WO2011131635A1 - Process for the preparation of a catalyst support - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of a catalyst support Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011131635A1
WO2011131635A1 PCT/EP2011/056171 EP2011056171W WO2011131635A1 WO 2011131635 A1 WO2011131635 A1 WO 2011131635A1 EP 2011056171 W EP2011056171 W EP 2011056171W WO 2011131635 A1 WO2011131635 A1 WO 2011131635A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
catalyst
range
support
zeolite
silica
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2011/056171
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French (fr)
Inventor
László DOMOKOS
Peter Geerink
Aan Hendrik Klazinga
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority to SG2012068151A priority Critical patent/SG184066A1/en
Priority to CN2011800198290A priority patent/CN102858721A/en
Priority to KR1020127029678A priority patent/KR101844763B1/en
Priority to US13/641,710 priority patent/US9604204B2/en
Publication of WO2011131635A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011131635A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US15/431,962 priority patent/US9873111B2/en
Priority to US15/838,439 priority patent/US9987623B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/62—Platinum group metals with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
    • B01J29/405—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
    • B01J29/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/44—Noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/34—Mechanical properties
    • B01J35/37—Crush or impact strength
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/63—Pore volume
    • B01J35/635—0.5-1.0 ml/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/70—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
    • B01J35/77—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • B01J37/0207—Pretreatment of the support
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/04—Mixing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/30—Ion-exchange
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C15/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing only six-membered aromatic rings as cyclic parts
    • C07C15/02—Monocyclic hydrocarbons
    • C07C15/04—Benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by splitting-off an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic part from the molecule
    • C07C4/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by splitting-off an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic part from the molecule from hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. propyltoluene to vinyltoluene
    • C07C4/14—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by splitting-off an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic part from the molecule from hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. propyltoluene to vinyltoluene splitting taking place at an aromatic-aliphatic bond
    • C07C4/18—Catalytic processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
    • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
    • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G35/065—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline zeolitic molecular sieves, other than aluminosilicates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
    • C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
    • C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G35/085—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
    • C10G35/09—Bimetallic catalysts in which at least one of the metals is a platinum group metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
    • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
    • B01J2229/16—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to increase the Si/Al ratio; Dealumination
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
    • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
    • B01J2229/18—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself
    • B01J2229/186—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself not in framework positions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
    • B01J2229/10—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained
    • B01J2229/20—After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained to introduce other elements in the catalyst composition comprising the molecular sieve, but not specially in or on the molecular sieve itself
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
    • B01J2229/30—After treatment, characterised by the means used
    • B01J2229/32—Reaction with silicon compounds, e.g. TEOS, siliconfluoride
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2229/00—Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00
    • B01J2229/30—After treatment, characterised by the means used
    • B01J2229/42—Addition of matrix or binder particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
    • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2529/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • C07C2529/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites, pillared clays
    • C07C2529/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • C07C2529/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
    • C07C2529/42—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • C07C2529/44—Noble metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1096—Aromatics or polyaromatics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/30—Aromatics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst support and a catalyst, ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst obtainable thereby and process using such catalyst.
  • Ethylbenzene is one of the aromatic hydrocarbons that is obtained from naphtha pyrolysis or in reformate.
  • Reformate is an aromatic product given by the catalysed conversion of straight-run hydrocarbons boiling in the 70 to 190 °C range, such as straight-run naphtha.
  • Such hydrocarbons are themselves obtained by fractionation or distillation of crude petroleum oil, their composition varying depending on the source of the crude oil, but generally having a low aromatics content. On conversion to reformate, the aromatics content is considerably increased and the resulting hydrocarbon mixture becomes highly desirable as a source of valuable chemicals intermediates and as a component for gasoline.
  • the principle components are a group of aromatics often referred to as BTX: benzene, toluene, and the xylenes, including ethylbenzene.
  • Other components may be present such as their hydrogenated homologues, e.g. cyclohexane.
  • BTX BTX
  • the most valuable components are benzene and the xylenes, and therefore BTX is often subjected to processing to increase the proportion of those two aromatics: hydrodealkylation of toluene to benzene and toluene disproportionation to benzene and xylenes.
  • para-xylene is the most useful commodity and xylene isomerisation or
  • a further process that the gasoline producer can utilize is the hydrodealkylation of ethylbenzene to benzene .
  • the gasoline producer will isolate BTX from the reformate stream, and then subject the BTX stream to xylene isomerisation with the aim of maximising the para-xylene component.
  • Xylene isomerisation is a catalytic process; some catalysts used in this process have the ability not just to isomerise xylenes but also simultaneously to dealkylate the ethylbenzene component.
  • the para-xylene is then separated out to leave benzene, toluene (unless toluene conversion processes have already been applied) and the remaining mixed xylenes, including ethylbenzene.
  • This BTX stream can either be converted by transalkylation to increase the yield of xylenes by contacting with a heavier hydrocarbon stream or can be converted by dealkylation to eliminate selectively ethylbenzene and to increase the yield of benzene, while allowing the xylenes to reach equilibrium concentrations.
  • the latter process is the subject of the present invention.
  • BTX treatment it can be desirable to have a catalyst with high activity.
  • Such catalyst makes it possible to operate at high weight hourly space velocities.
  • a catalyst has high flat plate crushing strength as this leads to less fines and broken material being formed during handling and catalyst loading or unloading from the reactor. Fines are known to cause problems in operation such as contributing significantly to the pressure drop over a reactor.
  • Ethylbenzene dealkylation catalysts are well known in the art and typically comprise platinum on a zeolite containing support as described for example in EP-A-
  • WO-A-2009/016143 relates to ethylbenzene
  • dealkylation catalysts comprising pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina ratio in the range of from 20 to 150, platinum and tin.
  • US-A-4, 582, 815 describes a method for preparing silica-rich solids which comprises mixing silica-rich solids with water in an alkali metal base or basic salt followed by mulling, extruding, drying and neutralizing the base before calcination. Calcining can cause the alkali metal to become trapped, perhaps by encapsulation, and it is then difficult to remove by ion exchange and is usually removed incompletely.
  • the products are described to be suitable for a wide variety of processes which are both non-catalytic and catalytic such as hydrocracking, isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation,
  • the present invention provides a process for
  • preparing a catalyst support which process comprises a) mixing pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio in the range of from 20 to 150 with water, a silica source and an alkali metal salt,
  • step (c) drying and calcining the extrudates obtained in step (b) , d) subjecting the calcined extrudates obtained in step (c) to ion exchange to reduce the alkali metal content, and
  • step (d) drying the extrudates obtained in step (d) .
  • dealkylation catalyst obtainable thereby and a process for dealkylation of ethylbenzene which process comprises contacting feedstock containing ethylbenzene, preferably feedstock containing C7 to C9 aromatics, including xylenes and ethylbenzene, with a catalyst of the present invention .
  • Support according to the present invention has been found to give a catalyst having increased activity.
  • An additional advantage of the present invention is that it was found possible to prepare catalysts having a high flat plate crushing strength.
  • Silica is preferably used as a binder in the present invention and may be a naturally occurring silica or may be in the form of a gelatinous precipitate, sol or gel.
  • the form of silica is not limited and the silica may be in any of its various forms: crystalline silica, vitreous silica or amorphous silica.
  • the term amorphous silica encompasses the wet process types, including precipitated silicas and silica gels, or pyrogenic or fumed silicas.
  • Silica sols or colloidal silicas are non-settling
  • dispersions of amorphous silicas in a liquid usually water, typically stabilized by anions, cations, or non- ionic materials.
  • the silica binder preferably is a mixture of two silica types, most preferably a mixture of a powder form silica and a silica sol.
