WO2011102959A2 - Turbocharger - Google Patents

Turbocharger Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011102959A2
WO2011102959A2 PCT/US2011/023295 US2011023295W WO2011102959A2 WO 2011102959 A2 WO2011102959 A2 WO 2011102959A2 US 2011023295 W US2011023295 W US 2011023295W WO 2011102959 A2 WO2011102959 A2 WO 2011102959A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
exhaust
mixing device
turbocharger
gas
compressor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2011/023295
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2011102959A3 (en
Inventor
Thomas Lischer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BorgWarner Inc
Original Assignee
BorgWarner Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BorgWarner Inc filed Critical BorgWarner Inc
Priority to JP2012553924A priority Critical patent/JP5813017B2/en
Priority to DE112011100573T priority patent/DE112011100573T5/en
Priority to CN201180007983.6A priority patent/CN102741521B/en
Priority to US13/577,061 priority patent/US9500119B2/en
Priority to KR1020127023035A priority patent/KR101682477B1/en
Publication of WO2011102959A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011102959A2/en
Publication of WO2011102959A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011102959A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories relating to, driven charging or scavenging pumps, not provided for in groups F02B33/00 - F02B37/00
    • F02B39/005—Cooling of pump drives
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/17—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the intake system
    • F02M26/19—Means for improving the mixing of air and recirculated exhaust gases, e.g. venturis or multiple openings to the intake system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/14—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system
    • F02M26/15—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories in relation to the exhaust system in relation to engine exhaust purifying apparatus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a turbocharger according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a generic turbocharger is known from WO 2008/095658 Al .
  • Turbochargers of said type are used in internal combustion engines which, in order to meet the legally prescribed exhaust-gas limit values, recirculate large exhaust- gas quantities into the intake path of the engine over a wide operating range.
  • LP-EGR low- pressure exhaust-gas recirculation
  • exhaust gas is supplied to the fresh-air flow upstream of the compressor of the turbocharger. If this mixing is not effective, exhaust-gas-laden strands at elevated temperature are drawn through the compressor.
  • turbocharger for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, which turbocharger overcomes the abovementioned disadvantages and in particular seeks to improve the mixing of the recirculated exhaust gas with the fresh intake air over the shortest possible distance, and to obtain as rotationally symmetrical a mixing profile as possible.
  • the fresh intake air is supplied to the compressor radially via the inflow distributor.
  • the low- pressure exhaust-gas recirculation supply flow runs axially, that is to say in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the inlet distributor.
  • the jet of the recirculated exhaust gases is directed toward an impact plate.
  • Said impact plate advantageously generates the radial distribution of the low-pressure exhaust-gas recirculation supply flow.
  • any water droplets present in the recirculated exhaust- gas flow are reduced in size by the impact plate, which leads to a minimization of droplet impact against the compressor wheel.
  • figure 1 shows a schematically highly simplified sectional illustration of a turbocharger according to the invention.
  • figure 2 shows a schematically highly simplified diagram showing the principle of a particularly preferred embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention.
  • the turbocharger 1 illustrated in figure 1 has a turbine 4 with a turbine wheel 14 arranged in a turbine housing 13. Said turbine wheel 14 is connected via a rotor shaft 15 to a compressor wheel 6, which is arranged in a compressor housing 7, of a compressor 5.
  • An exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 from an engine 2 leads preferably via a regulating valve 19 and a cooler 20 into an intake line 10 of the engine 2 tlirough an exhaust-gas mixing-in opening 12.
  • a mixing device 18 is arranged upstream of the compressor inlet 1 1.
  • a supply line 16 from the compressor inlet 9 to the engine 2 and an exhaust-gas line 17 from the engine 2 to the turbine housing 13.
  • the exhaust gas A G is conducted through the exhaust-gas mixing-in opening 12 into the intake line 10.
  • the exhaust gas A G impinges on the fresh air F , which is then mixed together in the flow direction of the fresh air F L through the mixing device 18.
  • the mixture flows through the compressor inlet 11 into the diffuser 8.
  • the mixing device 18 has an inflow distributor 21 in which firstly the intake line 10 for the supply of fresh air F L opens out and into which secondly the exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 is conducted.
  • the two lines 3 and 10 are at least substantially at right angles to one another, preferably at an angle of exactly 90°. Said arrangement results in a radial introduction of fresh air F L , and an introduction of exhaust gas at least substantially along the longitudinal axis L of the inflow distributor 21.
  • a guide cone 24 is arranged in the inflow distributor 21, which guide cone 24 tapers, proceeding from its inlet 25, in the flow direction R of the exhaust gases AG.
  • the exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 opens out into said guide cone 24, which exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 has an outflow opening 22 at its end.
  • An impact plate 23 is provided downstream of said outflow opening 22 as viewed in the flow direction R of the exhaust gases AG, toward which impact plate the supplied exhaust-gas flow AG is conducted.
  • the impact plate 23 can be fixed in a suitable way for example in a pipe connector 26 which adjoins the inflow distributor 21 , or in the inflow distributor 21 itself.
  • said arrangement yields the advantage that the impact plate 23 effects the radial distribution of the supplied exhaust gases A G and, furthermore, reduces the size of any water droplets present in the recir culated exhaust- gas flow.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a turbocharger (1) for an internal combustion engine (2), having at least one low-pressure exhaust-gas recirculation line (3) which opens out via an exhaust-gas mixing-in opening (12) into an intake line (10) of the internal combustion engine (2); having a turbine (4) and having a compressor (5) which is drive-connected to the turbine (4) and which has a compressor wheel (6) which is arranged in a compressor housing (7) into which the intake line (10) opens out via a compressor inlet (11), and having a mixing device (18) for mixing recirculated exhaust gas (AG) and fresh air (FL), characterized in that the mixing device (18) has an inflow distributor (21) in which the exhaust-gas recirculation line (3), which extends at least substantially along the longitudinal axis (L) thereof, and the intake line (10), which extends at least substantially at right angles to the longitudinal axis (L), open out, and in that, as viewed in the flow direction (R) of the exhaust gases (AG), an impact plate (23) is provided downstream of an outflow opening (22) of the exhaust-gas recirculation line (3).

