WO2010100752A1 - 空気極および非水空気電池 - Google Patents
空気極および非水空気電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010100752A1 WO2010100752A1 PCT/JP2009/054296 JP2009054296W WO2010100752A1 WO 2010100752 A1 WO2010100752 A1 WO 2010100752A1 JP 2009054296 W JP2009054296 W JP 2009054296W WO 2010100752 A1 WO2010100752 A1 WO 2010100752A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- air electrode
- air
- conductive material
- battery
- current collector
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an air electrode having a large discharge capacity per unit area and a non-aqueous air battery using the same.
- a non-aqueous air battery is a battery using air (oxygen) as a positive electrode active material, and has advantages such as high energy density, easy miniaturization and weight reduction. Therefore, it is attracting attention as a high-capacity battery that exceeds the lithium battery that is currently widely used.
- Such a non-aqueous air battery includes, for example, an air electrode layer having a conductive material (for example, carbon black), a catalyst (for example, manganese dioxide) and a binder (for example, polyvinylidene fluoride), and a current collector for the air electrode layer.
- a conductive material for example, carbon black
- a catalyst for example, manganese dioxide
- a binder for example, polyvinylidene fluoride
- a negative electrode layer containing a negative electrode active material for example, metal Li
- a negative electrode current collector for collecting the current of the negative electrode layer
- a non-charger that conducts metal ions (for example, Li ions)
- an aqueous electrolyte for example, an aqueous electrolyte.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having a positive electrode (air electrode) mainly composed of a carbonaceous material having a pore volume of 1.0 ml / g or more occupied by pores having a diameter of 1 nm or more.
- the air electrode of the conventional non-aqueous air battery has a problem that the discharge capacity per unit area is small.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has as its main object to provide an air electrode having a large discharge capacity per unit area.
- an air electrode used in a non-aqueous air battery which is formed on an air electrode current collector having a porous structure and the air electrode current collector, is electrically conductive.
- An average loading amount of the conductive material in a plane region of the air electrode is in a range of 0.3 mg / cm 2 to 9.0 mg / cm 2. Providing a characteristic air electrode.
- an air electrode having a large discharge capacity per unit area can be obtained.
- the average supported amount of the conductive material in the plane region of the air electrode is preferably in the range of 0.5 mg / cm 2 to 8.0 mg / cm 2 . This is because the discharge capacity per unit area can be further increased.
- the conductive material is preferably a powdered carbon material. Because it is general purpose.
- the air electrode current collector is preferably a current collector using a carbon material. It is because it is excellent in corrosion resistance.
- the present invention also provides a non-aqueous air battery comprising the above-described air electrode, negative electrode, and non-aqueous electrolyte.
- FIG. 2 is a charge / discharge curve of an evaluation cell obtained in Example 5.
- FIG. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the average carrying amount of carbon, and the discharge capacity per unit area. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the average loading amount of carbon, and charging efficiency.
- the air electrode of the present invention is an air electrode used in a non-aqueous air battery, and is an air electrode current collector having a porous structure and an air formed on the air electrode current collector and containing a conductive material. And an average carrying amount of the conductive material in a plane region of the air electrode is in a range of 0.3 mg / cm 2 to 9.0 mg / cm 2. .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the air electrode of the present invention.
- An air electrode 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes an air electrode current collector 1 having a porous structure, and an air electrode layer formed on the air electrode current collector 1 and containing a conductive material (for example, ketjen black) 2. 3.
- the air electrode layer 3 may further contain at least one of a binder and a catalyst.
- the average carrying amount of the conductive material 2 in the planar region of the air electrode 10 is largely within a predetermined range.
- the average carrying amount of the conductive material in the plane area of the air electrode is expressed by (weight of the conductive material included in the plane area of the air electrode) / (area of the plane area of the air electrode). It is.
- the “planar area of the air electrode” specifically refers to an effective area that can be used as an air electrode, in the area when the air electrode 10 is viewed from the direction A in FIG. Therefore, for example, when there is a region where the conductive material does not exist on the air electrode current collector along the outer edge of the air electrode current collector, the region is not included in the plane region of the air electrode current collector.
