WO2011015037A1 - Antiviral compounds and methods of making and using there of cross reference to related applications - Google Patents

Antiviral compounds and methods of making and using there of cross reference to related applications Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011015037A1
WO2011015037A1 PCT/CN2010/001187 CN2010001187W WO2011015037A1 WO 2011015037 A1 WO2011015037 A1 WO 2011015037A1 CN 2010001187 W CN2010001187 W CN 2010001187W WO 2011015037 A1 WO2011015037 A1 WO 2011015037A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
branched
linear
nitro
group
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PCT/CN2010/001187
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French (fr)
Inventor
Yitsun Richard Kao
Dan Yang
Kwokyung Yeun
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The University Of Hongkong
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Publication date
Priority to CN201080044361.6A priority Critical patent/CN102596946B/en
Priority to BR112012002331A priority patent/BR112012002331A2/en
Priority to EP10805941.1A priority patent/EP2462138B1/en
Priority to AU2010281265A priority patent/AU2010281265A1/en
Priority to MX2012001504A priority patent/MX2012001504A/en
Priority to IN1254DEN2012 priority patent/IN2012DN01254A/en
Application filed by The University Of Hongkong filed Critical The University Of Hongkong
Priority to CA2770140A priority patent/CA2770140A1/en
Priority to JP2012523184A priority patent/JP2013501008A/en
Priority to SG2012005450A priority patent/SG178106A1/en
Priority to RU2012104214/04A priority patent/RU2012104214A/en
Publication of WO2011015037A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011015037A1/en
Priority to IL217745A priority patent/IL217745A0/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
    • C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D261/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D261/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D261/18—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
    • A61K31/422—Oxazoles not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of small molecules which have antiviral activity, particularly against influenza, and methods of making and using thereof.
  • Influenza is caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxoviridae family.
  • influenza viruses There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C.
  • Influenza A viruses infect mammals (e.g. humans, pigs, ferrets, horses) and birds.
  • Influenza A viruses are a global health concern, and have been responsible for three major pandemics that have killed over 50 million people worldwide since 1900. For example, the devastating "Spanish flu" (HlNl influenza A virus) in 1918 killed more than twenty million people worldwide.
  • pandemics including the Asian flu pandemic in 1957 (H2N2), the Hong Kong flu pandemic in 1968 (H3N2), the re-emergence of HlNl ( Russian flu) in 1970, along with the avian flu virus H5N1 in 1997 and 2003, suggest that pandemic influenza or possible bioterrorist attacks with flu viruses remains a major threat to global health and safety. Despite the profound effects of influenza viruses on public health throughout history, the standard treatments for influenza infections still remain inadequate.
  • the most common targets for small molecule-based therapeutics to combat influenza virulence include the proton-selective M2 ion channel and the protein neuramidase (NA).
  • the M2 ion channel is integral to the maintenance of the viral envelope of the influenza A virus, while NA promotes budding of nascent viral particles from the host cell. Resistance is common among inhibitors directed at both targets, and has become widespread in clinical isolates. Almost 100% of the 2008 influenza HlNl virus (swine flu) samples were resistant to the neuramidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu), while more than 90% of the H3N2 viruses were resistant to the M2 channel blocker adamantanes.
  • Zanamivir Relenza
  • Oseltamivir is not degraded during the course of normal sewage treatment and thus poses environmental concerns.
  • antiviral compounds that effectively treat or prevent viral infections, particularly influenza infections, methods of making the compounds, and methods of using the compounds.
  • the compounds have the formulae I- VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula I:
  • W is a linear group or a 5-7-membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group (Cy).
  • Ar 1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide;
  • Ar 2 is substituted with a methyl group;
  • Y and Z are absent;
  • Cy is piperazine; and/or
  • Ar 3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • Cy is a substituted 5-7-membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
  • Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl(N at 1 -position) is bonded to X and N4 (N at 4-position) is bonded to Z.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula II:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups
  • n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
  • T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R 8 Rg), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
  • a and D are each independently CRi 5 Ri 6 or NR 17 ; wherein R 4 and R 8 -Ri 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether, or wherein -CRi 5 Ri 6 -, - NRi 7 -, or combinations thereof, when taken together with the optional bridging methylene groups, form a 5-8-membered cyclic structure.
  • Ar 1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide;
  • Y and Z are absent, and
  • Ar 3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • R 4 is methyl
  • Q is carbon
  • T is oxygen
  • R is nitrogen
  • g and m are 1 and A and D are NRi 7 , wherein A-D defines a piperazine.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula III:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are each independently substituted or
  • n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
  • A, D, T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R 8 Rg), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and arsenic;
  • R 4 and R 8 -Ri 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Ar 1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide;
  • Y and Z are absent, and
  • Ar 3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • Q is carbon
  • T is oxygen
  • R is nitrogen
  • a and D are nitrogen.
  • R 4 and R 13 are independently hydrogen or methyl. In preferred embodiments, R 4 is methyl and R 13 is hydrogen.
  • composition the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula IV:
  • n 0 to 6;
  • T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R 8 R 9 ), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
  • Cy is a 4-7-membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group
  • R 1 -Ri 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-G 6 alkynylj or linear and branched C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Cy is a substituted 5-7-membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
  • R 1 -R 3 and R 5 -R 7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • R 4 is a methyl group.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula V:
  • n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
  • Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR 4 ;
  • R 1 -R 4 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, linear or branched C]-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Q and T are both nitrogen.
  • Rio is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 10 and R 11 are both hydrogen.
  • g and m are 1.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are a substituted phenyl
  • Ar 2 is a substituted isoxazole
  • Y and Z are absent
  • Q and T are nitrogen
  • g and m are 1, R )0 is methyl and R n is hydrogen.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula VI:
  • n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
  • Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CRi 7 ;
  • R 1 -Ri 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Q and T are both nitrogen.
  • Ri 0 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In other embodiments, both Rj 0 and Ri 1 are hydrogen.
  • g and m are 1.
  • Ri-R 3 and R 5 -R 7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • Ar 2 is 5 membered heteroaryls having two heteroatoms in 1 ,2 or 1 ,3 positions, including a double bond between carbon and said heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen. In some embodiments herein described, Ar 2 is 5 membered heteroaryl having nitrogen atom and oxygen atom in 1,2 or 1,3 positions having a double bond between carbon and said nitrogen.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, preferably substituted with 2 substituents at 2,4 or 2,6 positions, and/or preferably substituted with one substituent at 2-position.
  • the compounds can be administered to prevent and/or treat a viral infection, such as influenza.
  • the compounds can be administered to prevent and/or treat a viral infection, such as influenza.
  • the compounds can be administered
  • parenterally such as in the form of a solution or suspension, or enterally, such as in the form of a tablet or capsule.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein.
  • the range of an effective amount may vary from individual to individual; however, the optimal dose is readily determinable by those of skill in the art, such as the prescribing physician.
  • Doses may be measured by total amount given (e.g. per dose or per day) or by concentration.
  • doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day may be appropriate for treatment.
  • the daily dosage is 0.2 to 250 mg/kg.
  • Figure Ia is the chemical structure of Compound 1.
  • Figure Ib is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 1.
  • Figure 2a is the chemical structure of Compound 2.
  • Figure 2b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 2.
  • Figure 3 a is the chemical structure of Compound 3.
  • Figure 3b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 3.
  • Figure 4a is the chemical structure of Compound 4.
  • Figure 4b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 4.
  • Figure 5 a is the chemical structure of Compound 5.
  • Figure 5b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 5.
  • Figure 6a is the chemical structure of Compound 6.
  • Figure 6b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 6.
  • Figure 7a is the chemical structure of Compound 7.
  • Figure 7b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 7.
  • Figure 8a is the chemical structure of Compound 8.
  • Figure 8b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 8.
  • Figure 9a is the chemical structure of Compound 9.
  • Figure 9a is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 9.
  • Figure 10a is the chemical structure of Compound 10.
  • Figure 10b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 10.
  • Alkyl or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight-chain alkyl, branched-chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, , and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl. Unless otherwise indicated, alkyl generally has 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, 1-10 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, 1-5 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkyl generally has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C 1 -C 30 for straight chain, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain), preferably 20 or fewer, preferably 10 or fewer, more preferably 6 or fewer, most preferably 5 or fewer.
  • cycloalkyls have from 3-20 carbon atoms in their ring structure, preferably from 3-10 carbons atoms in their ring structure, most preferably 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.
  • alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl.
  • alkyl includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical as well as heteroalkyls.
  • Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO 2 ; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF 3 ; -NCOCOCH 2 CH 2 ; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations
  • alkenyl or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight- chain or branched-chain alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl substituted cycloalkenyl and "alkynyl” or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl groups or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl groups or cycloalkyl substituted alkynyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, alkenyl and alkynyl generally have 2-30 carbon atoms, 2-20 carbon atoms, 2-10 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, 2-5 carbon atoms.
  • a straight chain or branched chain alkenyl or alkynyl generally has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., Ci-C 30 for straight chain, C 3 -C 30 for branched chain), preferably 20 or fewer, preferably 10 or fewer, more preferably 6 or fewer, most preferably 5 or fewer.
  • Alkenyl or alkynyl generally have from 2-30 carbons in the chain, preferably from 2-20 carbons in the chain, preferably from 2-10 carbons in the chain, more preferably from 2-6 carbons, most preferably from 2-5 carbons.
  • cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl has from 3-20 carbon atoms in their ring structure, preferably from 3-10 carbons atoms in their ring structure, most preferably 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.
  • Examples of cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(l,4- pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, and 3-butynyl.
  • alkenyl and “alkynyl” include one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRjR 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO 2 ; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moi
  • Aryl refers to a carbon based aromatic ring, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and is made up of an aromatic ring or a plurality of fused aromatic rings, which can for example, include phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, acenaphthenyl, acenaphthylenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl.
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, -NR 1 R 2 , wherein Rj and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized, azide, hydroxyl, acyl, amino, halo, alkylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene, et al.
  • said alkyl includes C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alky, C 1 -C 3 alky, methyl, ethyl and/or propyl, etc.
  • aryl includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical.
  • Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRiR 2 , wherein Ri and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO 2 ; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF 3 ; -NCOCOCH 2 CH 2 ; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof
  • Nucleozin binding site refers to a site on influenza nucleoprotein (NP) A located in the body domain on the back of influenza A NP. In this conformation the nucleozin is located between residues 280 to 311 in the groove.
  • NP nucleoprotein
  • the nucleozin binding site is slightly different depending on the compound bound therein and can incorporate other contacts in place of and/or in addition to the ones disclosed herein.
  • Heterocycle or it moiety or “heterocyclic” as generally used herein refers to one or more rings of 5-12 atoms, preferably 5-7 atoms, with or without unsaturation or aromatic character and having at least one ring atom which is not a carbon. Preferred heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Multiple rings may be fused, as in quinoline or benzofuran.
  • heterocycle groups are 5-10-membered rings with 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, P, Si, As, and N.
  • Heterocycles include, but are not limited to azolidine, pyrrole, oxolane, furan, thiolane, thiophene, phospholane, phosphole, silane, silole, arsolane, arsole, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole, isothiazoline, dioxolane, oxathiolane, dithiolane, thiazole, dithiazole, furazan, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, tetra
  • Heterocycle or heterocyclic also refers to substituted rings, as defined in “aryl” or “alkyl.”
  • the "heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” includes a double bond between carbon and said heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen.
  • the term “heterocycle” includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon or heteroatoms.
  • Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRiR 2 , wherein Rj and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; -NO 2 ; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF 3 ; -NCOCOCH 2 CH 2 ; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations
  • Heteroaryl or it moiety as generally used herein refers to an aromatic group containing from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, Si, As, or S atoms(s) or a combination thereof, which heteroaryl group is optionally substituted at carbon or nitrogen atom(s). Heteroaryl rings may also be fused with one or more cyclic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, 5-membered heteroaryls having one hetero atom (e.g., thiophenes, pyrroles, furans); 5 membered heteroaryls having two heteroatoms in 1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g., oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heteroaryls having three heteroatoms (e.g., triazoles, thiadiazoles); 5-membered heteroaryls having 3 heteroatoms; 6-membered heteroaryls with one heteroatom (e.g., pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6- cycloheptenopyridine); 6-membered heteroaryls with two heteroatoms (e.g., pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered hetero
  • heteroaryl includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon or heteroatoms atoms.
  • Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; --NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; -NO 2 ; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR 2 , wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF 3 ;
  • Influenza A refers to mammalian Influenza A virus, e.g., H3N2, HlNl, H2N2, H7N7 and H5N1 (avian influenza virus) strains and variants thereof.
  • Low energy, stable complex refers to a complex in which a drug is bound in the binding site of the nucleoprotein by weak to strong intermolecular forces including, but not limited to, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, salt bridges, ionic bonds, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals interactions, cation-pi interactions, pi-stacking, and combinations thereof.
  • Nucleoprotein or "NP” as generally used herein refers to any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid. Exemplary nucleoproteins are identified and sequenced in certain strains of influenza viruses. The sequences of many nucleoproteins can be found in the NCBI database. The GenBank accession numbers of some exemplary NP sequences from influenza type A for subtype HlNl are NP 040982
  • AAA43467 for subtype H3N2 are AAZ38620 (YP308843); and for subtype H5N1 are AY856864 and AAF02400.
  • NP 040982 (AAA43467)[SEQ ID NO:5]:
  • AAZ38620 (YP308843) [SEQ ID NO:6]:
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” as generally used herein refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
  • such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, tolunesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, and isethionic.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like
  • organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, ste
  • Substituted refers to a moiety (e.g., an alkyl group) substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo; cyano; alkoxy; hydroxy, phenyl; and substituted phenyl.
  • substituents including, but not limited to: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo; cyano; alkoxy; hydroxy, phenyl; and substituted phenyl.
  • Substituted aryl refers to aryl groups having one or more non-interfering groups as a substituent.
  • the substituents may be in any orientation (i.e., ortho, meta, and/or para).
  • said substituted aryl include 2, 6- disubstituted phenyl, where the two substituents are as defined, preferably one of them is halogen, especially Cl, and another is nitro(NO 2 ) or both of them are halogen, especially Cl.
  • the compounds have the formulae I- VI below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula I:
  • W is a linear group or a is 5-7 membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group (Cy).
  • Cy is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
  • Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula II:
  • Ar 1 and Ax 3 are each independently substituted or
  • n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
  • T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(RsR 9 ), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
  • a and D are each independently CR 15 R 16 or NRi 7 ;
  • R 4 and R 8 -R 17 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Cj-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether, or wherein -CRi 5 Ri 6 -, - NRj 7 -, or combinations thereof, when taken together with the optional bridging methylene groups, form a 5-8-membered cyclic structure.
