WO2010083657A1 - 一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法 - Google Patents

一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法 Download PDF

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WO2010083657A1
WO2010083657A1 PCT/CN2009/070315 CN2009070315W WO2010083657A1 WO 2010083657 A1 WO2010083657 A1 WO 2010083657A1 CN 2009070315 W CN2009070315 W CN 2009070315W WO 2010083657 A1 WO2010083657 A1 WO 2010083657A1
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initiator
lithium
anionic polymerization
polymerization
group
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French (fr)
Inventor
郑安呐
张健
管涌
胡福增
危大福
王书忠
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SHANGHAI FUEN PLAST-RUBBER Corp OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
East China University of Science and Technology
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SHANGHAI FUEN PLAST-RUBBER Corp OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
East China University of Science and Technology
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Priority to PCT/CN2009/070315 priority Critical patent/WO2010083657A1/zh
Priority to US13/145,868 priority patent/US8546503B2/en
Publication of WO2010083657A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010083657A1/zh
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/38Polymerisation using regulators, e.g. chain terminating agents, e.g. telomerisation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F297/00Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer
    • C08F297/02Macromolecular compounds obtained by successively polymerising different monomer systems using a catalyst of the ionic or coordination type without deactivating the intermediate polymer using a catalyst of the anionic type

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of polymer material polymerization technology, and more particularly to a novel method for controlling and adjusting anionic polymerization rate, side reaction, polymerization temperature, and an initiator association used in the practice of the method.
  • Background technique
  • Anionic polymerization has been widely used in the synthesis of polymers, characterized by rapid initiation, rapid growth, almost no termination, controlled product molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined structure.
  • Anionic polymerization under suitable conditions the system is very pure
  • chain termination or chain transfer reaction can be avoided, and the active chain can maintain the polymerization activity until the monomer is completely depleted; if a suitable blocking agent or second monomer is added, Functionalized telechelic polymers or block copolymers of various structures are obtained.
  • a suitable blocking agent or second monomer is added, Functionalized telechelic polymers or block copolymers of various structures are obtained.
  • the anion polymerization rate is very fast, the instantaneous generation of a large amount of heat makes it difficult to control on an industrial scale.
  • polar regulators such as tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, N, N, N, N - tetramethyl vinyl diamine, etc.
  • the polymerization initiator de-association not only accelerates the polymerization rate, but also performs polymerization at a low temperature, and because all the initiators are simultaneously initiated, the molecular weight distribution of the polymer can be as small as 1, regardless of the theory and the theory of anionic polymerization. Real Practice has an important contribution.
  • this method can only increase the polymerization rate, lower the reaction temperature, and increase the random product, but lacks the reverse control method, that is, the method of reducing the reaction rate, avoiding side reactions, and increasing the reaction temperature. Therefore, it is impossible to solve the side reaction problems such as gel generated during bulk polymerization and high-concentration solution polymerization of styrene-butadiene rubber, and many reactions can only be carried out normally under the condition of a few tens of degrees of deep cooling, which lacks practical industrial value. . Strong applications need to promote comprehensive research in this area.
  • Lewis base such as ethers
  • Lewis acids such as alkyl aluminum compounds
  • Patent CN 1646580A describes an initiator composition and an anionic polymerization process comprising at least one alkali metal hydride selected from the group consisting of LiH, NaH and KH and at least one organoaluminum compound.
  • an alkali metal hydride can be used as an initiator for anionic polymerization
  • an organoaluminum compound improves the solubility of an alkali metal hydride in a solvent, and can be carried out by blending to improve the activity of the alkali metal hydride.
  • the organoaluminum compound slows down the polymerization rate of the monomer.
  • Patent CN 1291205A describes a delayed anionic polymerization process.
  • the monomer is polymerized in the presence of at least one organic alkali metal compound, at least one organomagnesium compound, and at least one organoaluminum compound.
  • an initiator composition capable of achieving a polymerization reaction rate over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations, an organomagnesium compound and an organoaluminum compound in the composition are provided.
  • Patent CN 1291207A describes a process for preparing block copolymers by delayed anionic polymerization, ie a method for preparing block copolymers from vinyl aromatic monomers and dienes, using The polymerization is carried out in the presence of at least one organic alkali metal compound or alkali metal alkoxide and at least one organomagnesium, aluminum or zinc compound.