- the average carrying amount S of the conductive material in the plane region of the air electrode can be calculated by, for example, the following formulas (1) to (3).
- the discharge capacity per unit area refers to the discharge capacity per unit area in the plane area of the air electrode.
- discharge capacity per unit area refers to the discharge capacity per unit area in the plane area of the air electrode.
- the reason why the discharge capacity per unit area increases is not clear, but it is possible to suppress clogging by discharge products (in the case of a lithium air battery, Li 2 O, Li 2 O 2 and the like). It is thought that it is because it can do. That is, when a discharge product is generated along with discharge, the conventional air electrode has a large average carrying amount of the conductive material.
- the surface and the inside of the air electrode are likely to be clogged with the discharge product, and non-aqueous
- the movement of the electrolytic solution is likely to be hindered.
- the discharge capacity per unit area is considered to be low.
- the air electrode of the present invention can suppress clogging by discharge products by making the average carrying amount of the conductive material within the above range, and should be an air electrode having a large discharge capacity per unit area. It is thought that you can.
- the air electrode of the present invention is preferably used for a non-aqueous air secondary battery. If the discharge product is clogged at the start of charging, the oxygen gas generated when the discharge product decomposes is difficult to escape to the outside of the air electrode, the charging voltage rises, and the discharge product is efficiently removed. There is a problem that it cannot be disassembled. On the other hand, since the air electrode of the present invention is less likely to be blocked by discharge products, the above problem can be solved.
- the air electrode in the present invention has an air electrode current collector having a porous structure and an air electrode layer.
- the air electrode of this invention is demonstrated for every structure.
- Air electrode layer is a layer formed on the air electrode current collector and containing a conductive material.
- the average carrying amount of the conductive material in the plane region of the air electrode is usually in the range of 0.3 mg / cm 2 to 9.0 mg / cm 2 .
- the average carrying amount of the conductive material is preferably 0.5 mg / cm 2 or more.
- the average loading of the conductive material is preferably at 8.0 mg / cm 2 or less, more preferably 6.0 mg / cm 2 or less. This is because an air electrode having a larger discharge capacity per unit area in the planar region can be obtained within the above range.
- the conductive material in the planar region is more uniformly supported.
- the loading amount of the conductive material is in the above range in an arbitrary region of the planar region.
- the conductive material used for the air electrode layer is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity, and examples thereof include a powdered carbon material.
- the powder carbon material may have a porous structure or may not have a porous structure, but in the present invention, the powder carbon material preferably has a porous structure. . This is because the specific surface area is large and many reaction fields can be provided.
- Specific examples of the powder carbon material having a porous structure include mesoporous carbon.
- specific examples of the powdered carbon material having no porous structure include graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, and carbon fiber.
- the average particle size (primary particle size) of the powder carbon material is preferably in the range of, for example, 1 nm to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 5 nm to 10 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 10 nm to 0.5 ⁇ m. This is because an air electrode having an excellent discharge capacity per unit area can be obtained within the above range.
- the air electrode layer in the present invention may contain a catalyst in addition to the conductive material.
- the catalyst is preferably supported on a conductive material. This is because the catalytic function can be effectively exhibited.
- the catalyst include oxide catalysts such as manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) and cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ), macrocyclic compounds such as phthalocyanine and porphyrin, and transition metals (eg, Co) coordinated with the macrocyclic compounds. A complex etc. can be mentioned.
- the average particle size of the catalyst is, for example, preferably in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 0.3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m. If the average particle size is too small, preparation of the catalyst may be difficult, and if the average particle size is too large, the electrode reaction may not be effectively promoted.
- the ratio of the catalyst in the air electrode layer is, for example, in the range of 3 to 100 parts by weight, particularly in the range of 5 to 50 parts by weight, particularly 10 parts by weight when the conductive material is 100 parts by weight. It is preferably within the range of 30 parts by weight to 30 parts by weight. This is because if the ratio of the catalyst is too small, a sufficient catalytic function may not be exhibited, and if the ratio of the catalyst is too large, there may be no difference in effect.
