WO2011130528A1 - Anticoagulant-free dialysis systems and methods - Google Patents
Anticoagulant-free dialysis systems and methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011130528A1 WO2011130528A1 PCT/US2011/032519 US2011032519W WO2011130528A1 WO 2011130528 A1 WO2011130528 A1 WO 2011130528A1 US 2011032519 W US2011032519 W US 2011032519W WO 2011130528 A1 WO2011130528 A1 WO 2011130528A1
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- Prior art keywords
- calcium
- blood
- patient
- treatment system
- beads
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 155
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 27
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- 239000003146 anticoagulant agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940127219 anticoagulant drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035602 clotting Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 229920000669 heparin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001479 atomic absorption spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000385 dialysis solution Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010062506 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010100 anticoagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000034158 bleeding Diseases 0.000 description 2
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- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000148 hypercalcaemia Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium citrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
- A61M1/3672—Means preventing coagulation
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- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
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- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
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- A61M1/34—Filtering material out of the blood by passing it through a membrane, i.e. hemofiltration or diafiltration
- A61M1/342—Adding solutions to the blood, e.g. substitution solutions
- A61M1/3424—Substitution fluid path
- A61M1/3437—Substitution fluid path downstream of the filter, e.g. post-dilution with filtrate
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- A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
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- A61M1/342—Adding solutions to the blood, e.g. substitution solutions
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- A61M1/3458—Substitution fluids having electrolytes not present in the dialysate
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- A61M1/3673—Anticoagulant coating, e.g. Heparin coating
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- A61M1/3672—Means preventing coagulation
- A61M1/3675—Deactivation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
Definitions
- Renal dysfunction or failure and, in particular, end-stage renal disease causes the body to lose the ability to remove water and minerals and excrete harmful metabolites, maintain acid-base balance and control electrolyte and mineral concentrations within physiological ranges.
- Toxic uremic waste metabolites including urea, creatinine, and uric acid accumulate in the body's tissues, which can result in a person's death if the filtration function of the kidney is not replaced.
- Blood passes from the patient through a dialyzer separated by a semi-permeable membrane from a large volume of externally-supplied dialysis solution.
- the blood passes through the inside of semi-permeable hollow fibers, and the dialysis solution (dialysate) flows on the outside of the semi-permeable hollow fibers in a countercurrent direction.
- the waste and toxins dialyze out of the blood through the semi-permeable membrane into the dialysis solution, which can then be discarded.
- the patient's blood is typically exposed to intravenous cannulas, tubing, drip chambers, headers, potting compound, and dialysis membranes during the dialysis procedure. These surfaces exhibit a variable degree of thrombogenicity and can initiate clotting of blood, especially in conjunction with exposure of blood to air in drip chambers. The resulting thrombus formation may be significant enough to cause occlusion and malfunction of the extracorporeal circuit. See J. T. Daugirdas, P. G. Blake, and T. S. Ing, Handbook of Dialysis, (2007).
- One method of preventing blood clotting is to administer an anticoagulant, typically heparin, to the patient, shortly before or during the dialysis treatment.
- an anticoagulant typically heparin
- Heparin however, has potential undesirable side effects, such as, for example, pruritus, allergy, osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and excessive bleeding. Heparin is therefore not recommended for patients at risk of bleeding due to gastrointestinal lesions (gastritis, peptic ulcer,
- Another method of preventing blood clotting is by regional citrate
- RCA anticoagulation
- iCa ionized calcium
- the invention generally is directed to an extracorporeal blood treatment system including a calcium trap comprising a substrate having an immobilized species, the species being adapted to reduce the calcium concentration in the blood to a concentration that prevents blood clotting in the extracorporeal blood treatment system.
- an extracorporeal blood treatment system includes means for withdrawing blood from a patient, and means for transporting the blood through a calcium trap.
- the calcium trap includes a substrate having an
- the species being adapted to reduce the calcium concentration in the blood to a concentration that prevents blood clotting in the extracorporeal blood treatment system, thereby producing calcium-depleted blood.
- extracorporeal blood treatment system also includes means for treating the calcium- depleted blood downstream of the calcium trap by an extracorporeal blood treatment device, thereby producing treated calcium-depleted blood, means for infusing calcium into the treated calcium-depleted blood downstream of the extracorporeal blood treatment device to add calcium to the treated calcium-depleted blood, and means for returning treated blood back to the patient.
- the substrate in the calcium trap is selected from the group consisting of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes, silica beads, polystyrene beads, hydrogel beads, or any combination thereof.