  • Ar 1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide;
  • Y and Z are absent, and
  • Ar 3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • R 4 is methyl
  • Q is carbon
  • T is oxygen
  • R is nitrogen
  • g and m are 1 and A and D are NRi 7 , wherein A-D defines a piperazine.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula III:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are each independently substituted or
  • n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
  • A, D, T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(RsR 9 ), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and arsenic;
  • R 4 and R 8 -Ri 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched CpC 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Ar 1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide;
  • Y and Z are absent, and
  • Ar 3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • Q is carbon
  • T is oxygen
  • R is nitrogen
  • a and D are nitrogen.
  • R 4 and Rj 3 are independently hydrogen or methyl. In preferred embodiments, R 4 is methyl and Ri 3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the composition the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula IV:
  • n 0 to 6;
  • T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R 8 R 9 ), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
  • Cy is a 4-7 membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group
  • Ri-R 14 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Cy is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
  • Rj-R 3 and R 5 -R 7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • R 4 is a methyl group.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula V:
  • n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
  • Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR 4 ;
  • Ri -R 4 , Ri 0 , and Rn are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Q and T are both nitrogen.
  • Ri 0 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Ri 0 and Rn are both hydrogen.
  • g and m are 1.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 3 are a substituted phenyl
  • Ar 2 is a substituted isoxazole
  • Y and Z are absent
  • Q and T are nitrogen
  • g and m are 1
  • Ri 0 is methyl
  • Rn is hydrogen.
  • the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula VI:
  • n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
  • Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CRj 7 ;
  • R 1 -Ri 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C 6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Cj-C 6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
  • Q and T are both nitrogen.
  • R 10 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In other embodiments, both Rj 0 and Rn are hydrogen.
  • g and m are 1.
  • Ri-R 3 and R 5 -R 7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
  • R 4 is a methyl group.
  • the compounds described herein can be administered as the free acid or free base or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds can be synthesized from the parent compound, which contains a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000, p. 704.
  • the compounds described herein, and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be formulated into dosage forms suitable for enteral and parenteral administration using techniques known in the art.
  • compositions contain an effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein.
  • Effective amount refers to an amount, or dose, within the range normally given or prescribed to demonstrate an anti-viral effect, e.g., in vitro or in vivo.
  • the range of an effective amount may vary from individual to individual;
  • Doses may be measured by total amount given (e.g. per dose or per day) or by concentration. Doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day may be appropriate for treatment. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 0.2 to 250 mg/kg.
  • the compounds described herein can be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients that are considered safe and effective and may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological side effects or unwanted interactions.
  • the carrier is all components present in the pharmaceutical formulation other than the active ingredient or ingredients.
  • Parenteral formulations can be prepared as aqueous compositions using techniques is known in the art.
  • such compositions can be prepared as injectable formulations, for example, solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection, such as micro- or nanoparticles; emulsions, such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
  • injectable formulations for example, solutions or suspensions
  • solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection such as micro- or nanoparticles
  • emulsions such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, one or more polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol), oils, such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc.), and combinations thereof.
  • polyols e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol
  • oils such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc.)
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and/or by the use of surfactants.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars or salts, such as sodium chloride.
  • Solutions and dispersions of the active compounds as the free acid or base or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof can be prepared in water or another solvent or dispersing medium suitably mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including, but not limited to, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, pH modifying agents, and combination thereof.
  • Suitable surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surface active agents.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions.
  • anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chain alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium bis-(2- ethylthioxyl)-sulfosuccinate; and alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine.
  • nonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, Poloxamer® 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide.
  • amphoteric surfactants include sodium N-dodecyl- -alanine, sodium N-lauryl- -iminodipropionate, myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.
  • the formulation can contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and thimerosal.
  • the formulation may also contain an antioxidant to prevent degradation of the active agent(s).
  • composition is typically buffered to a pH of 3-8 for parenteral administration upon reconstitution.
  • Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.
  • Water soluble polymers are often used in formulations for parenteral administration. Suitable water-soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent or dispersion medium with one or more of the excipients listed above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those listed above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the powders can be prepared in such a manner that the particles are porous in nature, which can increase dissolution of the particles. Methods for making porous particles are well known in the art.
  • parenteral formulations described herein can be formulated for controlled release including immediate release, delayed release, extended release, pulsatile release, and combinations thereof.
  • the one or more NP inhibitors, and optional one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into microparticles, nanoparticles, or combinations thereof that provide controlled release.
  • the formulations contains two or more drugs
  • the drugs can be formulated for the same type of controlled release (e.g., delayed, extended, immediate, or pulsatile) or the drugs can be independently formulated for different types of release (e.g., immediate and delayed, immediate and extended, delayed and extended, delayed and pulsatile, etc.).
  • the compounds and/or one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into polymeric microparticles which provide controlled release of the drug(s). Release of the drug(s) is controlled by diffusion of the drug(s) out of the microparticles and/or degradation of the polymeric particles by hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation.
  • Suitable polymers include ethylcellulose and other natural or synthetic cellulose derivatives.
  • Polymers which are slowly soluble and form a gel in an aqueous environment may also be suitable as materials for drug containing microparticles.
  • Other polymers include, but are not limited to, polyanhydrides, poly(ester anhydrides), polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymers thereof, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) and copolymers thereof, polycaprolactone and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • PLA polylactide
  • PGA polyglycolide
  • PLGA poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
  • PHB poly-4-hydroxybutyrate
  • P4HB polycaprolactone and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the drug(s) can be incorporated into microparticles prepared from materials which are insoluble in aqueous solution or slowly soluble in aqueous solution, but are capable of degrading within the GI tract by means including enzymatic degradation, surfactant action of bile acids, and/or mechanical erosion.
  • slowly soluble in water refers to materials that are not dissolved in water within a period of 30 minutes. Preferred examples include fats, fatty substances, waxes, wax- like substances and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable fats and fatty substances include fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol), fatty acids and derivatives, including, but not limited to, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-glycerides), and hydrogenated fats.
  • fatty alcohols such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol
  • fatty acids and derivatives including, but not limited to, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-glycerides), and hydrogenated fats.
  • Specific examples include, but are not limited to hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated oils available under the trade name Sterotex®, stearic acid, cocoa butter, and stearyl alcohol.
  • Suitable waxes and wax-like materials include natural or synthetic waxes, hydrocarbons
  • waxes include beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, paraffins and candelilla wax.
  • a wax-like material is defined as any material which is normally solid at room
  • rate-controlling (wicking) agents may be formulated along with the fats or waxes listed above.
  • rate-controlling materials include certain starch derivatives (e.g., waxy maltodextrin and drum dried corn starch), cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl-cellulose), alginic acid, lactose and talc. Additionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant (for example, lecithin) may be added to facilitate the degradation of such microparticles.
  • starch derivatives e.g., waxy maltodextrin and drum dried corn starch
  • cellulose derivatives e.g., hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl-cellulose
  • alginic acid lactose and talc.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant for example, lecithin
  • Proteins which are water insoluble can also be used as materials for the formation of drug containing microparticles.
  • proteins, polysaccharides and combinations thereof which are water soluble can be formulated with drug into microparticles and subsequently cross- linked to form an insoluble network.
  • cyclodextrins can be complexed with individual drug molecules and subsequently cross-linked.
  • Encapsulation or incorporation of drug into carrier materials to produce drug containing microparticles can be achieved through known pharmaceutical formulation techniques.
  • the carrier material is typically heated above its melting temperature and the drug is added to form a mixture comprising drug particles suspended in the carrier material, drug dissolved in the carrier material, or a mixture thereof.
  • Microparticles can be subsequently
  • a solvent evaporation technique to produce drug containing microparticles.
  • drug and carrier material are co-dissolved in a mutual solvent and microparticles can subsequently be produced by several techniques including, but not limited to, forming an emulsion in water or other appropriate media, spray drying or by evaporating off the solvent from the bulk solution and milling the resulting material.
  • drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a water-insoluble or slowly water soluble material.
  • the drug powder itself may be milled to generate fine particles prior to formulation. The process of jet milling, known in the pharmaceutical art, can be used for this purpose.
  • drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a wax or wax like substance by heating the wax or wax like substance above its melting point and adding the drug particles while stirring the mixture.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant may be added to the mixture to facilitate the dispersion of the drug particles.
  • the particles can also be coated with one or more modified release coatings.
  • Solid esters of fatty acids which are hydrolyzed by lipases, can be spray coated onto microparticles or drug particles.
  • Zein is an example of a naturally water-insoluble protein. It can be coated onto drug containing microparticles or drug particles by spray coating or by wet granulation techniques.
  • some substrates of digestive enzymes can be treated with cross-linking procedures, resulting in the formation of non-soluble networks.
  • Many methods of cross- linking proteins initiated by both chemical and physical means, have been reported. One of the most common methods to obtain cross-linking is the use of chemical cross-linking agents.
  • cross-linking agents examples include aldehydes (gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde), epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin.
  • aldehydes gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde
  • epoxy compounds carbodiimides
  • genipin examples include aldehydes (gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde), epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin.
  • oxidized and native sugars have been used to cross-link gelatin (Cortesi, R., et al., Biomaterials 19 (1998) 1641-1649).
  • Cross-linking can also be accomplished using enzymatic means; for example, transglutaminase has been approved as a GRAS substance for cross-linking seafood products.
  • cross-linking can be initiated by physical means such as thermal treatment, UV irradiation and gamma irradiation.
  • a water soluble protein can be spray coated onto the microparticles and subsequently cross-linked by the one of the methods described above.
  • drug containing microparticles can be microencapsulated within protein by coacervation- phase separation (for example, by the addition of salts) and subsequently cross-linked.
  • suitable proteins for this purpose include gelatin, albumin, casein, and gluten.
  • Polysaccharides can also be cross-linked to form a water-insoluble network. For many polysaccharides, this can be accomplished by reaction with calcium salts or multivalent cations which cross-link the main polymer chains. Pectin, alginate, dextran, amylose and guar gum are subject to cross- linking in the presence of multivalent cations. Complexes between oppositely charged polysaccharides can also be formed; pectin and chitosan, for example, can be complexed via electrostatic interactions.
  • Suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and lozenges. Tablets can be made using compression or molding techniques well known in the art. Gelatin or non-gelatin capsules can prepared as hard or soft capsule shells, which can encapsulate liquid, solid, and semi-solid fill materials, using techniques well known in the art.
  • Formulations may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • carrier includes, but is not limited to, diluents, preservatives, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, swelling agents, fillers, stabilizers, and combinations thereof.
  • Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition which may include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, and glidants. Delayed release dosage formulations may be prepared as described in standard references such as "Pharmaceutical dosage form tablets”, eds. Liberman et. al. (New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989), “Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy", 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000, and “Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems", 6th Edition, Ansel et al., (Media, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1995). These references provide information on carriers, materials, equipment and process for preparing tablets and capsules and delayed release dosage forms of tablets, capsules, and granules.
  • suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; polyvinyl acetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name EUDRAGIT® (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany), zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.
  • cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
  • polyvinyl acetate phthalate acrylic acid polymers and copolymers
  • methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name EUDRAGIT® (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany), ze
  • the coating material may contain conventional carriers such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilization agents, pore formers and surfactants.
  • Optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, colorants, stabilizers, and surfactants.
  • Diluents also referred to as "fillers,” are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form so that a practical size is provided for compression of tablets or formation of beads and granules.
  • Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar.
  • Binders are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosage formulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remains intact after the formation of the dosage forms.
  • Suitable binder materials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactose and sorbitol), polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/polymethacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • Lubricants are used to facilitate tablet manufacture.
  • suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, talc, and mineral oil.
  • Disintegrants are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or "breakup" after administration, and generally include, but are not limited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone® XL from GAF Chemical Corp).
  • starch sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone® XL from GAF Chemical Corp).
  • Stabilizers are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactions which include, by way of example, oxidative reactions.
  • Suitable stabilizers include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); ascorbic acid, its salts and esters; Vitamin E, tocopherol and its salts; sulfites such as sodium metabisulphite; cysteine and its derivatives; citric acid;
  • Oral dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, solutions, and
  • suspensions can for formulated for controlled release.
  • the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents can be formulated into nanoparticles, microparticles, and combinations thereof, and encapsulated in a soft or hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsule or dispersed in a dispersing medium to form an oral suspension or syrup.
  • the particles can be formed of the drug and a controlled release polymer or matrix.
  • the drug particles can be coated with one or more controlled release coatings prior to incorporation in to the finished dosage form.
  • the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents are dispersed in a matrix material, which gels or emulsifies upon contact with an aqueous medium, such as
  • the matrix swells entrapping the active agents, which are released slowly over time by diffusion and/or degradation of the matrix material.
  • Such matrices can be formulated as tablets or as fill materials for hard and soft capsules.
  • the one or more compounds, and optional one or more additional active agents are formulated into a sold oral dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, and the solid dosage form is coated with one or more controlled release coatings, such as a delayed release coatings or extended release coatings.
  • the coating or coatings may also contain the compounds and/or additional active agents.
  • the extended release formulations are generally prepared as diffusion or osmotic systems, for example, as described in "Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy” (20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000).
  • a diffusion system typically consists of two types of devices, a reservoir and a matrix, and is well known and described in the art.
  • the matrix devices are generally prepared by compressing the drug with a slowly dissolving polymer carrier into a tablet form.
  • the three major types of materials used in the preparation of matrix devices are insoluble plastics, hydrophilic polymers, and fatty compounds.
  • Plastic matrices include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene.
  • Hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as methyl and ethyl cellulose,
  • hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl-cellulose
  • Carbopol® 934 polyethylene oxides and mixtures thereof.
  • Fatty compounds include, but are not limited to, various waxes such as carnauba wax and glyceryl tristearate and wax-type substances including hydrogenated castor oil or hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.
  • the plastic material is a
  • acrylic polymer including but not limited to, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl
  • the acrylic polymer is comprised of one or more ammonio methacrylate copolymers.
  • Ammonio methacrylate copolymers are well known in the art, and are described in NF XVII as fully polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
  • the acrylic polymer is an acrylic resin lacquer such as that which is commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradename Eudragit®.
  • the acrylic polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquers commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradenames Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit ® RS30D, respectively.
  • Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D are copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1 :20 in Eudragit® RL30D and 1 :40 in Eudragit® RS30D.
  • the mean molecular weight is about 150,000.
  • Edragit® S-100 and Eudragit® L-100 are also preferred.
  • the code designations RL (high permeability) and RS (low permeability) refer to the permeability properties of these agents.
  • Eudragit® RL/RS mixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However, multiparticulate systems formed to include the same are swellable and permeable in aqueous solutions and digestive fluids.
  • the polymers described above such as Eudragit® RL/RS may be mixed together in any desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain a sustained- release formulation having a desirable dissolution profile. Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained, for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS.
  • Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained, for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS.
  • acrylic polymers may also be used, such as, for example, Eudragit® L.