  • the prepared block copolymer contains a block copolymer of a block structure such as SBS, SS/BS, SBS/BS or the like.
  • PSLi + i-BusAl ⁇ i-BusAl PSLi (1:1) Strongly coordinated i-BusAl: PSLi + PSLi i-BusAl: (PSLi) 2 (1 : 2) weakly coordinated in (meth) acrylates
  • PSLi + i-BusAl ⁇ i-BusAl PSLi (1:1) Strongly coordinated i-BusAl: PSLi + PSLi i-BusAl: (PSLi) 2 (1 : 2) weakly coordinated in (meth) acrylates
  • DPE 1,1-diphenylethylene
  • the pre-blocking of DPE can only effectively avoid the side reaction of the carbonyl group of the first monomer molecule.
  • the effect of steric hindrance becomes smaller or disappears.
  • the carbonyl group of the second monomer molecule is not effectively hindered from participating in the reaction.
  • the reactivity of the carbonyl group at low temperature is small, which can still hinder the effect.
  • the reaction temperature is raised and the carbonyl reactivity is large, the addition of DPE will have no effect.
  • the synthesis process of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene is that ethylene oxide is directly added in the final stage of the anionic polymerization of butadiene, and then terminated with methanol to obtain the target product; however, if organomagnesium or organoaluminum remains in the system.
  • the compound in turn, undergoes a ring opening reaction with the added ethylene oxide, causing inaccuracies in by-products and metering. Therefore, such complexes have major problems both in theory and in practical applications.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and to provide a method for controlling the anionic polymerization reaction which can limit the anionic polymerization rate, suppress side reactions, and increase the polymerization temperature.
  • a method for controlling anionic polymerization characterized in that the initiator association is added to the monomer or initiator directly or in solution at different times or at different stages, for anionic polymerization, using an initiator
  • the metal atom of the associate is associated with the cation of the initiator, and the hydrocarbon oxy group having a large volume or steric hindrance to restrict the monomer addition channel realizes the limitation of the polymerization rate, suppresses the occurrence of the side reaction, and
  • the polymerization temperature is controlled and adjusted so that it can be raised to room temperature or higher, and the molar ratio of the initiator to the initiator is from 0.01:1 to 20:1.
  • the initiator associate has the following structure: R[OM] n , wherein n is an integer of 1-3, M is an alkali metal, R is an organic moiety, and the organic moiety includes a larger volume or a sterically hindered a group consisting of an alkane and its derivatives or an aromatic hydrocarbon and its derivatives.
  • the alkali metal includes Li and Na, and the group includes a butyl group, a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a biphenyl group, a 2,2-bis(4,4'-phenyl)propane, a naphthyl group, and an anthracene. base.
  • the organic moiety is a hydrocarbyloxy compound which ensures that the compound formed can be dissolved in an anionic polymerizable monomer or an organic solvent which can be used in anionic polymerization, and the complex itself is neither The polymerization is initiated and the active species are not terminated.
  • the alkoxy group includes a phenol group, a biphenyloxy group, a naphthol group, a benzyloxy group, a nonylphenol group, and an alkyl-substituted derivative thereof, and a polyisobutoxy group and a polybutoxy group. Large or sterically hindered groups.
  • the polymerization may be carried out in the presence of a solvent comprising a fat, an alicyclic, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ether or an inert hydrocarbon solvent of 4 to 12 carbon atoms, including n-hexane, cyclohexane, and white paraffin. , toluene, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixed solvent of such solvents.
  • the solvent includes hexane, heptane, pentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene or a mixture thereof, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, the inert hydrocarbon
  • the solvent includes n-hexane, cyclohexane, white paraffin, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixed solvent of such a solvent.
  • the initiator is sodium naphthalene or an alkyl lithium compound, including: n-butyl lithium, ethyl lithium, propyl lithium, isopropyl lithium, sec-butyl lithium, t-butyl lithium, phenyl lithium, diphenyl Hexyllithium, butadiene-based lithium, polystyryllithium, etc., or a polyfunctional lithium compound such as 1, 4-dilithium benzene, 1, 4-lithium butane, 1, 4-lithium hexane.