  • powder form silica has a B.E.T. surface area in the range of from 50 to 1000 m 2 /g; and a mean particle size in the range of from 2 nm to 200 ym, preferably in the range of from 2 to 100 ym, more preferably 2 to 60 ym, especially 2 to 10 ym as measured by ASTM C 690-1992 or ISO 8130-1.
  • a very suitable powder form silica material is Sipernat 50, a white silica powder having predominantly spherical particles, available from Degussa (Sipernat is a trade name) .
  • a very suitable silica sol is that sold under the trade name of Bindzil by Eka Chemicals. Where the mixture comprises a powder form silica and a silica sol, then the two components may be present in a weight ratio of powder form to sol form in the range of from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably 2:1 to 5:1, more preferably from 2:1 to 3:1.
  • the binder may also consist essentially of just the powder form silica.
  • a powder form of silica is used as a binder in the catalyst composition of the present invention
  • a small particulate form is utilized, which has a mean particle size in the range of from 2 to lOym as measured by ASTM C 690-1992. An additional improvement in support strength is found with such materials.
  • a very suitable small particulate form is that available from Degussa under the trade name Sipernat 500LS.
  • the silica component is used as a pure silica and not as a component in another inorganic oxide. It is most preferred that the silica and indeed the support, is essentially free of any other inorganic oxide binder material, and especially is free of alumina. At most only a maximum of 2 wt% alumina, based on the total support, is present.
  • the presence of alumina can particularly be detrimental since with an alumina support the surface modification would
  • Pentasil zeolites are well known to the skilled person.
  • x Pentasil' is a term used to describe a class of shape-selective zeolites which are typically
  • the pentasil zeolite utilized in the present invention has a SAR in the range of from 20 to 150.
  • the SAR is the bulk or overall silica/alumina ratio which may or may not be different to the framework SAR depending on any treatment to which the zeolite, either when free or in catalyst form, has been subjected.
  • the preferred zeolites are ZSM-5, ZSM-8, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, TON, e.g. ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, e.g. ferrierite, and ZSM-48, with those having the MFI configuration, and especially ZSM-5, being the most preferred. All of these zeolites are well known and documented in the literature, see for example the
  • Such zeolites can exist in various forms depending on the ion present at the cation sites in the zeolite structure. Generally the available forms contain an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a hydrogen or hydrogen precursor ion at the cation site.
  • the zeolite is present in the form containing hydrogen or hydrogen precursor; this form is commonly known as the H + form.
  • the zeolite may be used either in its template-free or its template-containing form.
  • template-containing form is used during the preparation.
  • the SAR of such zeolites is preferably at least 25, most preferably at least 30, and is preferably at most
  • the zeolite starting material can exist in a number of particle size ranges.
  • the zeolite has a primary particle diameter in the range of from 20 nm to 10 ym.
  • Useful catalysts have been prepared using a large crystal size ZSM-5 zeolite having an average crystallite size in the range of from 1 to 10 ym, and also using a small particle size ZSM-5 having a primary particle diameter below 200 nm.
  • the ZSM-5 may have a particle size distribution in which the diameter of 50% of the
  • Suitable ZSM-5 materials can be prepared by
  • Suitable grades of ZSM-5 zeolite include CBV 3014E, CBV 8014, and CBV 3020E, available commercially from Zeolyst International.
  • the zeolite is an important factor in the activity and selectivity properties shown by the catalyst
  • composition of the invention There is a balance between the activity and selectivity desired which may result in a different optimum zeolite content in the support depending on the zeolite used and the SAR of the zeolite used. Generally a higher zeolite content may in some cases be advantageous to produce a higher activity from the catalyst composition, while a lower zeolite content may provide a higher selectivity. If a higher SAR zeolite is used, the proportion of zeolite in the catalyst support tends to have to be increased to achieve optimum performance .
  • the balance between SAR and zeolite content may cause a different optimum depending on the conditions utilized in the ethylbenzene dealkylation process, generally it is preferred to minimize the amount of zeolite used in the catalyst support, since a higher amount of zeolite may negatively affect the physical properties of the catalyst support such as lowering its strength. It is generally preferred that the support is composed of in the range of from 30 to 80 wt%, most preferably from 50 to 70 wt%, silica and in the range of from 20 to 70 wt%, most preferably from 30 to 50 wt%, zeolite.
  • a very suitable catalyst support for the present invention contains a pentasil zeolite, especially ZSM-5, having a SAR in the range of from 20 to 50, especially 30 to 40, in an amount in the range of from 20 to 50 wt%, especially 25 to 40 wt%.
  • the alkali metal salt can be chosen from a large variety of compounds.
  • the alkali metal preferably is sodium or potassium, more preferably sodium.
  • the compound is basic, i.e. a 1 N aqueous solution of the salt has a pH of more than 8 at room temperature. More specifically, it is preferred that a 1 N aqueous solution of the salt has a pH of more than 9, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 11.
  • the alkali metal salt preferably is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Most preferably, the alkali metal salt is sodium hydroxide and/or waterglass.
  • binder preferably silica, pentasil zeolite and alkali metal salt in the mixture of step (a) .
  • other components may be selected from other refractory inorganic oxide binder materials and other zeolites.
  • binder materials may be alumina, and magnesia.
  • zeolites examples include 8, 10, or 12-membered ring zeolites, for example mordenite, and zeolite beta, and acidic mesoporous materials such as the MCM-series of zeolites, e.g. MCM-22 and MCM-41.
  • the amount of water is preferably of from 40 to 65 % by weight (%wt) , based on dry mixture, more preferably of from to 45 to 60 %wt .
  • Modification of the pentasil zeolite reduces the mole percentage of alumina which basically implies that the number of acid sites is reduced.
  • a first way is applying a coating of a low acidity inorganic refractory oxide onto the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite. Suitable inorganic oxides for this purpose are silica, zirconia or titania, of which silica is preferred.
  • the total number of oxide moieties in the modified zeolite i.e. the original zeolite plus the coating
  • the number of alumina moieties remains the same, thus resulting in a reduced mole percentage of alumina.
  • a major advantage of this method is that the number of acid sites on the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite is drastically reduced to essentially nil.
  • Another very useful way of modifying the pentasil zeolite is by subjecting it to a dealumination treatment.
  • dealumination of the crystallites of a molecular sieve refers to a treatment, whereby aluminium atoms are either withdrawn from the zeolite framework leaving a defect or are withdrawn and replaced by other atoms, such as silicon, titanium, boron, germanium or zirconium.
  • Dealumination can be attained by methods known in the art. Particularly useful methods are those, wherein the dealumination selectively occurs, or is claimed to occur selectively, at the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite. In this way, namely, the same effect as with the coated zeolites can be attained: the number of acid sites at the surface of the
  • a zeolite is contacted with a dicarboxylic acid, suitably in the form of an aqueous solution, for sufficient time to effect at least 40% reduction in surface acidity with less than 50% overall dealumination.
  • a very suitable dicarboxylic acid is oxalic acid, whilst suitable zeolites should have a Constraint Index of greater than 1 and include ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-23, and ZSM-35.
  • Yet another method for obtaining a zeolite having a dealuminated outer surface is disclosed in U.S. patent No. 4,088,605.
  • a zeolite having an aluminium-free outer shell of silica is produced by a two stage method comprising (i) initiating crystallization in a crystallization medium to form the zeolite and (ii) altering the crystallization medium to substantially eliminate the aluminium therein, suitably by adding a complexing agent to the
  • crystallization mixture which forms a complex with the aluminium ions present, after which the complex formed is removed.
  • suitable complexing agents are gluconic acid, tartaric acid and ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA) .