- the substrate in the calcium trap comprises polystyrene beads.
- the polystyrene beads are crosslinked polystyrene beads.
- the substrate in the calcium trap comprises hydrogel beads.
- the hydrogel beads can include one of chitosan, crosslinked chitosan, positively charged chitosan, or any combination thereof.
- the immobilized species is selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), citrate, alginate, or calcium- binding protein. In a specific embodiment, the immobilized species comprises alginate.
- the extracorporeal blood treatment device can include dialysis, adsorption, and/or filtration.
- the extracorporeal blood treatment system can include a dialyzer.
- the dialyzer can include a hydrophobic membrane, wherein at least one copolymer is attached to the hydrophobic membrane, and wherein each copolymer is comprised of at least one hydrophobic segment and at least one hydrophilic segment.
- calcium is added to the calcium-depleted blood to adjust the patient's intradialytic calcium mass balance to desired levels relative to the patient's interdialytic intakes of calcium and liquid.
- the invention is also directed to a method of dialyzing blood comprising directing blood into a dialysis system including a dialyzer, and directing the blood through a calcium trap located upstream of the dialyzer.
- the blood can be blood of a patient undergoing dialysis.
- the calcium trap includes a substrate having an immobilized species, the species being adapted to reduce the calcium concentration in the blood to a concentration that prevents blood clotting in the dialysis system, thereby producing calcium-depleted blood.
- the method further includes directing the calcium-depleted blood through the dialyzer, thereby removing deleterious substances and aqueous fluid from the blood, and infusing a calcium containing solution into the calcium-depleted blood.
- Infusing the calcium containing solution can be to adjust a patient's intradialytic calcium mass balance to desired levels relative to the patient's interdialytic intakes of calcium and fluid.
- the method can further include directing the blood back to the patient.
- maintaining or adjusting a patient's intradialytic calcium mass balance to desired levels relative to the patient's interdialytic intakes of calcium and liquid includes determining a desired calcium mass balance for the patient over a complete dialysis cycle, calculating an intradialytic calcium mass balance, and adjusting the calcium concentration in the calcium containing solution.
- This invention has many advantages, including reducing blood clotting in the extracorporeal blood treatment system without introducing an anticoagulant into the blood, thereby reducing the risk of occlusion and malfunction of the extracorporeal blood treatment system while avoiding potential negative side effects of
- FIG. 1 is an illustration of a prior art extracorporeal blood treatment system employing regional citrate anticoagulation.
- FIG. 2 is an illustration of an extracorporeal blood treatment system employing a calcium trap according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph of calcium binding capacity (mEq/L) as a function of added mass of alginate (mg).
- FIG. 4 is a graph of calcium binding capacity (mg/g sorbent) for 2%
- PLURONIC ® F68 (2% F68), 1% PLURONIC ® F68 (1% F68), 2% PLURONIC ® F108 (2% F108), 1% PLURONIC ® F108 (1% F108), and chitosan-alginate hydro gels.
- FIG. 5 is a graph of calcium removed (mg) as a function of absorbent (g) from bovine heparinized plasma and from aqueous solution.
- an extracorporeal blood treatment system 100 includes means 110 for withdrawing blood from a patient, such as a large bore dialysis needle (not shown), or a separate dialysis access device that connects to the patient's arterial system.
- the access device (not shown) includes a short tubular section, adapted at one end for connecting to an open end of the extracorporeal blood circuit tubing, and at the other end having a large bore dialysis needle for accessing the patient's arterial blood.
- Either or both of the extracorporeal blood circuit tubing and the access devices may include flow shut-off clamps and liquid access devices that have injection/administration port structures.
- the port structures provide mechanisms through which a dialysis administrator can, for example, safely access the arterial blood flow to remove samples of the patient's blood or inject drugs or liquids.
- the extracorporeal blood treatment system 100 further includes means, such as extracorporeal blood circuit tubing, for transporting the blood through a calcium trap 120.
- the tubing can be made of biocompatible polymers, such as, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- the calcium trap 120 includes a substrate having an immobilized species, the species being adapted to reduce the ionized calcium (iCa) concentration in the blood to a concentration that prevents blood clotting in the extracorporeal blood treatment system, thereby producing calcium-depleted blood.
- the target iCa concentration before the blood treatment device 130 is typically in a range of between about 0.1 mmol/liter and about 0.4 mmol/liter.
- the substrate contained in calcium trap 120 can be selected from the group consisting of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes, silica beads, polystyrene beads, such as crosslinked polystyrene beads, or hydrogel beads, or any combination thereof.