- the air electrode layer in the present invention may contain a binder in addition to the conductive material.
- the binder By adding the binder, the conductive material can be stably fixed.
- You may contain the binder which fixes an electroconductive material.
- the binder include fluorine-containing binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the ratio of the binder in the air electrode layer is, for example, in the range of 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, particularly in the range of 1 to 10 parts by weight, particularly when the conductive material is 100 parts by weight. It is preferably in the range of 2 to 6 parts by weight. This is because if the proportion of the binder is too small, a highly durable air electrode may not be obtained, and if the proportion of the binder is too large, the electrode reaction may be inhibited.
- the air electrode current collector in the present invention has a porous structure and carries the above-described conductive material and the like. By having a porous structure, oxygen can be diffused quickly. Examples of the porous structure include a mesh structure, a nonwoven fabric structure, and a three-dimensional network structure.
- examples of the material of the air electrode current collector include metal materials and carbon materials, and among these, carbon materials are preferable. This is because the carbon material has an advantage that it has excellent corrosion resistance, an advantage that it has excellent electron conductivity, and an advantage that it has a higher energy density per weight because it is lighter than metal.
- An example of such a carbon material is carbon fiber (carbon fiber).
- examples of the carbon fiber include PAN carbon fiber and pitch carbon fiber.
- Examples of the air electrode current collector using carbon fiber include carbon cloth and carbon paper.
- the carbon cloth generally refers to a material in which carbon fibers are regularly knitted (corresponding to the mesh structure described above).
- carbon paper generally refers to a carbon fiber randomly arranged (corresponding to the above-mentioned nonwoven fabric structure). Further, the carbon cloth and the carbon paper may be sintered or activated. Moreover, you may use what activated the carbon plate (it corresponds to said three-dimensional network structure) as an air electrode electrical power collector.
- examples of the metal material include stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, iron, and titanium. Furthermore, examples of the air electrode current collector using a metal material include a metal mesh.
- the average pore diameter of the air electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is a size capable of supporting a conductive material.
- the average pore diameter is in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, and more particularly in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m. In particular, it is preferably in the range of 1.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m. This is because if the pore diameter is too small, oxygen diffusion may be inhibited, and if the pore diameter is too large, the conductive material may not be sufficiently supported.
- the porosity of the air electrode current collector is, for example, preferably in the range of 50% to 90%, more preferably in the range of 60% to 87%, and particularly preferably in the range of 70% to 85%.
- the thickness of the air electrode current collector is preferably in the range of, for example, 10 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 20 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m.
- Air electrode The air electrode of the present invention is used for a non-aqueous air battery.
- the non-aqueous air battery will be described in detail in “B. Non-aqueous air battery” described later.
- the method for forming the air electrode of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a method capable of forming the air electrode described above.
- a composition for forming an air electrode layer containing a conductive material, a catalyst, a binder and a solvent is prepared, and then this composition is used as an air electrode current collector.
- coating on top and drying can be mentioned.
- Examples of the method for applying the air electrode layer forming composition include a doctor blade method, a dip coating method, a spray method, a spray method, and an ink jet method.
- the amount of the conductive material supported can be changed by adjusting the amount of application (application thickness) and the number of applications.
- the preparation process for preparing an air electrode layer forming composition containing at least a conductive material, and the air electrode layer forming composition, the air electrode current collector having a porous structure A coating step of coating so that an average carrying amount of the conductive material in a plane region of the air electrode is within a range of 0.3 mg / cm 2 to 9.0 mg / cm 2 , and for forming the coated air electrode layer It is also possible to provide a method for producing an air electrode characterized by comprising a drying step of drying the composition.
- a conductive material, a catalyst and a binder are mixed to produce a composition for forming an air electrode layer, which is formed into a pellet, and the obtained pellet is A method of attaching to an air electrode current collector can be mentioned.
- the nonaqueous air battery of the present invention has the above-described air electrode, negative electrode, and nonaqueous electrolyte.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the nonaqueous air battery of the present invention.