  • extended release formulations can be prepared using osmotic systems or by applying a semi-permeable coating to the dosage form.
  • the desired drug release profile can be achieved by combining low permeable and high permeable coating materials in suitable proportion.
  • the devices with different drug release mechanisms described above can be combined in a final dosage form comprising single or multiple units.
  • multiple units include, but are not limited to, multilayer tablets and capsules containing tablets, beads, or granules.
  • An immediate release portion can be added to the extended release system by means of either applying an immediate release layer on top of the extended release core using a coating or compression process or in a multiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediate release beads.
  • Extended release tablets containing hydrophilic polymers are prepared by techniques commonly known in the art such as direct
  • diluents include inert powdered substances such as starches, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders.
  • Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium
  • Typical tablet binders include substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, and glucose. Natural and synthetic gums, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Polyethylene glycol, hydrophilic polymers, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.
  • a lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
  • Extended release tablets containing wax materials are generally prepared using methods known in the art such as a direct blend method, a congealing method, and an aqueous dispersion method.
  • the congealing method the drug is mixed with a wax material and either spray- congealed or congealed and screened and processed.
  • Delayed release formulations can be created by coating a solid dosage form with a polymer film, which is insoluble in the acidic
  • the delayed release dosage units can be prepared, for example, by coating a drug or a drug-containing composition with a selected coating material.
  • the drug-containing composition may be, e.g., a tablet for incorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an inner core in a "coated core” dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containing beads, particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet or capsule.
  • Preferred coating materials include bioerodible, gradually hydrolyzable, gradually water- soluble, and/or enzymatically degradable polymers, and may be conventional "enteric" polymers.
  • Enteric polymers become soluble in the higher pH environment of the lower gastrointestinal tract or slowly erode as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract, while enzymatically degradable polymers are degraded by bacterial enzymes present in the lower gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon.
  • Suitable coating materials for effecting delayed release include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate,
  • acrylic acid polymers and copolymers preferably formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate, and other methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the tradename Eudragit® (Rohm Pharma; Westerstadt, Germany), including Eudragit® L30D-55 and L100-55 (soluble at pH 5.5 and above), Eudragit® L-IOO (soluble at pH 6.0 and above), Eudragit® S (soluble at pH 7.0 and above, as a result of a higher degree of esterification), and Eudragits® NE, RL and RS (water-insoluble polymers having different degrees of permeability and expandability); vinyl polymers and copolymers such
  • the preferred coating weights for particular coating materials may be readily determined by those skilled in the art by evaluating individual release profiles for tablets, beads and granules prepared with different quantities of various coating materials. It is the combination of materials, method and form of application that produce the desired release characteristics, which one can determine only from the clinical studies.
  • the coating composition may include conventional additives, such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, glidants, etc.
  • a plasticizer is normally present to reduce the fragility of the coating, and will generally represent about 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % relative to the dry weight of the polymer.
  • typical plasticizers include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, castor oil and acetylated monoglycerides.
  • a stabilizing agent is preferably used to stabilize particles in the dispersion.
  • Typical stabilizing agents are nonionic emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters, polysorbates and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Glidants are recommended to reduce sticking effects during film formation and drying, and will generally represent approximately 25 wt. % to 100 wt. % of the polymer weight in the coating solution.
  • One effective glidant is talc.
  • Other glidants such as magnesium stearate and glycerol monostearates may also be used.
  • Pigments such as titanium dioxide may also be used.
  • Small quantities of an anti-foaming agent such as a silicone (e.g., simethicone), may also be added to the coating composition.
  • the substituents on the benzene reagent can be varied appropriately in accordance with the end product to be prepared.
  • the substituted piperazine so formed is reacted with a 3-phenyl-4-carboxy-isoxazole compound, appropriately substituted in accordance with the end product to be formed.
  • the 3-phenyl-4-carboxy-isoxazole compound can be prepared from protected 1 ,4-dihydroxy benzene by reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride followed by the illustrated chemical reaction steps in
  • anti-viral agents described herein may be used to reduce virus growth, infectivity, burden, shed, development of anti- viral resistance, and/or to enhance the efficacy of traditional anti- viral therapies.
  • NP RNA-binding nucleoprotein
  • Nucleoproteins are proteins that are structurally associated with nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA). Influenza nucleoprotein is the most abundantly expressed protein during the course of infection with multiple functions including shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and encapsidation of the virus genome for RNA transcription, replication and packaging.
  • NP interacts with a wide variety of both viral and host cellular macromolecules, including itself, RNA, the viral RNA- dependent RNA polymerase, and the viral matrix protein.
  • NP also interacts with host polypeptides (such as actin), components of the nuclear import and export apparatus, and a nuclear RNA helicase.
  • the three potential binding novel binding sites on the influenza A NP include the small groove, the RNA binding pocket groove, and the tail loop groove.
  • NP nucleoprotein
  • the anti-viral agents described herein bind to the small groove (called the nucleozin binding groove) in the back of the body of influenza A nucleoprotein and involves residues 280 to 311
  • VYGSAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQNSQ (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • the secondary structure of these residues include three short helices (280-287, 291 ⁇ 294, and 301-309) which are connected by loops formed by residues between helices.
  • the NP inhibitor can be located in a small groove on the back of the body and can interact with residue N309 by hydrogen bonding and Y289 by hydrophobic interactions, where the phenyl ring of compound may be parallel with the phenyl ring of Y289, and the distance between these two rings is between ⁇ 3.2-4.3 A.
  • the NP inhibitor binds in the small groove, and the compound forms hydrogen bonds with residue S287.
  • the anti-viral agents can make binding contacts, alone or in combination with the above-listed contacts.
  • anti-viral compounds can make contact with residues 465 ⁇ 470 (sequence: ELSDEK) (SEQ ID NO:2), residues 22-26 (sequence: ATEIR) (SEQ ID NO:3), residues A22-47L (sequence : ATEIRASVGKMIDGIGRFYIQMCTEL) (SEQ ID NO:4), R55, or combinations thereof.
  • NP inhibitors bind to the RNA binding groove of the influenza A nucleoprotein.
  • the NP inhibitor is located in the RNA binding domain, which spans the interior groove between body and head of the nucleoprotein, and forms hydrogen bonds with residues Q364 and V363 that prohibit RNA from entering the arginine rich groove.
  • Y148 was considered to be function as fixation of the first base of RNA.
  • exemplary NP inhibitors bind to the tail loop groove of the influenza.
  • NP inhibitors are located in tail loop binding domain near to residue E339, and form hydrogen bonds with residues Vl 86, R267, and G268. NP inhibitors in this binding pocket break the salt bridge formed between E339 and R416 from another monomer.
  • Viral infections caused by both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses can be prevented or treated with the compounds or compositions described herein.
  • the compounds are suitable for treating all viruses that infect vertebrates, particularly humans, and particularly viruses that are pathogenic in animals and humans.
  • the viral infections and associated resultant diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to CMV, RSV, arenavirus and HIV infections, and the diseases hepatitis, influenza, pneumonia, Lassa fever and AIDS.
  • Taxonomy of Viruses contains a complete listing of viral strains known in the art and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the diseases to prevent or treat include viral infections.
  • the compounds and formulations are used to treat or prevent influenza A viral infections.
  • Influenza A viruses that can be prevented or treated with formulations of the present method include HlNl, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, and H10N7.
  • the present formulations are useful for treatment of the influenza infection A strain caused by HlNl or H3N2.
  • an anti-viral formulation necessary to prevent viral growth and proliferation depends upon a number of factors including the types of virus that might be present, the environment into which the formulation is being introduced, and the time that the formulation is envisioned to remain in a given area.
  • Preferred compounds are those identified by a virtual screen.
  • Exemplary compounds belong to formulae I- VI.
  • Typical doses for treatment of viral infections are from about 0.1 mg to 250 mg/kg/day, preferably from 0.2 to 250 mg/kg/day.
  • the compounds can be administered to humans for the treatment of viral infection by either the oral or parenteral routes and may be administered orally at dosage levels of about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 to 250 mg/kg/day given once or twice a day.
  • Influenza A ⁇ WSN ⁇ 33 viruses were propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. After full cytopathic effects were developed in infected MDCK cell cultures, the viral particles were harvested and stored in a -7O 0 C freezer till use. The influenza A virus strain A/Vietnam/ 1194/04 was grown in embryonated eggs, and the harvested virus-containing allantoic fluid was stored in aliquots at -70°C until use.
  • MDCK Madin-Darby canine kidney
  • the PRA assay was performed in triplicate in a 24-well tissue culture plates. MDCK cells were seeded at 1 x 10 5 cells/well using Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) one day prior to addition of the virus. After 16 to 24 hours, 100 to 200 plaque forming units (PFU) of influenza A/WSN/33 virus were added to the cell monolayer with or without the compounds. The concentration of each of compounds 1 - 10 was varied in the different experiments. The virus was allowed to infect the cells for 1.5 to 2 hours at 37°C with 5 % CO 2 before removal of unbound viral particles by aspiration.
  • EMEM Eagle's minimal essential medium
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • the cell monolayer was washed once with EMEM and overlaid with 1% low melting agarose in EMEM containing 1% FBS and 1 ⁇ g/ml TPCK trypsin. Compounds were also present in the agarose overlay when needed.
  • the plates were incubated at 37°C with 5 % CO 2 for 72 hours. At 72 hours post-infection, the cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 3 hours and the plates were submerged in 1% Virkon disinfectant for 5 minutes. The agarose plugs were then removed and the cell monolayer was stained with 0.7% crystal violet. The plaques formed by viral infection were counted. The percentage of plaque inhibition relative to the controls (without the addition of compounds) was determined for each compound concentration.
  • the median effective concentration, EC 50 which represents the concentration of a drug that is required to reduce the viral PFU by 50%, was calculated from the plotted graphs. Results are expressed as percentage of controls in the absence of compounds and are shown in the figures. The mean value is shown with standard deviation.
  • Cytotoxicity of Compounds 1-10 was measured by the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma- Aldrich, USA) assay.
  • the assay was performed by seeding Vero cells or MDCK cells at 20,000 cells/well in a total volume of 100 ⁇ l EMEM with 10% FBS in flat bottomed 96-well microtitre plates. After 24 hours of incubation, cells were washed twice with PBS and then replenished with fresh EMEM before the addition of the compounds. After the addition of the compounds, the cells were further incubated at 37°C with 5 % CO 2 for 24 hours.
  • MTT was added to each well to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.
  • the plates were further incubated at 37 °C with 5 % CO 2 for 4 hours.
  • 100 ⁇ l of 10% of lauryl sulfate (SDS) in 0.0 IM of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added to each well to solubilize the cells.
  • SDS lauryl sulfate
  • HCl hydrochloric acid
  • N-Chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 452 mg, 3.2 mmol) was added portion-wise with stirring. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Upon completion, water in an amount 4 times the volume of the reaction mixture was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with water 3 times and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration and concentration, a yellow oil of crude YD-043 (884 mg, 96%) was obtained.
  • YD-044 (3.23 g, 8.3 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in diethyl ether. Petroleum ether was added to crystallize the product. After filtration and desiccation in vacuo, white flaky crystals of YD-045 (1.327 g, 48%) were obtained, m.p.
  • Benzaldehyde (10.60 g, 0.10 mol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (22.94 g, 0.33 mol) were dissolved in 90% ethanol (330 mL). The pH of this solution was adjusted to 5 by adding sodium hydroxide powder. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and heated to reflux for an additional 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, added to a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid (40 mL) and water (150 mL), and concentrated to 1/3 of the original volume. The concentrated mixture was extracted with dichloromethane, and the organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated under vacuum to give a yellow crude oil.
  • the crude oil was purified by vacuum distillation (40 mm Hg, 150-155 0 C) to afford a light yellow oil, YD-Ol 1 (9.87 g, 82% yield), which formed off-white crystals upon freezing. Both cis and trans isomers were detected by TLC.
  • N-chlorosuccinimide N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 8.79 g, 66 mmol) in portions with stirring. The mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 2 hours. Water (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL*3), and the combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude products were subjected to column chromatography, eluting with a gradient of decreasing petroleum ether in ethyl acetate (100:150:1), to give YD-012 (1.02 g, 40% yield). The cis and trans isomers were detected by TLC. Due to the instability of YD-012 it was used directly in the next step without further purification.
  • NCS N-chlorosuccinimide
  • the crude YD-06 (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (50 mL), and the mixture was cooled to 0°C.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 0 0 C and ice water (4 mL) was added.
  • the mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was redissolved in water and extracted with
  • YD-033 100 mg, 0.33 mmol
  • Tin(II) chloride dihydrate 371 mg, 1.64 mmol
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an appropriate amount of ice water was added.
  • the pH of the resulting mixture was adjusted to 8 by the addition of 20% aqueous sodium carbonate solution. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate.
  • YD-034 (1.0 g, 3.65 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was azeotroped with dichloromethane twice affording a white solid of crude YD-038 (810 mg).
  • Compounds 1 to 10 were assayed for cytotoxicity on MDCK and Vero cells. Compound concentrations tested were ranging from 0 to 250 ⁇ M and the results are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the TC50 of Compounds 1 to 10 is above 250 ⁇ M in both MDCK and Vero cells.
  • the selectivity index (SI) that was defined by the ratio of TC50/ EC50 in MDCK cells for Compounds 1 to 10 is presented in Table 1. The results show that this family of amides is generally non-toxic to mammalian cells.

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Abstract

Compounds which exhibit antiviral activity, particularly against influenza virus,and methods of making and using there of are described herein. In one embodiment, the compounds are heterocyclic amides containing piperazine and isozazole rings and optionally substituted with one or more substituents. The compounds can be formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to form compositions suitable for enteralor parenteral administration. The compounds are preferably used to treat or prevent Influenza Ainfections, such as H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, and H10N7.

Description

ANTIVIRAL COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND
USING THEREOF CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The application claims priority to U.S. S.N. 61/231,431, entitled "Antiviral Compounds", filed on August 5, 2009; U.S.S.N. 61/349,525, entitled "Compounds and Methods for the Treatment of Viral Infections", filed on May 28, 2010; and U.S.S.N. 61/349,565 entitled "Compounds and Methods for the Treatment of Proliferative Diseases", filed on May 28, 2010, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of small molecules which have antiviral activity, particularly against influenza, and methods of making and using thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Influenza is caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxoviridae family. There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Influenza A viruses infect mammals (e.g. humans, pigs, ferrets, horses) and birds. Influenza A viruses are a global health concern, and have been responsible for three major pandemics that have killed over 50 million people worldwide since 1900. For example, the devastating "Spanish flu" (HlNl influenza A virus) in 1918 killed more than twenty million people worldwide. Subsequent pandemics, including the Asian flu pandemic in 1957 (H2N2), the Hong Kong flu pandemic in 1968 (H3N2), the re-emergence of HlNl (Russian flu) in 1970, along with the avian flu virus H5N1 in 1997 and 2003, suggest that pandemic influenza or possible bioterrorist attacks with flu viruses remains a major threat to global health and safety. Despite the profound effects of influenza viruses on public health throughout history, the standard treatments for influenza infections still remain inadequate.