  • the initiator associate is added directly to the initiator to form the composition or applied directly to the system for application.
  • the initiator associate is dissolved in an inert hydrocarbon solvent, a monomer or an initiator, and an appropriate solubilizing agent is added, which is kept at 0 to 30 ° C for 5 minutes, and the solubilizing agent includes diphenylethylene.
  • the anionic polymerization rate, the side reaction, the polymerization temperature, and the like are controlled by adding an initiator association to the polymerization system.
  • the initiator association comprises an alkali metal compound having a specific structure, and the initiator associate is used in combination with an initiator to form a combination system, and the chemical structure of the initiator is set.
  • the anionic polymerization system does not cause uncontrolled bursting during bulk polymerization, and the anionic polymerization of the diene such as the solution styrene-butadiene rubber does not generate a gel at a high temperature; the original must be under cryogenic conditions.
  • the polymerization temperature of the polymerized carbonyl group-containing unsaturated monomer can be raised to room temperature, or even higher, without causing significant side reactions.
  • Units in the weight percent by weight in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art, for example Refers to the weight of the solute in a 100 ml solution.
  • the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers given below were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The steps are as follows: The eluent is tetrahydrofuran, flow rate lml/min; three styrene-divinylbenzene gel separation columns (35 °C, 300 X 8mm); by differential detector and eighteen angle laser light scattering detector A dual detection system consisting of the absolute molecular weight of the polymer and its distribution. ⁇ -NMR analysis Using deuterated chloroform as a solvent, tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard.
  • the polymerization procedure was the same as in Example 1, except that the initiator associate (phenol lithium) was not added. See Table 1 for comparison with the results of the above example.
  • Example 2 Polymerization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) At 0 ° C, 48 ml of toluene was added to the reactor, and an equimolar ratio of lithium naphthol (initiator association) and diphenylhexyl lithium (initiator, through n-butyl lithium and 1, 1-diphenyl) were added. The ethylene is equimolar to obtain), stir well, add 5 ml of methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the designed molecular weight is 2,500. The temperature was gradually raised to 20 ° C and the reaction was carried out for 20 minutes. After the reaction was over, the polymer active species were stopped with 1 ml of methanol. The conversion rate is shown in Table 2. The molecular weight of the product and its distribution were determined by GPC, and the results are shown in Table 2.
  • Example 2 The polymerization procedure was the same as in Example 2 except that the initiator associate (lithium naphthol) was not added. See Table 2 for a comparison with the results of Example 2.
  • the initiator associate lithium naphthol
  • the conversion rate is Mn Mw/Mn.
  • Example 2 2500 5ml 20min 100% 2610 1.16 Comparative Example 2 2500 5ml 20min 100% 3230 1.49
  • the GPC results of the comparative examples were double-distributed.
  • the molecular weight of the PMMA sample is higher than the set value, and the conversion rate is about 100%, indicating that a side reaction of the carbonyl group has been produced, and in the embodiment in which the initiator associate is added, the GPC spectrum is a single distribution, and the molecular weight distribution coefficient is narrow. It is indicated that the initiator associate functions to control the side reaction activity, and does not affect the molecular weight of the polymerization product and its distribution. It was shown that under the same conditions, PMMA samples with a narrow molecular weight distribution were not substantially obtained without the initiator association.
  • Example 3 Diblock copolymer of polymethyl methacrylate and tert-butyl methacrylate
  • tert-butyl methacrylate ( 7.66 ml, designed molecular weight 3550) was added in an equimolar amount with MMA, and reacted at the same temperature for 30 min, and then the polymer active species were terminated with 1 ml of methanol.
  • the conversion rate is shown in Table 3.
  • the molecular weight of the product and its distribution were determined by GPC. The results are shown in Table 3.
  • the polymerization procedure was the same as in the previous example except that the initiator association (lithium hydroquinone) was not added. See Table 3 for a comparison with the results of Example 3.
  • the GPC spectrum is still single-distribution, and the molecular weight distribution is narrow, indicating that the initiator associate plays a better role in controlling side reactions, and does not affect the molecular weight of the polymerization product. Its distribution. Under the same conditions, a sample of the block copolymer having a narrow molecular weight distribution was not obtained without the initiator association.