- the hydrogel beads can include one of chitosan, crosslinked chitosan, positively charged chitosan, or any combination thereof.
- the calcium-trapping species immobilized on the substrate can be selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), citrate, alginate, or calcium-binding proteins, such as, for example, calmodulin or calsequestrin.
- EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- citrate citrate
- alginate alginate
- calcium-binding proteins such as, for example, calmodulin or calsequestrin.
- the calcium trap 120 can be made by mixing alginate with chitosan to form a chitosan-alginate solution.
- a chitosan hydrogel can be made by lowering the pH of the solution to below about pH 5, or by adding a crosslinking reagent, such as, for example, glutaraldehyde, to form crosslinks between chitosan molecules by reaction of the glutaraldehyde with the primary amine group on the chitosan.
- the hydrogel can be extruded to form beads to fill calcium trap 120.
- the calcium trap 120 can be filled with beads made by mixing alginate with copolymers that have a hydrophobic segment and a hydrophilic segment, such as polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock copolymers that are commercially available under the registered trademark PLURONIC ® . (BASF, Wyandotte, MI). See Application No. 10/013,323 of O. Tuominen et al, published as U.S. 2003/0148017 on August 7, 2003, and U.S. Patent No. 3,740,421 issued to I. R. Schmolka on June 19, 1973. The solution is then treated with electron beam irradiation to induce crosslinking. The resulting hydrogel can be formed into beads to fill calcium trap 120.
- copolymers that have a hydrophobic segment and a hydrophilic segment, such as polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide triblock copolymers that are commercially available under the registered trademark PLURONIC ® . (BASF, Wy
- hollow fiber polysulfone membranes such as those employed in high flux dialyzers, can be treated with alginate solution to form a thin layer of alginate on the lumen side ⁇ i.e., inside) of the hollow fibers.
- the treated hollow fibers can be used in calcium trap 120.
- the extracorporeal blood treatment system 100 also includes means for treating the calcium-depleted blood downstream of the calcium trap by an extracorporeal blood treatment device 130, thereby producing treated calcium- depleted blood.
- the blood treatment device 130 can include dialysis, adsorption, and filtration.
- the blood treatment device can include a dialyzer.
- Such means can be a dialyzer 130, shown in FIG. 2, that includes a pump 135 for flowing dialysate countercurrently over the outside of semi-permeable hollow fiber membranes of dialyzer 130.
- the dialyzer 130 can be, for example, a high flux dialyzer, such as an Optiflux ® F180NR dialyzer (Fresenius Medical Care, North America, Waltham, MA).
- the extracorporeal blood treatment system 100 further includes means 140 for infusing calcium into the treated calcium-depleted blood downstream of the extracorporeal blood treatment device 130 to add calcium to the treated blood.
- Means 140 can be a calcium infusion syringe, typically charged with about 550 mmol/liter calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) solution.
- the solution can be added at a rate in a range of between about 20 ml/hr and about 30 ml/hr.
- the calcium chloride solution is added in an amount sufficient to return the treated blood to the patient's systemic iCa level, typically in a range of between about 0.9 mmol/liter and about 1.1 mmol/liter.
- determining the amount of calcium chloride solution to be added includes determining a desired calcium mass balance for the patient over a complete dialysis cycle that includes the patient' s interdialytic intakes of calcium and liquid, and calculating an intradialytic calcium mass balance, CaMBHD, by obtaining wherein:
- Dca is the dialysance of calcium during the dialysis treatment
- Qf is the ultrafiltration rate of blood during the dialysis treatment
- Q e is the effective flow rate of blood
- CdiCa is the dialysate inlet concentration of calcium
- mCpCa is the average serum concentration of calcium in the patient' s blood during the dialysis treatment
- td is the duration of each dialysis treatment.
- the calcium concentration in the calcium containing solution is adjusted by calculating
- Ccainf is the concentration of calcium for infusion
- CcaBody is the concentration of calcium in the patient's body
- QB is the blood flow rate for dialysis
- CaMBHD is the calcium mass balance during dialysis treatment, and t d is the duration of each dialysis treatment. See U.S. Application No. 12/580,803.
- the extracorporeal blood treatment system 100 further includes means 150, such as extracorporeal blood circuit tubing, for returning treated blood back to the patient.
- Means 150 can include a large bore dialysis needle, or a separate dialysis access device that connects to the patient's venous system.
- a method of dialyzing blood includes directing blood into a dialysis system including a dialyzer, and directing the blood through a calcium trap located upstream of the dialyzer.