- 2 includes a negative electrode case 11a, a negative electrode current collector 12 formed on the inner bottom surface of the negative electrode case 11a, a negative electrode lead 12a connected to the negative electrode current collector 12, and a negative electrode current collector.
- the air electrode layer 14 Connected to the negative electrode layer 13 containing the negative electrode active material, the air electrode layer 14, the air electrode current collector 15 that collects the air electrode layer 14, and the air electrode current collector 15.
- the present invention is characterized in that the above-described air electrode is used for the air electrode composed of the air electrode layer 14 and the air electrode current collector 15.
- the nonaqueous air battery of this invention is demonstrated for every structure.
- Air electrode The air electrode in the present invention is the same as the content described in the above-mentioned “A. Air electrode”, and the description thereof is omitted here.
- the negative electrode in the present invention usually has a negative electrode layer containing a negative electrode active material and a negative electrode current collector that collects current from the negative electrode layer.
- Negative electrode layer contains a negative electrode active material at least.
- the negative electrode active material include a metal simple substance, an alloy, a metal oxide, and a metal nitride.
- an alkali metal ion can be mentioned, for example.
- examples of the alkali metal ions include Li ions, Na ions, K ions, and the like, and among them, Li ions are preferable. This is because a battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
- examples of the alloy containing lithium element include a lithium aluminum alloy, a lithium tin alloy, a lithium lead alloy, and a lithium silicon alloy.
- examples of a metal oxide which has a lithium element lithium titanium oxide etc. can be mentioned, for example.
- examples of the metal nitride containing a lithium element include lithium cobalt nitride, lithium iron nitride, and lithium manganese nitride.
- the negative electrode layer in the present invention may contain only the negative electrode active material, or may contain at least one of a conductive material and a binder in addition to the negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode layer containing only the negative electrode active material can be obtained.
- a negative electrode layer having a conductive material and a binder can be obtained.
- the thickness of the negative electrode layer is preferably selected as appropriate according to the configuration of the target nonaqueous air battery.
- Negative electrode current collector The negative electrode current collector in the present invention collects current in the negative electrode layer.
- the material for the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity, and examples thereof include copper, stainless steel, and nickel.
- Examples of the shape of the negative electrode current collector include a foil shape, a plate shape, and a mesh (grid) shape.
- a battery case which will be described later, may have the function of a negative electrode current collector.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is preferably appropriately selected according to the configuration of the target nonaqueous air battery.
- the formation method of the negative electrode in this invention will not be specifically limited if it is a method which can form the negative electrode mentioned above.
- a method for forming the negative electrode a method in which a foil-like negative electrode active material is placed on a negative electrode current collector and pressurized can be exemplified.
- a negative electrode layer forming composition containing a negative electrode active material and a binder is prepared, and then this composition is applied onto a negative electrode current collector. And a drying method.
- Nonaqueous Electrolyte The nonaqueous electrolyte in the present invention conducts ion conduction between the air electrode layer and the negative electrode layer. In the present invention, it is preferable that the nonaqueous electrolytic solution immerses the entire air electrode layer. This is because the electrode reaction can be efficiently caused in the air electrode layer.
- the type of the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably selected as appropriate according to the type of metal ion to be conducted.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium-air battery usually contains a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the lithium salt include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4, and LiAsF 6 ; and LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , An organic lithium salt such as LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 can be used.
- non-aqueous solvent examples include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, sulfolane, acetonitrile, Examples include 1,2-dimethoxymethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof.
- the nonaqueous solvent is preferably a solvent having high oxygen solubility. This is because dissolved oxygen can be used efficiently in the reaction.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is, for example, in the range of 0.5 mol / L to 3 mol / L.
- a low volatile liquid such as an ionic liquid may be used as the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the shape of the battery case in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can accommodate the air electrode, the negative electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolyte described above, and specifically, a coin type, a flat plate type, a cylindrical type And a laminate type, and a flat plate type and a laminate type are preferable.
- the battery case may be an open-air battery case or a sealed battery case. As shown in FIG. 2 described above, the open-air battery case is a battery case that can come into contact with the atmosphere.