  • the polymerization procedure was the same as in the previous example except that the initiator association (lithium biphenyl) was not added. See Table 5 for a comparison with the results of Example 4.
  • the GPC results of the comparative examples are double-distributed.
  • the molecular weight of the block copolymer sample differs greatly from the set value, and the conversion rate is less than 100%, indicating that the side reaction of the carbonyl group causes the nucleophilic addition by-product of the partial carbonyl group to be generated, thereby increasing the molecular weight of some products and affecting the product.
  • Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution In the example in which the initiator association is added, the GPC spectrum shows a single distribution, and the molecular weight distribution coefficient is narrow, indicating that the initiator association can control the side reaction and does not affect the molecular weight of the polymerization product. Its distribution. Under the same conditions, a sample of the block copolymer having a narrow molecular weight distribution could not be obtained without the initiator association. It can be seen that the effect of the initiator association is quite obvious.
  • the polymerization procedure is the same as in the above example, except that the initiator association is added before the polymerization (lithium phthalate, mixed in a small amount of toluene solvent, and the molar ratio of the active species is 0.5:1).
  • the results of the two cases are compared in Table 6.
  • Example 5 A certain amount of gel appeared in Example 5 in which no initiator association was added, indicating that a gel appeared in the solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene copolymer after the temperature was raised, and there was no gel in the sample of Comparative Example 5.
  • the set value of the molecular weight of the sample of Comparative Example 5 was substantially the same as the actual measured value. It can be seen that the initiator associate functions to control the side reaction without affecting the chemical structure of the product.
  • Example 6 Bulk polymerization of S/B multi-block copolymers in a twin-screw extruder
  • a blend of styrene and butadiene (6/4, mass ratio) was fed into the twin-screw extruder using a metering pump at 0 ° C.
  • the feed rate was 1.8 kg/h and was fed with a metering pump.
  • n-Butyllithium initiator, feed rate 2 ml/min, 0.15 mol/L, designed molecular weight of approximately 100,000.
  • the spline was pulled out, and the pellet was subjected to GPC and 1 H-NMR analysis. The results are shown in Table 7.
  • the polymerization procedure was the same as in the previous example except that the initiator association was added (lithium phenolate, mixed in a small amount of styrene monomer, and the molar ratio of the active species to 2:1). The results of the two cases are compared in Table 7.
  • Example 6 This example is similar to the above example, except that in Example 6, since the initiator associate was not added, the sample was completely gelled during the extrusion process, and the extrusion was not smoothly performed, and the material in the barrel was clogged. The motor current increases instantaneously and cannot be operated. After the addition of the initiator complex, the extrusion can be smoothly carried out, the molecular weight distribution of the product is narrow, and the molecular weight is basically controllable. The structure of the product was increased in the 1,4 structural content of the polybutadiene segment in the reaction product to which THF was added.
  • the initiator associate is directly added to the composition composition in the initiator, and the molar ratio of the initiator association to the initiator is 0.01:1, an anionic polymerization reaction is carried out, and the metal atom and the initiator of the initiator association are used.
  • Cationic association with a larger volume or sterically hindered alkoxy group to limit monomer addition
  • the channel formation method limits the polymerization rate, suppresses the occurrence of side reactions, and controls and adjusts the polymerization temperature.
  • the polymerization step is the same as in the first embodiment.
  • the initiator associate is dissolved in the initiator, and the molar ratio of the initiator to the initiator is 20:1, and an appropriate amount of the solvent diphenylethylene is added, and the mixture is maintained at 30 ° C for 5 minutes to carry out an anionic polymerization reaction.
  • the metal atom of the initiator associate is associated with the initiator cation, and the hydrocarbon oxy group having a large volume or steric hindrance restricts the monomer addition channel to limit the polymerization rate and suppress the occurrence of side reactions.
  • the polymerization temperature was controlled and adjusted, and the polymerization step was the same as in Example 1.
  • the initiator associate used can not only function to control the polymerization rate and stabilize the active center of the polymerization, but also suppress side reactions during the polymerization.