The most common targets for small molecule-based therapeutics to combat influenza virulence include the proton-selective M2 ion channel and the protein neuramidase (NA). The M2 ion channel is integral to the maintenance of the viral envelope of the influenza A virus, while NA promotes budding of nascent viral particles from the host cell. Resistance is common among inhibitors directed at both targets, and has become widespread in clinical isolates. Almost 100% of the 2008 influenza HlNl virus (swine flu) samples were resistant to the neuramidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu), while more than 90% of the H3N2 viruses were resistant to the M2 channel blocker adamantanes.
Besides resistance, factors including mode of administration and environmental impact affect the development of effective influenza treatments. For instance, Zanamivir (Relenza) can only be administered by inhalation and may not reach infected lung tissue that is poorly aerated. Further, the widely used and stockpiled drug Oseltamivir is not degraded during the course of normal sewage treatment and thus poses environmental concerns.
There exists a need for antiviral compounds that inhibit influenza replication, reduce virulence of the influenza infection, and/or prevent influenza infection.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide antiviral compounds that effectively treat or prevent viral infections, particularly influenza infections, methods of making the compounds, and methods of using the compounds.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Compounds having antiviral activity, particularly against influenza, and methods of making and using the compounds are described herein. In one embodiment, the compounds have the formulae I- VI or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In preferred embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula I:
Ar1 Y Ar2 X W Z Ar3
(Formula I) wherein Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups; X, Y, and Z are independently absent (i.e., a direct bond) or selected from -C(O)-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N(R1)-, -C(R2)O(R3)-, and -C(R4Rs)n-, wherein n is O to 6 and wherein R1-R5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci- C6 alkoxy; and
W is a linear group or a 5-7-membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group (Cy).
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; Ar2 is substituted with a methyl group; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent; Cy is piperazine; and/or Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In some embodiments, Cy is a substituted 5-7-membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
In a preferred embodiment, Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl(N at 1 -position) is bonded to X and N4 (N at 4-position) is bonded to Z.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula II:
Figure imgf000004_0001
(formula II)
wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of -C(O)-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri2)-, and -
Figure imgf000004_0002
n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8Rg), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
A and D are each independently CRi5Ri6 or NR17; wherein R4 and R8-Ri7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether, or wherein -CRi5Ri6-, - NRi7-, or combinations thereof, when taken together with the optional bridging methylene groups, form a 5-8-membered cyclic structure.
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is -C=O; Y and Z are absent, and Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In a preferred embodiment, R4 is methyl.
In some embodiments, Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and R is nitrogen.
In some embodiments, g and m are 1 and A and D are NRi7, wherein A-D defines a piperazine.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula III:
Figure imgf000005_0001
(formula III)
wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are each independently substituted or
unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri2)-, and - C(Ri4RiS)n-,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
A, D, T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8Rg), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and arsenic;
wherein R4 and R8-Ri5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent, and Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In a preferred embodiment, Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and R is nitrogen.
In some embodiments, A and D are nitrogen.
In some embodiments, R4 and R13 are independently hydrogen or methyl. In preferred embodiments, R4 is methyl and R13 is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, the composition the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula IV:
Figure imgf000006_0001
(formula IV) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri2)-, and -C(R13Rn)n-;
wherein n is 0 to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8R9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic; and
Cy is a 4-7-membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group; and
wherein R1-Ri4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-G6 alkynylj or linear and branched C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether. In some embodiments, Cy is a substituted 5-7-membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
In a preferred embodiment, Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z, Y and Z are absent, X is C=O, T is oxygen, Q is carbon, and R is nitrogen.
In some embodiments, R1-R3 and R5-R7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In preferred embodiments, R4 is a methyl group.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula V:
Figure imgf000007_0001
(formula V) wherein Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of -C=O, -S=O, -SO2, -N(Ri)=O, -C=C, and -C(R2R3)n
n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR4; and
R1-R4, R10, and R11 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched C]-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Q and T are both nitrogen.
In some embodiments, Rio is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R10 and R11 are both hydrogen.
In some embodiments, Y and Z are absent and X is C=O.
In some embodiments, g and m are 1. In a preferred embodiment, Ar1 and Ar3 are a substituted phenyl, Ar2 is a substituted isoxazole, Y and Z are absent, X is C=O, Q and T are nitrogen, g and m are 1, R)0 is methyl and Rn is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula VI:
Figure imgf000008_0001
(formula VI) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri2)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri4)-, and -C(Ri5Ri6)n-,
n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CRi7; and
R1-Ri7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Q and T are both nitrogen.
In some embodiments, Ri0 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In other embodiments, both Rj0 and Ri1 are hydrogen.
In some embodiments, Y and Z are absent and X is C=O.
In some embodiments, g and m are 1.
In some embodiments, Ri-R3 and R5-R7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In some embodiments herein described, Ar2 is 5 membered heteroaryls having two heteroatoms in 1 ,2 or 1 ,3 positions, including a double bond between carbon and said heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen. In some embodiments herein described, Ar2 is 5 membered heteroaryl having nitrogen atom and oxygen atom in 1,2 or 1,3 positions having a double bond between carbon and said nitrogen.
In some embodiments herein described, Ar1 and Ar3 are is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents, preferably substituted with 2 substituents at 2,4 or 2,6 positions, and/or preferably substituted with one substituent at 2-position.
The compounds can be administered to prevent and/or treat a viral infection, such as influenza. The compounds can be administered
parenterally, such as in the form of a solution or suspension, or enterally, such as in the form of a tablet or capsule.
The pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein. The range of an effective amount may vary from individual to individual; however, the optimal dose is readily determinable by those of skill in the art, such as the prescribing physician. Doses may be measured by total amount given (e.g. per dose or per day) or by concentration. In one embodiment, doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day may be appropriate for treatment. In another embodiment, the daily dosage is 0.2 to 250 mg/kg.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure Ia is the chemical structure of Compound 1.
Figure Ib is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 1.
Figure 2a is the chemical structure of Compound 2.
Figure 2b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 2.
Figure 3 a is the chemical structure of Compound 3.
Figure 3b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 3.
Figure 4a is the chemical structure of Compound 4.
Figure 4b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 4. Figure 5 a is the chemical structure of Compound 5.
Figure 5b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 5.
Figure 6a is the chemical structure of Compound 6.
Figure 6b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 6.
Figure 7a is the chemical structure of Compound 7.
Figure 7b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 7.
Figure 8a is the chemical structure of Compound 8.
Figure 8b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 8.
Figure 9a is the chemical structure of Compound 9.
Figure 9a is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 9.
Figure 10a is the chemical structure of Compound 10.
Figure 10b is a graph showing the percent reduction in plaque forming units (PFU) as a function of the concentration of Compound 10.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Definitions
"Alkyl" or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight-chain alkyl, branched-chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, , and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl. Unless otherwise indicated, alkyl generally has 1-30 carbon atoms, 1-20 carbon atoms, 1-10 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, 1-5 carbon atoms, preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl. A straight chain or branched chain alkyl generally has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C1-C30 for straight chain, C3-C30 for branched chain), preferably 20 or fewer, preferably 10 or fewer, more preferably 6 or fewer, most preferably 5 or fewer. Likewise, cycloalkyls have from 3-20 carbon atoms in their ring structure, preferably from 3-10 carbons atoms in their ring structure, most preferably 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, and homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl. The term "alkyl" includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical as well as heteroalkyls. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO2; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR2, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3; -NCOCOCH2CH2; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof.
"Alkenyl" or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight- chain or branched-chain alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkyl substituted cycloalkenyl and "alkynyl" or it moiety as generally used herein includes straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl groups or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl groups or cycloalkyl substituted alkynyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, alkenyl and alkynyl generally have 2-30 carbon atoms, 2-20 carbon atoms, 2-10 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, 2-5 carbon atoms. A straight chain or branched chain alkenyl or alkynyl generally has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., Ci-C30 for straight chain, C3-C30 for branched chain), preferably 20 or fewer, preferably 10 or fewer, more preferably 6 or fewer, most preferably 5 or fewer. Alkenyl or alkynyl generally have from 2-30 carbons in the chain, preferably from 2-20 carbons in the chain, preferably from 2-10 carbons in the chain, more preferably from 2-6 carbons, most preferably from 2-5 carbons. Likewise, cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl has from 3-20 carbon atoms in their ring structure, preferably from 3-10 carbons atoms in their ring structure, most preferably 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. Examples of cycloalkenyl or cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(l,4- pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, and 3-butynyl.
The term "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" include one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRjR2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO2; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR2, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3; -NCOCOCH2CH2; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof.
"Aryl," or it moiety as generally used herein, refers to a carbon based aromatic ring, having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and is made up of an aromatic ring or a plurality of fused aromatic rings, which can for example, include phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, acenaphthenyl, acenaphthylenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl. The aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl, -NR1R2, wherein Rj and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized, azide, hydroxyl, acyl, amino, halo, alkylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, or phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those skilled in the art, for example, as taught in Greene, et al. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Third Edition, 2002. In some embodiments, said alkyl includes C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C6 alky, C1-C3 alky, methyl, ethyl and/or propyl, etc. The term "aryl" includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon radical. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRiR2, wherein Ri and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; - NO2; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR2, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3; -NCOCOCH2CH2; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof. "Binding pocket" or "binding site" as generally used herein refer to a region of a molecule or molecular complex that, as a result of its
configuration, favorably associates with, or is occupied by, a moiety or region of the same molecule or molecular complex, or a moiety or region of a different molecule, molecular complex, and/or chemical compound. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the nature of the cavity within a binding pocket will vary from molecule to molecule.
"Nucleozin binding site" as generally used herein refers to a site on influenza nucleoprotein (NP) A located in the body domain on the back of influenza A NP. In this conformation the nucleozin is located between residues 280 to 311 in the groove. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the nucleozin binding site is slightly different depending on the compound bound therein and can incorporate other contacts in place of and/or in addition to the ones disclosed herein.
"Heterocycle" or it moiety or "heterocyclic" as generally used herein refers to one or more rings of 5-12 atoms, preferably 5-7 atoms, with or without unsaturation or aromatic character and having at least one ring atom which is not a carbon. Preferred heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Multiple rings may be fused, as in quinoline or benzofuran.
Particularly preferred heterocycle groups are 5-10-membered rings with 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, P, Si, As, and N. Heterocycles include, but are not limited to azolidine, pyrrole, oxolane, furan, thiolane, thiophene, phospholane, phosphole, silane, silole, arsolane, arsole, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole, isothiazoline, dioxolane, oxathiolane, dithiolane, thiazole, dithiazole, furazan, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, piperidine, pyridine, pyran, tetrahydropyran, thiane, thiopyran, piperazine, diazine, morpholine, oxazine, thiazine, dithiane, dioxane, dioxin, triazine, trioxane, tetrazine, azapane, azepine, oxepane, oxepine, thiepane, thiepine, azocane, azocine, oxecane, and thiocane. Heterocycle or heterocyclic also refers to substituted rings, as defined in "aryl" or "alkyl.". In some embodiments, the "heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" includes a double bond between carbon and said heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen. The term "heterocycle" includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon or heteroatoms. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; -NRiR2, wherein Rj and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; -NO2; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR2, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3; -NCOCOCH2CH2; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof.
"Heteroaryl" or it moiety as generally used herein refers to an aromatic group containing from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, Si, As, or S atoms(s) or a combination thereof, which heteroaryl group is optionally substituted at carbon or nitrogen atom(s). Heteroaryl rings may also be fused with one or more cyclic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl rings. Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, 5-membered heteroaryls having one hetero atom (e.g., thiophenes, pyrroles, furans); 5 membered heteroaryls having two heteroatoms in 1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g., oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heteroaryls having three heteroatoms (e.g., triazoles, thiadiazoles); 5-membered heteroaryls having 3 heteroatoms; 6-membered heteroaryls with one heteroatom (e.g., pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6- cycloheptenopyridine); 6-membered heteroaryls with two heteroatoms (e.g., pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered heteroaryls with three heteroatoms (e.g., 1,3,5-triazine); and 6- membered heteroaryls with four heteroatoms. Particularly preferred heteroaryl groups are 5-10-membered rings with 1-3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. In some embodiments, the " heteroaryl" includes a double bond between carbon and said heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen.
The term "heteroaryl" includes one or more substitutions at one or more carbon or heteroatoms atoms. Suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; hydroxyl; --NR1R2, wherein R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl, and wherein the nitrogen atom is optionally quaternized; -SR, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; -CN; -NO2; -COOH; carboxylate; -COR, -COOR, or -CONR2, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl; azide, aralkyl, alkoxyl, imino, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl, ether, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3; -NCOCOCH2CH2; -NCOCOCHCH; -NCS; and combinations thereof.
"Influenza A" as generally used herein refers to mammalian Influenza A virus, e.g., H3N2, HlNl, H2N2, H7N7 and H5N1 (avian influenza virus) strains and variants thereof.
"Low energy, stable complex" as generally used herein refers to a complex in which a drug is bound in the binding site of the nucleoprotein by weak to strong intermolecular forces including, but not limited to, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, salt bridges, ionic bonds, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals interactions, cation-pi interactions, pi-stacking, and combinations thereof.
"Nucleoprotein" or "NP" as generally used herein refers to any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid. Exemplary nucleoproteins are identified and sequenced in certain strains of influenza viruses. The sequences of many nucleoproteins can be found in the NCBI database. The GenBank accession numbers of some exemplary NP sequences from influenza type A for subtype HlNl are NP 040982
(AAA43467), for subtype H3N2 are AAZ38620 (YP308843); and for subtype H5N1 are AY856864 and AAF02400.