Description

TURBOCHA GER DESCRIPTION The invention relates to a turbocharger according to the preamble of claim 1.
A generic turbocharger is known from WO 2008/095658 Al .
Turbochargers of said type are used in internal combustion engines which, in order to meet the legally prescribed exhaust-gas limit values, recirculate large exhaust- gas quantities into the intake path of the engine over a wide operating range. In low- pressure exhaust-gas recirculation (LP-EGR), exhaust gas is supplied to the fresh-air flow upstream of the compressor of the turbocharger. If this mixing is not effective, exhaust-gas-laden strands at elevated temperature are drawn through the compressor.
This non-uniform mixing of the exhaust gas with the fresh air can lead to rotationally asymmetrical depositions of the unburned hydrocarbons and of the soot at one side in the compressor housing. As a result of the single-sided blockage of the diffuser region, consequential damage can then be expected, as a result of the increasing radial thrust, to the compressor wheel as a result of nibbing and to the bearing arrangement as a result of additional radial forces. To make the unavoidable depositions more uniform, therefore, a rotationally symmetrical mixing profile of the compressor supply flow is preferable. This is also the case in particular with regard to a uniform speed profile at the compressor wheel inlet.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a turbocharger for an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, which turbocharger overcomes the abovementioned disadvantages and in particular seeks to improve the mixing of the recirculated exhaust gas with the fresh intake air over the shortest possible distance, and to obtain as rotationally symmetrical a mixing profile as possible.
Said object is achieved by means of the features of claim 1.
As a result of the design of the mixing device according to the invention and of the turbocharger according to the invention, it is achieved firstly that the fresh intake air is supplied to the compressor radially via the inflow distributor. Here, the low- pressure exhaust-gas recirculation supply flow runs axially, that is to say in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the inlet distributor. To obtain as rotationally symmetrical and fast a mixture as possible, the jet of the recirculated exhaust gases is directed toward an impact plate. Said impact plate advantageously generates the radial distribution of the low-pressure exhaust-gas recirculation supply flow. Furthermore, it is advantageously obtained that any water droplets present in the recirculated exhaust- gas flow are reduced in size by the impact plate, which leads to a minimization of droplet impact against the compressor wheel.
Here, tests and analysis carried out within the context of the invention have shown that the arrangement according to the invention generates a uniform and rotationally symmetrical speed and temperature profile already a very short mixing distance downstream of the outlet of the recirculated exhaust gases. Here, the temperature distribution is identical to the mixing field of the exhaust-gas components.
The subclaims relate to advantageous refinements of the invention.
Further details, advantages and features of the invention will emerge from the following description of an exemplary embodiment and from the drawing, in which: figure 1 shows a schematically highly simplified sectional illustration of a turbocharger according to the invention; and
figure 2 shows a schematically highly simplified diagram showing the principle of a particularly preferred embodiment of the mixing device according to the invention.