  • Zeolites having an aluminium- free outer shell which can be produced in this manner include ZSM-5 and ZSM-35.
  • fluorosilicate salt is represented by the formula:
  • ⁇ ⁇ ' is a metallic or non-metallic cation other than H+ having the valence x b' .
  • cations x b' are alkylammonium, NH 4 + , Mg ++ , Li+, Na + , K+, Ba ++ , Cd ++ ,
  • ⁇ ⁇ ' is the ammonium cation.
  • the molecular sieve or molecular sieve - binder extrudate material may be contacted with the fluorosilicate salt in an amount of at least 0.0075 moles per 100 grams of the molecular sieve or molecular sieve - binder extrudate material.
  • the pH is suitably between 3 and 7.
  • Such treatment has been described in US 6,949,181. It is thought that in this way aluminium atoms located at the surface of the zeolite are extracted and replaced with silicon atoms.
  • the dealumination of the aluminosilicate zeolite results in a reduction of the number of alumina moieties present in the zeolite and hence in a reduction of the mole percentage of alumina.
  • hexafluorosilicate most suitably ammoniumhexa- fluorosilicate (AHS) , has been found to offer an
  • step c) obtained in step c) with AHS, has been found to result in the extrudates also having an increased mechanical strength in addition to the expected dealuminated outer surface.
  • the surface modification may be applied just once to the support or may be applied two or more times. However we have not found any advantage in repeated application.
  • the concentration of the AHS treatment does however appear to have an effect.
  • the concentration of active ingredient (AHS) is in the range of from 0.005 to 0.5 M.
  • the concentration is in the range of from 0.01 to 0.2 M, more preferably 0.01 to 0.05 M, and especially 0.01 to 0.03 M, which has been found to provide a catalyst composition having an increased activity .
  • step (c) the extrudates are dried and calcined. Drying preferably is carried out for a time in the range of 15 minutes to 24 hours, more preferably from 1 to 3 hours, at a temperature in the range from 10 to 350 °C, more preferably from 120 to 150 °C . Calcination is carried out under normal conditions, suitably at a temperature of between 400 to 900 °C by heating in air for 1 to 48, preferably 1 to 10 hours.
  • the extrudates obtained in step (c) are subjected to ion exchange in order to reduce their alkali metal content.
  • the presence of alkali metal has been found to lead to reduced catalytic activity for ethylbenzene dealkylation .
  • the alkali metal content is reduced to at most 0.2 %wt, expressed as Na 2 ⁇ 0 based on total dry weight, more preferably at most 0.1 %wt, more preferably at most 0.04 %wt, more preferably at most 0.020 %wt, most preferably at most 0.01 %wt .
  • a suitable method comprises treating the extrudates with an aqueous
  • ammonium containing solution such as ammonium chloride.
  • a suitable treatment comprises immersing the extrudates in an ammonium chloride solution at a temperature of from 80 to 100 °C, preferably about 90°C, for of from 0.2 to 5 hours, more specifically of from 0.5 to 2 hours.
  • step (c) It has been found to be especially advantageous to subject the extrudates obtained in step (c) to treatment with a hexafluorosilicate and subsequently apply ion exchange. In this way, only a single washing needs to be carried out while the alkali metal content can be reduced to very low levels.
  • step (e) the extrudates are dried preferably for a time in the range of 15 minutes to 24 hours, more preferably from 1 to 3 hours, at a temperature in the range from 10 to 350 °C, more preferably from 100 to 180 °C.
  • the extrudates obtained in step (e) have a B.E.T. surface area preferably falling in the range of from 150 to 250 m 2 /g; and a pore volume, by mercury intrusion, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 0.9 ml/g.
  • the flat plate crush strength generally is at least 120 N . cm “1 , preferably at least 140 N . cm “1 , more preferably at least 150 N . cm “1 , and most preferably at least 160 N.cm “1 .
  • the flat plate crushing strength generally will be at most
  • the catalyst support of the present invention preferably is converted into an ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst by depositing platinum and tin on the support.
  • the platinum component preferably is present in an amount in the range of from 0.001 to 0.1 wt%, based on total catalyst, and the tin component preferably in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, based on total catalyst. Most suitably the platinum component is present in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.1, preferably
  • the tin component is most suitably present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.2 to 0.5, wt%.
  • the catalyst composition of the invention has properties similar to that of the support in B.E.T.
  • the metals emplacement onto the support may be by methods usual in the art.
  • the metals can be deposited onto the support materials prior to shaping, but it is preferred to deposit them onto a shaped support.
  • Pore volume impregnation of the metals from a metal salt solution is a very suitable method of metals emplacement onto a shaped support.
  • solutions may have a pH in the range of from 1 to 12.
  • the platinum salts that may conveniently be used are
  • tin salts examples include stannous (II) chloride, stannic (IV) chloride, stannous sulphate, and stannous acetate.
  • stannous (II) chloride examples include stannous (II) chloride, stannic (IV) chloride, stannous sulphate, and stannous acetate.
  • the metals may be
  • N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-N, N ' ,N'-triacetic acid ethylenediamine-N, N ' ,N'-triacetic acid
  • EGTA ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether) - N, , ', ' -tetraacetic acid
  • DTPA diethylene tridiamine pentaacetic acid
  • NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
  • the catalyst composition is suitably dried, and calcined. Drying temperatures are suitably 50 to 200 °C; drying times are suitably from 0.5 to 5 hours. Calcination temperatures are very
  • the metals on the catalyst composition Prior to use, it is necessary to ensure that the metals on the catalyst composition are in metallic (and not oxidic) form. Accordingly, it is useful to subject the composition to reducing conditions, which are, for example, heating in a reducing atmosphere, such as in hydrogen optionally diluted with an inert gas, or mixture of inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at a temperature in the range of from 150 to 600 °C for from 0.5 to 5 hours .
  • reducing conditions are, for example, heating in a reducing atmosphere, such as in hydrogen optionally diluted with an inert gas, or mixture of inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at a temperature in the range of from 150 to 600 °C for from 0.5 to 5 hours .
  • the catalyst composition of the invention finds especial use in the selective dealkylation of
  • the ethylbenzene feedstock most suitably originates directly from a reforming unit or naphtha pyrolysis unit or is the effluent of a xylene isomerisation unit.
  • feedstock usually comprises C7 to C9 hydrocarbons, and in particular one or more of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, toluene, and benzene in addition to ethylbenzene.
  • the amount of ethylbenzene in the feedstock is in the range of from 0.1 to 50 wt% and the total xylene content is typically at least 20 wt%.
  • the xylenes will not be in a thermodynamic equilibrium, and the content of p-xylene will accordingly be lower than that of the other isomers compared with thermodynamic equilibrium.
  • the feedstock is contacted with the catalyst
  • composition in the presence of hydrogen may be carried out in a fixed bed system, a moving bed system, or a fluidized bed system. Such systems may be operated continuously or in batch fashion. Preference is given to continuous operation in a fixed bed system.
  • the catalyst may be used in one reactor or in several separate
  • reactors in series or operated in a swing system to ensure continuous operation during catalyst change-out.
  • the process is suitably carried out at a temperature in the range of from 300 to 500 °C, a pressure in the range of from 0.1 to 50 bar (10 to 5,000 kPa) , using a liquid hourly space velocity of in the range of from 0.5 to 20 h ⁇ .
  • a partial pressure of hydrogen in the range of from 0.05 to 30 bar (5 to 3,000 kPa) is
  • the feed to hydrogen molar ratio is in the range of from 0.5 to 100, generally from 1 to 10 mol/mol.
  • Porosity ASTM D 4284 with drying of the sample at 300 °C for 60 minutes prior to measurement, and using mercury intrusion .