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Description

一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子材料聚合技术领域, 尤其涉及一种新的对阴离子聚合 速度、 副反应、 聚合温度进行控制与调节的方法以及在该方法实施过程中所 采用的引发剂缔合物。 背景技术
阴离子聚合已经广泛地应用到聚合物的合成领域, 其特征是快引发、 快 增长、 几乎不终止, 产物分子量大小可控, 分子量分布窄, 结构明确。 阴离 子聚合在适当条件下 (体系非常纯净) , 可以不发生链终止或链转移反应, 活性链直到单体完全耗尽仍可保持聚合活性; 若添加适当的封端剂或者第二 单体, 可得到官能化的遥爪聚合物或者各种结构的嵌段共聚物。 然而因为阴 离子聚合反应速度非常快, 瞬时产生大量的热量使得其在工业化规模上比较 难以控制。 若降低聚合温度, 会使得中间产物的黏度过大, 尤其是对于高浓 度的溶液聚合或者本体聚合而言, 造成搅拌困难和产物的不稳定。 若降低引 发剂的加入量, 终产物的分子量大小将会改变。 所以迄今为止, 所有工业化 的阴离子聚合, 无一例外地均采用溶液聚合方法。 然而若加入大量溶剂来稀 释, 则会导致溶剂的后处理问题和更大的环境压力。再者,对于某些单体(特 别是二烯烃和含酯基类单体) 的阴离子聚合而言, 过快的速度或过高的温度 容易导致大量副反应的发生甚至根本得不到所需聚合物, 从而使阴离子聚合 在工业化的进程上受到了严重的阻碍。 目前仅有为数不多单体的阴离子聚合 可以进行工业化生产。
因此, 对能够控制和调节阴离子聚合助剂的研究一直没有间断过, 也已 经提出一些能够控制和调节阴离子聚合的助剂及其理论。 国内应圣康 (应圣 康, 郭少华等. 离子型聚合 [M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 1988 ) 、 金关泰(薛 联宝, 金关泰.阴离子聚合的理论和应用 [M].北京:中国友谊出版公司, 1990 ) 等提出了采用极性调节剂 (如四氢呋喃、 乙二醇二甲醚、 二乙二醇二甲醚、 N, N, N, N -四甲基乙烯基二胺等) 使阴离子聚合引发剂解缔合, 不仅加快 了聚合反应速度, 可以在低温下进行聚合, 而且因为所有的引发剂同时引发, 而使得聚合物的分子量分布可以小到接近 1, 无论对阴离子聚合的理论和实 践都有着重要的贡献。 然而该方法只能提高聚合速度, 可降低反应温度, 增 加无规的产物, 但却缺乏反向的控制方法, 也即降低反应速度、 避免副反应 和提高反应温度的方法。 以致于不能解决本体聚合和高浓度溶聚丁苯橡胶聚 合过程中产生的凝胶等副反应问题, 以及许多反应只有在负几十度深冷的情 况下才能正常进行聚合反应, 缺乏实际工业价值。 强烈的应用需要促进了对 于该领域的全面研究。
开始时, 由于受到配位聚合助催化剂的影响, 有很多直接使用配位聚合 助催化剂加入阴离子聚合体系的例子。 例如, Welch F. J.早在 20世纪 60年代 报道了在丁基锂引发苯乙烯阴离子聚合体系中加入 Lewis酸和 Lewis碱对聚合 速度的影响 ( Polymerization of styrene by butyllithium. II. Effect of Lewis acid and bases. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1960), 82,6000-5 ) 。 研究 结果表明少量的 Lewis碱 (如醚类等) 会加速苯乙烯的阴离子聚合反应速度, 而 Lewis酸(如烷基铝化合物)降低了聚合速度,若加入大于化学计量的 Lewis 酸, 会使得聚合反应停止。
Hsieh和 Wang研究了二丁基镁与烷基锂引发剂和 (或) 活性聚合物链在 有或者无四氢呋喃存在的情况下形成的配合物, 并发现二丁基镁降低了苯乙 烯与丁二烯的聚合反应速度, 但是并不影响其立体化学 (Macromolecules, 19(1966), 299-304 ) 。
