WO2010148366A1 - Method and apparatus for managing downlink transmission power in a heterogeneous network - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for managing downlink transmission power in a heterogeneous network Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010148366A1 WO2010148366A1 PCT/US2010/039270 US2010039270W WO2010148366A1 WO 2010148366 A1 WO2010148366 A1 WO 2010148366A1 US 2010039270 W US2010039270 W US 2010039270W WO 2010148366 A1 WO2010148366 A1 WO 2010148366A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
- H04W52/32—TPC of broadcast or control channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
- H04W52/32—TPC of broadcast or control channels
- H04W52/325—Power control of control or pilot channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
- H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
- H04W52/243—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account interferences
- H04W52/244—Interferences in heterogeneous networks, e.g. among macro and femto or pico cells or other sector / system interference [OSI]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
- H04W52/14—Separate analysis of uplink or downlink
- H04W52/143—Downlink power control
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
- H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
- H04W52/243—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters taking into account interferences
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
- H04W52/32—TPC of broadcast or control channels
- H04W52/322—Power control of broadcast channels
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to downlink (DL) power management in heterogeneous wireless communications networks.
- DL downlink
- Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts.
- Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power).
- multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency divisional multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD- SCDMA) systems.
- CDMA code division multiple access
- TDMA time division multiple access
- FDMA frequency division multiple access
- OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
- SC-FDMA single-carrier frequency divisional multiple access
- TD- SCDMA time division synchronous code division multiple access
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
- 3 GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
- UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
- MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
- the method can comprise determining a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified power spectral density (PSD) will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, modifying PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and transmitting the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- PSD power spectral density
- the apparatus can include means for determining a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified PSD will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, means for modifying PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and means for transmitting the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- Still another aspect relates to a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium.
- the computer-readable medium can include code for determining a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified PSD will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, modifying PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and transmitting the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- the apparatus can include processing system configured to determine a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified PSD will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, modify PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and transmit the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims.
- the following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network architecture.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an access network.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure for use in an access network.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary format for the UL in LTE.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control plane.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of an evolved Node B and user equipment in an access network.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of MBSFN based frames for use in an access network.
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a method of wireless communication.
- FIG. 10 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating the functionality of an exemplary apparatus.
- processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure.
- DSPs digital signal processors
- FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
- PLDs programmable logic devices
- state machines gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure.
- processors in the processing system may execute software.
- Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
- the software may reside on a computer-readable medium.
- a computer-readable medium may include, by way of example, a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a removable disk, a carrier wave, a transmission line, and any other suitable medium for storing or transmitting software.
- the computer-readable medium may be resident in the processing system, external to the processing system, or distributed across multiple entities including the processing system.
- Computer-readable medium may be embodied in a computer-program product.
- a computer-program product may include a computer-readable medium in packaging materials.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 100 employing a processing system 114.
- the processing system 114 may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by the bus 102.
- the bus 102 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system 114 and the overall design constraints.
- the bus 102 links together various circuits including one or more processors, represented generally by processor 104, and computer-readable media, represented generally by computer- readable medium 106.
- the bus 102 may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further.
- a bus interface 108 provides an interface between the bus 102 and a transceiver 110.
- the transceiver 110 provides a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium.
- a user interface 112 e.g., keypad, display, speaker, microphone, joystick
- keypad e.g., keypad, display, speaker, microphone, joystick
- the processor 104 is responsible for managing the bus 102 and general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium 106.
- the software when executed by the processor 104, causes the processing system 114 to perform the various functions described infra for any particular apparatus.
- the computer-readable medium 106 may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 104 when executing software.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an LTE network architecture 200 employing various apparatuses 100 (see FIG. 1).
- the LTE network architecture 200 may be referred to as an Evolved Packet System (EPS) 200.
- the EPS 200 may comprise one or more user equipment (UE) 202, an Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 204, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 210, a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 220, and an Operator's IP Services 222.
- the EPS can interconnect with other access networks, but for simplicity those entities/interfaces are not shown.