  • the sodium content is the amount of Na 2 ⁇ 0 based on total dry weight.
  • the zeolites were used in the H + form and free of template material.
  • Catalyst 1 (not according to the invention)
  • a support was prepared from a zeolite with a ZSM-5 structure having an average primary crystal size below 100 nm and a silica to alumina bulk molar ratio of 40.
  • the zeolite powder was mixed with a low sodium grade silica (Sipernat 50 from Degussa) , and an ammonium stabilized commercially available silica sol (sold under the trade name Bindzil by Eka Chemicals) , and extruded using 1.5 wt% of ammonium hydroxide solution (containing 25 wt% ammonia) on dry basis to give a support comprised of 40 wt% zeolite, 40 wt% Sipernat 50 and 20 wt% silica sol on dry basis.
  • the green extrudates were dried at 120 °C and calcined at 625 °C for 1 hour to obtain extrudates having a water pore volume of 0.76 ml.g -1 and a flat plate crushing strength of 108 N.m -1 .
  • the resulting catalyst support had a flat plate crushing strength of 124 N.cirf 1 .
  • the catalyst support was pore volume impregnated with a Pt/Sn solution having a pH below 2 ; the solution was prepared from 3 ⁇ 4PtCl6 and SnCl 2 -2H 2 0.
  • the concentration of both metals was such as to provide a final catalyst having a Pt loading of 0.025 wt% and a Sn loading of 4 %wt, each based on total catalyst.
  • a catalyst was made according to the procedure of
  • Example 1 but differing in that 5 %wt of Na 2 SiC>3
  • the resulting catalyst support had a sodium content of 0.43 %wt, a water pore volume of 0.76 ml . g ⁇ and a flat plate
  • Example 2 but differing in that after treating with the AHS solution, washing and drying, the extrudates were ion exchanged before being pore volume impregnated with the Pt/Sn solution.
  • the ion exchange comprised immersing the extrudates in a 1 M NH 4 C1 solution at 90 °C for 1 hour, filtering out the extrudates, washing the extrudates with water and drying them at 120 °C.
  • the resulting support had a flat plate crushing strength of 163 N.m -1 .
  • a support was made according to the procedure of Example 3 but differing in that the water contents of the mixture before extrusion was increased by 2 %wt .
  • the resulting extrudates had a sodium content of 1.18 %wt, a water pore volume of 0.71 ml.g -1 and a flat plate
  • the extrudates were then subjected to the AHS treatment, washing, drying, ion exchange and drying according to Example 3.
  • the support obtained had a sodium content of 0.22 %wt before ion exchange. After the ion exchange, the support had a sodium content of 0.014 %wt and a flat plate crushing strength of 170 N.CITT 1 .
  • the final catalyst had a flat plate crushing strength of 180 N.cirf 1 .
  • the support was prepared as described in Example 4 with the exception that the AHS treatment was carried out by treating the extrudates with the aqueous AHS solution and washing but replacing the last water wash step by washing with a 1 M NH 4 C1 solution. The washed extrudates were subsequently dried at 500 °C for 1 hour.
  • resulting support had a sodium content of 0.022 %wt and a flat plate crushing strength of 168 N.cm -1 .
  • composition of the feed used in the activity testing is Composition of the feed used in the activity testing
  • the activity test is performed once the catalyst is in its reduced state, which is achieved by exposing the dried and calcined catalyst to atmospheric hydrogen (>99% purity) at 450 °C for 1 hour.
  • the reactor After reduction the reactor is pressurized without a cooling step, and the feed is introduced. This step contributes to enhanced catalyst aging, and therefore allows comparison of the catalytic performance at stable operation.
  • the catalytic datapoints are collected at a
  • T req . for 75 wt% EBC conversion stands for the temperature required to achieve 75 wt% EB conversion.
  • Table 2 shows the penalty on the activity of the catalyst by a high sodium content as exemplified by
  • Catalyst 2 The highest gain in activity was obtained by Catalyst 5 in which ion exchange procedure was combined with the last washing step of the AHS treatment. An activity gain of almost 30 °C is attained.
  • Example 7 (not according to the invention)
  • a catalyst support was prepared following the preparation route described in Example 1 , but with a ZSM-
  • the extrudates obtained were subjected to the AHS treatment as described in Example 5 .
  • the catalyst support obtained had a water pore volume of 0 . 69 ml.g "1 , a sodium content of 0 . 005 %wt and a flat plate crush strength of
  • a support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 5 but using the zeolite described in Example
  • the catalyst support contained 0 . 07 %wt sodium and had a water pore volume of 0 . 69 ml.g -1 and a flat plate
  • a support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 8 but adjusting the amount of a 2 Si03
  • a support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 9 but replacing the a 2 Si03 (waterglass) by NaOH solution such as to obtain extrudates having a similar sodium content. Upon analysis, it was found that the extrudates obtained had a sodium content of 0.98 %wt .
  • the catalyst support obtained contained 0.03 %wt sodium and had a water pore volume of 0.68 ml.g -1 and a flat plate crushing strength of

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Abstract

Process for preparing a catalyst support which process comprises a) mixing pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio in the range of from 20 to 150 with water, a silica source and an alkali metal salt, b) extruding the mixture obtained in step (a), c) drying and calcining the extrudates obtained in step (b), d) subjecting the calcined extrudates obtained in step (c) to ion exchange to reduce the alkali metal content, and e) drying the extrudates obtained in step (d); process for preparing a catalyst by furthermore impregnating such support with platinum in an amount in the range of from 0.001 to 0.1 wt% and tin in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, each on the basis of total catalyst; ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst obtainable thereby and a process for dealkylation of ethylbenzene which process comprises contacting feedstock containing ethylbenzene with such catalyst.

Description

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION
OF A CATALYST SUPPORT
The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a catalyst support and a catalyst, ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst obtainable thereby and process using such catalyst.
Background of the Invention
Ethylbenzene is one of the aromatic hydrocarbons that is obtained from naphtha pyrolysis or in reformate. Reformate is an aromatic product given by the catalysed conversion of straight-run hydrocarbons boiling in the 70 to 190 °C range, such as straight-run naphtha. Such hydrocarbons are themselves obtained by fractionation or distillation of crude petroleum oil, their composition varying depending on the source of the crude oil, but generally having a low aromatics content. On conversion to reformate, the aromatics content is considerably increased and the resulting hydrocarbon mixture becomes highly desirable as a source of valuable chemicals intermediates and as a component for gasoline. The principle components are a group of aromatics often referred to as BTX: benzene, toluene, and the xylenes, including ethylbenzene. Other components may be present such as their hydrogenated homologues, e.g. cyclohexane.
Of the BTX group the most valuable components are benzene and the xylenes, and therefore BTX is often subjected to processing to increase the proportion of those two aromatics: hydrodealkylation of toluene to benzene and toluene disproportionation to benzene and xylenes. Within the xylenes, para-xylene is the most useful commodity and xylene isomerisation or
transalkylation processes have been developed to increase the proportion of para-xylene.
A further process that the gasoline producer can utilize is the hydrodealkylation of ethylbenzene to benzene .
Generally, the gasoline producer will isolate BTX from the reformate stream, and then subject the BTX stream to xylene isomerisation with the aim of maximising the para-xylene component. Xylene isomerisation is a catalytic process; some catalysts used in this process have the ability not just to isomerise xylenes but also simultaneously to dealkylate the ethylbenzene component. Normally the para-xylene is then separated out to leave benzene, toluene (unless toluene conversion processes have already been applied) and the remaining mixed xylenes, including ethylbenzene. This BTX stream can either be converted by transalkylation to increase the yield of xylenes by contacting with a heavier hydrocarbon stream or can be converted by dealkylation to eliminate selectively ethylbenzene and to increase the yield of benzene, while allowing the xylenes to reach equilibrium concentrations. The latter process is the subject of the present invention.