- the battery case is a sealed battery case, it is preferable to provide a gas (air) introduction pipe and an exhaust pipe in the sealed battery case.
- the gas to be introduced / exhausted preferably has a high oxygen concentration, and more preferably pure oxygen.
- Nonaqueous Air Battery The nonaqueous air battery of the present invention preferably has a separator between the air electrode layer and the negative electrode layer. This is because a safer non-aqueous air battery can be obtained.
- the separator include porous films such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and nonwoven fabrics such as a resin nonwoven fabric and a glass fiber nonwoven fabric. The thickness of the separator is preferably selected as appropriate according to the use of the non-aqueous air battery.
- the type of the non-aqueous air battery of the present invention differs depending on the type of metal ions that become conductive ions.
- an alkali metal ion can be mentioned, for example.
- examples of the alkali metal ions include Li ions, Na ions, K ions, and the like, and among them, Li ions are preferable. This is because a battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
- the nonaqueous air battery of the present invention may be a primary battery or a secondary battery, but among them, a secondary battery is preferable. This is because, for example, a non-aqueous air battery useful for a vehicle-mounted application can be obtained.
- the nonaqueous air battery of this invention a vehicle mounting use, a stationary power supply use, a household power supply use etc. can be mentioned, for example.
- the method for forming the non-aqueous air battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, and a method similar to a general non-aqueous air battery can be used.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- the above-described embodiment is an exemplification, and the present invention has substantially the same configuration as the technical idea described in the claims of the present invention, and any device that exhibits the same function and effect is the present invention. It is included in the technical scope of the invention.
- Ketjen Black manufactured by Ketjen Black International Co., Ltd., average primary particle size 0.05 ⁇ m
- pulverized electrolytic manganese dioxide manufactured by High Purity Chemical Laboratory, average particle size 5 ⁇ m
- PVDF solution 100 parts by weight of Kureha Co., Ltd. were mixed, NMP (N-methylpyrrolidone, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) was added thereto, and mixed with a kneader to obtain an air electrode layer forming composition.
- the air electrode layer forming composition was applied onto carbon paper (air electrode current collector, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., TGP-H-090, thickness 0.28 mm), and the solvent was removed by drying. Finally, the obtained electrode was punched out to a diameter of 18 mm to obtain an air electrode.
- the average carrying amount of the conductive material in the planar region was changed by changing the application amount (application thickness) and the number of application times.
- an air electrode was produced by the following method. 82 parts by weight of ketjen black, 15 parts by weight of electrolytic manganese dioxide, and 3 parts by weight of PTFE were kneaded in a zirconia mortar to obtain a composition for forming an air electrode layer. The same ketjen black and electrolytic manganese dioxide as in Production Examples 1 to 14 were used. Next, the air electrode layer forming composition was formed into a pellet having a diameter of 18 mm. Then, the obtained pellet was bonded to a nickel mesh (thickness 150 ⁇ m, diameter 18 mm) to obtain an air electrode. When producing the pellets, the amount of the conductive material in the planar region was changed by changing the amount of the air electrode layer forming composition used.
- the lithium air secondary battery 30 includes battery cases 31a and 31b made of Teflon (registered trademark) and a battery case 31c made of SUS.
- the battery case 31b and the battery case 31c are joined by a bolt 32.
- the battery case 31a has an opening for supplying oxygen, and a hollow current extraction portion 33 is provided in the opening.
- the air electrode obtained by the above method is used as the air electrode 34, and the nonaqueous electrolysis solution in which (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi is dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) at a concentration of 1 M is used as the nonaqueous electrolytic solution 35.
- the liquid was used, and metallic lithium (manufactured by Kyokuto Metal Co., Ltd., thickness 200 ⁇ m, diameter 19 mm) was used for the negative electrode layer 36.