NP 040982 (AAA43467)[SEQ ID NO:5]:
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGERQNATEIRASVGKMIGGIGRFYIQMC TELKLSDYEGRLIQNSLTIERMVLSAFDERRNKYLEEHPSAGKDPKK TGGPIYRRVNG
KWMRELILYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGDDATAGLTHMMIWHSNLNDAT YQRTRALVRTGMD
PRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAA VKGVGTMVMELVRMIKRGINDRN FWRGENGRKTRIA
YERMCNILKGKFQTAAQKAMMDQVRESRDPGNAEFEDLTFLARSAL ILRGSVAHKSCL
PACVYGPAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQNSQVYSLIRPNENPA HKSQLVWMACH SAAFEDLRVLSFIKGTKVVPRGKLSTRGVQIASNENMETMESSTLELR
SRYWAIRTRS
GGNTNQQRASAGQISIQPTFSVQRNLPFDRTTVMAAFTGNTEGRTSD
MRTEIIRMMES
ARPEDVSFQGRGVFELSDEKAASPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYD
N
AAZ38620 (YP308843) [SEQ ID NO:6]:
MASQGTKRSYEQMETDGDRQNATEIRASVGKMIDGIGRFYIQMC
TELKLSDHEGRLIQNSLTIEKMVLSAFDERRNKYLEEHPSAGKDPKK
TGGPIYRRVDG
KWMRELVLYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGEDATAGLTHIMIWHSNLNDAT
YQRTRALVRTGMD
PRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGIGTMVMELIRMVKRGINDRNF
WRGENGRKTRSA
YERMCNILKGKFQTAAQRAMVDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLIFLARSALI
LRGSVAHKSCL
PACAYGPAVSSGYDFEKEGYSLVGIDPFKLLQNSQIYSLIRPNENPAH
KSQLVWMACH
SAAFEDLRLLSFIRGTKVSPRGKLSTRGVQIASNENMDNMGSSTLELR
SGYWAIRTRS
GGNTNQQRASAGQTSVQPTFSVQRNLPFEKSTIMAAFTGNTEGRTSD
MRAEIIRMMEG
AKPEEVSFRGRGVFELSDEKATNPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYD
N
AY856864[SEQ ID NO:7]:
MASQGTKRSYEQMETGGERQNATEIRASVGRMVSGIGRFYIQMC
TELKLSDYEGRLIQNSITIERMVLSAFDERRNRYLEEHPSAGKDPKKT
GGPIYRRRDG
KWVRELILYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGEDATAGLTHLMIWHSNLNDATY
QRTRALVRTGMD
PRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAVKGVGTMVMELIRMIKRGINDRNF WRGENGRRTRIA
YERMCNILKGKFQTAAQRAMMDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLIFLARSALI
LRGSVAHKSCL
PACVYGLAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQNSQVFSLIRPNENPAH
KSQLVWMACH
SAAFEDLRVSSFIRGTRVVPRGQLSTRGVQIASNENMEAMDSNTLEL
RSRYWAIRTRS
GGNTNQRRASAGQISVQPTFSVQRNLPFERATIMAAFTGNTEGRTSD
MRTEIIGMMES
ARPEDVSFQGRGVFELSDEKATNPIVPSFDMNNEGSYFFGDNAEEYD
N
AAF02400[SEQ ID NO:8]:
MASQGTKRSYEQMETGGERQNATEIRASVGRMVGGIGRFYIQMC
TELKLSDQEGRLIQNSITVERMVLSAFDERRNRYLEEHPSAGKDPKK
TGGPIYRRRNG
KWVRELILYDKEEIRRIWRQANNGEDATAGLTHMMIWHSNLNDAT
YQRTRALVRTGMD
PRMCSLMQGSTLPRRSGAAGAAIKGVGTMVMELIRMIKRGINDRNF
WRGENGRRTRIA
YERMCNILKGKFQTAAQKAMMDQVRESRNPGNAEIEDLIFLARSALI
LRGSVAHKSCL
PACVYGLAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQNSQVFSLIRPKENPAH
KSQLVWMACH
SAAFEDLRVSSFIRGTRVIPRGQLSTRGVQIASNENVEAMDSSTLELR
SRYWAIRTRS
GGNTNQQRASAGQISVQPTFSVQRNLPFERVTIMAAFKGNTEGRTSD
MRTEIIRMMES
ARPEDVSFQGRGVFELSDEKATNPIVPSFDMSNEGSYFFGDNAEEYD
N
"Nucleozin" as generally referred to herein has the chemical structure as follows:
Figure imgf000018_0001
"Pharmaceutically acceptable" as generally used herein refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
"Pharmaceutically acceptable salts" as generally used herein refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, tolunesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, and isethionic.
"Substituted" as generally used herein refers to a moiety (e.g., an alkyl group) substituted with one or more substituents including, but not limited to: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, halo, e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo; cyano; alkoxy; hydroxy, phenyl; and substituted phenyl.
"Substituted aryl" as generally used herein refers to aryl groups having one or more non-interfering groups as a substituent. For substitutions on a phenyl ring, the substituents may be in any orientation (i.e., ortho, meta, and/or para). In some embodiment, said substituted aryl include 2, 6- disubstituted phenyl, where the two substituents are as defined, preferably one of them is halogen, especially Cl, and another is nitro(NO2) or both of them are halogen, especially Cl.
II. Compounds
Compounds having antiviral activity, particularly against influenza viruses, are described herein.
In some embodiments, the compounds have the formulae I- VI below, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
In preferred embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula I:
Ar1 Y Ar2 X W Z Ar3
(Formula I) wherein Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent (i.e, a direct bond) or selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(R1)-, -C(R2)=C(R3)-, and -C(R4Rs)n-, wherein n is 0 to 6 and wherein R1-R5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci- C6 alkoxy; and
W is a linear group or a is 5-7 membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group (Cy).
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; Ar2 is substituted with a methyl group; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent; Cy is piperazine; and Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group. In some embodiments, Cy is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
In a preferred embodiment, Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula II:
Figure imgf000020_0001
(formula II)
wherein Ar1 and Ax3 are each independently substituted or
unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(R10)-, -C(Ri O=C(Ri2)-, and - C(R13R14)n-,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(RsR9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
A and D are each independently CR15R16 or NRi7;
wherein R4 and R8-R17 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Cj-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether, or wherein -CRi5Ri6-, - NRj7-, or combinations thereof, when taken together with the optional bridging methylene groups, form a 5-8-membered cyclic structure.
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is -C=O; Y and Z are absent, and Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In a preferred embodiment, R4 is methyl.
In some embodiments, Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and R is nitrogen. In some embodiments, g and m are 1 and A and D are NRi7, wherein A-D defines a piperazine.
In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula III:
Figure imgf000021_0001
(formula III)
wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are each independently substituted or
unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Ri O=C(Ri2)-, and - C(Ri4Ri 5)n-,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
A, D, T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(RsR9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, silicon, and arsenic;
wherein R4 and R8-Ri5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched CpC6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent, and Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In a preferred embodiment, Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and R is nitrogen.
In some embodiments, A and D are nitrogen.
In some embodiments, R4 and Rj3 are independently hydrogen or methyl. In preferred embodiments, R4 is methyl and Ri3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the composition the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula IV:
Figure imgf000022_0001
(formula IV) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(R10)-, -C(Rn)=C(R12)-, and -C(R13Rn)n-;
wherein n is 0 to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8R9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic; and
Cy is a 4-7 membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group; and
wherein Ri-R14 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Cy is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
In a preferred embodiment, Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z, Y and Z are absent, X is C=O, T is oxygen, Q is carbon, and R is nitrogen.
In some embodiments, Rj-R3 and R5-R7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In preferred embodiments, R4 is a methyl group. In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula V:
Figure imgf000023_0001
(formula V) wherein Ar1, Ar , and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of -C=O, -S=O, -SO2, -N(RO=O, -C=C, and -C(R2R3),,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR4; and
Ri -R4, Ri0, and Rn are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Q and T are both nitrogen.
In some embodiments, Ri0 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Ri0 and Rn are both hydrogen.
In some embodiments, Y and Z are absent and X is C=O.
In some embodiments, g and m are 1.
In a preferred embodiment, Ar1 and Ar3 are a substituted phenyl, Ar2 is a substituted isoxazole, Y and Z are absent, X is C=O, Q and T are nitrogen, g and m are 1, Ri0 is methyl and Rn is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the NP inhibitors have the structure of formula VI:
Figure imgf000024_0001
(formula VI) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri2)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri4)-, and -C(Ri5R16)n-,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CRj7; and
R1-Ri7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Cj-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
In some embodiments, Q and T are both nitrogen.
In some embodiments, R10 is a methyl group and Rn is hydrogen. In other embodiments, both Rj0 and Rn are hydrogen.
In some embodiments, Y and Z are absent and X is C=O.
In some embodiments, g and m are 1.
In some embodiments, Ri-R3 and R5-R7 are independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
In preferred embodiments, R4 is a methyl group.
Exemplary referred compounds described herein are:
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl]-[3-(4-hydroxy-pheny 1 )- 5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 1, structural formula show in Figure Ia); [4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-phenyl-5-methyl- isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 2, structural formula show in Figure 2a);
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl]-[3-(4-amino-phenyl)- methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 3, structural formula show in Figure 3a);
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl]-[3-(4-azido-pheny 1 )-5- methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 4, structural formula show in Figure 4a);
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl]-[3 -(2-chloro-pheny 1 )- 5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 5, structural formula show in Figure 5a);
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(2-chloro- phenyl)-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 6, structural formula show in Figure 6a);
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-2-methyl-piperazin- 1 -yl] - [3-phenyl-5 - methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 7, structural formula show in Figure 7a);
[4-(4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl] - [3 -(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl- isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 8, structural formula show in Figure 8a);
and [4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5- methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 9, structural formula show in Figure 9a).
[4-(2-nitro-6-chloro-phenyl)-piperazin- 1 -yl] - [3 -(2-chloro-phenyl)-5 - methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone (Compound 10, structural formula shown in Figure 10a).
The compounds described herein can be administered as the free acid or free base or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds can be synthesized from the parent compound, which contains a basic or acidic moiety, by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000, p. 704.
B. Pharmaceutical Compositions
The compounds described herein, and/or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, can be formulated into dosage forms suitable for enteral and parenteral administration using techniques known in the art.
The pharmaceutical compositions contain an effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein. "Effective amount" as generally used herein refers to an amount, or dose, within the range normally given or prescribed to demonstrate an anti-viral effect, e.g., in vitro or in vivo. The range of an effective amount may vary from individual to individual;
however, the optimal dose is readily determinable by those of skill in the art, such as the prescribing physician. Such ranges are well established in routine clinical practice and will thus be readily determinable to those of skill in the art. Doses may be measured by total amount given (e.g. per dose or per day) or by concentration. Doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day may be appropriate for treatment. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 0.2 to 250 mg/kg.
The compounds described herein can be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or excipients that are considered safe and effective and may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological side effects or unwanted interactions. The carrier is all components present in the pharmaceutical formulation other than the active ingredient or ingredients.
1. Parenteral Formulations
The compounds described herein can be formulated for parenteral administration. "Parenteral administration", as used herein, means administration by any method other than through the digestive tract or noninvasive topical or regional routes. For example, parenteral administration may include administration to a patient intravenously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, intrapleurally, intratracheally, intramuscularly,
subcutaneously, by injection, and by infusion.
Parenteral formulations can be prepared as aqueous compositions using techniques is known in the art. Typically, such compositions can be prepared as injectable formulations, for example, solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection, such as micro- or nanoparticles; emulsions, such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, one or more polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol), oils, such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc.), and combinations thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and/or by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or salts, such as sodium chloride.
Solutions and dispersions of the active compounds as the free acid or base or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof can be prepared in water or another solvent or dispersing medium suitably mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including, but not limited to, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, pH modifying agents, and combination thereof.
Suitable surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surface active agents. Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions. Examples of anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chain alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium bis-(2- ethylthioxyl)-sulfosuccinate; and alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate. Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine. Examples of nonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, Poloxamer® 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide. Examples of amphoteric surfactants include sodium N-dodecyl- -alanine, sodium N-lauryl- -iminodipropionate, myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.
The formulation can contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and thimerosal. The formulation may also contain an antioxidant to prevent degradation of the active agent(s).
The composition is typically buffered to a pH of 3-8 for parenteral administration upon reconstitution. Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.
Water soluble polymers are often used in formulations for parenteral administration. Suitable water-soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent or dispersion medium with one or more of the excipients listed above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those listed above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The powders can be prepared in such a manner that the particles are porous in nature, which can increase dissolution of the particles. Methods for making porous particles are well known in the art.
The parenteral formulations described herein can be formulated for controlled release including immediate release, delayed release, extended release, pulsatile release, and combinations thereof.
For parenteral administration, the one or more NP inhibitors, and optional one or more additional active agents, can be incorporated into microparticles, nanoparticles, or combinations thereof that provide controlled release. In embodiments wherein the formulations contains two or more drugs, the drugs can be formulated for the same type of controlled release (e.g., delayed, extended, immediate, or pulsatile) or the drugs can be independently formulated for different types of release (e.g., immediate and delayed, immediate and extended, delayed and extended, delayed and pulsatile, etc.).
For example, the compounds and/or one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into polymeric microparticles which provide controlled release of the drug(s). Release of the drug(s) is controlled by diffusion of the drug(s) out of the microparticles and/or degradation of the polymeric particles by hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation. Suitable polymers include ethylcellulose and other natural or synthetic cellulose derivatives.
Polymers which are slowly soluble and form a gel in an aqueous environment, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyethylene oxide may also be suitable as materials for drug containing microparticles. Other polymers include, but are not limited to, polyanhydrides, poly(ester anhydrides), polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymers thereof, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) and copolymers thereof, polycaprolactone and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.
Alternatively, the drug(s) can be incorporated into microparticles prepared from materials which are insoluble in aqueous solution or slowly soluble in aqueous solution, but are capable of degrading within the GI tract by means including enzymatic degradation, surfactant action of bile acids, and/or mechanical erosion. As used herein, the term "slowly soluble in water" refers to materials that are not dissolved in water within a period of 30 minutes. Preferred examples include fats, fatty substances, waxes, wax- like substances and mixtures thereof. Suitable fats and fatty substances include fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol), fatty acids and derivatives, including, but not limited to, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-glycerides), and hydrogenated fats. Specific examples include, but are not limited to hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated oils available under the trade name Sterotex®, stearic acid, cocoa butter, and stearyl alcohol. Suitable waxes and wax-like materials include natural or synthetic waxes, hydrocarbons, and normal waxes.
Specific examples of waxes include beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, paraffins and candelilla wax. As used herein, a wax-like material is defined as any material which is normally solid at room
temperature and has a melting point of from about 30 to 3000C.
In some cases, it may be desirable to alter the rate of water penetration into the microparticles. To this end, rate-controlling (wicking) agents may be formulated along with the fats or waxes listed above.
Examples of rate-controlling materials include certain starch derivatives (e.g., waxy maltodextrin and drum dried corn starch), cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl-cellulose), alginic acid, lactose and talc. Additionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant (for example, lecithin) may be added to facilitate the degradation of such microparticles.
Proteins which are water insoluble, such as zein, can also be used as materials for the formation of drug containing microparticles. Additionally, proteins, polysaccharides and combinations thereof which are water soluble can be formulated with drug into microparticles and subsequently cross- linked to form an insoluble network. For example, cyclodextrins can be complexed with individual drug molecules and subsequently cross-linked.