In ethylbenzene dealkylation at this latter stage of
BTX treatment, it can be desirable to have a catalyst with high activity. Such catalyst makes it possible to operate at high weight hourly space velocities.
Additionally, it is advantageous if a catalyst has high flat plate crushing strength as this leads to less fines and broken material being formed during handling and catalyst loading or unloading from the reactor. Fines are known to cause problems in operation such as contributing significantly to the pressure drop over a reactor.
Ethylbenzene dealkylation catalysts are well known in the art and typically comprise platinum on a zeolite containing support as described for example in EP-A-
0018498.
WO-A-2009/016143 relates to ethylbenzene
dealkylation catalysts comprising pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina ratio in the range of from 20 to 150, platinum and tin.
US-A-4, 582, 815 describes a method for preparing silica-rich solids which comprises mixing silica-rich solids with water in an alkali metal base or basic salt followed by mulling, extruding, drying and neutralizing the base before calcination. Calcining can cause the alkali metal to become trapped, perhaps by encapsulation, and it is then difficult to remove by ion exchange and is usually removed incompletely. The products are described to be suitable for a wide variety of processes which are both non-catalytic and catalytic such as hydrocracking, isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation,
polymerization, reforming, catalytic cracking and
catalytic hydrocracking.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides a process for
preparing a catalyst support which process comprises a) mixing pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio in the range of from 20 to 150 with water, a silica source and an alkali metal salt,
b) extruding the mixture obtained in step (a) ,
c) drying and calcining the extrudates obtained in step (b) , d) subjecting the calcined extrudates obtained in step (c) to ion exchange to reduce the alkali metal content, and
e) drying the extrudates obtained in step (d) .
Also provided is a process for preparing a catalyst on the basis of such support, an ethylbenzene
dealkylation catalyst obtainable thereby and a process for dealkylation of ethylbenzene which process comprises contacting feedstock containing ethylbenzene, preferably feedstock containing C7 to C9 aromatics, including xylenes and ethylbenzene, with a catalyst of the present invention .
Detailed Description of the Invention
Support according to the present invention has been found to give a catalyst having increased activity. An additional advantage of the present invention is that it was found possible to prepare catalysts having a high flat plate crushing strength.
Silica is preferably used as a binder in the present invention and may be a naturally occurring silica or may be in the form of a gelatinous precipitate, sol or gel. The form of silica is not limited and the silica may be in any of its various forms: crystalline silica, vitreous silica or amorphous silica. The term amorphous silica encompasses the wet process types, including precipitated silicas and silica gels, or pyrogenic or fumed silicas. Silica sols or colloidal silicas are non-settling
dispersions of amorphous silicas in a liquid, usually water, typically stabilized by anions, cations, or non- ionic materials.
The silica binder preferably is a mixture of two silica types, most preferably a mixture of a powder form silica and a silica sol. Conveniently powder form silica has a B.E.T. surface area in the range of from 50 to 1000 m2/g; and a mean particle size in the range of from 2 nm to 200 ym, preferably in the range of from 2 to 100 ym, more preferably 2 to 60 ym, especially 2 to 10 ym as measured by ASTM C 690-1992 or ISO 8130-1. A very suitable powder form silica material is Sipernat 50, a white silica powder having predominantly spherical particles, available from Degussa (Sipernat is a trade name) . A very suitable silica sol is that sold under the trade name of Bindzil by Eka Chemicals. Where the mixture comprises a powder form silica and a silica sol, then the two components may be present in a weight ratio of powder form to sol form in the range of from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably 2:1 to 5:1, more preferably from 2:1 to 3:1. The binder may also consist essentially of just the powder form silica.
Where a powder form of silica is used as a binder in the catalyst composition of the present invention, preferably a small particulate form is utilized, which has a mean particle size in the range of from 2 to lOym as measured by ASTM C 690-1992. An additional improvement in support strength is found with such materials. A very suitable small particulate form is that available from Degussa under the trade name Sipernat 500LS.
Preferably the silica component is used as a pure silica and not as a component in another inorganic oxide. It is most preferred that the silica and indeed the support, is essentially free of any other inorganic oxide binder material, and especially is free of alumina. At most only a maximum of 2 wt% alumina, based on the total support, is present.
In preferred embodiments which utilize a surface modification dealumination treatment, the presence of alumina can particularly be detrimental since with an alumina support the surface modification would
detrimentally affect the physical integrity of the support .
Pentasil zeolites are well known to the skilled person. xPentasil' is a term used to describe a class of shape-selective zeolites which are typically
characterized by a silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of at least 12 and are constructed of five-membered rings (their framework being built up from 5-1 secondary building units) . The pentasil zeolite utilized in the present invention has a SAR in the range of from 20 to 150. The SAR is the bulk or overall silica/alumina ratio which may or may not be different to the framework SAR depending on any treatment to which the zeolite, either when free or in catalyst form, has been subjected.
Of the pentasil zeolites, the preferred zeolites are ZSM-5, ZSM-8, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, TON, e.g. ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, e.g. ferrierite, and ZSM-48, with those having the MFI configuration, and especially ZSM-5, being the most preferred. All of these zeolites are well known and documented in the literature, see for example the
Database of Zeolite Structures: http : //www . iza- structure . org/databases/ or Baerlocher et al "Atlas of zeolite framework types", 5th revised edition (2001), published on behalf of the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association, by Elsevier. Pentasil zeolites are reviewed in the Database at http : //www . iza- structure. org/databases/Catalog/Pentasils .pdf .
Such zeolites can exist in various forms depending on the ion present at the cation sites in the zeolite structure. Generally the available forms contain an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a hydrogen or hydrogen precursor ion at the cation site. In the catalyst composition of the present invention, the zeolite is present in the form containing hydrogen or hydrogen precursor; this form is commonly known as the H+ form. The zeolite may be used either in its template-free or its template-containing form. Some advantage in reduction of xylene loss has been found where the
template-containing form is used during the preparation.
The SAR of such zeolites is preferably at least 25, most preferably at least 30, and is preferably at most
100, most preferably at most 90, especially at most 50.
The zeolite starting material can exist in a number of particle size ranges. Suitably the zeolite has a primary particle diameter in the range of from 20 nm to 10 ym. Useful catalysts have been prepared using a large crystal size ZSM-5 zeolite having an average crystallite size in the range of from 1 to 10 ym, and also using a small particle size ZSM-5 having a primary particle diameter below 200 nm. Generally, in terms of particle size distributions, the ZSM-5 may have a particle size distribution in which the diameter of 50% of the
particles, D (v, 0.5), is greater than 2 ym and that of 90% of the particles, D (v, 0.9), is less than 30 ym.
Suitable ZSM-5 materials can be prepared by
procedures documented in the literature, for example in
US-3, 702, 886, in references provided in the Atlas, or Database, of Zeolite Structures, and in other literature references such as by Yu et al in Microporous and
Mesoporous Materials 95 (2006) 234 to 240, and Iwayama et al in US-A-4, 511, 547.
Suitable grades of ZSM-5 zeolite include CBV 3014E, CBV 8014, and CBV 3020E, available commercially from Zeolyst International. The zeolite is an important factor in the activity and selectivity properties shown by the catalyst
composition of the invention. There is a balance between the activity and selectivity desired which may result in a different optimum zeolite content in the support depending on the zeolite used and the SAR of the zeolite used. Generally a higher zeolite content may in some cases be advantageous to produce a higher activity from the catalyst composition, while a lower zeolite content may provide a higher selectivity. If a higher SAR zeolite is used, the proportion of zeolite in the catalyst support tends to have to be increased to achieve optimum performance .