- the E-UTRAN includes the evolved Node B (eNodeB) 206 and other eNodeBs
- the eNodeB 206 provides user and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 202.
- the eNodeB 206 may be connected to the other eNodeBs 208 via an X2 interface (i.e., backhaul).
- the eNodeB 206 may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base station, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), or some other suitable terminology.
- the eNodeB 206 provides an access point to the EPC 210 for a UE 202.
- Examples of UEs 202 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar functioning device.
- SIP session initiation protocol
- PDA personal digital assistant
- the UE 202 may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
- the eNodeB 206 is connected by an Sl interface to the EPC 210.
- the EPC 210 includes a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 212, other MMEs 214, a Serving Gateway 216, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 218.
- MME Mobility Management Entity
- PDN Packet Data Network
- the MME 212 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UE 202 and the EPC 210.
- the MME 212 provides bearer and connection management. All user IP packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 216, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 218.
- the PDN Gateway 218 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions.
- the PDN Gateway 218 is connected to the Operator's IP Services 222.
- the Operator's IP Services 222 include the Internet, the Intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), and a PS Streaming Service (PSS).
- IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
- PSS
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an access network in an LTE network architecture.
- a heterogeneous access network 300 is depicted.
- the network 300 is divided into a number of cellular regions (cells) 302.
- One or more lower power class eNodeBs 308, 312 may have cellular regions 310, 314, respectively, that overlap with one or more of the cells 302.
- the lower power class eNodeBs 308, 312 may be femto cells (e.g., home eNodeBs (HeNBs)), pico cells, or micro cells.
- HeNBs home eNodeBs
- a higher power class or macro eNodeB 304 is assigned to a cell 302 and is configured to provide an access point to the EPC 210 (see FIG. 2) or all the UEs 306 in the cell 302. Further, different power classes may have different settings. For example, a macro eNodeB power class may have different settings, than a femto eNodeB power class, which may be different settings than a pico eNodeB power class. There is no centralized controller in this example of an access network 300, but a centralized controller may be used in alternative configurations.
- the eNodeB 304 is responsible for all radio related functions including radio bearer control, admission control, mobility control, scheduling, security, and connectivity to the serving gateway 216.
- a heterogeneous network may refer to a network where, besides conventional cellular base stations (macro cells), other types of cells with lower power classes, such as pico cells or relaying cells are present. Due to the power differential between power classes, if UEs are served by cells with DL signals with the greatest strength, only a small fraction of UEs may be associated with pico/relaying cells (e.g., in-coverage UEs). Range expansion (e.g., use of pico cells when DL signal strength of the pico cell is not greater than DL signal strength from macro cell) may be used for increased macro cell offloading and cell-splitting gain.
- UEs may be served by pico/relaying cells even if the DL signal from the serving pico/relaying cell is weaker than an interfering macro cell DL signal (however, serving pico cell UL may still be more efficient than macro cells).
- range expansion UEs UEs served by picos/relays due to range expansion may be referred to as range expansion UEs.
- Range expansion UEs may observe strong DL interference from macro cells where resource (e.g., time/frequency) orthogonalization is not used.
- ⁇ 300 may vary depending on the particular telecommunications standard being deployed.
- OFDM is used on the DL
- SC-FDMA is used on the UL to support both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD).
- FDD frequency division duplexing
- TDD time division duplexing
- FDD frequency division duplexing
- TDD time division duplexing
- EV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized
- UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
- 3GPP2 as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and employs CDMA to provide broadband Internet access to mobile stations.
- UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
- W-CDMA Wideband- CDMA
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
- E-UTRA Evolved UTRA
- UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
- Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11
- WiMAX IEEE 802.16
- Flash-OFDM employing OFDMA.
- UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from the 3GPP organization.
- CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from the 3GPP2 organization.
- the actual wireless communication standard and the multiple access technology employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system.
- the eNodeB 304 may have multiple antennas supporting MIMO technology.
- MIMO technology enables the eNodeB 304 to exploit the spatial domain to support spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and transmit diversity.