Encapsulation or incorporation of drug into carrier materials to produce drug containing microparticles can be achieved through known pharmaceutical formulation techniques. In the case of formulation in fats, waxes or wax-like materials, the carrier material is typically heated above its melting temperature and the drug is added to form a mixture comprising drug particles suspended in the carrier material, drug dissolved in the carrier material, or a mixture thereof. Microparticles can be subsequently
formulated through several methods including, but not limited to, the processes of congealing, extrusion, spray chilling or aqueous dispersion. In a preferred process, wax is heated above its melting temperature, drug is added, and the molten wax-drug mixture is congealed under constant stirring as the mixture cools. Alternatively, the molten wax-drug mixture can be extruded and spheronized to form pellets or beads. Detailed descriptions of these processes can be found in "Remington- The science and practice of pharmacy", 20th Edition, Jennaro et. al., (Phila, Lippencott, Williams, and Wilkens, 2000).
For some carrier materials it may be desirable to use a solvent evaporation technique to produce drug containing microparticles. In this case drug and carrier material are co-dissolved in a mutual solvent and microparticles can subsequently be produced by several techniques including, but not limited to, forming an emulsion in water or other appropriate media, spray drying or by evaporating off the solvent from the bulk solution and milling the resulting material.
In some embodiments, drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a water-insoluble or slowly water soluble material. To minimize the size of the drug particles within the composition, the drug powder itself may be milled to generate fine particles prior to formulation. The process of jet milling, known in the pharmaceutical art, can be used for this purpose. In some embodiments drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a wax or wax like substance by heating the wax or wax like substance above its melting point and adding the drug particles while stirring the mixture. In this case a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant may be added to the mixture to facilitate the dispersion of the drug particles.
The particles can also be coated with one or more modified release coatings. Solid esters of fatty acids, which are hydrolyzed by lipases, can be spray coated onto microparticles or drug particles. Zein is an example of a naturally water-insoluble protein. It can be coated onto drug containing microparticles or drug particles by spray coating or by wet granulation techniques. In addition to naturally water-insoluble materials, some substrates of digestive enzymes can be treated with cross-linking procedures, resulting in the formation of non-soluble networks. Many methods of cross- linking proteins, initiated by both chemical and physical means, have been reported. One of the most common methods to obtain cross-linking is the use of chemical cross-linking agents. Examples of chemical cross-linking agents include aldehydes (gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde), epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin. In addition to these cross-linking agents, oxidized and native sugars have been used to cross-link gelatin (Cortesi, R., et al., Biomaterials 19 (1998) 1641-1649). Cross-linking can also be accomplished using enzymatic means; for example, transglutaminase has been approved as a GRAS substance for cross-linking seafood products. Finally, cross-linking can be initiated by physical means such as thermal treatment, UV irradiation and gamma irradiation.
To produce a coating layer of cross-linked protein surrounding drug containing microparticles or drug particles, a water soluble protein can be spray coated onto the microparticles and subsequently cross-linked by the one of the methods described above. Alternatively, drug containing microparticles can be microencapsulated within protein by coacervation- phase separation (for example, by the addition of salts) and subsequently cross-linked. Some suitable proteins for this purpose include gelatin, albumin, casein, and gluten.
Polysaccharides can also be cross-linked to form a water-insoluble network. For many polysaccharides, this can be accomplished by reaction with calcium salts or multivalent cations which cross-link the main polymer chains. Pectin, alginate, dextran, amylose and guar gum are subject to cross- linking in the presence of multivalent cations. Complexes between oppositely charged polysaccharides can also be formed; pectin and chitosan, for example, can be complexed via electrostatic interactions.
2. Enteral Formulations
Suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and lozenges. Tablets can be made using compression or molding techniques well known in the art. Gelatin or non-gelatin capsules can prepared as hard or soft capsule shells, which can encapsulate liquid, solid, and semi-solid fill materials, using techniques well known in the art.
Formulations may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As generally used herein "carrier" includes, but is not limited to, diluents, preservatives, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, swelling agents, fillers, stabilizers, and combinations thereof.
Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition which may include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, and glidants. Delayed release dosage formulations may be prepared as described in standard references such as "Pharmaceutical dosage form tablets", eds. Liberman et. al. (New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989), "Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy", 20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000, and "Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems", 6th Edition, Ansel et al., (Media, PA: Williams and Wilkins, 1995). These references provide information on carriers, materials, equipment and process for preparing tablets and capsules and delayed release dosage forms of tablets, capsules, and granules.
Examples of suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; polyvinyl acetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name EUDRAGIT® (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany), zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.
Additionally, the coating material may contain conventional carriers such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilization agents, pore formers and surfactants.
Optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, diluents, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, colorants, stabilizers, and surfactants. Diluents, also referred to as "fillers," are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form so that a practical size is provided for compression of tablets or formation of beads and granules. Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar.
Binders are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosage formulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remains intact after the formation of the dosage forms. Suitable binder materials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactose and sorbitol), polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/polymethacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Lubricants are used to facilitate tablet manufacture. Examples of suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, talc, and mineral oil.
Disintegrants are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or "breakup" after administration, and generally include, but are not limited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross linked polymers, such as cross- linked PVP (Polyplasdone® XL from GAF Chemical Corp).
Stabilizers are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactions which include, by way of example, oxidative reactions. Suitable stabilizers include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); ascorbic acid, its salts and esters; Vitamin E, tocopherol and its salts; sulfites such as sodium metabisulphite; cysteine and its derivatives; citric acid;
propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
Oral dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, solutions, and
suspensions, can for formulated for controlled release. For example, the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents can be formulated into nanoparticles, microparticles, and combinations thereof, and encapsulated in a soft or hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsule or dispersed in a dispersing medium to form an oral suspension or syrup. The particles can be formed of the drug and a controlled release polymer or matrix. Alternatively, the drug particles can be coated with one or more controlled release coatings prior to incorporation in to the finished dosage form.
In another embodiment, the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents are dispersed in a matrix material, which gels or emulsifies upon contact with an aqueous medium, such as
physiological fluids. In the case of gels, the matrix swells entrapping the active agents, which are released slowly over time by diffusion and/or degradation of the matrix material. Such matrices can be formulated as tablets or as fill materials for hard and soft capsules.
In still another embodiment, the one or more compounds, and optional one or more additional active agents are formulated into a sold oral dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, and the solid dosage form is coated with one or more controlled release coatings, such as a delayed release coatings or extended release coatings. The coating or coatings may also contain the compounds and/or additional active agents.
The extended release formulations are generally prepared as diffusion or osmotic systems, for example, as described in "Remington - The science and practice of pharmacy" (20th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2000). A diffusion system typically consists of two types of devices, a reservoir and a matrix, and is well known and described in the art. The matrix devices are generally prepared by compressing the drug with a slowly dissolving polymer carrier into a tablet form. The three major types of materials used in the preparation of matrix devices are insoluble plastics, hydrophilic polymers, and fatty compounds. Plastic matrices include, but are not limited to, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene. Hydrophilic polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as methyl and ethyl cellulose,
hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl-cellulose,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and
Carbopol® 934, polyethylene oxides and mixtures thereof. Fatty compounds include, but are not limited to, various waxes such as carnauba wax and glyceryl tristearate and wax-type substances including hydrogenated castor oil or hydrogenated vegetable oil, or mixtures thereof.
In certain preferred embodiments, the plastic material is a
pharmaceutically acceptable acrylic polymer, including but not limited to, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethyl
methacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), methacrylic acid alkylamine copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid)(anhydride), polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, poly(methacrylic acid anhydride), and glycidyl methacrylate copolymers.
In certain preferred embodiments, the acrylic polymer is comprised of one or more ammonio methacrylate copolymers. Ammonio methacrylate copolymers are well known in the art, and are described in NF XVII as fully polymerized copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups.
In one preferred embodiment, the acrylic polymer is an acrylic resin lacquer such as that which is commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradename Eudragit®. In further preferred embodiments, the acrylic polymer comprises a mixture of two acrylic resin lacquers commercially available from Rohm Pharma under the tradenames Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit ® RS30D, respectively. Eudragit® RL30D and Eudragit® RS30D are copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups, the molar ratio of ammonium groups to the remaining neutral (meth)acrylic esters being 1 :20 in Eudragit® RL30D and 1 :40 in Eudragit® RS30D. The mean molecular weight is about 150,000. Edragit® S-100 and Eudragit® L-100 are also preferred. The code designations RL (high permeability) and RS (low permeability) refer to the permeability properties of these agents. Eudragit® RL/RS mixtures are insoluble in water and in digestive fluids. However, multiparticulate systems formed to include the same are swellable and permeable in aqueous solutions and digestive fluids.
The polymers described above such as Eudragit® RL/RS may be mixed together in any desired ratio in order to ultimately obtain a sustained- release formulation having a desirable dissolution profile. Desirable sustained-release multiparticulate systems may be obtained, for instance, from 100% Eudragit® RL, 50% Eudragit® RL and 50% Eudragit® RS, and 10% Eudragit® RL and 90% Eudragit® RS. One skilled in the art will recognize that other acrylic polymers may also be used, such as, for example, Eudragit® L.
Alternatively, extended release formulations can be prepared using osmotic systems or by applying a semi-permeable coating to the dosage form. In the latter case, the desired drug release profile can be achieved by combining low permeable and high permeable coating materials in suitable proportion.
The devices with different drug release mechanisms described above can be combined in a final dosage form comprising single or multiple units. Examples of multiple units include, but are not limited to, multilayer tablets and capsules containing tablets, beads, or granules. An immediate release portion can be added to the extended release system by means of either applying an immediate release layer on top of the extended release core using a coating or compression process or in a multiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediate release beads.
Extended release tablets containing hydrophilic polymers are prepared by techniques commonly known in the art such as direct
compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate polymers, diluents, binders, and lubricants as well as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The usual diluents include inert powdered substances such as starches, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium
phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. Typical tablet binders include substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, and glucose. Natural and synthetic gums, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Polyethylene glycol, hydrophilic polymers, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders. A lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Extended release tablets containing wax materials are generally prepared using methods known in the art such as a direct blend method, a congealing method, and an aqueous dispersion method. In the congealing method, the drug is mixed with a wax material and either spray- congealed or congealed and screened and processed.
Delayed release formulations can be created by coating a solid dosage form with a polymer film, which is insoluble in the acidic
environment of the stomach, and soluble in the neutral environment of the small intestine.
The delayed release dosage units can be prepared, for example, by coating a drug or a drug-containing composition with a selected coating material. The drug-containing composition may be, e.g., a tablet for incorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an inner core in a "coated core" dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containing beads, particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet or capsule. Preferred coating materials include bioerodible, gradually hydrolyzable, gradually water- soluble, and/or enzymatically degradable polymers, and may be conventional "enteric" polymers. Enteric polymers, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, become soluble in the higher pH environment of the lower gastrointestinal tract or slowly erode as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract, while enzymatically degradable polymers are degraded by bacterial enzymes present in the lower gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon. Suitable coating materials for effecting delayed release include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate,
hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate and carboxymethylcellulose sodium; acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, preferably formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate, and other methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the tradename Eudragit® (Rohm Pharma; Westerstadt, Germany), including Eudragit® L30D-55 and L100-55 (soluble at pH 5.5 and above), Eudragit® L-IOO (soluble at pH 6.0 and above), Eudragit® S (soluble at pH 7.0 and above, as a result of a higher degree of esterification), and Eudragits® NE, RL and RS (water-insoluble polymers having different degrees of permeability and expandability); vinyl polymers and copolymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, vinylacetate phthalate, vinylacetate crotonic acid copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; enzymatically degradable polymers such as azo polymers, pectin, chitosan, amylose and guar gum; zein and shellac. Combinations of different coating materials may also be used. Multi-layer coatings using different polymers may also be applied.
The preferred coating weights for particular coating materials may be readily determined by those skilled in the art by evaluating individual release profiles for tablets, beads and granules prepared with different quantities of various coating materials. It is the combination of materials, method and form of application that produce the desired release characteristics, which one can determine only from the clinical studies.
The coating composition may include conventional additives, such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, glidants, etc. A plasticizer is normally present to reduce the fragility of the coating, and will generally represent about 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % relative to the dry weight of the polymer. Examples of typical plasticizers include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, castor oil and acetylated monoglycerides. A stabilizing agent is preferably used to stabilize particles in the dispersion. Typical stabilizing agents are nonionic emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters, polysorbates and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Glidants are recommended to reduce sticking effects during film formation and drying, and will generally represent approximately 25 wt. % to 100 wt. % of the polymer weight in the coating solution. One effective glidant is talc. Other glidants such as magnesium stearate and glycerol monostearates may also be used. Pigments such as titanium dioxide may also be used. Small quantities of an anti-foaming agent, such as a silicone (e.g., simethicone), may also be added to the coating composition. III. Methods of Making the Compounds
Examples of synthesis of the compounds described herein are shown in attached Schemes 1-3. In each case, the starting materials are a 1,2- dichloro-4-nitrobenzene and piperazine, which are reacted to form the l-(4- nitro-1-chlorophenyl) piperazine appropriate for preparing the compounds described herein.
The substituents on the benzene reagent can be varied appropriately in accordance with the end product to be prepared. The substituted piperazine so formed is reacted with a 3-phenyl-4-carboxy-isoxazole compound, appropriately substituted in accordance with the end product to be formed. The 3-phenyl-4-carboxy-isoxazole compound can be prepared from protected 1 ,4-dihydroxy benzene by reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride followed by the illustrated chemical reaction steps in
Schemes 1-3. Procedures for preparing Compounds 1-10 are described in the Examples.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of Compound 1 (YD-04)
Figure imgf000041_0001
YD-041 YD-042 YD-043
Figure imgf000041_0002
Scheme 2. The synthesis of compound 2 (YD-Ol):
Figure imgf000042_0001
YD-013
YD-011 YD-012
TFA
Figure imgf000042_0002
YD-014
Scheme 3. Synthesis of Compound 3 (YD-03) and Compound 4 (YD-07)
Figure imgf000043_0001
SnCI2
Figure imgf000043_0002
IV. Methods of Use
The anti-viral agents described herein may be used to reduce virus growth, infectivity, burden, shed, development of anti- viral resistance, and/or to enhance the efficacy of traditional anti- viral therapies.
All viruses with negative-sense RNA genomes encode a single-strand RNA-binding nucleoprotein (NP). Nucleoproteins are proteins that are structurally associated with nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA). Influenza nucleoprotein is the most abundantly expressed protein during the course of infection with multiple functions including shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and encapsidation of the virus genome for RNA transcription, replication and packaging. NP interacts with a wide variety of both viral and host cellular macromolecules, including itself, RNA, the viral RNA- dependent RNA polymerase, and the viral matrix protein. NP also interacts with host polypeptides (such as actin), components of the nuclear import and export apparatus, and a nuclear RNA helicase. The three potential binding novel binding sites on the influenza A NP include the small groove, the RNA binding pocket groove, and the tail loop groove.