The turbocharger 1 illustrated in figure 1 has a turbine 4 with a turbine wheel 14 arranged in a turbine housing 13. Said turbine wheel 14 is connected via a rotor shaft 15 to a compressor wheel 6, which is arranged in a compressor housing 7, of a compressor 5.
An exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 from an engine 2 leads preferably via a regulating valve 19 and a cooler 20 into an intake line 10 of the engine 2 tlirough an exhaust-gas mixing-in opening 12. In the intake line 10, a mixing device 18 is arranged upstream of the compressor inlet 1 1.
Also illustrated are a supply line 16 from the compressor inlet 9 to the engine 2, and an exhaust-gas line 17 from the engine 2 to the turbine housing 13.
As a result of this arrangement according to the invention of the exhaust-gas recirculation line 3, the exhaust gas AG is conducted through the exhaust-gas mixing-in opening 12 into the intake line 10. Here, the exhaust gas AG impinges on the fresh air F , which is then mixed together in the flow direction of the fresh air FL through the mixing device 18. After the virtually complete mixing of the two mass flows, the mixture flows through the compressor inlet 11 into the diffuser 8.
As can be seen from a juxtaposition of figures 1 and 2, the mixing device 18 according to the invention has an inflow distributor 21 in which firstly the intake line 10 for the supply of fresh air FL opens out and into which secondly the exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 is conducted. As can be seen in particular from the illustration of figure 2, the two lines 3 and 10 are at least substantially at right angles to one another, preferably at an angle of exactly 90°. Said arrangement results in a radial introduction of fresh air FL, and an introduction of exhaust gas at least substantially along the longitudinal axis L of the inflow distributor 21.
In the particularly preferred embodiment illustrated in figure 2, a guide cone 24 is arranged in the inflow distributor 21, which guide cone 24 tapers, proceeding from its inlet 25, in the flow direction R of the exhaust gases AG. The exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 opens out into said guide cone 24, which exhaust-gas recirculation line 3 has an outflow opening 22 at its end. An impact plate 23 is provided downstream of said outflow opening 22 as viewed in the flow direction R of the exhaust gases AG, toward which impact plate the supplied exhaust-gas flow AG is conducted. Here, the impact plate 23 can be fixed in a suitable way for example in a pipe connector 26 which adjoins the inflow distributor 21 , or in the inflow distributor 21 itself.
As explained in the introduction, said arrangement yields the advantage that the impact plate 23 effects the radial distribution of the supplied exhaust gases AG and, furthermore, reduces the size of any water droplets present in the recir culated exhaust- gas flow.
To supplement the disclosure, reference is made explicitly to the diagrammatic illustration of the invention in figures 1 and 2.
LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS
1 Turbocharger/exhaust-gas turbocharger
2 Engine
3 Exhaust-gas recirculation line
4 Turbine
5 Compressor
6 Compressor wheel
7 Compressor housing
8 Diffuser
9 Compressor outlet
10 Intake line
11 Compressor inlet
12 Exhaust-gas mixing-in opening
13 Turbine housing
14 Turbine wheel
15 Rotor shaft
16 Supply line
17 Exhaust-gas line
18 Mixing device
19 Regulating valve
20 Cooler
21 Inflow distributor
22 Outflow opening
23 Impact plate
24 Guide cone
25 Inlet
26 Pipe connector
AG Exhaust gas
FL Fresh air
L Longitudinal axis
R Flow direction of the exhaust gases AG

