' 2 together form oxo, R 2 and R' 2 together form -0(CH 2 ) n O-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R 2 and R' 2 together form -S(CH 2 ) m S-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted; comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula 2A:
  • ring B is selected from
  • Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y 2 is PGo, wherein PGo is an oxygen protecting group, to form a compound of Formula 4B;
  • X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -OPO(OR 4 ) 2 , wherein each R4 is independently C 1-4 alkyl or two of R 4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring.
  • Some embodiments comprise converting a compound of Formula 2B into a compound of Formula 2A.
  • R 5 and R' 5 are independently selected from optionally substituted Ci_6 alkyl, or R 5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
  • Some embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 7 A
  • R 5 and R' 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
  • each of Rj and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the compound of Formula wherein Xi is halo.
  • the compound of Formula 7A comprises ? anc j me compound of Formula 5A comprises
  • the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
  • the Grignard reagent comprises -PrMgBr.
  • X and X! are independently selected from -Br and -CI.
  • Other embodiments comprise reacting a compound a compound of Formula 7A
  • each of R 5 and R' 5 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1-6 alkyl, or R 5 and R' 5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, under direct acylation conditions, to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
  • Some embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 8A to form a compound of Formula 2A.
  • the compound of Formula 8A comprises
  • each of Ri and R 3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R' 2 and R 2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S0 2 )NH 2 , -0-CH(R m )OC(0)R n ,
  • each R m is independently Ci_6 alkyl
  • each R n is independently Ci_i 2 alkyl, C 3- 8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
  • R 2 and R' 2 together form -0(CH 2 ) n O-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
  • R 2 and R' 2 together form -S(CH 2 ) m S-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
  • each of R 2 and R' 2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R 2 and R' 2 together form oxo, R 2 and R' 2 together form -0(CH 2 ) n O-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R 2 and R' 2 together form -S(CH 2 ) m S-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
  • the compound of Formula 8A comprises
  • R ⁇ is selected from a Ci -6 alkyl or Ci -6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R 3 is -H or halo.
  • Ri is a C 1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
  • Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
  • Some embodiments comprise reacting the compound
  • ring B of Formula 9A is
  • ring B of Formula 9A is .
  • ring B of Formula 9A is PGo, and PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(Re)3, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each Re is independently straight or branched C )-4 alkyl or phenyl.
  • Y 2 is PGo, and PGo is -Si(Re)3, wherein each R5 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, wo-propyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl.
  • ring B of Formula 9 A is or PGo
  • PG 0 is a Ci-6 alkyl or a C 1-6 alkylcarbonyl.
  • starting material ia is generated according to Scheme 1A, below:
  • the starting material ia is generated according to Scheme IB, below:
  • the starting material ib is generated according to Scheme 1C, below:
  • starting material iia is generated according to Scheme 2A, below: [0131] Scheme
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides novel compounds that are useful in the synthesis of compounds of Formula I.
  • one aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 11A, 12A, or 13A
  • R 7 is a C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
  • the compound is one selected from [0136]
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula ib
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound selected from
  • Example 1 Preparation of 5- ⁇ 4-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy]benzyl ⁇ -l,3- thiazolidine-2,4-dione [0140] To a stirring solution of 5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) in DMSO (2ml), potassium tert-butoxide (106 mg, 0.941 mmol) was added. Stirring continued at RT for about 1 hour. 2-Bromo-3'-methoxyacetophenone (100 mg, 0.5 mmol) was then added to the mixture. After 2 hours, LCMS showed that the reaction was complete.
  • activation of the PPARy receptor is generally believed to be a selection criteria to select for molecules that may have anti-diabetic and insulin sensitizing pharmacology
  • this invention finds that activation of this receptor should be a negative selection criterion.
  • Molecules will be chosen from this chemical space because they have reduced, not just selective, activation of PPARy.
  • the optimal compounds have at least a 10- fold reduced potency as compared to pioglitazone and less than 50% of the full activation produced by rosiglitazone in assays conducted in vitro for transactivation of the PPARy receptor.
  • the assays are conducted by first evaluation of the direct interactions of the molecules with the ligand binding domain of PPARy.
  • Antidiabetic Thiazolidinedione is a High Affinity Ligand for Peroxisome Proliferator- activated Receptor (PPAR) J. Biol. Chem.(1995) 270: 12953] but will use luciferase as a reporter as in Vosper et al. [Vosper, H., Khoudoli, GA, Palmer, CN (2003) The peroxisome proliferators activated receptor d is required for the differentiation of THP-1 money tic cells by phorbol ester. Nuclear Receptor 1 :9].
  • PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator- activated Receptor
  • Pioglitazone Endocrinology, 129:1915-1925.
  • Compounds are formulated in 1% sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and 0.01 % tween 20 and dosed daily by oral gavage. After 4 days of once daily treatment, treatment blood samples are taken from the retro-orbital sinus and analyzed for glucose, triglycerides, and insulin as described in Hofmann et al. Doses of compounds that produce at least 80% of the maximum lowering of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin will not significantly increase the expression of a P2 in the liver of these mice.
  • Pioglitazone Endocrinology, 129:1915-1925.].
  • Compounds are formulated in 1% sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and 0.01% tween 20 and dosed daily by oral gavage. After 4 days of once daily treatment, blood samples are taken from the retro-orbital sinus and analyzed for glucose, triglycerides, and insulin as described in Hofmann et al. Doses of compounds that produce at least 80% of the maximum lowering of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin will not significantly increase the expression of a P2 in the liver of these mice.
  • Compound Nos. 1-5 exhibited a plasma insulin level of less than about 5 ng/ml and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma insulin level between about 15 and 20 ng ml; compound nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited a plasma triglyceride level of between about 100 and 200 mg/dl, and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma triglyceride level between about 300 and 400 mg/dl; compound nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited a plasma gluclose level of between about 350 and 425 mg/dl and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma gluclose level between about 450 and 525 mg/dl.
  • the PPARy-sparing compounds of this invention will be more effective for the treatment of diseases caused by metabolic inflammation such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome by limiting the side effects attributable to direct and partial activation of nuclear transcription factors.
  • the compounds of the present invention exhibit reduced PPARy activation, it is anticipated that these compounds are suitable for use in combination with other compounds having antidiabetic activity, such as metformin, DDP-4 inhibitors, or other antidiabetic agents that function by differing mechanisms to augment the actions or secretions of GLPl or insulin. Specifically because of the reduced PPARy interaction, these compounds will also be useful for treating dyslipidemia associated with metabolic inflammatory diseases combining particularly well with lipid lowering statins such as atorvastatin or the like.

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Abstract

The present invention provides novel methods for synthesizing PPARy sparing compounds, e.g., thiazolidinediones, that are useful for preventing and/or treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and inflammatory diseases.

Description

NOVEL SYNTHESIS FOR THIAZOLEPINEDIONE COMPOUNDS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This PCT application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 61/325,502, filed on April 19, 2010 and U.S. Application No. 61/327,498, filed on April 23, 2010. The entire contents of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention provides novel methods for synthesizing PPARy sparing compounds, e.g., thiazolidinediones, that are useful for preventing and/or treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and inflammatory diseases.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Over the past several decades, scientists have postulated that PPARy is the generally accepted site of action for insulin sensitizing thiazolidinedione compounds.
[0004] Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor super-family, which are ligand-activated transcription factors regulating gene expression. PPARs have been implicated in autoimmune diseases and other diseases, i.e., diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
[0005] PPARy is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. PPARy is also found in other cell types including fibroblasts, myocytes, breast cells, human bone- marrow precursors, and macrophages/monocytes. In addition, PPARy has been shown in macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques.