While the balance between SAR and zeolite content may cause a different optimum depending on the conditions utilized in the ethylbenzene dealkylation process, generally it is preferred to minimize the amount of zeolite used in the catalyst support, since a higher amount of zeolite may negatively affect the physical properties of the catalyst support such as lowering its strength. It is generally preferred that the support is composed of in the range of from 30 to 80 wt%, most preferably from 50 to 70 wt%, silica and in the range of from 20 to 70 wt%, most preferably from 30 to 50 wt%, zeolite.
A very suitable catalyst support for the present invention contains a pentasil zeolite, especially ZSM-5, having a SAR in the range of from 20 to 50, especially 30 to 40, in an amount in the range of from 20 to 50 wt%, especially 25 to 40 wt%.
The alkali metal salt can be chosen from a large variety of compounds. The alkali metal preferably is sodium or potassium, more preferably sodium. Furthermore, it is preferred that the compound is basic, i.e. a 1 N aqueous solution of the salt has a pH of more than 8 at room temperature. More specifically, it is preferred that a 1 N aqueous solution of the salt has a pH of more than 9, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 11.
The alkali metal salt preferably is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Most preferably, the alkali metal salt is sodium hydroxide and/or waterglass.
Preferably there is no other component than binder, preferably silica, pentasil zeolite and alkali metal salt in the mixture of step (a) . However it is possible to include up to 10 wt% of other components whilst still obtaining the benefits of the present invention. Such other components may be selected from other refractory inorganic oxide binder materials and other zeolites.
Other binder materials may be alumina, and magnesia.
Examples of other zeolites are 8, 10, or 12-membered ring zeolites, for example mordenite, and zeolite beta, and acidic mesoporous materials such as the MCM-series of zeolites, e.g. MCM-22 and MCM-41.
Preferably, no further water is added to the
extrusion mixture. The amount of water is preferably of from 40 to 65 % by weight (%wt) , based on dry mixture, more preferably of from to 45 to 60 %wt .
Modification of the pentasil zeolite reduces the mole percentage of alumina which basically implies that the number of acid sites is reduced. This can be achieved in various ways. A first way is applying a coating of a low acidity inorganic refractory oxide onto the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite. Suitable inorganic oxides for this purpose are silica, zirconia or titania, of which silica is preferred. By applying such coating onto the crystallites' surface, the total number of oxide moieties in the modified zeolite (i.e. the original zeolite plus the coating) is increased, whilst the number of alumina moieties remains the same, thus resulting in a reduced mole percentage of alumina. A major advantage of this method is that the number of acid sites on the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite is drastically reduced to essentially nil.
Another very useful way of modifying the pentasil zeolite is by subjecting it to a dealumination treatment.
In general, dealumination of the crystallites of a molecular sieve refers to a treatment, whereby aluminium atoms are either withdrawn from the zeolite framework leaving a defect or are withdrawn and replaced by other atoms, such as silicon, titanium, boron, germanium or zirconium. Dealumination can be attained by methods known in the art. Particularly useful methods are those, wherein the dealumination selectively occurs, or is claimed to occur selectively, at the surface of the crystallites of the zeolite. In this way, namely, the same effect as with the coated zeolites can be attained: the number of acid sites at the surface of the
crystallites is reduced.
Another method for dealuminating the surface of zeolite crystallites is disclosed in U.S. Patent
No. 5,242,676. According to this method a zeolite is contacted with a dicarboxylic acid, suitably in the form of an aqueous solution, for sufficient time to effect at least 40% reduction in surface acidity with less than 50% overall dealumination. A very suitable dicarboxylic acid is oxalic acid, whilst suitable zeolites should have a Constraint Index of greater than 1 and include ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-23, and ZSM-35. Yet another method for obtaining a zeolite having a dealuminated outer surface is disclosed in U.S. patent No. 4,088,605. According to this "in situ dealumination" method a zeolite having an aluminium-free outer shell of silica is produced by a two stage method comprising (i) initiating crystallization in a crystallization medium to form the zeolite and (ii) altering the crystallization medium to substantially eliminate the aluminium therein, suitably by adding a complexing agent to the
crystallization mixture which forms a complex with the aluminium ions present, after which the complex formed is removed. Examples of suitable complexing agents are gluconic acid, tartaric acid and ethylenediamine- tetraacetic acid (EDTA) . Zeolites having an aluminium- free outer shell which can be produced in this manner include ZSM-5 and ZSM-35.
It has been found especially advantageous to treat the extrudates obtained in step (c) with an aqueous solution of a fluorosilicate salt wherein the
fluorosilicate salt is represented by the formula:
(A)2/bSiF6
wherein λΑ' is a metallic or non-metallic cation other than H+ having the valence xb' . Examples of cations xb' are alkylammonium, NH4+ , Mg++, Li+, Na+, K+, Ba++, Cd++,
Cu+, Ca++, Cs+, Fe++, Co++, Pb++, Mn++, Rb+, Ag+, Sr++, Tl+, and Zn++. Preferably λΑ' is the ammonium cation. The molecular sieve or molecular sieve - binder extrudate material may be contacted with the fluorosilicate salt in an amount of at least 0.0075 moles per 100 grams of the molecular sieve or molecular sieve - binder extrudate material. The pH is suitably between 3 and 7. Such treatment has been described in US 6,949,181. It is thought that in this way aluminium atoms located at the surface of the zeolite are extracted and replaced with silicon atoms.
The dealumination of the aluminosilicate zeolite results in a reduction of the number of alumina moieties present in the zeolite and hence in a reduction of the mole percentage of alumina.
Of the (surface) dealumination methods described above, the method involving the treatment with a
hexafluorosilicate, most suitably ammoniumhexa- fluorosilicate (AHS) , has been found to offer an
additional advantage. Treatment of the extrudates
obtained in step c) with AHS, has been found to result in the extrudates also having an increased mechanical strength in addition to the expected dealuminated outer surface.
The surface modification may be applied just once to the support or may be applied two or more times. However we have not found any advantage in repeated application. The concentration of the AHS treatment does however appear to have an effect. Preferably the concentration of active ingredient (AHS) is in the range of from 0.005 to 0.5 M. Preferably the concentration is in the range of from 0.01 to 0.2 M, more preferably 0.01 to 0.05 M, and especially 0.01 to 0.03 M, which has been found to provide a catalyst composition having an increased activity .
In step (c) , the extrudates are dried and calcined. Drying preferably is carried out for a time in the range of 15 minutes to 24 hours, more preferably from 1 to 3 hours, at a temperature in the range from 10 to 350 °C, more preferably from 120 to 150 °C . Calcination is carried out under normal conditions, suitably at a temperature of between 400 to 900 °C by heating in air for 1 to 48, preferably 1 to 10 hours.
The extrudates obtained in step (c) are subjected to ion exchange in order to reduce their alkali metal content. The presence of alkali metal has been found to lead to reduced catalytic activity for ethylbenzene dealkylation . Preferably, the alkali metal content is reduced to at most 0.2 %wt, expressed as Na2<0 based on total dry weight, more preferably at most 0.1 %wt, more preferably at most 0.04 %wt, more preferably at most 0.020 %wt, most preferably at most 0.01 %wt .
Someone skilled in the art will know which ion exchange to apply in order to achieve the desired
reduction in alkali metal content. A suitable method comprises treating the extrudates with an aqueous
ammonium containing solution such as ammonium chloride. A suitable treatment comprises immersing the extrudates in an ammonium chloride solution at a temperature of from 80 to 100 °C, preferably about 90°C, for of from 0.2 to 5 hours, more specifically of from 0.5 to 2 hours.