- Spatial multiplexing may be used to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same frequency.
- the data steams may be transmitted to a single UE 306 to increase the data rate or to multiple UEs 306 to increase the overall system capacity. This is achieved by spatially precoding each data stream and then transmitting each spatially precoded stream through a different transmit antenna on the DL.
- the spatially precoded data streams arrive at the UE(s) 306 with different spatial signatures, which enables each of the UE(s) 306 to recover the one or more data streams destined for that UE 306.
- Spatial multiplexing is generally used when channel conditions are good.
- beamforming may be used to focus the transmission energy in one or more directions. This may be achieved by spatially precoding the data for transmission through multiple antennas. To achieve good coverage at the edges of the cell, a single stream beamforming transmission may be used in combination with transmit diversity.
- OFDM is a spread-spectrum technique that modulates data over a number of subcarriers within an OFDM symbol.
- the subcarriers are spaced apart at precise frequencies. The spacing provides "orthogonality" that enables a receiver to recover the data from the subcarriers.
- a guard interval e.g., cyclic prefix
- the UL may use SC-FDMA in the form of a DFT-spread OFDM signal to compensate for high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
- PAPR peak-to-average power ratio
- Various frame structures may be used to support the DL and UL transmissions.
- a DL frame structure will now be presented with reference to FIG. 4.
- a frame (10 ms) is divided into 10 equally sized sub-frames.
- Each sub-frame includes two consecutive time slots.
- a resource grid may be used to represent two time slots, each two time slots including a resource block.
- the resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements.
- a resource block contains 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and, for a normal cyclic prefix in each OFDM symbol, 7 consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain, or 84 resource elements.
- the DL-RS include Cell-specific RS (CRS) (also sometimes called common RS) 402 and UE-specific RS (UE-RS) 404.
- CRS Cell-specific RS
- UE-RS UE-specific RS
- UE-RSs 404 are transmitted only on the resource blocks upon which the corresponding physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is mapped.
- the number of bits carried by each resource element depends on the modulation scheme. Thus, the more resource blocks that a UE receives and the higher the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate for
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary format for the UL in LTE.
- the available resource blocks for the UL may be partitioned into a data section and a control section.
- the control section may be formed at the two edges of the system bandwidth and may have a configurable size.
- the resource blocks in the control section may be assigned to UEs for transmission of control information.
- the data section may include all resource blocks not included in the control section.
- the design in FIG. 5 results in the data section including contiguous subcarriers, which may allow a single UE to be assigned all of the contiguous subcarriers in the data section.
- a UE may be assigned resource blocks 510a, 510b in the control section to transmit control information to an eNodeB.
- the UE may also be assigned resource blocks 520a, 520b in the data section to transmit data to the eNodeB.
- the UE may transmit control information in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) on the assigned resource blocks in the control section.
- the UE may transmit only data or both data and control information in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) on the assigned resource blocks in the data section.
- a UL transmission may span both slots of a subframe and may hop across frequency as shown in FIG. 5.
- a set of resource blocks may be used to perform initial system access and achieve UL synchronization in a physical random access channel (PRACH).
- PRACH physical random access channel
- the PRACH carries a random sequence and cannot carry any UL data/signaling.
- Each random access preamble occupies a bandwidth corresponding to six consecutive resource blocks.
- the starting frequency is specified by the network. That is, the transmission of the random access preamble is restricted to certain time and frequency resources.
- the PRACH attempt is carried in a single subframe (1 ms) and a UE can make only a single PRACH attempt per frame (10 ms).
- E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
- the radio protocol architecture may take on various forms depending on the particular application.
- An example for an LTE system will now be presented with reference to FIG. 6.
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of the radio protocol architecture for the user and control planes.
- Layer 1 is the lowest layer and implements various physical layer signal processing functions. Layer 1 will be referred to herein as the physical layer 606.
- Layer 2 (L2 layer) 608 is above the physical layer 606 and is responsible for the link between the UE and eNodeB over the physical layer 606.