- the air electrode lead 43 is connected to the current extraction part 33 made of SUS, the negative electrode lead 45 is connected to the battery case 31c made of SUS, and the lithium air secondary battery 30 is accommodated in the glass container 41 having a capacity of 1000 cc. . Thereafter, the glass container 41 was sealed, and the sealed glass container 41 was taken out from the argon box. Next, oxygen was introduced from a gas cylinder of oxygen through the gas introduction part 42, and at the same time, the gas exhaust part 44 was evacuated to replace the inside of the glass container with an oxygen atmosphere from an argon atmosphere. Thereby, the cell for evaluation was obtained.
- each of Examples 1 to 14 had a larger discharge capacity than Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- the discharge capacity of Examples 1 to 13 was significantly larger than that of Example 14.
- Examples 2 to 9 a discharge capacity exceeding 20000 mAh / cm 2 was confirmed.
- Examples 1 to 14 had better charging efficiency than Comparative Examples 1 to 3.
- a high charging efficiency exceeding 94% was confirmed.
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Abstract
Description
2 … 導電性材料
3 … 空気極層
10 … 空気極
11a … 負極ケース
11b … 空気極ケース
12 … 負極集電体
12a … 負極リード
13 … 負極層
14 … 空気極層
15 … 空気極集電体
15a … 空気極リード
16 … セパレータ
17 … 非水電解液
18 … 微多孔膜
19 … パッキン
20 … 非水空気電池
まず、本発明の空気極について説明する。本発明の空気極は、非水空気電池に用いられる空気極であって、多孔質構造を有する空気極集電体と、上記空気極集電体上に形成され、導電性材料を含有する空気極層とを有し、上記空気極の平面領域における上記導電性材料の平均担持量が、0.3mg/cm2~9.0mg/cm2の範囲内であることを特徴とするものである。
(1)空気極層の重量(mg)=空気極全体の重量(mg)-空気極集電体の重量(mg)
(2)平面領域に含まれる導電性材料の重量(mg)=空気極層の重量(mg)×(空気極層全体に対する導電性材料の割合(重量比))
(3)平均担持量S(mg/cm2)=平面領域に含まれる導電性材料の重量(mg)/平面領域の面積(cm2)
本発明における空気極層は、空気極集電体上に形成され、導電性材料を含有する層である。空気極の平面領域における導電性材料の平均担持量は、通常、0.3mg/cm2~9.0mg/cm2の範囲内である。さらに、導電性材料の平均担持量は、0.5mg/cm2以上であることが好ましい。一方、導電性材料の平均担持量は、8.0mg/cm2以下であることが好ましく、6.0mg/cm2以下であることがより好ましい。上記範囲内であれば、平面領域における単位面積あたりの放電容量がさらに大きい空気極を得ることができるからである。また、平面領域における導電性材料は、より均一に担持されていることが好ましい。特に、本発明においては、平面領域の任意の領域で、導電性材料の担持量が、上記の範囲内にあることが好ましい。
本発明における空気極集電体は、多孔質構造を有し、上述した導電性材料等を担持するものである。多孔質構造を有することで、酸素の拡散を速やかに行うことができる。多孔質構造としては、例えばメッシュ構造、不織布構造、および三次元網目構造等を挙げることができる。
本発明の空気極は、非水空気電池に用いられるものである。非水空気電池については、後述する「B.非水空気電池」で詳細に説明する。本発明の空気極の形成方法は、上述した空気極を形成することができる方法であれば特に限定されるものではない。空気極の形成方法の一例としては、まず、導電性材料、触媒、結着材および溶媒を含有する空気極層形成用組成物を調製し、次に、この組成物を、空気極集電体上に塗布して、乾燥する方法等を挙げることができる。空気極層形成用組成物の塗布方法としては、例えばドクターブレード法、ディップコーティング法、スプレー法、噴霧法、インクジェット法等を挙げることができる。空気極層形成用組成物を塗布する際に、1回の塗布量(塗布厚さ)および塗布回数を調整することにより、導電性材料の担持量を変化させることができる。