- the blood can be blood of a patient undergoing dialysis.
- a typical blood flow rate can be about 300 ml/min.
- the calcium trap includes a substrate having an immobilized species, the species being adapted to reduce the calcium concentration in the blood to a concentration that prevents blood clotting in the dialysis system, thereby producing calcium-depleted blood.
- the method further includes directing the calcium-depleted blood through the dialyzer, thereby removing deleterious substances and aqueous fluid from the blood.
- a typical dialysate flow rate can be about 500 ml/min.
- the method also includes infusing a calcium containing solution (typically 550 mM CaCl 2 ) into the calcium-depleted blood.
- Infusing the calcium containing solution can be to adjust a patient's intradialytic calcium mass balance to desired levels.
- a desired level can be a return of the treated blood to the patient's systemic iCa level, typically in a range of between about 0.9 mmol/liter and about 1.1 mmol/liter, or to another level relative and responsive to the patient's interdialytic intakes of calcium and liquid.
- the method can further include directing the blood back to the patient. EXEMPLIFICATION
- a 400 mMolar calcium chloride test solution was prepared by dissolving 0.59 grains of CaCl 2 -2H 2 0 in 10 ml of reverse osmosis deionized (RO DI) water.
- a 2% (weight/volume) alginate solution was then prepared by dissolving 0.2 grams of alginate in 10 ml of RO DI water.
- a hydrogel was formed by adding, drop by drop, the 2% alginate solution into a vial containing 5 ml of 400 mM CaCl 2 solution, using a syringe pump (KD Scientific, Inc., Holliston, MA), in the following amounts: 0 ⁇ , 200 ⁇ , 400 ⁇ , 600 ⁇ , 800 ⁇ , 1000 ⁇ , 1200 ⁇ , 1600 ⁇ , 2000 ⁇ , 2500 ⁇ , 3000 ⁇ , 3500 ⁇ , 4000 ⁇ , 5000 ⁇ , and 6000 ⁇ .
- the alginate solution was added into the CaCl 2 solution, the alginate formed beads. The beads were filtered out of solution, and the calcium concentration in the remaining solution was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.
- PLURONIC ® alginate hydrogels were prepared by mixing solutions containing one of 2 g of PLURONIC ® F68, 1 g of PLURONIC ® F68, 2 g
- PLURONIC ® F108 or 1 g PLURONIC ® F108, each separately with 1 g of alginate in 100 mL of RO DI water at room temperature for 24 hours to obtain 2%
- Chitosan-alginate hydrogel was prepared by adding 1 g of chitosan into 400 mL of 2% acetic acid until the chitosan was completely dissolved, followed by adding 1 g of alginate into the chitosan solution and mixing at room temperature for 24 hours. The chitosan-alginate hydrogel was then separated by filtration and washed with RO DI water until the pH was greater than about 5.0.
- the hydrogels prepared as indicated above were then freeze dried and cut into portions of about 1 mm in maximum dimension.
- 100 mL of ImMolar CaCl 2 solution were mixed with 1 g of the respective hydrogel in a 100 mL container.
- the resulting solutions were mixed for 24 hours, and then the containers were spun by centrifuge to separate the hydrogel from the liquid.
- the remaining calcium in 10 mL of the liquid was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. From the results shown in FIG. 4, the chitosan-alginate hydrogel has the best calcium binding capacity, with about 9.40 mg of calcium removed by 1 g of the chitosan-alginate hydrogel.
- Aqueous solutions of 50 mL of 1 mMolar calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) were mixed with the following amounts of chitosan-alginate dry gel: 0.0 g (control), 0.025 g, 0.050 g, 0.100 g, 0.150 g, 0.200 g, 0.250 g, 0.500 g, and 0.750 g.
- the solutions were mixed for about 24 hours.
- the calcium concentration in samples from each mixture and a control sample of 1 mMolar CaCl 2 was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.
- the calcium binding ability of the chitosan-alginate is about 50% lower in bovine heparinized plasma than in aqueous solution.
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US13/640,579 US9138529B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-04-14 | Anticoagulant-free dialysis systems and methods |
JP2013505140A JP2013523411A (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-04-14 | Dialysis system without using anticoagulant and dialysis method without using anticoagulant |
EP11769599A EP2558177A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-04-14 | Anticoagulant-free dialysis systems and methods |
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WO2016103216A1 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2016-06-30 | Universita' Degli Studi Di Milano - Bicocca | Regional scoagulation system for an extracorporeal circulation circuit |
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JP2013523411A (en) | 2013-06-17 |
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