- the L2 layer 608 includes a media access control (MAC) sublayer 610, a radio link control (RLC) sublayer 612, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) 614 sublayer, which are terminated at the eNodeB on the network side.
- MAC media access control
- RLC radio link control
- PDCP packet data convergence protocol
- the UE may have several upper layers above the L2 layer 608 including a network layer (e.g., IP layer) that is terminated at the PDN gateway 208 (see FIG. 2) on the network side, and an application layer that is terminated at the other end of the connection (e.g., far end UE, server, etc.).
- IP layer e.g., IP layer
- the PDCP sublayer 614 provides multiplexing between different radio bearers and logical channels.
- the PDCP sublayer 614 also provides header compression for upper layer data packets to reduce radio transmission overhead, security by ciphering the data packets, and handover support for UEs between eNodeBs.
- the RLC sublayer 612 provides segmentation and reassembly of upper layer data packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception due to hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ).
- HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
- the MAC sublayer 610 provides multiplexing between logical and transport channels.
- the MAC sublayer 610 is also responsible for allocating the various radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs.
- the MAC sublayer 610 is also responsible for HARQ operations.
- the radio protocol architecture for the UE and eNodeB is substantially the same for the physical layer 606 and the L2 layer 608 with the exception that there is no header compression function for the control plane.
- the control plane also includes a radio resource control (RRC) sublayer 616 in Layer 3.
- RRC sublayer 616 is responsible for obtaining radio resources (i.e., radio bearers) and for configuring the lower layers using RRC signaling between the eNodeB and the UE.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an eNodeB 710 in communication with a UE 750 in an access network.
- a controller/processor 775 implements the functionality of the L2 layer described earlier in connection with FIG. 6.
- the controller/processor 775 provides header compression, ciphering, packet segmentation and reordering, multiplexing between logical and transport channels, and radio resource allocations to the UE 750 based on various priority metrics.
- the controller/processor 775 is also responsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets, and signaling to the UE 750.
- the TX processor 716 implements various signal processing functions for the
- the signal processing functions includes coding and interleaving to facilitate forward error correction (FEC) at the UE 750 and mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase- shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)).
- FEC forward error correction
- BPSK binary phase- shift keying
- QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
- M-PSK M-phase-shift keying
- M-QAM M-quadrature amplitude modulation
- Each stream is then mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream.
- the OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams.
- Channel estimates from a channel estimator 774 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing.
- the channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 750.
- Each spatial stream is then provided to a different antenna 720 via a separate transmitter 718TX.
- Each transmitter 718TX modulates an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
- each receiver 754RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 752.
- Each receiver 754RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receiver (RX) processor 756.
- the RX processor 756 implements various signal processing functions of the Ll layer.
- the RX processor 756 performs spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 750. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 750, they may be combined by the RX processor 756 into a single OFDM symbol stream.
- the RX processor 756 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- the frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal.
- the symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal is recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the eNodeB 710.
- the controller/processor 759 implements the L2 layer described earlier in connection with FIG. 6. In the UL, the control/processor 759 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover upper layer packets from the core network. The upper layer packets are then provided to a data sink 762, which represents all the protocol layers above the L2 layer. Various control signals may also be provided to the data sink 762 for L3 processing. The controller/processor 759 is also responsible for error detection using an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support HARQ operations.
- ACK acknowledgement
- NACK negative acknowledgement
- a data source 767 is used to provide upper layer packets to the controller/processor 759.
- the data source 767 represents all protocol layers above the L2 layer (L2).
- the controller/processor 759 implements the L2 layer for the user plane and the control plane by providing header compression, ciphering, packet segmentation and reordering, and multiplexing between logical and transport channels based on radio resource allocations by the eNodeB 710.
- the controller/processor 759 is also responsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets, and signaling to the eNodeB 710.
- Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 758 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the eNodeB 710 may be used by the TX processor 768 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing.
- the spatial streams generated by the TX processor 768 are provided to different antenna 752 via separate transmitters 754TX. Each transmitter 754TX modulates an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
- the UL transmission is processed at the eNodeB 710 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 750.