[0006] Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone, developed originally for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, generally exhibit high affinity as PPARy ligands. The finding that thiazolidinediones might mediate their therapeutic effects through direct interactions with PPARy helped to establish the concept that PPARy is a key regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, compounds that involve the activation of PPARy , such as pioglitazone, also trigger sodium reabsorption and other unpleasant side effects.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] In general, the invention relates to methods of synthesizing compounds that have reduced binding and activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPARy when compared with high affinity PPARy ligands such as pioglitazone. These novel methods are scalable for industrial production and employ safer, more stable, and/or less costly starting materials and process conditions.
[0008] Compounds exhibiting PPARy activity induce transcription of genes that favor sodium reabsorption. Advantageously, the compounds produced by the syntheses of this invention have reduced binding or activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPARy when compared with traditional high affinity PPARy ligands (e.g., pioglitazone or rosiglitazone), and therefore produce fewer or diminished side effects (e.g., reduced augmentation of sodium reabsorption) that are associated with traditional high affinity PPARy ligands, and are therefore more useful in treating hypertension, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Most specifically, the reduced PPARy binding and reduced activity exhibited by these compounds, as compared with traditional high affinity PPARy ligands (e.g., pioglitazone or rosiglitazone), are particularly useful for treating hypertension, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases both as single agents and in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents. As hypertension and inflammatory diseases pose major risk factors in the onset of diabetes and pre-diabetes, these compounds are also useful for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and other inflammatory diseases. In fact, compounds synthesized by the present invention may induce remission of the symptoms of diabetes in a human patient.
[0009] One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidinedione compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. This synthesis is useful for preparing a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000003_0001
I
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, - -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn, -0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000003_0002
, wherein each Rm is independently C1-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently Ci-12 alkyl, C3-g cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3- yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted; comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula 2A:
Figure imgf000004_0001
wherein X is a leaving group, with a compound of Formula 3A
Figure imgf000004_0002
3A
wherein ring B is selected from
Figure imgf000004_0003
wherein Yi is hydrogen or PGN and Y2 is PGo, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group and PGQ is an oxygen protectin group, to form a compound of Formula 4A; and
Figure imgf000004_0004
when Y] is other than hydrogen or when Y2 is present, deprotecting the compound of Formula 4A to form a compound of Formula I.
DF.TATT ,F,D DF.SCR TPTTON
[0010] The present invention provides novel methods for preparing thiazolidinedione compounds having reduced PPARy activity.
[0011] As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated.
[0012] I. DEFINITIONS
[0013] For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in "Organic Chemistry", Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and "March's Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M.B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0014] As described herein, "protecting group" refers to a moiety or functionality that is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group in order to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction. Standard protecting groups are provided in Wuts and Greene : "Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" 4th Ed, Wuts, P.G.M. and Greene, T.W., Wiley-Interscience, New York:2006.
[0015] As described herein, compounds of the invention may optionally be substituted with one or more moieties, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
[0016] As used herein, the term "hydroxyl" or "hydroxy" refers to an -OH moiety.
[0017] As used herein the term "aliphatic" encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
[0018] As used herein, an "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms. An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl. An alkyl group can be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino,
aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino,
(heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino,
heteroaralkylcarbonylamino alkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl,
heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino, cycloaliphaticamino, or heterocycloaliphaticamino], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-S02-], sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloaliphaticoxy, heterocycloaliphaticoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or hydroxy. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkyls include carboxyalkyl (such as HOOC-alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, and alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acylalkyl, aralkyl, (alkoxyaryl)alkyl, (sulfonylamino)alkyl (such as (alkyl-S02-amino)alkyl), aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkyl, or haloalkyl.
[0019] As used herein, an "alkenyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl. An alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, phospho, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or
heterocycloalkenyl], aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, acyl [e.g.,
(aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, or (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, amido [e.g., (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,
heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino alkylaminocarbonyl,
cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, or
heteroarylaminocarbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino, cycloaliphaticamino,
heterocycloaliphaticamino, or aliphaticsulfonylamino], sulfonyl [e.g.,
alkyl-S02-, cycloaliphatic-S02-, or aryl-S02-], sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, cycloaliphaticoxy, heterocycloaliphaticoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or hydroxy. Without limitation, some examples of substituted alkenyls include cyanoalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, acylalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, aralkenyl, (alkoxy aryl)alkenyl,
(sulfonylamino)alkenyl (such as (alkyl-S02-amino)alkenyl), aminoalkenyl, amidoalkenyl, (cycloaliphatic)alkenyl, or haloalkenyl.
[0020] As used herein, an "alkynyl" group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond. An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl. An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aroyl, heteroaroyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, sulfanyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl or cycloaliphaticsulfanyl], sulfinyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl or cycloaliphaticsulfinyl], sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-S02-, aliphaticamino-S02-, or cycloaliphatic-S02-], amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl, heterocycloalkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonyl, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino,
(heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,
heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino or heteroarylaminocarbonyl], urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl or
(heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl], amino [e.g., aliphaticamino], sulfoxy, oxo, carboxy, carbamoyl, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, or (heteroaryl)alkoxy.
[0021] As used herein, an "amido" encompasses both "aminocarbonyl" and
"carbonylamino". These terms when used alone or in connection with another group refer to an amido group such as -N(Rx)-C(0)-RY or -C(0)-N(Rx)2, when used terminally, and -C(0)-N(Rx)- or -N(Rx)-C(0)- when used internally, wherein Rx and RY can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl or heteroaraliphatic.
Examples of amido groups include alkylamido (such as alkylcarbonylamino or
alkylaminocarbonyl), (heterocycloaliphatic)amido, (heteroaralkyl)amido, (heteroaryl)amido, (heterocycloalkyl)alkylamido, arylamido, aralkylamido, (cycloalkyl)alkylamido, or cycloalkylamido.
[0022] As used herein, an "amino" group refers to -NRXRY wherein each of Rx and RY is independently hydrogen, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heteroaryl, carboxy, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, (aliphatic)carbonyl, (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, arylcarbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl,
((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, (heteroaryl)carbonyl, or heteroaraliphatic )carbonyl, each of which being defined herein and being optionally substituted. Examples of amino groups include alkylamino, dialkylamino, or arylamino. When the term "amino" is not the terminal group (e.g., alkylcarbonylamino), it is represented by -NRX-, where Rx has the same meaning as defined above.
[0023] As used herein, an "aryl" group used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in "aralkyl", "aralkoxy", or "aryloxyalkyl" refers to monocyclic (e.g., phenyl); bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl); and tricyclic (e.g., fluorenyl tetrahydrofluorenyl, or tetrahydroanthracenyl, anthracenyl) ring systems in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in a bicyclic or tricyclic ring system is aromatic. The bicyclic and tricyclic groups include benzofused 2-3 membered carbocyclic rings. For example, a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with two or more C4-8 carbocyclic moieties. An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents including aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic; heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy;
(cycloaliphatic)oxy; (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of a benzofused bicyclic or tricyclic aryl); nitro; carboxy; amido; acyl [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonyl; (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl; (araliphatic)carbonyl;
(heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl; or
(heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl]; sulfonyl [e.g., aliphatic-S02- or amino-S02-]; sulfinyl [e.g., aliphatic-S(O)- or cycloaliphatic-S(O)-]; sulfanyl [e.g., aliphatic-S-]; cyano; halo; hydroxy; mercapto; sulfoxy; urea; thiourea; sulfamoyl; sulfamide; or carbamoyl. Alternatively, an aryl can be unsubstituted.