次に、本発明の非水空気電池について説明する。本発明の非水空気電池は、上述した空気極と、負極と、非水電解液とを有することを特徴とするものである。
以下、本発明の非水空気電池について、構成ごとに説明する。
本発明における空気極については、上記「A.空気極」に記載した内容と同様であるので、ここでの記載は省略する。
本発明における負極は、通常、負極活物質を含有する負極層と、上記負極層の集電を行う負極集電体と、を有するものである。
本発明における負極層は、少なくとも負極活物質を含有する。負極活物質としては、例えば金属単体、合金、金属酸化物、金属窒化物等を挙げることができる。上記金属イオンとしては、例えばアルカリ金属イオンを挙げることができる。さらに、上記アルカリ金属イオンとしては、例えばLiイオン、NaイオンおよびKイオン等を挙げることができ、中でもLiイオンが好ましい。エネルギー密度の高い電池を得ることができるからである。
本発明における負極集電体は、負極層の集電を行うものである。負極集電体の材料としては、導電性を有するものであれば特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、銅、ステンレス、ニッケル等を挙げることができる。上記負極集電体の形状としては、例えば箔状、板状およびメッシュ(グリッド)状等を挙げることができる。本発明においては、後述する電池ケースが負極集電体の機能を兼ね備えていても良い。また、負極集電体の厚さについては、目的とする非水空気電池の構成に応じて適宜選択することが好ましい。
本発明における負極の形成方法は、上述した負極を形成することができる方法であれば特に限定されるものではない。負極の形成方法の一例としては、箔状の負極活物質を、負極集電体上に配置して、加圧する方法を挙げることができる。また、負極の形成方法の他の例としては、負極活物質および結着材を含有する負極層形成用組成物を作製し、次に、この組成物を、負極集電体上に塗布して、乾燥する方法等を挙げることができる。
本発明における非水電解液は、空気極層および負極層の間でイオン伝導を行うものである。本発明においては、非水電解液が、空気極層の全体を浸していることが好ましい。空気極層において効率良く電極反応を起こすことができるからである。
本発明における電池ケースの形状としては、上述した空気極、負極および非水電解液を収納することができれば特に限定されるものではないが、具体的にはコイン型、平板型、円筒型、ラミネート型等を挙げることができ、平板型およびラミネート型が好ましい。また、電池ケースは、大気開放型の電池ケースであっても良く、密閉型の電池ケースであっても良い。大気開放型の電池ケースは、上述した図2に示すように、大気と接触可能な電池ケースである。一方、電池ケースが密閉型電池ケースである場合は、密閉型電池ケースに、気体(空気)の導入管および排気管を設けることが好ましい。この場合、導入・排気する気体は、酸素濃度が高いことが好ましく、純酸素であることがより好ましい。また、放電時には酸素濃度を高くし、充電時には酸素濃度を低くすることが好ましい。
本発明の非水空気電池は、空気極層および負極層の間に、セパレータを有することが好ましい。より安全性の高い非水空気電池を得ることができるからである。上記セパレータとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等の多孔膜;および樹脂不織布、ガラス繊維不織布等の不織布等を挙げることができる。また、セパレータの厚さは、非水空気電池の用途等に応じて、適宜選択することが好ましい。
ケッチェンブラック(ケッチェンブラックインターナショナル社製、平均一次粒径0.05μm)85重量部と、粉砕した電解二酸化マンガン(高純度化学研究所製、平均粒径5μm)15重量部と、PVDF溶液(クレハ社製)100重量部とを混合し、これにNMP(N-メチルピロリドン、関東化学社製)を添加し、混練機で混合することにより、空気極層形成用組成物を得た。その後、空気極層形成用組成物を、カーボンペーパー(空気極集電体、東レ社製、TGP-H-090、厚さ0.28mm)上に塗布し、乾燥により溶媒を除去した。最後に、得られた電極を直径18mmに打ち抜き、空気極を得た。空気極層形成用組成物を塗布する際、1回の塗布量(塗布厚さ)および塗布回数を変化させることにより、平面領域における導電性材料の平均担持量を変化させた。
平面領域における導電性材料の平均担持量を10mg/cm2以上とする場合、以下の方法で空気極を作製した。ケッチェンブラック82重量部と、電解二酸化マンガン15重量部と、PTFE3重量部とを、ジルコニア乳鉢で混練し、空気極層形成用組成物を得た。なお、ケッチェンブラックおよび電解二酸化マンガンは、製造例1~14と同じものを用いた。次に、空気極層形成用組成物を、直径18mmのペレット状に成形した。その後、得られたペレットを、ニッケルメッシュ(厚さ150μm、直径18mm)に貼り合わせ、空気極を得た。ペレットを作製する際、空気極層形成用組成物の使用量を変化させることにより、平面領域における導電性材料の平均担持量を変化させた。