- Each receiver 718RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 720.
- Each receiver 718RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 770.
- the RX processor 770 implements the Ll layer.
- the controller/processor 759 implements the L2 layer described earlier in connection with FIG. 6.
- the control/processor 759 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover upper layer packets from the UE 750.
- Upper layer packets from the controller/processor 775 may be provided to the core network.
- the controller/processor 759 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK/NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
- the processing system 114 described in relations to FIG. 1 includes the eNodeB
- the processing system 114 includes the TX processor 716, the RX processor 770, and the controller/processor 775.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating Multimedia Broadcast over a Single
- Frequency Network (MBSFN) subframe alignment in a heterogeneous network 800 is depicted in FIG. 8, the heterogeneous network 800 is depicted with MBSFN subframes 808 and non-MBSFN subframes 806 as present in one or more macro cells 802 and pico cells 804. Further, each subframe may include a control 810 region in which control information may be communicated. The remainder of the subframe may be used to communicate data 814 and/or may be left blank 812.
- control and data are time division multiplexed.
- a control region always spans the entire system bandwidth and may occupy at least one OFDM symbol.
- a CRS may be reserved and/or transmitted in the control region.
- the PHICH may be reserved and the eNodeB 710 may select a zero transmit power for the PHICH, thereby effectively resulting in no transmission of PHICH.
- a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may at least be transmitted for the purpose of paging.
- a data region of a subframe can be blanked via configuring the subframes as MBSFN subframes, and hence complete resource orthogonalization in the data region is possible.
- network 800 may be operable to use MBSFN based time-domain resource orthogonalization, where macro cells 802 and pico cells 804 may be synchronous.
- a subframe (806, 808) time shift may be applied such that a macro cell 802 non-MBSFN subframe 806 may coincide with a pico cell 804 MBSFN subframe 808.
- no time shift may be applied.
- subframe types e.g., non-MBSFN 806, MBSFN 808, etc.
- a non-MBSFN subframe 806 in macro cell 802 may also collide with MBSFN or non-MBSFN subframes in a pico cell 804.
- the pico cells 804 may have either MBSFN subframes 808 or non-MBSFN subframes 806. In the latter case, the pico cells 804 can serve UEs with the coverage region. In such an operable configuration, pico cell 804 may perform DL communications with UEs served by the pico cell 804 with reduced interference from the macro cell 802.
- control information 810 may still be transmitted and as such cause interference with control information 810 being transmitted by a pico cell 804.
- various regions allocated for control information 810, blank 812, data 814, etc., for the macro and pico cells may not be aligned.
- various regions allocated for control information 810, blank 812, data 814, etc., for the macro and pico cells may not be the same size.
- the macro cell 802 may reduce transmit power for the MBSFN subframe 808.
- the network 800 may function as a homogenous network, and conventional resource management can be adopted.
- UEs at the cell edge may experience reduced coverage.
- a totally blank subframe may be used by the macro cell 802.
- clean and complete resource orthogonalization may be available for the pico cell 804 DL transmissions.
- potential backward compatibility issues with older UEs may arise, such as lost measurements, channel estimation, HARQ operation, etc.
- control information may be communicated in the data 814 section of a subframe.
- complete resource orthogonalization may be available for the pico cell 804 DL transmissions.
- a portion of the subframe previously available for data may no longer be available, and potential backward compatibility issues with older UEs may arise.
- a UE may implement interference cancellation.
- macro cell 802 interference may be reduced.
- UE based interference cancellation may result in increased complexity in UE design and potential backward compatibility issues with older UEs may arise.
- the transmit power of the control region 810 in the MBSFN subframes 808 in the macro cells 802 may be limited when a pico cell 804 is transmitting.
- a restricted PSD may be used instead of transmitting the control region 810 of macro cell 802 using a standard PSD.
- the restricted PSD may be based on the coverage constraints of UEs associated with the pico cell 804.