[0024] Non-limiting examples of substituted aryls include haloaryl [e.g., mono-, di (such as j9,m-dihaloaryl), and (trihalo)aryl]; (carboxy)aryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)aryl,
((aralkyl)carbonyloxy)aryl, and (alkoxycarbonyl)aryl]; (amido)aryl [e.g.,
(aminocarbonyl)aryl, (((alkylamino)alkyl)aminocarbonyl)aryl, (alkylcarbonyl)aminoaryl, (arylaminocarbonyl)aryl, and (((heteroaryl)amino)carbonyl)aryl]; aminoaryl [e.g.,
((alkylsulfonyl)amino)aryl or ((dialkyl)amino)aryl]; (cyanoalkyl)aryl; (alkoxy )aryl;
(sulfamoyl)aryl [e.g., (aminosulfonyl)aryl]; (alkylsulfonyl)aryl; (cyano)aryl;
(hydroxyalkyl)aryl; ((alkoxy)alkyl)aryl; (hydroxy)aryl, ((carboxy)alkyl)aryl;
(((dialkyl)amino)alkyl)aryl; (nitroalkyl)aryl; (((alkylsulfonyl)amino)alkyl)aryl;
((heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl)aryl; ((alkylsulfonyl)alkyl)aryl; (cyanoalkyl)aryl;
(hydroxy alky l)aryl; (alkylcarbonyl)aryl; alkylaryl; (trihaloalkyl)aryl; p-amino-m- alkoxycarbonylaryl; p-amino-m-cyanoaryl; p-halo-m-aminoaryl; or (m-(heterocycloaliphatic)- o-(alkyl))aryl.
[0025] As used herein, an "araliphatic" such as an "aralkyl" group refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a C alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. "Aliphatic," "alkyl," and "aryl" are defined herein. An example of an araliphatic such as an aralkyl group is benzyl.
[0026] As used herein, an "aralkyl" group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both "alkyl" and "aryl" have been defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl. An aralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl], cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy,
heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, amido [e.g., aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
(cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino,
(heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,
heteroarylcarbonylamino, or heteroaralkylcarbonylamino], cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
[0027] As used herein, a "bicyclic ring system" includes 8-12 (e.g., 9, 10, or 11) membered structures that form two rings, wherein the two rings have at least one atom in common (e.g., 2 atoms in common). Bicyclic ring systems include bicycloaliphatics (e.g., bicycloalkyl or bicycloalkenyl), bicycloheteroaliphatics, bicyclic aryls, and bicyclic heteroaryls.
[0028] As used herein, a "cycloaliphatic" group encompasses a "cycloalkyl" group and a "cycloalkenyl" group, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
[0029] As used herein, a "cycloalkyl" group refers to a saturated carbocyclic mono- or bicyclic (fused or bridged) ring of 3-10 (e.g., 5-10) carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,
bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2.]decyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, or ((aminocarbonyl)cycloalkyl)cycloalkyl.
[0030] A "cycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, or bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl.
[0031] A cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic) aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino,
((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonylamino, (heteroaryl)carbonylamino, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonylamino], nitro, carboxy [e.g., HOOC-, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy], acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl,
((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl], cyano, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, sulfonyl [e.g., alkyl-S02- and aryl-S02-], sulfinyl [e.g., alkyl-S(O)-], sulfanyl [e.g., alkyl-S-], sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
[0032] As used herein, the term "heterocycloaliphatic" encompasses heterocycloalkyl groups and heterocycloalkenyl groups, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
[0033] As used herein, a "heterocycloalkyl" group refers to a 3-10 membered mono- or bicylic (fused or bridged) (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof). Examples of a heterocycloalkyl group include piperidyl, piperazyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, 1,4-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolidyl, isoxazolidyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholyl, octahydrobenzofuryl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydrothiochromenyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydropyrindinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, octahydrobenzo[&]thiopheneyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza- bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.03'7]nonyl. A monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group can be fused with a phenyl moiety to form structures, such as tetrahydroisoquinoline, which would be categorized as heteroaryls.
[0034] A "heterocycloalkenyl" group, as used herein, refers to a mono- or bicylic (e.g., 5- to 10-membered mono- or bicyclic) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S).
Monocyclic and bicyclic heterocycloaliphatics are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
[0035] A heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as phosphor, aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl], cycloaliphatic, (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy, aryloxy,
heteroaryloxy, (araliphatic)oxy, (heteroaraliphatic)oxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, amido [e.g., (aliphatic)carbonylamino, (cycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic )carbonylamino, (aryl)carbonylamino, (araliphatic)carbonylamino,
(heterocycloaliphatic)carbonylamino, ((heterocycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonylamino, (heteroaryl)carbonylamino, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonylamino], nitro, carboxy [e.g., HOOC-, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkylcarbonyloxy], acyl [e.g., (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl,
((cycloaliphatic) aliphatic)carbonyl, (araliphatic)carbonyl, (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl, ((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl, or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl], nitro, cyano, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, sulfonyl [e.g., alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl], sulfinyl [e.g., alkylsulfinyl], sulfanyl [e.g., alkylsulfanyl], sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
[0036] A "heteroaryl" group, as used herein, refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system having 4 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom (e.g., N, O, S, or combinations thereof) and in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in the bicyclic or tricyclic ring systems is aromatic. A heteroaryl group includes a benzofused ring system having 2 to 3 rings. For example, a benzofused group includes benzo fused with one or two 4 to 8 membered heterocycloaliphatic moieties (e.g., indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[6]furyl, benzo[£>]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl). Some examples of heteroaryl are pyridyl, lH-indazolyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, isoquinolinyl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, benzo[l,3]dioxole, benzo[b]furyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, puryl, cinnolyl, quinolyl, quinazolyl,cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, isoquinolyl, 4H-quinolizyl, benzo- 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, or 1,8-naphthyridyl.
[0037] Without limitation, monocyclic heteroaryls include furyl, thiophenyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4-H-pranyl, pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazyl, or 1,3,5-triazyl. Monocyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature.
[0038] Without limitation, bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H- indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[6]furyl, benzo[Z?]thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolizyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, benzo[&]furyl, bexo[&]thiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolyl, phthalazyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, or pteridyl. Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemical nomenclature. [0039] A heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic;
heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy;
(cycloaliphatic)oxy; (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; (araliphatic)oxy; (heteroaraliphatic)oxy; aroyl; heteroaroyl; amino; oxo (on a non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring of a bicyclic or tricyclic heteroaryl); carboxy; amido; acyl [e.g., aliphaticcarbonyl; (cycloaliphatic)carbonyl; ((cycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl;
(araliphatic)carbonyl; (heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl;
((heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic)carbonyl; or (heteroaraliphatic)carbonyl]; sulfonyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfonyl or aminosulfonyl]; sulfinyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfinyl]; sulfanyl [e.g., aliphaticsulfanyl]; nitro; cyano; halo; hydroxy; mercapto; sulfoxy; urea; thiourea; sulfamoyl; sulfamide; or carbamoyl. Alternatively, a heteroaryl can be unsubstituted.
[0040] Non-limiting examples of substituted heteroaryls include (halo)heteroaryl [e.g., mono- and di-(halo)heteroaryl]; (carboxy)heteroaryl [e.g., (alkoxycarbonyl)heteroaryl]; cyanoheteroaryl; aminoheteroaryl [e.g., ((alkylsulfonyl)amino)heteroaryl and
((dialkyl)amino)heteroaryl]; (amido)heteroaryl [e.g., aminocarbonylheteroaryl,
((alkylcarbonyl)amino)heteroaryl, ((((alkyl)amino)alkyl)aminocarbonyl)heteroaryl, (((heteroary l)amino)carbony l)heteroary 1 , ((heterocycloaliphatic)carbonyl)heteroaryl, and ((alkylcarbonyl)amino)heteroaryl]; (cyanoalkyl)heteroaryl; (alkoxy )heteroaryl;
(sulfamoyl)heteroaryl [e.g., (aminosulfonyl)heteroaryl]; (sulfonyl)heteroaryl [e.g.,
(alkylsulfonyl)heteroaryl] ; (hydroxyalkyl)heteroaryl; (alkoxy alkyl)heteroaryl;
(hydroxy )heteroaryl; ((carboxy )alkyl)heteroaryl; (((dialkyl)amino)alkyl]heteroaryl;
(heterocycloaliphatic)heteroaryl; (cycloaliphatic)heteroaryl; (nitroalkyl)heteroaryl;
(((alkylsulfonyl)amino)alkyl)heteroaryl; ((alkylsulfonyl)alkyl)heteroaryl;
(cyanoalkyl)heteroaryl; (acyl)heteroaryl [e.g., (alkylcarbonyl)heteroaryl]; (alkyl)heteroaryl; or (haloalkyl)heteroaryl [e.g., trihaloalkylheteroaryl].