Without being bound by any particular theory, it is hypothesized that the mechanism of action of the compounds described herein involves binding to the nucleoprotein (NP) of the virus, such as the influenza virus, to interfere with the replication of the virus in vivo.
In one embodiment, the anti-viral agents described herein bind to the small groove (called the nucleozin binding groove) in the back of the body of influenza A nucleoprotein and involves residues 280 to 311
(VYGSAVASGYDFEREGYSLVGIDPFRLLQNSQ) (SEQ ID NO: 1). The secondary structure of these residues include three short helices (280-287, 291~294, and 301-309) which are connected by loops formed by residues between helices.
The NP inhibitor can be located in a small groove on the back of the body and can interact with residue N309 by hydrogen bonding and Y289 by hydrophobic interactions, where the phenyl ring of compound may be parallel with the phenyl ring of Y289, and the distance between these two rings is between ~ 3.2-4.3 A.
In a particular embodiment, the NP inhibitor binds in the small groove, and the compound forms hydrogen bonds with residue S287. In some embodiments, the anti-viral agents can make binding contacts, alone or in combination with the above-listed contacts. In particular, anti-viral compounds can make contact with residues 465~470 (sequence: ELSDEK) (SEQ ID NO:2), residues 22-26 (sequence: ATEIR) (SEQ ID NO:3), residues A22-47L (sequence : ATEIRASVGKMIDGIGRFYIQMCTEL) (SEQ ID NO:4), R55, or combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, NP inhibitors bind to the RNA binding groove of the influenza A nucleoprotein. In this embodiment, the NP inhibitor is located in the RNA binding domain, which spans the interior groove between body and head of the nucleoprotein, and forms hydrogen bonds with residues Q364 and V363 that prohibit RNA from entering the arginine rich groove. Y148 was considered to be function as fixation of the first base of RNA.
In another embodiment, exemplary NP inhibitors bind to the tail loop groove of the influenza. In this embodiment, NP inhibitors are located in tail loop binding domain near to residue E339, and form hydrogen bonds with residues Vl 86, R267, and G268. NP inhibitors in this binding pocket break the salt bridge formed between E339 and R416 from another monomer.
B. Disorders to be Treated
Viral infections caused by both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including those that infect animals, vertebrates, mammals, and human patients can be prevented or treated with the compounds or compositions described herein. The compounds are suitable for treating all viruses that infect vertebrates, particularly humans, and particularly viruses that are pathogenic in animals and humans. The viral infections and associated resultant diseases that can be treated include, but are not limited to CMV, RSV, arenavirus and HIV infections, and the diseases hepatitis, influenza, pneumonia, Lassa fever and AIDS. The International Committee on
Taxonomy of Viruses contains a complete listing of viral strains known in the art and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, the diseases to prevent or treat include viral infections. In preferred embodiments, the compounds and formulations are used to treat or prevent influenza A viral infections. Influenza A viruses that can be prevented or treated with formulations of the present method include HlNl, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, and H10N7. In preferred embodiments, the present formulations are useful for treatment of the influenza infection A strain caused by HlNl or H3N2.
C. Dosages
The dosage of an anti-viral formulation necessary to prevent viral growth and proliferation depends upon a number of factors including the types of virus that might be present, the environment into which the formulation is being introduced, and the time that the formulation is envisioned to remain in a given area.
Preferred compounds are those identified by a virtual screen. Exemplary compounds belong to formulae I- VI. Typical doses for treatment of viral infections are from about 0.1 mg to 250 mg/kg/day, preferably from 0.2 to 250 mg/kg/day.
The compounds can be administered to humans for the treatment of viral infection by either the oral or parenteral routes and may be administered orally at dosage levels of about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 to 250 mg/kg/day given once or twice a day.
Variations in dosage and formulation will result based on the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen as will be known to those skilled in the art.
Examples
Materials and Methods
Viruses
Influenza A\WSN\33 viruses were propagated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. After full cytopathic effects were developed in infected MDCK cell cultures, the viral particles were harvested and stored in a -7O0C freezer till use. The influenza A virus strain A/Vietnam/ 1194/04 was grown in embryonated eggs, and the harvested virus-containing allantoic fluid was stored in aliquots at -70°C until use.
Plaque Reduction Assay
Protective effects of the compounds were determined on MDCK cells against Influenza A H1N1YWSNY33 using plaque reduction assay.
The PRA assay was performed in triplicate in a 24-well tissue culture plates. MDCK cells were seeded at 1 x 105 cells/well using Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) one day prior to addition of the virus. After 16 to 24 hours, 100 to 200 plaque forming units (PFU) of influenza A/WSN/33 virus were added to the cell monolayer with or without the compounds. The concentration of each of compounds 1 - 10 was varied in the different experiments. The virus was allowed to infect the cells for 1.5 to 2 hours at 37°C with 5 % CO2 before removal of unbound viral particles by aspiration. The cell monolayer was washed once with EMEM and overlaid with 1% low melting agarose in EMEM containing 1% FBS and 1 μg/ml TPCK trypsin. Compounds were also present in the agarose overlay when needed. The plates were incubated at 37°C with 5 % CO2 for 72 hours. At 72 hours post-infection, the cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde for 3 hours and the plates were submerged in 1% Virkon disinfectant for 5 minutes. The agarose plugs were then removed and the cell monolayer was stained with 0.7% crystal violet. The plaques formed by viral infection were counted. The percentage of plaque inhibition relative to the controls (without the addition of compounds) was determined for each compound concentration. A plot was made, for each compound, of plaque formation units (PFU) relative to control in the absence of inhibitor (% reduction in PFU) as a function of the concentration of test compound. The median effective concentration, EC50, which represents the concentration of a drug that is required to reduce the viral PFU by 50%, was calculated from the plotted graphs. Results are expressed as percentage of controls in the absence of compounds and are shown in the figures. The mean value is shown with standard deviation.
Cytotoxicity assay
Cytotoxicity of Compounds 1-10 was measured by the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma- Aldrich, USA) assay. The assay was performed by seeding Vero cells or MDCK cells at 20,000 cells/well in a total volume of 100 μl EMEM with 10% FBS in flat bottomed 96-well microtitre plates. After 24 hours of incubation, cells were washed twice with PBS and then replenished with fresh EMEM before the addition of the compounds. After the addition of the compounds, the cells were further incubated at 37°C with 5 % CO2 for 24 hours. MTT was added to each well to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The plates were further incubated at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 for 4 hours. At the end of the incubation period, 100 μl of 10% of lauryl sulfate (SDS) in 0.0 IM of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was added to each well to solubilize the cells. After overnight incubation, the plates were read at 570 nm with 640 nm as the reference wavelength. The median toxic concentration, TC5O, which represents the concentration of a compound required to reduce the MTT reading by 50%, was estimated from the MTT data.
Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1 (YD-04)
Compound 1 was synthesized according to the synthetic scheme presented in Scheme 1. Examples of variations of the synthetic scheme for the synthesis of Compounds 2, 3, and 4 are presented in Schemes 2 and 3 to illustrate the slight variations in the synthesis of other analogs of Compound 1.
Synthesis ofYD-041
To a solution of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.7 g, 30.0 mmol) and triethylamine (6.3 mL, 45.0 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (50 mL) was added dropwise a solution of t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (6.8 g, 45.0 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (50 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then water (100 mL) was added. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration and concentration, the residue obtained was further purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 9:1) affording a yellow oil of crude product YD-041 (7.29 g).
Synthesis of Compound YD-042
YD-041 (1.18 g, 5 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.15 g, 16.5 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (10 mL) at room
temperature and then pyridine (20 mL) was added dropwise while stirring. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated to reflux for 40 minutes. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a mixture of 37% hydrochloride solution (2 mL) and water (7.5 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was concentrated until one third of the total volume remained. After extraction with dichloromethane, the organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. After removal of the solvent, the remaining residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 11 :1) affording a yellow oil of YD-042 (0.862 g, 78%). 1H NMR (400 MHz5 CDCl3), δ 8.48 (br s, 1 H, -OH), 8.10 (s, 1 H, N=CH), 7.45 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H ), 0.98 (s, 9 H, -C(CH3)3), 0.21 (s, 6 H, 2 SiCH3).
Synthesis of Compound YD-043
YD-042 (810 mg, 3.2 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous
dimethylformamide (4 mL) and then cooled to O0C. N-Chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 452 mg, 3.2 mmol) was added portion-wise with stirring. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Upon completion, water in an amount 4 times the volume of the reaction mixture was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with water 3 times and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration and concentration, a yellow oil of crude YD-043 (884 mg, 96%) was obtained.
Synthesis of Compound YD-044
To a solution of YD-06 (737 mg, 3.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 mL) was added dropwise a solution of crude YD-043 (884 mg, 3.1 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) at O0C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 00C for 2 hours. Upon completion, ice water (4 mL) was added and most of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with water 3 times and saturated brine once and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 15:1) affording a yellow oil of YD-044 (627 mg, 52%). IH NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ 7.48 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 2.69 (s, 3 H, -CH3), 1.44 (s, 9 H, O-C(CH3)3), 0.99 (s, 9 H, Si-C(CH3)3), 0.21 (s, 6 H, 2 SiCH3).
Synthesis of Compound YD-045
YD-044 (3.23 g, 8.3 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in diethyl ether. Petroleum ether was added to crystallize the product. After filtration and desiccation in vacuo, white flaky crystals of YD-045 (1.327 g, 48%) were obtained, m.p. = 146-1480C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 2.75 (s, 3 H, -CH3), 1.00 (s, 9 H, Si-C(CH3)3), 0.23 (s, 6 H, 2 SiCH3).
Synthesis of Compound YD-046
To a solution of YD-045 (177 mg, 0.53 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (8 mL) were added sequentially N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 103 mg, 0.80 mmol), YD-05 (128 mg, 0.53 mmol) and l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDCI, 406 mg, 2.13 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then diluted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was separated, washed with 2 M sodium hydroxide solution, water and saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated. The residue obtained was further purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 3:1) affording light yellow needle crystals of YD-046 (141 mg, 48%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3COCD3), δ 8.19 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.12 (dd, J = 9, 2.7 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.19 (d, J = 9 Hz, IH, Ar-H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 3.91 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.44 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.27 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.86 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.50 (s, 3 H, -CH3), 0.97 (s, 9 H, Si- C(CH3)3), 0.23 (s, 6 H, 2 SiCH3).
Synthesis of Compound 1 (YD-04)
YD-046 (67 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous
tetrahydrofuran (4 mL), and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 63 mg, 0.24 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 30 minutes. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 1 :1) affording a bright yellow powder of YD-04 (31 mg, 58%). Decomposed at 235-24O0C.
IH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ 9.96 (br s, 1 H, -OH), 8.23 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1 H, 1 '-H), 8.14 (dd, J = 9, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, 2'-H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2 H, 2-H, 3-H), 7.21 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H, 3'-H), 6.89 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H, 1-H, 4- H), 3.82 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.36 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.21 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.89 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.46 (s, 3 H, -CH3).
13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.3, 161.5, 159.3, 159.2, 154.0, 141.8, 128.7, 126.3, 125.9, 123.6, 120.6, 118.5, 115.8, 110.4, 50.1, 49.7, 46.2, 41.2, 11.3; LRMS (API-ES): 443 (M++ H).
Example 2. Synthesis of Compound 2 (YD-Ol)
The synthesis of Compounds 2 (YD-Ol) is shown structurally in Scheme 2.
Synthesis of compound YD-011
Benzaldehyde (10.60 g, 0.10 mol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (22.94 g, 0.33 mol) were dissolved in 90% ethanol (330 mL). The pH of this solution was adjusted to 5 by adding sodium hydroxide powder. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and heated to reflux for an additional 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, added to a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid (40 mL) and water (150 mL), and concentrated to 1/3 of the original volume. The concentrated mixture was extracted with dichloromethane, and the organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated under vacuum to give a yellow crude oil. The crude oil was purified by vacuum distillation (40 mm Hg, 150-1550C) to afford a light yellow oil, YD-Ol 1 (9.87 g, 82% yield), which formed off-white crystals upon freezing. Both cis and trans isomers were detected by TLC.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.01 (br s, IH, -OH), 8.17(s, IH, =CH), 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 3H, Ar-H).
Synthesis of compound YD-012
To a solution of YD-Ol 1 (2 g, 16.53 mmol) in anhydrous
dichloromethane at 0 °C was added N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 8.79 g, 66 mmol) in portions with stirring. The mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 2 hours. Water (50 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL*3), and the combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude products were subjected to column chromatography, eluting with a gradient of decreasing petroleum ether in ethyl acetate (100:150:1), to give YD-012 (1.02 g, 40% yield). The cis and trans isomers were detected by TLC. Due to the instability of YD-012 it was used directly in the next step without further purification.
Synthesis of compound YD-06
To a solution of t-butyl acetoacetate (5.2 mL) in ether (100 mL) was added dropwise a solution of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (1 M, 28.64 mL) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The reaction mixture was concentrated and precipitated by adding n-hexane. The precipitate were filtered and dried to give crude product YD-06.
Synthesis of compound YD-013
The crude YD-06 (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (50 mL), and the mixture was cooled to 0°C. A solution of compound YD-012 (0.65 g, 4.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added dropwise to the solution of YD-06 with stirring. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 00C and ice water (4 mL) was added. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was redissolved in water and extracted with
dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to give a crude residue, which was purified by column chromatography with petroleum ether (60-90 °C) as eluent to give YD-013 (510 mg, 47% yield) as an off-white solid. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.59-7.56 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 2.71 (s, 3H, -CH3), 1.41 (s, 9H, -C(CH3)3).
Synthesis of compound YD-014
Compound YD-013 (186 mg, 0.718 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and the solution was stirred for 4 hour at room temperature. The resulting solution was evaporated under vacuum to remove trifluoroacetic acid. Dichloromethane was added and the solution was redistilled two times. The residue was dissolved in ether, and
recrystallization was performed by adding petroleum ether. The white crystalline compound YD-014 was isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum. The mother liquor was concentrated, and purification by column chromatography eluting with 1% volume glacial acetic acid in petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (3:1) gave YD-014 as a white solid. The combined weights of the crystalline compounds were 115 mg (79% yield). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.65-7.62 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 2.77 (s, 3H, -CH3).
Synthesis of compound YD-05
To a solution of piperazine (3.73 g, 43.4 mmol) in N, N- dimethylformamide (11 mL) was added dropwise an N, N- dimethytformamide (15 mL) solution of 3, 4-dichloronitrobenzene (1.64 g, 8.6 mmol) with stirring at room temperature. The resulting mixture was heated to 100°C and maintained at that temperature for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was concentrated under vacuum to remove N, N-dimethytformamide. The resulting residue was diluted with dichloromethane (25 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The recrystallization of the residue from chloroform and methanol (3:1) gave a yellow crystalline compound YD-05 (1.77 g, 85% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.24 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.09 (dd, J = 9, 2.6 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.04 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H),
3.20-3.18 (m , 4 H, 2CH2), 3.08-3.06 (m, 4 H, 2CH2), 1.93 (br s, 1 H, NH).