专利 CN 1646580A描述了一种引发剂组合物和阴离子聚合方法, 该组合 物包含至少一种选自 LiH、 NaH和 KH的碱金属氢化物和至少一种有机铝化合 物。 其中碱金属氢化物可以用作阴离子聚合的引发剂, 有机铝化合物改进了 碱金属氢化物在溶剂中的溶解性能, 可以通过配合进行, 从而改进碱金属氢 化物的活性。 有机铝化合物减缓了单体的聚合速度。
专利 CN 1291205A描述了一种延迟的阴离子聚合反应工艺。 将单体在至 少一种有机碱金属化合物、 至少一种有机镁化合物以及至少一种有机铝化合 物的存在下进行聚合。 并且提供了一种能在较宽的温度和浓度范围内实现聚 合反应速度可调的引发剂组合物, 组合物中有机镁化合物和有机铝化合物。
专利 CN 1291207A描述了一种通过延迟的阴离子聚合反应制备嵌段共聚 物的工艺, 即从乙烯基芳香族单体与二烯制备嵌段共聚物的一种方法, 使用 至少有一种有机碱金属化合物或碱金属醇盐以及至少一种有机镁、 铝或锌化 合物的存在下进行聚合。 制备的嵌段共聚物包含 S-B-S、 S-S/B-S , S-B-S/B-S 等嵌段结构的嵌段共聚物。
以上专利和文献均对延迟阴离子聚合反应的方法和实施例进行了详细 的描述, 使用的思路基本一致, 即通过组成引发剂的组合物, 与引发剂进行 配合, 产生一定的络合物结构。 如 Alain Deffieux认为氢化物和有机铝化合物 与引发剂的配合情况如下式所示 (Polymer 46 (2005) 6836-6843 ) :
PSLi + i-BusAl ^ i-BusAl: PSLi (1:1) 强配位 i-BusAl: PSLi + PSLi i-BusAl: (PSLi)2 (1 :2)弱配位 在 (甲基) 丙烯酸酯类等含有羰基的不饱和单体的阴离子聚合体系中, 羰基的存在会产生系列副反应。 通常采用加入 1, 1-二苯基乙烯(DPE )预封端 引发剂的方式增大引发剂的空间位阻, 同时降低聚合反应体系温度, 尽可能 地避免羰基参与反应。 DPE的预封端只能有效地避免第一个单体分子的羰基 的副反应, 当第一个单体加成到引发剂阴离子上时, 其空间位阻的影响就变 小或者消失, 因此不能有效地阻碍第二个单体分子的羰基参与反应。 低温下 羰基的反应活性较小, 尚可以起到阻碍作用, 但若提高反应温度, 羰基反应 活性较大时, 添加 DPE就起不到效应的作用。
以上这些方法, 特别是提出的理论多为推测, 并未见有直接有力的实验 依据, 而且无法准确揭示这些机理与聚合反应温度的对应关系。 此外, 这类 配合物体系基本上都要使用两种或者两种以上物质, 加料过程比较复杂, 而 且有机镁和有机铝化合物易燃易爆, 极易与空气中的氧气和水分发生反应, 因此运输和处理比较困难, 在工业生产中极为不安全。 并且对助剂使用量的 控制也需要高度精确, 否则对产物的影响比较明显。 再者, 此类配合物也有 较强的亲核性, 对后续的产物的直接官能化步骤有不良影响。 如端羟基聚丁 二烯的合成过程是环氧乙烷在丁二烯的阴离子聚合反应最终阶段直接加入, 然后用甲醇终止, 即可获得目标产物; 但是若体系中残留有有机镁或有机铝 化合物, 则会与加入的环氧乙烷发生开环反应,造成副产物和计量的不准确。 因此, 这类配合物无论在理论上, 还是在实际应用上都存在较大问题。 发明内容 本发明的目的就是为了克服现有技术存在的不足之处, 提供一种可对阴 离子聚合速度进行限制, 抑制副反应, 并且可以提高聚合反应温度的控制阴 离子聚合反应的方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
—种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 将引发剂缔合物同时或 者分别在不同时刻或者不同阶段直接或者以溶液形式添加到单体或者引发 剂中, 进行阴离子聚合反应, 利用引发剂缔合物的金属原子与引发剂阳离子 缔合, 而具有较大体积或空间位阻的烃氧基来限制单体加成通道的方式实现 对聚合速度进行限制, 抑制副反应的发生, 并对聚合温度进行控制与调节, 使其可升高至室温乃至更高的温度下进行, 所述的引发剂缔合物和引发剂的 摩尔比为 0.01 : 1至 20: 1。