[0041] A "heteroaraliphatic (such as a heteroaralkyl group) as used herein, refers to an aliphatic group (e.g., a CM alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group.
"Aliphatic," "alkyl," and "heteroaryl" have been defined above.
[0042] A "heteroaralkyl" group, as used herein, refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both "alkyl" and "heteroaryl" have been defined above. A heteroaralkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
(cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino,
(heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,
heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
[0043] As used herein, "cyclic moiety" and "cyclic group" refer to mono-, bi-, and tri-cyclic ring systems including cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been previously defined.
[0044] As used herein, a "bridged bicyclic ring system" refers to a bicyclic
heterocyclicalipahtic ring system or bicyclic cycloaliphatic ring system in which the rings are bridged. Examples of bridged bicyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, adamantanyl, norbornanyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, 2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, and 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.03'7]nonyl. A bridged bicyclic ring system can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy,
heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino,
(cycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino,
(heterocycloalkyl)carbonylamino, (heterocycloalkylalkyl)carbonylamino,
heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, cyano, halo, hydroxy, acyl, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, sulfoxy, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl, sulfamide, oxo, or carbamoyl.
[0045] As used herein, an "acyl" group refers to a formyl group or Rx-C(0)- (such as alkyl-C(O)-, also referred to as "alkylcarbonyl") where Rx and "alkyl" have been defined previously. Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups.
[0046] As used herein, an "aroyl" or "heteroaroyl" refers to an aryl-C(O)- or a
heteroaryl-C(O)-. The aryl and heteroaryl portion of the aroyl or heteroaroyl is optionally substituted as previously defined. [0047] As used herein, an "alkoxy" group refers to an alkyl-O- group where "alkyl" has been defined previously.
[0048] As used herein, a "carbamoyl" group refers to a group having the structure
-0-CO-NRxRY or -NRx-CO-0-Rz, wherein Rx and RY have been defined above and Rz can be aliphatic, aryl, araliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, or heteroaraliphatic.
[0049] As used herein, a "carboxy" group refers to -COOH, -COORx, -OC(0)H,
-OC(0)Rx, when used as a terminal group; or -OC(O)- or -C(0)0- when used as an internal group.
[0050] As used herein, a "haloaliphatic" group refers to an aliphatic group substituted with 1-3 halogen. For instance, the term haloalkyl includes the group -CF3.
[0051] As used herein, a "mercapto" group refers to -SH.
[0052] As used herein, a "sulfo" group refers to -SO3H or -S03Rx when used terminally or -S(0)3- when used internally.
[0053] As used herein, a "sulfamide" group refers to the structure -NRx-S(0)2-NRYRz when used terminally and -NRx-S(0)2-NRY- when used internally, wherein Rx, RY, and Rz have been defined above.
[0054] As used herein, a "sulfamoyl" group refers to the structure -0-S(0)2-NRYRz wherein RY and Rz have been defined above.
[0055] As used herein, a "sulfonamide" group refers to the structure -S(0)2-NRxRY or -NRx-S(0)2-Rz when used terminally; or -S(0)2-NRx- or -NRX -S(0)2- when used internally, wherein Rx, RY, and Rz are defined above.
[0056] As used herein a "sulfanyl" group refers to -S-Rx when used terminally and -S- when used internally, wherein Rx has been defined above. Examples of sulfanyls include aliphatic-S-, cycloaliphatic-S-, aryl-S-, or the like.
[0057] As used herein a "sulfinyl" group refers to -S(0)-Rx when used terminally and -S(O)- when used internally, wherein Rx has been defined above. Exemplary sulfinyl groups include aliphatic-S(O)-, aryl-S(O)-, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))-S(0)-, cycloalkyl-S(O)-, heterocycloaliphatic-S(O)-, heteroaryl-S(O)-, or the like.
[0058] As used herein, a "sulfonyl" group refers to-S(0)2-Rx when used terminally and -S(0)2- when used internally, wherein Rx has been defined above. Exemplary sulfonyl groups include aliphatic-S(0)2-, aryl-S(0)2-, (cycloaliphatic(aliphatic))-S(0)2-,
cycloaliphatic-S(0)2-, heterocycloaliphatic-S(0)2-, heteroaryl-S(0)2-,
(cycloaliphatic(amido(aliphatic)))-S(0)2-or the like. [0059] As used herein, a "sulfoxy" group refers to -0-SO-Rx or -SO-0-Rx, when used terminally and -O-S(O)- or -S(0)-0- when used internally, where Rx has been defined above.
[0060] As used herein, a "halogen" or "halo" group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
[0061] As used herein, an "alkoxycarbonyl," which is encompassed by the term carboxy, used alone or in connection with another group refers to a group such as alkyl-O-C(O)-.
[0062] As used herein, an "alkoxyalkyl" refers to an alkyl group such as alkyl-O-alkyl-, wherein alkyl has been defined above.
[0063] As used herein, a "carbonyl" refer to -C(O)-.
[0064] As used herein, an "oxo" refers to =0.
[0065] As used herein, the term "phospho" refers to phosphinates and phosphonates.
Examples of phosphinates and phosphonates include -P(0)(Rp)2, wherein Rp is aliphatic, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, (cycloaliphatic)oxy, (heterocycloaliphatic)oxy aryl, heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic or amino.
[0066] As used herein, an "aminoalkyl" refers to the structure (Rx)2N-alkyl-.
[0067] As used herein, a "cyanoalkyl" refers to the structure (NC)-alkyl-.
[0068] As used herein, a "urea" group refers to the structure -NRx-CO-NRYRz and a
"thiourea" group refers to the structure -NRX-CS-NRYRZ when used terminally and
-NRx-CO-NRY- or -NRX-CS-NRY- when used internally, wherein Rx, RY, and Rz have been defined above.
[0069] As used herein, a "guanidine" group refers to the structure -N=C(N(RXRY))N(RXRY) or -NRX-C(=NRX)NRXRY wherein Rx and RY have been defined above.
[0070] As used herein, the term "amidino" group refers to the structure -C=(NRX)N(RXRY) wherein Rx and RY have been defined above.
[0071] In general, the term "vicinal" refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
[0072] In general, the term "geminal" refers to the placement of substituents on a group that includes two or more carbon atoms, wherein the substituents are attached to the same carbon atom.
[0073] The terms "terminally" and "internally" refer to the location of a group within a substituent. A group is terminal when the group is present at the end of the substituent not further bonded to the rest of the chemical structure. Carboxyalkyl, i.e., RxO(0)C-alkyl is an example of a carboxy group used terminally. A group is internal when the group is present in the middle of a substituent of the chemical structure. Alkylcarboxy (e.g., alkyl-C(0)0- or alkyl-OC(O)-) and alkylcarboxyaryl (e.g., alkyl-C(0)0-aryl- or alkyl-O(CO)-aryl-) are examples of carboxy groups used internally.
[0074] As used herein, an "aliphatic chain" refers to a branched or straight aliphatic group (e.g., alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or alkynyl groups). A straight aliphatic chain has the structure -[CH2]V-, where v is 1-12. A branched aliphatic chain is a straight aliphatic chain that is substituted with one or more aliphatic groups. A branched aliphatic chain has the structure -[CQQ]V- where Q is independently a hydrogen or an aliphatic group; however, Q shall be an aliphatic group in at least one instance. The term aliphatic chain includes alkyl chains, alkenyl chains, and alkynyl chains, where alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are defined above.