It has been found to be especially advantageous to subject the extrudates obtained in step (c) to treatment with a hexafluorosilicate and subsequently apply ion exchange. In this way, only a single washing needs to be carried out while the alkali metal content can be reduced to very low levels.
In step (e) , the extrudates are dried preferably for a time in the range of 15 minutes to 24 hours, more preferably from 1 to 3 hours, at a temperature in the range from 10 to 350 °C, more preferably from 100 to 180 °C.
The extrudates obtained in step (e) have a B.E.T. surface area preferably falling in the range of from 150 to 250 m2/g; and a pore volume, by mercury intrusion, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 0.9 ml/g. The flat plate crush strength generally is at least 120 N . cm"1 , preferably at least 140 N . cm"1 , more preferably at least 150 N . cm"1 , and most preferably at least 160 N.cm"1. The flat plate crushing strength generally will be at most
200 N.cm"1.
The catalyst support of the present invention preferably is converted into an ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst by depositing platinum and tin on the support. The platinum component preferably is present in an amount in the range of from 0.001 to 0.1 wt%, based on total catalyst, and the tin component preferably in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, based on total catalyst. Most suitably the platinum component is present in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.1, preferably
0.01 to 0.05, wt%. The tin component is most suitably present in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.2 to 0.5, wt%.
The catalyst composition of the invention has properties similar to that of the support in B.E.T.
surface area, pore volume and flat plate crush strength.
The metals emplacement onto the support may be by methods usual in the art. The metals can be deposited onto the support materials prior to shaping, but it is preferred to deposit them onto a shaped support.
Pore volume impregnation of the metals from a metal salt solution is a very suitable method of metals emplacement onto a shaped support. The metal salt
solutions may have a pH in the range of from 1 to 12. The platinum salts that may conveniently be used are
chloroplatinic acid and ammonium stabilized platinum salts. Examples of suitable tin salts utilized are stannous (II) chloride, stannic (IV) chloride, stannous sulphate, and stannous acetate. The metals may be
impregnated onto the shaped support either sequentially or simultaneously. Where simultaneous impregnation is utilized the metal salts used must be compatible and not hinder the deposition of the metals. It has been found useful to utilize a complexing or chelating agent in a combined platinum/tin salt solution to prevent unwanted metals precipitation. Examples of suitable complexing agents are EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) , and derivatives thereof, HEDTA
(N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine-N, N ' ,N'-triacetic acid) , EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether) - N, , ', ' -tetraacetic acid), DTPA (diethylene tridiamine pentaacetic acid) , and NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) . Where EDTA is used, it is conveniently used in a molar ratio to tin of from 0.1 to 3, especially 1 to 2.
After metals impregnation, the catalyst composition is suitably dried, and calcined. Drying temperatures are suitably 50 to 200 °C; drying times are suitably from 0.5 to 5 hours. Calcination temperatures are very
suitably in the range of from 200 to 800 °C, preferably 300 to 600 °C. For calcination of the support, a
relatively short time period is required, for example 0.5 to 3 hours. For calcination of the catalyst
composition, it may be necessary to employ controlled temperature ramping at a low rate of heating to ensure the optimum dispersion of the metals: such calcination may require from 5 to 20 hours.
Prior to use, it is necessary to ensure that the metals on the catalyst composition are in metallic (and not oxidic) form. Accordingly, it is useful to subject the composition to reducing conditions, which are, for example, heating in a reducing atmosphere, such as in hydrogen optionally diluted with an inert gas, or mixture of inert gases, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at a temperature in the range of from 150 to 600 °C for from 0.5 to 5 hours .
The catalyst composition of the invention finds especial use in the selective dealkylation of
ethylbenzene .
The ethylbenzene feedstock most suitably originates directly from a reforming unit or naphtha pyrolysis unit or is the effluent of a xylene isomerisation unit. Such feedstock usually comprises C7 to C9 hydrocarbons, and in particular one or more of o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, toluene, and benzene in addition to ethylbenzene.
Generally the amount of ethylbenzene in the feedstock is in the range of from 0.1 to 50 wt% and the total xylene content is typically at least 20 wt%. Typically the xylenes will not be in a thermodynamic equilibrium, and the content of p-xylene will accordingly be lower than that of the other isomers compared with thermodynamic equilibrium.
The feedstock is contacted with the catalyst
composition in the presence of hydrogen. This may be carried out in a fixed bed system, a moving bed system, or a fluidized bed system. Such systems may be operated continuously or in batch fashion. Preference is given to continuous operation in a fixed bed system. The catalyst may be used in one reactor or in several separate
reactors in series or operated in a swing system to ensure continuous operation during catalyst change-out.
The process is suitably carried out at a temperature in the range of from 300 to 500 °C, a pressure in the range of from 0.1 to 50 bar (10 to 5,000 kPa) , using a liquid hourly space velocity of in the range of from 0.5 to 20 h~ . A partial pressure of hydrogen in the range of from 0.05 to 30 bar (5 to 3,000 kPa) is
generally used. The feed to hydrogen molar ratio is in the range of from 0.5 to 100, generally from 1 to 10 mol/mol.
The present invention will now be illustrated by the following Examples.
Examples
In the Examples and where mentioned elsewhere hereinabove, the following test methods are applicable:
Flat plate crush strength: ASTM D 6175.
Porosity: ASTM D 4284 with drying of the sample at 300 °C for 60 minutes prior to measurement, and using mercury intrusion .
Water pore volume: the sample is dried at 300 °C for
1 hour and then weighed; water is added until the pores are filled such that the sample particles are wet but still free flowing; the sample is again weighed and the amount of water absorbed per unit mass is calculated from the two weights.
The sodium content is the amount of Na2<0 based on total dry weight.
In the Examples, the zeolites were used in the H+ form and free of template material.
Example 1
Catalyst 1 (not according to the invention)
A support was prepared from a zeolite with a ZSM-5 structure having an average primary crystal size below 100 nm and a silica to alumina bulk molar ratio of 40. The zeolite powder was mixed with a low sodium grade silica (Sipernat 50 from Degussa) , and an ammonium stabilized commercially available silica sol (sold under the trade name Bindzil by Eka Chemicals) , and extruded using 1.5 wt% of ammonium hydroxide solution (containing 25 wt% ammonia) on dry basis to give a support comprised of 40 wt% zeolite, 40 wt% Sipernat 50 and 20 wt% silica sol on dry basis.
The green extrudates were dried at 120 °C and calcined at 625 °C for 1 hour to obtain extrudates having a water pore volume of 0.76 ml.g-1 and a flat plate crushing strength of 108 N.m-1.
These extrudates were treated with 0.02 M aqueous ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHS) solution and
subsequently washed several times with water. The washed extrudates were subsequently dried at 500 °C for 1 hour. The resulting catalyst support had a flat plate crushing strength of 124 N.cirf1.
Subsequently, the catalyst support was pore volume impregnated with a Pt/Sn solution having a pH below 2 ; the solution was prepared from ¾PtCl6 and SnCl2-2H20. The concentration of both metals was such as to provide a final catalyst having a Pt loading of 0.025 wt% and a Sn loading of 4 %wt, each based on total catalyst. Once the impregnation was completed, the catalyst was dried and subsequently calcined at 480 °C for 1 hour.
Example 2
Catalyst 2 (not according to the invention)
A catalyst was made according to the procedure of
Example 1 but differing in that 5 %wt of Na2SiC>3
(waterglass) was added to the mix of zeolite, silica powder and silica sol, dry basis. After extrusion, drying and calcining, the resulting extrudates had a sodium content of 1.22 %wt, a water pore volume of 0.78 ml.g-1 and a flat plate crushing strength of 104 N.m-1.