- a limited PSD may be used such that the macro cell 802 PSD is comparable to the PSD transmitted in the pico cell 804.
- UEs served by the pico cell 804 e.g., range expansion UEs
- a modified or restricted PSD of macro control region PSD may be treated on a per channel basis.
- certain channels may be restricted, such as, a CRS, a PCFICH, a PHICH or a PDCCH.
- PCFICH if no other control signals (e.g., PHICH or PDCCH) are scheduled for transmission, then the PCFICH may be transmitted with minimum power or zero power.
- PHICH if no transmissions are scheduled, PHICH transmission may be discontinued. Otherwise, the PHICH may be transmitted with limited PSD and/or power controlled to meet the specific UE requirements.
- PDCCH if no transmissions are scheduled, PDCCH transmission may be discontinued. Otherwise, the PDCCH may be transmitted with limited PSD and/or power controlled to meet the specific UE requirements.
- a modified or restricted PSD scheme may be used in either synchronous or asynchronous systems.
- synchronous systems backwards compatibility issues may be addressed with subframe selection. For example, any effect on LTE Rel-8 UE measurements may be controlled or even eliminated, when measurements are conducted during reserved subframes in LTE Rel-8 (e.g., subframes 0, 4, 5 and 9 in FDD and subframes 0, 1, 5 and 6 in TDD). Further, selected reserved subframes may not be configured as MBSFN subframes.
- older UEs e.g., Rel-8 UEs
- the entire system may exhibit both heterogeneous and homogeneous features over time.
- macro cells 802 are non-MBSFN subframes 808, these subframes exhibit heterogeneous network properties, as a pico cell 804 may be either MBSFN or non-MBSFN.
- macro cell 802 is MBSFN subframes 808, due to their reduced PSD transmissions, these subframes exhibit homogeneous network properties.
- These quasi-homogeneous network properties may allow for benefits such as allowing UEs to select the pico cell 804 as a serving cell based on quality of DL transmissions. This may be the case when subframes 0, 4, 5, and 9 of pico cell 804 coincide with macro cell 802 MBSFN subframes 808 with reduced transmit power in the control region.
- a restricted PSD simplifies support of the PHICH and UL hybrid- ARQ in macro cell 802, since the PHICH may still be transmitted from the macro cell 802 MBSFN subframe 808 control region 810, as the interference level in these subframes may exhibit homogeneous network properties.
- all macro cells 802 may be synchronized, and may be configured using the same mixture of MBSFN and non-MBSFN subframes.
- the MBSFN subframes for all the macro cells 802 in network 800 may have the same or similar values of reduced transmit power (e.g., modified PSD) in the control region 810.
- use of a restricted PSD scheme may be dependent on the amount of power reduction in the MBSFN subframe 808 control region 810, and generally may be less severe than that of the blank subframe approach. Further, while use of a blank subframe may offer a clean structure for re-designing control signals for newer UEs (e.g., Eal-9+), use of restricted PSD may utilize the existing MBSFN subframe 808 structure, and in these MBSFN subframes 808, there may be at least one symbol configured for control.
- use of a restricted PSD scheme may provide support transmission of control information in the control symbols 810 of the pico cells 804 when these symbols would otherwise be colliding with the control region 810 of the MBSFN subframes 808 in the macro cells 802.
- use of a restricted PSD scheme makes it possible to reuse the existing control structure (e.g., Rel-8), without the need of re-designing control for newer UEs (e.g., Rel-9+ UEs).
- use of a restricted PSD scheme makes it possible to readily support older UEs (e.g., Rel-8 UEs) in a heterogeneous network.
- PHICH in PSD restricted MBSFN subframes 808 may impact measurement and channel estimation.
- support of PHICH in PSD restricted MBSFN subframes 808 may be compromised if the system is thermal limited, as opposed to interference limited.
- the PHICH coverage in the MBSFN subframes 808 may be compared to that of the non- MBSFN subframes 806 in macro cells 802.
- a UE may measure neighboring cells using MBSFN subframes when the serving pico cell 804 is a non- MBSFN subframe.