[0075] The phrase "optionally substituted" is used interchangeably with the phrase "substituted or unsubstituted." As described herein, compounds of the invention can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention. As described herein, the variables Ri, R2, R'2, R3, R4, and other variables contained in the Formulae described herein encompass specific groups, such as alkyl and aryl. Unless otherwise noted, each of the specific groups for the variables Rl5 R2, R'2, R3, R4, and other variables contained therein can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents described herein. Each substituent of a specific group is further optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heterocycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl. For instance, an alkyl group can be substituted with alkylsulfanyl and the alkylsulfanyl can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl. As an additional example, the cycloalkyl portion of a (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino can be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl. When two alkoxy groups are bound to the same atom or adjacent atoms, the two alkxoy groups can form a ring together with the atom(s) to which they are bound.
[0076] In general, the term "substituted," whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not, refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. Specific substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group can have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure can be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position. A ring substituent, such as a heterocycloalkyl, can be bound to another ring, such as a cycloalkyl, to form a spiro-bicyclic ring system, e.g., both rings share one common atom. As one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
[0077] The phrase "stable or chemically feasible," as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and preferably their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40 °C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
[0078] As used herein, an "effective amount" is defined as the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and is typically determined based on age, surface area, weight, and condition of the patient. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 50: 219 (1966). Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy
Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York, 537 (1970). As used herein, "patient" refers to a mammal, including a human.
[0079] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single
stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13C- or 14C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents.
[0080] Chemical structures and nomenclature are derived from ChemDraw, version 11.0.1, Cambridge, MA.
[0081] II. COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
[0082] The following abbreviations are used:
PG protecting group
LG leaving group
DCM dichloromethane
Ac acetyl
DMF dimethylformamide
EtOAc ethyl acetate
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
MeCN acetonitrile
TCA trichloroacetic acid
ATP adenosine triphosphate
EtOH ethanol
Ph phenyl
Me methyl
Et ethyl
Bu butyl
DEAD diethylazodicarboxylate
HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl )- 1 -piperazineethanesulfonic acid
BSA bovine serum albumin
DTT dithiothreitol
MOPS 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
LCMS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
TLC thin layer chromatography
Rt retention time
HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole
Ms mesyl Ts tosyl
Tf triflyl
Bs besyl
Ns nosyl
Cbz carboxybenzyl
Moz p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl
Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl
Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl
Bz benzoly
Bn benzyl
PMB -methoxybenzyl
DMPM 3 ,4-dimethoxybenzyl
PMP p-methoxyphenyl
[0083] ΠΙ. METHODS OF SYNTHESIZING COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA I
[0084] One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidine compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. One aspect of the present invention provides a novel synthesis for generating thiazolidine compounds that are useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders. This synthesis is useful for preparing a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000019_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R\ and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2, -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn, -0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000019_0002
, wherein each Rm is independently Ci-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently C1-12 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted; comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula 2A:
Figure imgf000020_0001
wherein X is a leaving group, with a compound of Formula 3A
Figure imgf000020_0002
3A
wherein ring B is selected from
Figure imgf000020_0003
wherein Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y2 is PGo, wherein PGo is an oxygen rotecting group, to form a compound of Formula 4A; and
Figure imgf000020_0004
4A
when Yi is other than hydrogen or when Y2 is present, deprotecting the compound of Formula 4A to form a compound of Formula I.
[0085] It is noted that when ring B is v¾ S ° , and Yi is other than hydrogen, the nitrogen atom is considered to be protected, i.e., not of the form s ^ . Also, when ring B is
Figure imgf000020_0005
, and Y2 is present, the oxygen atom is considered to be protected. In either case where the nitrogen atom or the oxygen atom is protected, the compound of Formula 4A must undergo an additional deprotection step (e.g., treatment with a reagent (e.g., an aqueous acid or an aqueous base)) to form a compound of Formula I. However, when Yi is hydrogen on ring B, then the compound of Formula 4A is a compound of Formula I.
[0086] In several embodiments, X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -OPO(OR4)2, wherein each R4 is independently C alkyl or two of R4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring. For instance X is a halo. In other instances, X is -Br, -CI, or -I.
[0087] Some embodiments further comprise converting a compound of Formula 2B
Figure imgf000021_0001
2B
into a compound of Formula 2A.
[0088] Some embodiments comprise reacting a compound of Formula 5A
Figure imgf000021_0002
5A
wherein X[ is halo, with a compound of Formula 6A
Rs'' R'5
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, to generate a compound of Formula 2B. [0089] Other embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 7A
Figure imgf000022_0001
ιυ f ιoυrπmπ a a c coumiiippouuunndu o υfι F rournmuuuliaa 5 JAA.
[0090] In many embodiments, the compound of Formula 6A includes a standard Weinreb amide or NCH3OCH3. In some embodiments, R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
Figure imgf000022_0002
In other instances, R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
attached form a ring selected from
Figure imgf000022_0003
· And, in some instances, R5 and R't
taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form
Figure imgf000022_0004
.
R3
[0091] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 7A comprises Ri , wherein each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the compound of Formula
5A compri comprises
Figure imgf000022_0005
wherein Xi is halo. [0092] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B. And, in some examples, the Grignard reagent comprises j'-PrMgBr or i-PrMgCl.
[0093] In other embodiments, a compound of Formula 7A is reacted with a compound of Formula 6A, under direct acylation conditions, to form a compound of Formula 2B. For example, a compound of Formula 7A is treated with n-butyllithium and Me2NCH2CH2OLi, followed by treatment with a compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
[0094] In some embodiments, X and Xi are independently selected from -Br and -CI.
[0095] Other embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 8A
Figure imgf000023_0001
8A
to form a compound of Formula 2A.
[0096] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000023_0002
wherein each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)N C(0)Rn,
-0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000023_0003
, wherein each Rm is
independently C1-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently Ci-12 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
[0097] In some embodiments, each of R2 and R'2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3. For example, in some instances, R2 and R'2 together form oxo. [0098] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000024_0001
wherein Ri is selected from a Q.6 alkyl or Ci-6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R3 is -H or halo. In some examples of this embodiment, Ri is a Ci-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo. For example, Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
[0099] Some embodiments comprise reacting the compound
Figure imgf000024_0002
compound of Formula 9A
B
wherein ring B is ' ■ or ; under condensation conditions to form a compound of Formula 10A, and
Figure imgf000024_0004
10A
hydrogenating the compound of Formula 10A to form a compound of Formula 3A.
[0100] In some embodiments, ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000024_0005
Yj is PGN, and PGN is a nitrogen protecting group selected from Cbz, Moz, Boc, Fmoc, Ac, Bz, Bn, PMB, DMPM,
PMP, or trityl. In other embodiments, ring B of Formula
hydrogen.
[0101] In some embodiments, ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000024_0006
or
is PGo, and PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(R6)3, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each R$ is independently straight or branched Ci-4 alkyl or phenyl. For example, ring B of Formula A is
Figure imgf000025_0001
and PG0 is -Si(R6)3, wherein each R<s is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, i'so-propyl, iert-butyl, or phenyl. In other
examples, ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000025_0002
Ci-6 alkyl or a Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl.
[0102] In several embodiments, R'2 and R2, in any of the Formulae above, are
independently selected from -OMe, -OEt or other optionally substituted 0-C1-6 alkyl groups. In other embodiments, R2 and R2 are groups that can readily be converted to oxo without performing an oxidation reaction.
[0103] In some embodiments, X is a leaving group that allows for nucleophilic displacement by l,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione or protected l,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. For example, X is -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -ONs, or -OPO(OR4)2, wherein each R4 is independently Ci-i2 alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted.
[0104] In some embodiments where Yi is PGN, in any of the Formulae above, PG is Ac, methoxymethyl, ethoxyethyl, ethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenxyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, or triphenylmethyl.
[0105] Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000025_0003
I
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ach of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2, -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)R„, -0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000026_0001
, wherein each Rm is independently C1-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently C1.12 alkyl, C3.8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted; R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted; comprising the step of reacting a compound of Formula 2A:
Figure imgf000026_0002
2A
wherein X is a leaving group, with a compound of Formula 10A
Figure imgf000026_0003
10A
wherein ring B is selected from
Figure imgf000026_0004
wherein Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y2 is PGo, wherein PGo is an oxygen protecting group, to form a compound of Formula 4B; and
Figure imgf000026_0005
4B
hydrogenating the compound of Formula 4B to generate a compound of Formula 4A, and
Figure imgf000027_0001
4A
when Yi is other than hydrogen or when Y2 is present, deprotecting the compound of Formula 4A to form a compound of Formula I.