製造例1~14で得られた空気極を用いて、それぞれ評価用セルを作製した(図3参照)。なお、電池の組立はすべてアルゴンボックス内(露点-40℃以下)で行った。まず、リチウム空気二次電池30を作製した。リチウム空気二次電池30は、テフロン(登録商標)製の電池ケース31a、31bと、SUS製の電池ケース31cと、を有している。なお、電池ケース31bおよび電池ケース31cは、ボルト32で接合されている。さらに、電池ケース31aには酸素を供給する開口部を有しており、その開口部には、中空状の電流取出し部33が設けられている。また、空気極34には上記の方法で得られた空気極を用い、非水電解液35には(CF3SO2)2NLiをプロピレンカーボネート(PC)に濃度1Mで溶解させた非水電解液を用い、負極層36には金属リチウム(極東金属社製、厚み200μm、直径19mm)を用いた。
製造例15~17で得られた空気極を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、評価用セルを得た。
実施例1~14および比較例1~3で得られた評価用セルを用いて、充放電試験を行った。下記に充放電の条件を示す。なお、充放電は放電スタートとし、25℃の恒温槽を用いて充放電を行った。
(1)100mA/(g-carbon)の電流で電池電圧2Vになるまで放電を行う
(2)放電後、1時間休止する。
(3)休止後、100mA/(g-carbon)の電流で電池電圧4.3Vになるまで充電を行う
ここで「g-carbon」は、炭素(導電性材料)の重量を表す。得られた結果を表1に示す。なお、表1において、「炭素の平均担持量」とは、空気極の平面領域における炭素(導電性材料)の平均担持量をいう。また、参考までに、実施例5の充電放電曲線を図4に示す。
Claims (5)
- 非水空気電池に用いられる空気極であって、
多孔質構造を有する空気極集電体と、前記空気極集電体上に形成され、導電性材料を含有する空気極層とを有し、
前記空気極の平面領域における前記導電性材料の平均担持量が、0.3mg/cm2~9.0mg/cm2の範囲内であることを特徴とする空気極。 - 前記空気極の平面領域における前記導電性材料の平均担持量が、0.5mg/cm2~8.0mg/cm2の範囲内であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項に記載の空気極。
- 前記導電性材料が、粉末カーボン材料であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項または第2項に記載の空気極。
- 前記空気極集電体が、カーボン材料を用いた集電体であることを特徴とする請求の範囲第1項から第3項までのいずれかに記載の空気極。
- 請求の範囲第1項から第4項までのいずれかに記載の空気極と、負極と、非水電解液とを有することを特徴とする非水空気電池。
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US12/675,066 US20110305974A1 (en) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | Air cathode and nonaqueous air battery |
CN2009801002726A CN101904044A (zh) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | 空气极及非水空气电池 |
KR1020107005091A KR20100114003A (ko) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | 공기극 및 비수 공기전지 |
JP2010500985A JP5056942B2 (ja) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | 空気極および非水空気電池 |
EP09807694A EP2278655A4 (en) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | AIR ELECTRODE AND WATER-FREE AIR BATTERY |
PCT/JP2009/054296 WO2010100752A1 (ja) | 2009-03-06 | 2009-03-06 | 空気極および非水空気電池 |
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EP2278655A1 (en) | 2011-01-26 |
KR20100114003A (ko) | 2010-10-22 |
JP5056942B2 (ja) | 2012-10-24 |
EP2278655A4 (en) | 2012-04-11 |
US20110305974A1 (en) | 2011-12-15 |
JPWO2010100752A1 (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
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