所述的引发剂缔合物具有如下结构: R[OM]n, 其中, n为 1-3的整数, M 为碱金属, R为有机部分, 该有机部分包括较大体积或空间位阻的烷烃及其 衍生物或芳香烃及其衍生物构成的基团。
所述的碱金属包括 Li和 Na, 所述的基团包括特丁基、 苯基、 苄基、 联苯 基、 2, 2-二 (4, 4'-苯基) 丙烷、 萘基、 蒽基。
所述的有机部分为烃氧基化合物, 该烃氧基化合物可保证所组成的化合 物能够溶于阴离子聚合单体或阴离子聚合中所能使用的有机溶剂之中, 且缔 合物本身既不会引发聚合反应, 也不会使活性种终止。
所述的烃氧基包括酚基、 联苯氧基、 萘酚基、 苄氧基、 蒽酚基以及它们 的烷基取代衍生物以及多异丁氧基、 多特丁氧基一类具有较大体积或空间位 阻的基团。
所述的聚合反应可以在溶剂的存在下进行, 所述的溶剂包括 4〜 12碳原 子的脂肪、 脂环、 芳香烃、 醚类或惰性烃类溶剂, 包括正己烷、 环己烷、 白 石腊、 甲苯、 四氢呋喃, 或者此类溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
所述的溶剂包括己烷、 庚烷、 戊烷、 环己烷、 甲基环己烷、 苯、 甲苯、 二甲苯、 乙苯或者其混合物, 四氢呋喃或二氧六环, 所述的惰性烃类溶剂包 括正己烷、 环己烷、 白石腊、 甲苯、 四氢呋喃, 或者此类溶剂组成的混合溶 剂。 所述的引发剂为萘钠或烷基锂化合物, 包括: 正丁基锂、 乙基锂、 丙基 锂、 异丙基锂、 仲丁基锂、 叔丁基锂、 苯基锂、 二苯己基锂、 丁二烯基锂、 聚苯乙烯基锂等, 或者多官能锂化合物, 如 1, 4-二锂代苯、 1, 4-锂代丁烷、 1, 4-锂代己烷。
所述的引发剂缔合物直接添加在引发剂中形成组合物的形式或直接添 加到体系中进行应用。
所述的引发剂缔合物溶解在惰性烃类溶剂、 单体或者引发剂中可加入适 量增溶剂, 在 0〜30 °C保持 5min, 所述的增溶剂包括二苯基乙烯。
本发明通过在聚合体系中加入引发剂缔合物, 实现对阴离子聚合速度、 副反应以及聚合温度等的控制。 该引发剂缔合物包含碱金属的具有特定结构 的烃氧基化合物, 让该引发剂缔合物与引发剂配合使用, 组成引发组合体系, 通过该引发剂缔合物化学结构的设定实现对各种阴离子聚合单体的均聚及 共聚反应速度、副反应以及聚合温度进行控制及调节的方法。具有以下优点:
( 1 ) 利用有机烃氧基金属作为引发剂缔合物, 让其金属原子与引发剂 正离子产生某种缔合, 而其体积较大或者空间位阻较大的烃氧基部分填充在 引发剂正负离子之间, 提高了单体或官能团插入参与聚合的难度, 实现对聚 合速度、 副反应和温度升高影响的控制。
( 2 ) 可以限制阴离子聚合体系在本体聚合时不会产生难以控制的暴聚, 使溶聚丁苯橡胶等二烯烃的阴离子聚合在高温时不会产生凝胶; 使原本必须 在深冷条件下聚合的含有羰基的不饱和单体的聚合反应温度可以升至室温, 甚至更高的温度而不会产生明显的副反应。
( 3 ) 公开了一系列引发剂缔合物, 它们性质温和, 比较容易获得, 易 于储存, 使用方便, 使用效果好, 具有对人体安全, 易于工业化实施等优点。 具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例, 进一步阐述本发明。 应理解, 这些实施例仅用于 说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。 下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实 验方法, 通常按照常规条件或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。 除非另外说明, 否则所有的百分数、 比率、 比例、 或份数按重量计。
本发明中的重量体积百分比中的单位是本领域技术人员所熟知的, 例如 是指在 100毫升的溶液中溶质的重量。