[0106] In several embodiments, X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -OPO(OR4)2, wherein each R4 is independently C1-4 alkyl or two of R4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring.
[0107] Some embodiments comprise converting a compound of Formula 2B
Figure imgf000027_0002
into a compound of Formula 2A.
[0108] Other embodiments comprising reacting a compound of Formula 5A
Figure imgf000027_0003
5A
wherein Xi is halo, with a compound of Formula 6A
Figure imgf000027_0004
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted Ci_6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S to generate a compound of Formula 2B. [0109] Some embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 7 A
Figure imgf000028_0001
7A
to form a compound of Formula 5A.
[0110] In some embodiments, R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
Figure imgf000028_0002
For instance, R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached
Figure imgf000028_0003
n some em o ments, t e compoun o ormu a 7 compr ses 1 , wherein each of Rj and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the compound of Formula
Figure imgf000028_0004
wherein Xi is halo. For example, the compound of Formula 7A comprises
Figure imgf000028_0005
? ancj me compound of Formula 5A comprises
wherein Xi is halo.
[0112] In other embodiments, the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B. And, in some examples, the Grignard reagent comprises -PrMgBr.
[0113] In some embodiments, X and X! are independently selected from -Br and -CI. [0114] Other embodiments comprise reacting a compound a compound of Formula 7A
Figure imgf000029_0001
7A
with a compound of Formula 6A
Figure imgf000029_0002
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, under direct acylation conditions, to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
[0115] Some embodiments comprise halogenating a compound of Formula 8A
Figure imgf000029_0003
to form a compound of Formula 2A.
[0116] And, some embodiments the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000029_0004
wherein each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2, -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn,
-0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2, -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000030_0001
, wherein each Rm is independently Ci_6 alkyl, each Rn is independently Ci_i2 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
R2 and R'2 together form oxo,
R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
R2and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
[0117] In some embodiments, each of R2 and R'2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3. For example, R2 and R'2 together form oxo.
[0118] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000030_0002
wherein R\ is selected from a Ci-6 alkyl or Ci-6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R3 is -H or halo. In some examples, Ri is a C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo. In other examples, Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
[0119] Some embodiments comprise reacting the compound
Figure imgf000030_0003
compound of Formula 9A
wherein ring B is
Figure imgf000030_0004
conditions to form a compound of Formula 10A. In some instances, ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000030_0005
, , s P N, an s a n trogen protecting group selected rom Cbz, Fmoc, Ac, Bz, Bn, PMB, DMPM, trityl, or PMP. In other instances, ring B of Formula 9A is . In other instances, ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000031_0001
PGo, and PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(Re)3, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each Re is independently straight or branched C)-4 alkyl or phenyl. Or, ring B of Formula 9 A
Figure imgf000031_0002
Y2 is PGo, and PGo is -Si(Re)3, wherein each R5 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, wo-propyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl.
Alternatively, ring B of Formula 9 A is
Figure imgf000031_0003
or PGo, and PG0 is a Ci-6 alkyl or a C1-6 alkylcarbonyl.
[0120] IV. EXEMPLARY SYNTHESES
[0121] The following synthetic schemes represent example embodiments of the present invention:
[0122] Scheme 1:
Figure imgf000031_0004
ia ic
ib
deprotection when is not hydrogen
Figure imgf000031_0005
id
wherein X and Yi are defined in Formula I, above. [0123] In several embodiments, starting material ia is generated according to Scheme 1A, below:
[0124] Scheme IA:
Figure imgf000032_0001
wherein X is a leaving group, as defined above in Formula I.
[0125] In several embodiments, the starting material ia is generated according to Scheme IB, below:
[0126] Scheme IB:
Figure imgf000032_0002
wherein X is -CI.
[0127] In several embodiments, the starting material ib is generated according to Scheme 1C, below:
[0128] Scheme 1C:
Figure imgf000032_0003
wherein Yi is hydrogen.
[0129] Scheme 2:
Figure imgf000032_0004
Ha ib jib
wherein X and Yi are defined above in Formula I.
[0130] In some embodiments, starting material iia is generated according to Scheme 2A, below: [0131] Scheme
Figure imgf000033_0001
wherein X is -CI.
[0132] Scheme 3
Figure imgf000033_0002
ua ma
hydrogenation
Figure imgf000033_0003
iib
[0133] V. NOVEL COMPOUNDS
[0134] Another aspect of the present invention provides novel compounds that are useful in the synthesis of compounds of Formula I. For example, one aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula 11A, 12A, or 13A
Figure imgf000033_0004
11A 12A 13A
wherein R7 is a C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
[0135] For example, in some embodiments, the compound is one selected from
Figure imgf000033_0005
[0136] Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound of Formula ib
Figure imgf000034_0001
ib
wherein Y1 is defined above in Formula I.
[0137] Another aspect of the present invention provides a compound selected from
Figure imgf000034_0002
[0138] V. EXAMPLES
[0139] Example 1: Preparation of 5-{4-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy]benzyl}-l,3- thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Figure imgf000034_0003
[0140] To a stirring solution of 5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (100 mg, 0.4 mmol) in DMSO (2ml), potassium tert-butoxide (106 mg, 0.941 mmol) was added. Stirring continued at RT for about 1 hour. 2-Bromo-3'-methoxyacetophenone (100 mg, 0.5 mmol) was then added to the mixture. After 2 hours, LCMS showed that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. Combined extracts were washed with brine, dried on (Na2S04), filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was analyzed on a small RediSep column eluting with 0-10% acetone/DCM. Fractions containing the product were combined and evaporated in vacuo to afford 70mg of 5-{4-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethoxy]benzyl}-l,3- thiazolidine-2,4-dione as a pale yellow solid.
Figure imgf000035_0002
[0141] Example 2: Preparation of 2-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-l-(3- methoxyphenyl)ethanone
Figure imgf000035_0001
[0142] To a stirring solution of 2-bromo-3'-methoxyacetophenone (3.00 g, 13.1 mmol;
Supplier = Kalexsyn; Lot = 803-TTP-145) in acetone (30ml) was added 4- hydroxybenzylalcohol (1.69 g, 13.6 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.88 g, 13.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between water and EtOAc, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (Na2S04), filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The product was analyzed on a large Biotage column eluting with 50% EtOAc/hexanes. Fractions containing product were combined and evaporated in vacuo to give 2.98 g of the title compound as a white solid.
[0143] Example 3: Assays
[0144] Assays for Measuring Reduced PPARy Receptor Activation
[0145] Whereas activation of the PPARy receptor is generally believed to be a selection criteria to select for molecules that may have anti-diabetic and insulin sensitizing pharmacology, this invention finds that activation of this receptor should be a negative selection criterion. Molecules will be chosen from this chemical space because they have reduced, not just selective, activation of PPARy. The optimal compounds have at least a 10- fold reduced potency as compared to pioglitazone and less than 50% of the full activation produced by rosiglitazone in assays conducted in vitro for transactivation of the PPARy receptor. The assays are conducted by first evaluation of the direct interactions of the molecules with the ligand binding domain of PPARy. This can be performed with a commercial interaction kit that measures the direct interaction by florescence using rosiglitazone as a positive control. Further assays can be conducted in a manner similar to that described by Lehmann et al. [Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA: An
Antidiabetic Thiazolidinedione is a High Affinity Ligand for Peroxisome Proliferator- activated Receptor (PPAR) J. Biol. Chem.(1995) 270: 12953] but will use luciferase as a reporter as in Vosper et al. [Vosper, H., Khoudoli, GA, Palmer, CN (2003) The peroxisome proliferators activated receptor d is required for the differentiation of THP-1 money tic cells by phorbol ester. Nuclear Receptor 1 :9]. Compound stocks will be dissolved in DMSO and added to the cell cultures at final concentrations of 0.1 to 100 μΜ and the relative activation will be calculated as induction of the reporter gene (luciferase) as corrected for by the expression of the control plasmid (coding for galactosidase). Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone will be used as reference compounds as described above.