- older UEs e.g., Rel-8 UEs
- use of a PSD restriction scheme may impact measuring signal strengths from neighboring cells.
- macro cells 802 may exchange information regarding power restriction levels and synchronization offsets among neighboring cells via backhaul, such that the serving pico cell 804 can make adjustments beyond information received from the UE reported neighbor cell strength.
- the UE may not report a neighboring cells signal, as the signal strength may be below a threshold.
- neighboring cell strength measurements may be affected by the neighboring cell subframes type (e.g., the subframes could be a mixture of MBSFN and non-MBSFN subframes).
- a UE may estimate a sync offset for the neighboring cell.
- different macro cells 802 may apply the same or different power restriction levels.
- a PSD restriction level may not be applied to all MBSFN subframes 808, and the restriction level in a cell may be the same or different over MBSFN subframes 808.
- power restriction level may be the same across all cells.
- different power restriction levels may be used in different cells based on various cell configuration factors.
- subframes may be analyzed as regular MBSFN subframes.
- subframes may be analyzed as if they are blank subframes.
- the degree of power restriction provides tradeoff between macro cell 802 interference impact on pico cells 804, and the control region accessibility of these subframes to macro cell 802 served UEs.
- a UE may be informed which subframes are power restricted in the control region, and any corresponding restriction level(s) for these subframes.
- newer UEs e.g., Rel-9+ UEs
- PSD restrictions applied in the control region 810 may also be combined with the blank and data region (812, 814) for further reduction in transmit power.
- the transmit power PSD (within a total max power constraint) of the control region of some or all of the MBSFN subframes in the pico cells 804 may be increased such that the control region may have deeper penetration for range pico cell 804 served UES (e.g., expansion UEs), without resulting in extensive impact on macro cell 802 served UEs.
- range pico cell 804 served UES e.g., expansion UEs
- CRS may not be transmitted over the entire bandwidth, and instead, CRS may be limited to a fraction of bandwidth occupied by PCFICH and PHICH.
- PCFICH may be distributed to four resource element groups (REGs), where each REG may include four resource elements.
- the bandwidth occupied by PHICH may be roughly 1/16 to 3/4 of the system bandwidth.
- CRS may be transmitted using the REGs. Assuming 10MHz, 50 RBs, PHICH group size can be as small as two, which translates to 6 REGs. In total, 10 REGs may carry PCFICH and PHICH which translates to 5 RBs, and CRS can be transmitted within these 5 RBs. Therefore, a power boost of 1OdB may be achieved.
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart 900 of a method of wireless communication.
- the method may include determining a first eNodeB DL transmission may interfere with a second eNodeB DL transmission (902).
- the first eNodeB may be a first power class eNodeB (e.g., macro cell, femto cell, etc.) and the second eNodeB may be a second power class eNodeB (e.g., pico cell, macro cell, etc.).
- the first and second eNodeBs may be different power classes.
- the DL transmission may include transmission during a specified subframe.
- the subframe of the first eNodeB may be an MBSFN subframe
- the subframe of the second eNodeB may be a non-MBSFN subframe.
- the method may include modifying PSD for a portion of the DL transmission for at least one of the first or second eNodeBs (904).
- the modifying may include reducing PSD for the control region of the subframe to be transmitted by the first eNodeB.
- the PSD of only a portion of the control region communicates may be reduced.
- PSD reduction may be performed on a per-channel basis.
- channels which may have PSD modified include, but are not limited to, a CRS, a PCFICH, a PHICH or a PDCCH.
- certain channels may be scheduled for transmission in such a manner as to avoid subframes which interfere with DL control channel information transmitted by the second eNodeB.
- the modifying may include increasing PSD for the control region of the subframe to be transmitted by the second eNodeB.
- any combination of reducing PSD for the first eNodeB and increasing PSD for the second eNodeB may be used.
- a selected number of subframes may have PSD modification.