Claims

1. A turbocharger (1) for an internal combustion engine (2),
having at least one low-pressure exhaust-gas recirculation line (3) wrhich opens out via an exhaust-gas mixing- in opening (12) into an intake line (10) of the internal combustion engine (2);
having a turbine (4) and
having a compressor (5)
• which is drive-connected to the turbine (4) and
· which has a compressor wheel (6) which is arranged in a compressor housing (7) into which the intake line (10) opens out via a compressor inlet (11), and
having a mixing device (18) for mixing recirculated exhaust gas (Ac) and fresh air (FL), characterized
- in that the mixing device (18) has an inflow distributor (21) in which the exhaust-gas recirculation line (3), which extends at least substantially along the longitudinal axis (L) thereof, and the intake line (10), which extends at least substantially at right angles to the longitudinal axis (L), open out, and
in that, as viewed in the flow direction (R) of the exhaust gases (Ac), an impact plate (23) is provided downstream of an outflow opening (22) of the exhaust- gas recirculation line (3).
2. The turbocharger as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the mixing device (18) has a guide cone (24) which is arranged in the inflowr distributor (21).
3. The turbocharger as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the exhaust-gas recirculation line (3) opens out in the guide cone (24).
4. The turbocharger as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the impact plate (23 ) is arranged substantially parallel to the flow direction of the fresh air (FL).
5. The turbocharger as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the impact plate (23) is arranged substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the fresh air (FL).
6. A mixing device (18) for mixing recirculated exhaust gas (AG) and fresh air (FL) of a turbocharger (1) according to the preamble of claim 1, characterized by
an inflow distributor (21) in which the supply line (3), which extends at least substantially along the longitudinal axis (L) thereof, and the intake line (10), which extends substantially at right angles to the longitudinal axis (L), open out, and by an impact plate (23) witich is arranged downstream of an outlet opening (22) of the supply line (3) as viewed in the flow direction (L) of the exhaust gases (AG).
7. The mixing device as claimed in claim 6, characterized by a guide cone (24) which is arranged in the inflow distributor (21).
8. The mixing device as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the exhaust-gas recirculation (3) opens out in the guide cone (24).
9. The mixing device as claimed in one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the impact plate (23) is arranged substantially parallel to the flow direction of the fresh air (FL).
10. The mixing device as claimed in one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the impact plate (23) is arranged substantially perpendicular to the flow direction of the fresh air (FL).
PCT/US2011/023295 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbocharger Ceased WO2011102959A2 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2012553924A JP5813017B2 (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbocharger
DE112011100573T DE112011100573T5 (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 TURBOCHARGER
CN201180007983.6A CN102741521B (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbosupercharger
US13/577,061 US9500119B2 (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbocharger
KR1020127023035A KR101682477B1 (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbocharger

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010008299.6 2010-02-17
DE102010008299 2010-02-17

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011102959A2 true WO2011102959A2 (en) 2011-08-25
WO2011102959A3 WO2011102959A3 (en) 2011-11-24

Family

ID=44483525

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2011/023295 Ceased WO2011102959A2 (en) 2010-02-17 2011-02-01 Turbocharger

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US9500119B2 (en)
JP (1) JP5813017B2 (en)
KR (1) KR101682477B1 (en)
CN (1) CN102741521B (en)
DE (1) DE112011100573T5 (en)
WO (1) WO2011102959A2 (en)

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WO2013102582A1 (en) * 2012-01-06 2013-07-11 Continental Automotive Gmbh Mixing valve
EP2666989A4 (en) * 2011-01-19 2014-07-02 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd EXHAUST COMPRESSOR AND DIESEL ENGINE EQUIPPED WITH THIS EXHAUST COMPRESSOR
CN103946511A (en) * 2011-11-18 2014-07-23 丰田自动车株式会社 Supercharger-equipped internal combustion engine
WO2015145015A1 (en) * 2014-03-28 2015-10-01 Renault S.A.S Intake manifold for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2666989A4 (en) * 2011-01-19 2014-07-02 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd EXHAUST COMPRESSOR AND DIESEL ENGINE EQUIPPED WITH THIS EXHAUST COMPRESSOR
CN103946511A (en) * 2011-11-18 2014-07-23 丰田自动车株式会社 Supercharger-equipped internal combustion engine
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WO2013102582A1 (en) * 2012-01-06 2013-07-11 Continental Automotive Gmbh Mixing valve
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US9726117B2 (en) 2012-01-06 2017-08-08 Continental Automotive Gmbh Mixing valve
WO2015145015A1 (en) * 2014-03-28 2015-10-01 Renault S.A.S Intake manifold for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102741521B (en) 2016-03-09
JP2013519841A (en) 2013-05-30
DE112011100573T5 (en) 2012-11-29
WO2011102959A3 (en) 2011-11-24
US20120297768A1 (en) 2012-11-29
CN102741521A (en) 2012-10-17
KR101682477B1 (en) 2016-12-05
KR20120137477A (en) 2012-12-21
JP5813017B2 (en) 2015-11-17
US9500119B2 (en) 2016-11-22

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