[0146] In addition to showing the reduced activation of the PPARy receptor in vitro, the compounds will not produce significant activation of the receptor in animals. Compounds dosed to full effect for insulin sensitizing actions in vivo (see below) will be not increase activation of PPARy in the liver as measured by the expression of a P2, a biomarker for ectopic adipogenesis in the liver [Matsusue K, Haluzik M, LambertG, Yim S-H, Oksana Gavrilova O, Ward JM, Brewer B,Reitman ML, Gonzalez FJ. (2003) Liver-specific disruption of PPAR in leptin-deficient mice improves fatty liver but aggravates diabetic phenotypes. J. Clin. Invest.; I l l: 737] in contrast to pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, which do increase a P2 expression under these conditions.
Y
[0147] The insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic pharmacology are measured in the KKA mice as previously reported [Hofmann, C, Lornez, K., and Colca, J.R. (1991). Glucose transport deficiency corrected by treatment with the oral anti-hyperglycemic agent
Pioglitazone. Endocrinology, 129:1915-1925.] Compounds are formulated in 1% sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and 0.01 % tween 20 and dosed daily by oral gavage. After 4 days of once daily treatment, treatment blood samples are taken from the retro-orbital sinus and analyzed for glucose, triglycerides, and insulin as described in Hofmann et al. Doses of compounds that produce at least 80% of the maximum lowering of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin will not significantly increase the expression of a P2 in the liver of these mice.
[0148] Measuring PPARy Receptor Activation
[0149] The ability of several exemplary compounds of the present invention to bind to PPARy was measured using a commercial binding assay (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) that measures the test compounds ability to bind with PPAR-LBD/Fluormone PPAR Green complex. These assays were performed on three occasions with each assay using four separate wells (quadruplicate) at each concentration of tested compound. The data are mean and SEM of the values obtained from the three experiments. Rosiglitazone was used as the positive control in each experiment. Compounds were added at the concentrations shown, which range from 0.1-100 micromolar.
[0150] Glucose, Insulin, and Triglyceride in Diabetic KKAy Mice Treated with Exemplary Compounds of the Present Invention.
Y
[0151] The insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic pharmacology are measured in the KKA mice as previously reported [Hofmann, C, Lornez, K., and Colca, J.R. (1991). Glucose transport deficiency corrected by treatment with the oral anti-hyperglycemic agent
Pioglitazone. Endocrinology, 129:1915-1925.]. Compounds are formulated in 1% sodium carboxy methylcellulose, and 0.01% tween 20 and dosed daily by oral gavage. After 4 days of once daily treatment, blood samples are taken from the retro-orbital sinus and analyzed for glucose, triglycerides, and insulin as described in Hofmann et al. Doses of compounds that produce at least 80% of the maximum lowering of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin will not significantly increase the expression of a P2 in the liver of these mice.
Y
[0152] Compounds were formulated by suspension and orally dosed to KKA mice at 93 mg/kg for 4 days. The compounds were first dissolved in DMSO and then placed into aqueous suspension containing 7-10% DMSO, 1 % sodium methylcarboxycellulose, and 0.01% Tween 20. On the fifth day, the mice were fasted and blood samples were obtained approximately 18 hours after the last dose. The parameters were measured by standard assay methods. Data are mean and SEM N = 6-12 mice.
Table A Assay Results
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
[0153] Compound Nos. 1-5 exhibited a plasma insulin level of less than about 5 ng/ml and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma insulin level between about 15 and 20 ng ml; compound nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited a plasma triglyceride level of between about 100 and 200 mg/dl, and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma triglyceride level between about 300 and 400 mg/dl; compound nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited a plasma gluclose level of between about 350 and 425 mg/dl and compound no. 6 exhibited a plasma gluclose level between about 450 and 525 mg/dl.
[0154] The PPARy-sparing compounds of this invention will be more effective for the treatment of diseases caused by metabolic inflammation such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome by limiting the side effects attributable to direct and partial activation of nuclear transcription factors.
[0155] Because the compounds of the present invention exhibit reduced PPARy activation, it is anticipated that these compounds are suitable for use in combination with other compounds having antidiabetic activity, such as metformin, DDP-4 inhibitors, or other antidiabetic agents that function by differing mechanisms to augment the actions or secretions of GLPl or insulin. Specifically because of the reduced PPARy interaction, these compounds will also be useful for treating dyslipidemia associated with metabolic inflammatory diseases combining particularly well with lipid lowering statins such as atorvastatin or the like. It is also anticipated that the combination of a compound of Formula I and other antidiabetic compounds will be more effective in treating diabetes than combinations with PPAR- activating compounds as they will avoid side effects associated with PPARy activation that may include volume expansion, edema, and bone loss.
OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0156] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000042_0001
I
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
Each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo;
Each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2,
-0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn, -0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(OR„)2, or
Figure imgf000042_0002
, wherein each Rm is independently Q-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently C1-12 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
R2 and R'2 together form oxo,
R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and
Ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted;
comprising the step of:
reacting a compound of Formu
Figure imgf000042_0003
2A
wherein X is a leaving group, with a compound of Formula 3A
Figure imgf000042_0004
3A
wherein ring B is selected from
Figure imgf000043_0001
wherein Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PG is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y2 is PGo, wherein PGo is an oxygen rotecting group, to form a compound of Formula 4A; and
Figure imgf000043_0002
4A
when Yi is other than hydrogen or when Y2 is present, deprotecting the compound of Formula 4A to form a compound of Formula I.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -OPO(OR4)2, wherein each R4 is independently C alkyl or two of R4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring.
3. The process of either of claims 1 or 2, further comprising converting a compound of Formula 2B
Figure imgf000043_0003
2B
into a compound of Formula 2A.
4. The process of either of claims 1 or 3, further comprising reacting a compound of Formula 5A
Figure imgf000043_0004
5A wherein Xi is halo, with a compound of Formula 6 A
Figure imgf000044_0001
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
5. The process of claim 4, further comprising halogenating a compound of Formula 7 A
Figure imgf000044_0002
7A
to form a compound of Formula 5A.
6. The process of either of claims 4 or 5, wherein R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
Figure imgf000044_0003
7. The process of claim 6, wherein R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to
Figure imgf000044_0004
which they are attached form
8. The process of any of claims 5-7, wherein the compound of Formula 7A comprises
Figure imgf000045_0001
, wherein each of Rj and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the
compound of Formula 5A comprises Ri , wherein Xi is halo.
9. The rocess of claim 8, wherein the compound of Formula 7A comprises
, wherein Xi
Figure imgf000045_0002
10. The process of any of claims 4-9, wherein the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
1 1. The process of claim 10, wherein the Grignard reagent comprises j'-PrMgBr.
12. The process of any of claims 4-1 1, wherein X and Xi are independently selected from -Br and -CI.
13. The process of claim either of claims 1-3, further comprising reacting a compound a compound of Formula 7A
Figure imgf000045_0003
7A
with a compound of Formula 6A
Figure imgf000046_0001
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted Q-6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional hete oatoms selected from N, O, or S, under direct acylation conditions, to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
14. The process of either of claims 1 or 2, further comprising halogenating a compound of Formula 8A
Figure imgf000046_0002
to form a compound of Formula 2A. ocess of claim 14, wherein the compound of Formula 8 A comprises
Figure imgf000046_0003
, wherein each of R| and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2, -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn, -0- CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2,
-0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000046_0004
, wherein each Rm is independently C1-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently Q.^ alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
R2 and R'2 together form oxo,
R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
16. The process of either of claims 14 or 15, wherein each of R2 and R'2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form - S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
17. The process of any of claims 14-16, wherein R2 and R'2 together form oxo. of any of claims 14-17, wherein the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000047_0001
, wherein Rj is selected from a Ci-6 alkyl or C1-6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R3 is -H or halo.