- the selected subframes may be communicated to the second eNodeB and/or UEs served by the second eNodeB
- the method may determine if interference of the second eNodeB DL transmission may come from one or more other cells (906). If it is determined that interference of the second eNodeB DL transmission may come from one or more other cells, then the first or second eNodeB may prompt one or more eNodeBs in the other cells to perform PSD reduction for the subframe during which the second eNodeB is communicating (908). In one aspect, all cells may use the same PSD modification scheme. In another aspect, each cell may modify PSD of DL transmissions differently depending on factors associated with each cell and/or affected UEs.
- the method may include transmitting DL communications using the modified PSD values (910).
- the first eNodeB may transmit a portion of control information during a subframe at a reduced PSD and/or the second eNodeB may transmit at least control information at an increased PSD during the subframe.
- FIG. 10 is a conceptual block diagram 1000 illustrating the functionality of an exemplary apparatus 100.
- the apparatus 100 includes a module 1002 which determines that a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified PSD will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, a module 1004 that modifies PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and a module 1006 that transmits the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- the apparatus 100 for wireless communication includes means for determining a transmission of a first instance of control information in a first control region in a subframe of a first power class eNodeB using a non-modified PSD will result in interference above a threshold with a transmission of a second instance of control information in a second control region in a subframe of a second power class eNodeB, means for modifying PSD for a portion of at least one of the first or second control regions of at least one of the subframes for at least one of the first power class or second power class eNodeB, and means for transmitting the first instance of control information during the control region using the modified PSD for the portion of the first instance of control information.
- the apparatus 100 includes means for reducing PSD for the portion of the first control region of the subframe of the first power class eNodeB. In another configuration, the apparatus 100 includes means for reducing PSD for one or more channels scheduled for transmission during the control region, wherein the one or more channels comprise at least one of a CRS, a PCFICH, a PHICH or a PDCCH. In another configuration, the apparatus 100 includes means for scheduling transmission of control channel information for a subframe other than the subframe of the first power class eNodeB that results in interference with subframe of the subframe of the second power class eNodeB. In another configuration, the apparatus 100 includes means for transmitting a message indicating which one or more of a plurality of subframes is transmitted using the modified PSD.
- the message may be transmitted to a least one of the second power class eNodeB or one or more UEs served by the second power class eNodeB.
- the apparatus 100 includes means for determining transmissions from one or more other first power class eNodeB will result in interference above the threshold with the transmission of the second instance of control information in the second control region in the subframe of the second power class eNodeB, and means for prompting at least one of the one or more other first power class eNodeBs to modify the PSD of a transmission of a corresponding subframe during the subframe of the first power class eNodeB.
- the apparatus 100 includes means for increasing the PSD for the portion of the second control region of the subframe of the second power class eNodeB.
- the aforementioned means is the processing system 114 configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means.
- the processing system 114 includes the TX Processor 716, the RX Processor 770, and the controller/processor 775.
- the aforementioned means may be the TX Processor 716, the RX Processor 770, and the controller/processor 775 configured to perform the functions recited by the aforementioned means.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (4)
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JP2012516359A JP5345734B2 (en) | 2009-06-19 | 2010-06-18 | Method and apparatus for managing downlink transmission power in heterogeneous networks |
KR1020127001484A KR101413671B1 (en) | 2009-06-19 | 2010-06-18 | Method and apparatus for managing downlink transmission power in a heterogeneous network |
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WO2013062355A1 (en) * | 2011-10-26 | 2013-05-02 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | Method and apparatus for controlling inter-cell interference in wireless communication system |
US9520970B2 (en) | 2011-10-26 | 2016-12-13 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Method and device for inter cell interference coordination in wireless communication system |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8600424B2 (en) | 2013-12-03 |
KR20120026626A (en) | 2012-03-19 |
KR101413671B1 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
EP2446675B1 (en) | 2016-09-21 |
US20100323745A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 |
CN102625997B (en) | 2016-06-15 |
CN102625997A (en) | 2012-08-01 |
EP2446675A1 (en) | 2012-05-02 |
JP5345734B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 |
JP2012531118A (en) | 2012-12-06 |
TW201134267A (en) | 2011-10-01 |
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