Synthesis of compound 2 (YD-Ol)
To a solution of YD-014 (320 mg, 1.58 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) was added in sequence diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 305 mg, 2.36 mmol), YD-05 (380 mg, 1.58 mmol) and l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDCI, 1.2 g, 6.30 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, and washed in sequence with aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 M), water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with petroleum ether in ethyl acetate (3:1) to give YD-Ol (290 mg, 43% yield) as a light yellow solid.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMS0-d6) δ 8.23 (d, IH, J = 2.6 Hz, 1 '-H),
8.15 (dd, IH, J = 9, 2.6 Hz, 2'-H), 7.63-7.60 ( m, 2H, 1-H, 5-H), 7.55-7.52
(m, 3H, 2-H, 3-H, 4-H), 7.20 (d, IH, J = 9 Hz, 3'-H), 3.81 (br s, 2H, CH2), 3.39 (br s, 2H, CH2), 3.20 (br s, 2H, CH2), 2.85 (br s, 2H, CH2), 2.50 (s, 3H, -CH3);
13C-NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.8, 161.2, 159.6, 153.9, 141.9, 130.2, 129.1, 127.9, 127.3, 126.3, 125.9, 123.7, 120.6, 110.7, 50.1, 49.7, 46.3, 41.3, 11.4; LRMS (API-ES): 427 (M++ H).
Example 3. Synthesis of Compound 3 (YD-07) The synthesis of Compound 3 (YD-07) is shown structurally in Scheme 3.
Synthesis of Compound YD-031
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde (4.53 g, 0.03 mol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (6.87 g, 0.099 mol) were dissolved in 90% ethanol (100 mL) at room temperature. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5 by adding sodium hydroxide powder and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes before being heated to reflux for 4 hours. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. Water was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent, a yellow amorphous powder of YD-031 (4.831 g, 97%) of spectroscopic purity was obtained, m.p. 127-1290C; IH NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.21 (s, 1 H, N=CH), 7.98 (s, 1 H, -OH), 7.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H). '
Synthesis of Compound YD-032
YD-031 (887 mg, 5.3 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous
dimethylformamide (4.6 mL) and the solution was cooled to O0C. N- Chlorosuccinimide (800 mg, 6.0 mmol) was added portion-wise with stirring. The cooling bath was removed and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Upon completion, ice water (20 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with water 3 times and saturated brine once, and dried over magnesium sulfate. Removing the solvent after filtration afforded a white solid of YD-032 (1.064 g, 100%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ 8.37 (s, 1 H, -OH), 8.27 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H).
Synthesis of Compound YD-033
To a solution of crude YD-06 (1.213 g, 6.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (60 mL) was added a solution of crude YD-032 (1 g, 5.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL) at O0C while stirring. The resulting solution was stirred at O0C for 2 hours. Upon completion, ice water (4 mL) was added and most of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining liquid was diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration and removing the solvent, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum etherrethyl acetate = 10:1 ) affording a light yellow cubic crystal of YD-033 (1.239 g, 78%). m.p. 86-870C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.31 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 2.75 (s, 3 H, -CH3), 1.46 (s, 9 H, O-C(CH3)3).
Synthesis of Compound YD-034
YD-033 (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) and Tin(II) chloride dihydrate (371 mg, 1.64 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (7 mL) and the resulting solution was heated at reflux for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an appropriate amount of ice water was added. The pH of the resulting mixture was adjusted to 8 by the addition of 20% aqueous sodium carbonate solution. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the organic layer was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The residue obtained after filtration and concentration was purified using a silica gel column (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 5:1) affording white needle crystals YD-034 (72 mg, 80%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, Ar-H), 3.78 (br s, 2 H, NH2), 2.66 (s, 3 H, -CH3), 1.47 (s, 9 H, O-C(CH3)3).
Synthesis of Compound YD-038
YD-034 (1.0 g, 3.65 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was azeotroped with dichloromethane twice affording a white solid of crude YD-038 (810 mg).
Synthesis of Compound 3 (YD-03)
To a solution of crude YD-038 (157 mg, 0.72 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (8 mL) were added sequentially N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 138 mg, 1.08 mmol), YD-05 (207 mg, 0.86 mmol) and EDCI (550 mg, 2.88 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then diluted with dichloromethane. This mixture was washed with 2 M sodium hydroxide solution, water and saturated brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtrated and concentrated. The residue obtained was purified by column chromatography (petroleum etheπethyl acetate = 2:1) affording a bright yellow powder of YD-03 (173 mg, 49%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ 8.24 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H, 1 '-H), 8.15 (dd, J = 9, 2.7 Hz, 1 H, 2'-H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, 2-H, 3-H), 7.19 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H, 3'-H), 6.63 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, 1-H, 4-H), 5.60 (br s, 2 H, NH2), 3.81 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.34 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.20 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.86 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.42 (s, 3 H, -CH3);
13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ 167.9, 161.8, 159.5, 154.0, 150.7, 141.9, 128.2, 126.4, 125.9, 123.7, 120.6, 114.5, 113.7, 110.2, 50.0, 49.8, 46.3, 41.2, 11.4; LRMS (API-ES): 442 (M++ H).
Example 4. Synthesis of Compound 4 (YD-07)
Compound YD-03 (50 mg, 0.1134 mmol) was dissolved in 6 M sulfuric acid (1 mL) and the resulting solution was cooled to O0C. A solution of sodium nitrite (7.2 mg, 0.136 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was added dropwise while stirring. The resulting mixture was stirred for another 30 min while maintaining the temperature below 50C. A solution of sodium azide (125 mg, 1.923 mmol) in water (1 mL) was added and the temperature was raised to room temperature. The mixture was stirred for another 2 hours before dilution with water. After extraction with ethyl acetate, the combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After concentration, the residue obtained was purified by column
chromatography (petroleum:ethyl acetate = 4:1) affording a bright yellow powder of YD-07 (38 mg, 72%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ 8.24 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1 H, 1 '-H), 8.16 (dd, J = 9, 2.7 Hz, 1 H, 2'-H), 7.66 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, 2-H, 3-H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H, 1-H, 4-H), 7.24 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H, 3'-H), 3.83 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.44 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 3.24 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.95 (br s, 2 H, CH2), 2.49 (s, 3 H, -CH3);
13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 168.7, 161.1, 158.9, 154.0, 141.8, 141.4, 128.9, 126.3, 125.9, 124.5, 123.7, 120.7, 119.9, 110.5, 50.3, 49.7, 46.3, 41.3, 11.4; LRMS (API-ES): 468 (M++ H).
Example 5. Synthesis of Compounds 5-10
Compound 5 was prepared according to Scheme 2, but starting with o-chlorobenzaldehyde instead of benzaldehyde.
Compound 6 was prepared according to Scheme 2 as for compound 5, but using a 2-methyl derivative of YD-05 prepared from 2-methylpiperazine instead of piperazine. Compound 7 was prepared according to Scheme 2 as for compound 6 using Scheme 2, but starting from benzaldehyde instead of o- chlorobenzaldehyde .
Compound 8 was prepared according to Scheme 2 as for Compound 2 but using 4-chloronitrobenzene instead of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene.
Compound 9 was prepared according to Scheme 2 as for compound 2, but using 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde as starting material instead of
benzaldehyde.
Compound 10 was prepared according to Scheme 2 as for Compound 8, but using 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene instead of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene as starting material.
Example 6. Antiviral activity of Compounds 1-10
In order to measure quantitatively the protection conferred by
Compounds 1-10, plaque reduction assays were performed. The compounds inhibited influenza A virus plaque formation in MDCK cells with EC5O of 0.05, 0.06, 0.56, 0.25, 0.04, 0.21, 0.8, 5.1, 12, and 25 μM for Compounds 1 to 10 respectively {see Figures Ib, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8b, 9b, and 10b).
Compounds 1 to 10 were assayed for cytotoxicity on MDCK and Vero cells. Compound concentrations tested were ranging from 0 to 250 μM and the results are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the TC50 of Compounds 1 to 10 is above 250 μM in both MDCK and Vero cells. The selectivity index (SI) that was defined by the ratio of TC50/ EC50 in MDCK cells for Compounds 1 to 10 is presented in Table 1. The results show that this family of amides is generally non-toxic to mammalian cells.
Figure imgf000058_0001
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed invention belongs. Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. An antiviral compound of formula I:
Ar1 Y Ar2 X W Z Ar3
(formula I)
wherein Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups optionally including a double bond between carbon and nitrogen;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent (i.e, a direct bond) or selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(R1)-, -C(R2)=C(R3)-, and -C(R4Rs)n-, wherein n is 0 to 6 and wherein R1-R5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Cj-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci- CO alkoxy; and
W is a linear or cyclic or heterocylic group.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; Ar2 is substituted with a methyl group; X is C=O; Y and/or Z are absent; and/or Ar3 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, or a combination thereof.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein W is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
4. The compound of claim 3, wherein W is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula
Figure imgf000059_0001
(formula II)
wherein Ar1 and Ar are each independently substituted or
unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of -C=O, -S=O, -SO2, -N(R10)=O, -C=C, and -C(Ri iR12)n,
n, g, and m are independently O to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8R9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
A and D are each independently CRi5Ri6 or NRi7; wherein R4 and R8-Ri7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether, or wherein -CRi5Ri6-, - NRJ 7-, or combinations thereof, when taken together with the optional bridging methylene groups, form a 5-8-membered cyclic structure.
6. The compound of claim 5, wherein Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent, and/or Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
7. The compound of claim 5, wherein R4 is methyl.
8. The compound of claim 5, wherein Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and/or R is nitrogen.
9. The compound of claim 5, wherein g and m are 1.
10. The compound of claim 5, wherein and A and D are NRi5, and
wherein RiS-Ri5 represents a -CH2-CH2- linker, such that A-D defines a piperazine.
11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the formula:
Figure imgf000061_0001
(formula III) wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are each independently substituted or
unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri2)-, and -
C(Ri4Ri 5)n-,
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
A, D, T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8R9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic;
wherein R4 and R8-Ri5 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
12. The compound of claim 11, wherein Ar1 is substituted with hydrogen, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, or azide; X is C=O; Y and Z are absent, and/or Ar3 is substituted with a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
13. The compound of claim 11, wherein Q is carbon, T is oxygen, and/or R is nitrogen.
14. The compound of claim 11, wherein A and D are nitrogen.
15. The compound of claim 11 , wherein R4 and Rj3 are independently hydrogen or methyl.
16. The compound of claim 15, wherein R4 is methyl and/or Ri3 is hydrogen.
17. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the formula:
Figure imgf000062_0001
(formula IV) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O>, -SO2-, -N(Ri0)-, -C(Rn)=C(Ri2)-, and — C(Ri3R14),,-;
wherein n is 0 to 6;
T, Q, and R are independently selected from C(R8R9), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and arsenic; and
Cy is a 4-7 membered substituted or unsubstituted cyclic or heterocyclic group;
wherein Ri-R14 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched CpC6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Ci-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
18. The compound of claim 17, wherein Cy is a substituted 5-7 membered unsaturated ring containing 2 nitrogen atoms, wherein one nitrogen atom is bonded to X and another nitrogen atom is bonded to Z.
19. The compound of claim 17, wherein Cy is a substituted piperazine, wherein Nl is bonded to X and N4 is bonded to Z, Y and Z are absent, X is C=O, T is oxygen, Q is carbon, and/or R is nitrogen.
20. The compound of claim 17, wherein Ri-R3 and R5-R7 are
independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
21. The compound of claim 17, wherein R4 is a methyl group.
22. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:
Figure imgf000063_0001
(formula V)
wherein Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or hetoaryl groups;
X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(Ri)-, -C(R2)=C(R3)-, and
-C(R4Rs)n-;
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR6; and
Ri-R6, Rio, and Ru are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched CpC6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched Cj-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
23. The compound of claim 22, wherein Q and T are both nitrogen.
24. The compound of claim 22, wherein Rj0 is a methyl group and/or Ri i is hydrogen.
25. The compound of claim 22, wherein Ri0 and Rn are both hydrogen.
26. The compound of claim 22, wherein Y and Z are absent, g and m are 1, and/or X is C=O.
27. The compound of claim 22, wherein Ar1 and Ar3 are a substituted phenyl and/or Ar is a substituted isoxazole.
28. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the formula:
Figure imgf000063_0002
(formula VI) wherein X, Y, and Z are independently absent or selected from the group consisting of-C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -SO2-, -N(R12)-, -C(R13)=C(R14)-, and
Figure imgf000064_0001
n, g, and m are independently 0 to 6;
Q and T are independently selected from nitrogen or CR17; and R1-Ri7 are independently selected from hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkenyl, linear or branched Ci-C6 alkynyl, or linear and branched C1-C6 alkoxy, amino, azide, cyano, nitro, nitrile, isonitrile, amide, carboxylate, urea, guanidine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, and thioether.
29. The compound of claim 28, wherein Q and T are both nitrogen.
30. The compound of claim 28, wherein Y and Z are absent and/or X is C=O.
31. The compound of claim 28, wherein Rj0 is a methyl group and/or Rn is hydrogen.
32. The compound of claim 36, wherein g and m are 1.
33. The compound of claim 28, wherein R1-R3 and R5-R7 are
independently selected from a halo group, a nitro group, or a combination of a halo and nitro group.
34. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazinl-yl]-[3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)- 5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone;
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-phenyl-5-methyl- isoxazol-4-y 1] -methanone ;
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(4-amino-phenyl)- methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone;
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(4-azido-phenyl)-5- methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone;
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-piperazin- 1 -yl]- [3 -(2-chloro-pheny 1 )- 5-methylisoxazol-4-yl]-methanone;
[4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-pheny 1 )-2-methyl-piperain- 1 -yl]-[3-(2-chloro- phenyl)-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone; [4-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenyl)-2-methyl-piperain-l-yl]-[3 -phenyl-5- methylisoxazol-4-yI]-methanone;
[4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(2-chloro-phenyl)-5-methyl- isoxazol-4-y 1 ]-methanone;
and [4-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperazin-l-yl]-[3-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5- methyl-isoxazol-4-yl]-methanone.
35. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1, 5, 11, 17, 23, 28, or 34, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the compound is present in an amount effective for treating or preventing a viral infection.
36. The composition of claim 35 comprising an effective amount of a compound that inhibits nuclear accumulation of viral nucleoprotein.
37. A method for treating or preventing viral infection in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of the composition of claim 35.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the influenza is selected from the group consisting of HlNl, H3N2, and H5N1.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the composition provides a dosage of 0.1 mg to 250 mg per day per kilogram of body weight for an adult human.
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