19. The process of any of claims 14-18, wherein Ri is a Ci-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
20. The process of any of claims 14-19, wherein Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo. ss of any of claims 1-20, further comprising reacting the compound
Figure imgf000047_0002
with a compound of Form 9A
wherein ring B is
Figure imgf000047_0003
condensation conditions to form a compound of Formula 10A, and
Figure imgf000047_0004
10A hydrogenating the compound of Formula 10A to form a compound of Formula 3A.
Figure imgf000048_0001
and PGN is a nitrogen protecting group selected from Cbz, Moz, Boc, Fmoc, Ac, Bz, Bn, PMB, DMPM, trityl, or PMP.
23. The process ot claim 21, wherein ring B ot Formula 9 A is
Figure imgf000048_0002
t and Yi is hydrogen. , wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000048_0003
, Y2 is PGo, and PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(R6)3, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each 1¾5 is independently straight or branched Ci-4 alkyl or phenyl.
25. The process of claim 24, wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000048_0004
or , Y2 is PGo, and PG0 is -Si(R6)3, wherein each Re is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, wopropyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl.
26. The process of claim 24, wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000048_0005
or , Y2 is PGo, and PGo is a Ci-6 alkyl or a Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl.
27. A compound of Formula 11
Figure imgf000049_0001
11A 12A 13A
wherein R7 is a C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
28. A compound selected from
Figure imgf000049_0002
29. A compound of Formula ib
Figure imgf000049_0003
ib
wherein Y1 is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group.
30. A compound selected from
Figure imgf000049_0004
31. A process for preparing a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000050_0001
I
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
Each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo;
Each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2,
-0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn, -0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(ORn)2 -0-P(0)(ORn)2, or
Figure imgf000050_0002
, wherein each Rm is independently Ci-6 alkyl, each Rn is independently C1.12 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
R2 and R'2 together form oxo,
R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3; and
Ring A is phenyl, pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl or pyridin-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted;
comprising the step of:
reacting a compound of Formu
Figure imgf000050_0003
2A
wherein X is a leaving group, with a compound of Formula 10A
Figure imgf000050_0004
10A
wherein ring B is selected from
Figure imgf000051_0001
wherein Yi is hydrogen or PGN, wherein PGN is a nitrogen protecting group, and Y2 is PGo, wherein PGQ is an oxy of Formula 4B; and
Figure imgf000051_0002
4B
hydrogenating the compound of Formula 4B to generate a compound of Formula 4A,
Figure imgf000051_0003
4A
when Y| is other than hydrogen or when Y2 is present, deprotecting the compound of Formula 4A to form a compound of Formula I.
32. The process of claim 31 , wherein X is a leaving group selected from -Br, -CI, -I, -OMs, -OTs, -OTf, -OBs, -ONs, -O-tresylate, or -ΟΡΟ(ΟΡ )2, wherein each R4 is independently Q-4 alkyl or two of R4 together with the oxygen and phosphorous atoms to which they are attached form a 5-7 membered ring.
33. The process of either of claims 31 or 32, further comprising converting a compound of Formula 2B
Figure imgf000051_0004
2B
into a compound of Formula 2A.
34. The process of either of claims 31 or 33, further comprising reacting a compound of Formula 5A
Figure imgf000052_0001
5A
wherein Xj is halo, with a compound of Formula 6A
Figure imgf000052_0002
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
35. The process of claim 34, further comprising halogenating a compound of Formula 7A
Figure imgf000052_0003
7A
to form a compound of Formula 5A.
36. The process of either of claims 34 or 35, wherein R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring selected from
Figure imgf000052_0004
37. The process of claim 36, wherein R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached form
Figure imgf000053_0001
The process of any of claims 35-37, wherein the compound of Formula 7A comprises , wherein each of Ri and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkox optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; and the
compound of Formula 5A comprises
Figure imgf000053_0003
, wherein Xi is halo.
39. The rocess of claim 38, wherein the compound of Formula 7A comprises
Figure imgf000053_0004
antj me comp0un£i of Formula 5A comprises ¾ wherein X] is halo.
40. The process of any of claims 34-39, wherein the compound of Formula 5A is treated with a Grignard reagent and reacted with compound of Formula 6A to form a compound of Formula 2B.
41. The process of claim 10, wherein the Grignard reagent comprises /-PrMgBr.
42. The process of any of claims 34-41, wherein X and Xy are independently selected from -Br and -CI.
43. The process of claim either of claims 31 -43, further comprising reacting a compound a compound of Formula 7A
Figure imgf000054_0001
7A
with a compound of Formula 6A
Rs^ R's
6A
wherein each of R5 and R'5 are independently selected from optionally substituted Q.6 alkyl, or R5 and R'5 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a an optionally substituted 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyle optionally comprising 1-2 additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S, under direct acylation conditions, to generate a compound of Formula 2B.
44. The process of either of claims 31 or 32, further comprising halogenating a compound of Formula 8A
Figure imgf000054_0002
form a compound of Formula 2A. ocess of claim 44, wherein the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000054_0003
, wherein each of Rj and R3 is independently selected from H, halo, aliphatic, and alkoxy, wherein the aliphatic or alkoxy is optionally substituted with 1-3 of halo; each of R'2 and R2 are independently selected from -H, halo, hydroxy, or optionally substituted aliphatic, alkoxy, -O-acyl, -O-aroyl, -O-heteroaroyl, -0(S02)NH2, -0-CH(Rm)OC(0)Rn,
Rn
-0-CH(Rm)OP(0)(OR„)2, -0-P(0)(OR„)2, or ° , wherein each Rm is independently C1-6 alkyl, each R„ is independently Ci-12 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, or phenyl, each of which is optionally substituted;
R2 and R'2 together form oxo,
R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or
R2 and R'2 together form -S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
46. The process of either of claims 44 or 45, wherein each of R2 and R'2 is independently selected from -H, -OH, or optionally substituted alkoxy; or R2 and R'2 together form oxo, R2 and R'2 together form -0(CH2)nO-, wherein n is 2 or 3, or R2 and R'2 together form
-S(CH2)mS-, wherein m is 2 or 3.
47. The process of any of claims 44-46, wherein R2 and R'2 together form oxo. of any of claims 44-47, wherein the compound of Formula 8A comprises
Figure imgf000055_0001
, wherein Ri is selected from a Ci_6 alkyl or Q.6 alkoxy, either of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, and R3 is -H or halo.
49. The process of any of claims 44-48, wherein Ri is a Q.6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 halo.
50. The process of any of claims 44-49, wherein Ri is selected from methoxy, ethoxy, or propoxy, any of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 halo. ss of any of claims 31 -50, further comprising reacting the compound
Figure imgf000055_0002
with a compound of Form 9A
Figure imgf000055_0003
9A wherein ring B is
Figure imgf000056_0001
conditions to form a compound of Formula 10A
52. The process of claim 51 , wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000056_0002
, Yi is PGN, and PGN is a nitrogen protecting group selected from Cbz, Moz, Boc, Fmoc, Ac, Bz, Bn, PMB, DMPM, trityl, or PMP.
53. The process of claim 51 , wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000056_0003
, and Yi is hydrogen. process of claim 51 , wherein ring B of Formula 9 A
Figure imgf000056_0004
or , Y2 is PGo, and PGo is an oxygen protecting group selected from -Si(R6)3, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, wherein each ¾ is independently straight or branched C alkyl or phenyl.
55. The process of claim 54, wherein ring B of Formula 9 A is
Figure imgf000056_0005
, Y2 is PGo, and PG0 is -Si(R6)3, wherein each ¾ is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, wo-propyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl
56. The process of claim 54, wherein ring B of Formula 9A is
Figure imgf000056_0006
or , Y2 is PGo, and PG0 is a Ci-6 alkyl or a Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl.
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