After treating with the AHS solution, the resulting catalyst support had a sodium content of 0.43 %wt, a water pore volume of 0.76 ml . g~ and a flat plate
crushing strength of 163 N.m-1.
Example 3
Catalyst 3
A support was made according to the procedure of
Example 2 but differing in that after treating with the AHS solution, washing and drying, the extrudates were ion exchanged before being pore volume impregnated with the Pt/Sn solution. The ion exchange comprised immersing the extrudates in a 1 M NH4C1 solution at 90 °C for 1 hour, filtering out the extrudates, washing the extrudates with water and drying them at 120 °C. The resulting support had a flat plate crushing strength of 163 N.m-1.
Example 4
Catalyst 4
A support was made according to the procedure of Example 3 but differing in that the water contents of the mixture before extrusion was increased by 2 %wt . The resulting extrudates had a sodium content of 1.18 %wt, a water pore volume of 0.71 ml.g-1 and a flat plate
crushing strength of 136 N.CITT1.
The extrudates were then subjected to the AHS treatment, washing, drying, ion exchange and drying according to Example 3. The support obtained had a sodium content of 0.22 %wt before ion exchange. After the ion exchange, the support had a sodium content of 0.014 %wt and a flat plate crushing strength of 170 N.CITT1.
After metal impregnation, drying and calcining according to Example 1, the final catalyst had a flat plate crushing strength of 180 N.cirf1.
Example 5
The support was prepared as described in Example 4 with the exception that the AHS treatment was carried out by treating the extrudates with the aqueous AHS solution and washing but replacing the last water wash step by washing with a 1 M NH4C1 solution. The washed extrudates were subsequently dried at 500 °C for 1 hour. The
resulting support had a sodium content of 0.022 %wt and a flat plate crushing strength of 168 N.cm-1.
Example 6
The above catalysts were subjected to a catalytic test that mimics typical industrial application
conditions for ethylbenzene dealkylation . The composition of the feed used is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1
Composition of the feed used in the activity testing
Feed composition
EB wt% 13 .68 pX wt% 0 .18 oX wt% 18 .12 mX wt% 62 .06 toluene wt% 0 .48 benzene wt% 0 .13
Cv-Cs-naphthenes wt% 5 .35
Cg+ aromatics wt% 0 .00
Total wt% 100 .00
Cs aromatics sum 94 .97
EB in C8 aromatics feed wt% 11 .25 pX in xylenes in feed wt% 0 .22 oX in xylenes in feed wt% 22 .54 mX in xylenes in feed wt% 77 .23
The activity test is performed once the catalyst is in its reduced state, which is achieved by exposing the dried and calcined catalyst to atmospheric hydrogen (>99% purity) at 450 °C for 1 hour.
After reduction the reactor is pressurized without a cooling step, and the feed is introduced. This step contributes to enhanced catalyst aging, and therefore allows comparison of the catalytic performance at stable operation. The catalytic datapoints are collected at a
condition that exaggerates the potential negative
operational effects. Therefore, the performance is measured not at the ideal industrial operating
condition ( s ) , but at those that allow a better
differentiation of the various performance parameters used to evaluate catalysts in this application.
In the present case, a weight hourly space velocity of 4.6 hf1, a hydrogen to feed ratio of 2.5 mol.mol-1 and a total system pressure of 1.3 MPa was used. The
temperature was varied between 360 and 410 °C to achieve the required conversion for easier comparison.
Table 2
Catalyst properties for Flat plate crushing
75 wt% EBC strength support
N. cm"1
Catalyst 1 (comparison) 382 124
Catalyst 2 (comparison) 399 163
Catalyst 3 362 163
Catalyst 4 370 170
Catalyst 5 353 168
Treq. for 75 wt% EBC conversion stands for the temperature required to achieve 75 wt% EB conversion.
In all test runs, xylene isomerisation also occurred and in each case the content of p-xylene reached a minimum of 98% of its equilibrium value.
Table 2 shows the penalty on the activity of the catalyst by a high sodium content as exemplified by
Catalyst 2. The highest gain in activity was obtained by Catalyst 5 in which ion exchange procedure was combined with the last washing step of the AHS treatment. An activity gain of almost 30 °C is attained. Example 7 (not according to the invention)
A catalyst support was prepared following the preparation route described in Example 1 , but with a ZSM-
5 zeolite having a primary crystallite size in the range of a few cubic microns and a silica to alumina bulk molar ratio of 40 . The extrudates had a sodium content of 0 . 13
%wt before the AHS treatment.
The extrudates obtained were subjected to the AHS treatment as described in Example 5 . The catalyst support obtained had a water pore volume of 0 . 69 ml.g"1, a sodium content of 0 . 005 %wt and a flat plate crush strength of
12 9 N.CITT1, all before metal impregnation.
Example 8
A support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 5 but using the zeolite described in Example
7 . The amount of a2Si03 (waterglass) added before extrusion gave a sodium content of the resulting
extrudates of 1 . 20 %wt .
After the combined AHS and ion exchange treatment, the catalyst support contained 0 . 07 %wt sodium and had a water pore volume of 0 . 69 ml.g-1 and a flat plate
crushing strength of 170 N.CITT1, all before metal
impregnation .
Example 9
A support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 8 but adjusting the amount of a2Si03
(waterglass) added such as to obtain extrudates having a sodium content of 0 . 95 %wt .
After the combined AHS and ion exchange treatment, the extrudates were dried. The support obtained contained
0 . 03 %wt sodium and had a water pore volume of 0 . 68 ml . g~ 1 and a flat plate crushing strength of 141 N. cirf1 , all before metal impregnation. Example 10
A support was prepared by following the procedures of Example 9 but replacing the a2Si03 (waterglass) by NaOH solution such as to obtain extrudates having a similar sodium content. Upon analysis, it was found that the extrudates obtained had a sodium content of 0.98 %wt .
After the combined AHS and ion exchange treatment, the extrudates were dried. The catalyst support obtained contained 0.03 %wt sodium and had a water pore volume of 0.68 ml.g-1 and a flat plate crushing strength of
151 N.cirf1, all before metal impregnation.

Claims

C L A I M S
1. Process for preparing a catalyst support which process comprises
a) mixing pentasil zeolite having a bulk silica to alumina molar ratio in the range of from 20 to 150 with water, a silica source and an alkali metal salt,
b) extruding the mixture obtained in step (a) ,
c) drying and calcining the extrudates obtained in step (b) ,
d) subjecting the calcined extrudates obtained in step (c) to ion exchange to reduce the alkali metal content, and
e) drying the extrudates obtained in step (d) .
2. Process according to claim 1, in which process the alkali metal salt is sodium hydroxide and/or waterglass.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, in which process step (d) comprises treating the extrudates obtained in step (c) with an aqueous ammonium containing solution.
4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which process the extrudates obtained in step (c) are treated with an aqueous solution of a fluorosilicate salt before being subjected to step (d) .
5. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the mixture to be extruded comprises of from 45 to 60 %wt of water, based on dry components.
6. Process for preparing a catalyst, which process comprises preparing a catalyst support according to any one of claims 1 to 5, and subsequently impregnating platinum in an amount in the range of from 0.001 to 0.1 wt% and tin in an amount in the range of from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%, each on the basis of total catalyst.
7. Ethylbenzene dealkylation catalyst containing a support obtainable by a process according to anyone of claims 1 to 5.
8. Process for dealkylation of ethylbenzene which process comprises contacting an ethylbenzene containing feedstock with a catalyst according to claim 7.
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