除非另行定义, 文中所使用的所有专业与科学用语与本领域熟练人员所 熟悉的意义相同。 此外, 任何与所记载内容相似或均等的方法及材料皆可应 用于本发明方法中。 文中所述的较佳实施方法与材料仅作示范之用。 原料: 苯乙烯、 异戊二烯、 1, 3-丁二烯、 甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA) 、 甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯; 正丁基锂、 1, 1-二苯基乙烯 (DPE ) 、 萘钠、 仲丁基锂、 叔丁基锂、 异丙基锂; 甲醇; 环己烷、 四氢呋喃。
下面给出的聚合物的分子量和分子量分布用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC )测定。 步骤如下: 淋洗剂是四氢呋喃, 流速 lml/min; 三个苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯凝胶 分离柱 (35 °C, 300 X 8mm) ; 由示差检测器与十八角度激光光散射检测器组 成的双检测系统, 对聚合物的绝对分子量及其分布进行检测。 ^-NMR分析 采用氘代氯仿为溶剂, 四甲基硅烷为内标物。
实施例 1 : 聚苯乙烯 (PS ) 的制备
常温下, 在反应釜加入 48 ml环己烷, 加入等摩尔比的酚锂 (引发剂缔合 物)和萘钠(引发剂),搅拌均匀,加入 12 ml苯乙烯单体,设计分子量为 10,000。 逐步升温至 50°C, 反应 2小时。 反应结束后, 用 1 ml甲醇终止聚合物活性种。 转化率如表 1所示, 产物的分子量及其分布由 GPC测定, 结果见表 1。
对比例 1 :
聚合步骤与实施例 1相同, 不同之处仅在不加引发剂缔合物 (酚锂) 。 与上例的结果对比见表 1。
表 1 : 聚苯乙烯
设定分子量 苯乙烯 反应时间 转化率 Mn Mw/Mn 实施例 1 10000 12ml 2h 68% 6460 1.21 对比例 1 10000 12ml 2h 100% 10400 1.15
GPC结果均呈现单分布。 PS样品的分子量低于设定值, 而且转化率明显 低于 100%, 说明引发剂缔合物起到一定的控制速度的作用, 而且基本不影响 聚合产物的分子量分布。 上述两例中均在引发剂中加入 0.2 ml四氢呋喃。
实施例 2 : 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA) 的聚合 0°C下, 在反应釜加入 48 ml甲苯, 加入等摩尔比的萘酚锂 (引发剂缔合 物) 和二苯基己基锂 (引发剂, 通过正丁基锂和 1, 1-二苯基乙烯等摩尔反应 获得) , 搅拌均匀, 加入 5 ml甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA) , 设计分子量为 2500。 逐步升温至 20°C, 反应 20分钟。 反应结束后, 用 1 ml甲醇终止聚合物活性种。 转化率如表 2所示, 产物的分子量及其分布由 GPC测定, 结果见表 2。
对比例 2 :
聚合步骤与实施例 2相同, 不同之处仅在不加引发剂缔合物 (萘酚锂) 。 与实施例 2的结果对比见表 2。
表 2 : 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯
设定分子 MMA 反 应 时 转化率 Mn Mw/Mn 里 间
实施例 2 2500 5ml 20min 100% 2610 1.16 对比例 2 2500 5ml 20min 100% 3230 1.49 对比例的 GPC结果呈现双分布。 PMMA样品的分子量高于设定值, 转化 率约为 100%, 说明羰基的副反应已经产生, 而在加入引发剂缔合物的实施例 中 GPC谱图是单分布, 分子量分布系数较窄, 说明引发剂缔合物起到了控制 副反应活性的作用, 而且不影响聚合产物的分子量及其分布。 表明在同样条 件下, 不加引发剂缔合物基本得不到分子量分布窄的 PMMA样品。
实施例 3 : 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯与甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯两嵌段共聚物
( PMMA-PtBMA) 的聚合
0°C下, 在反应釜加入 60ml甲苯, 加入等摩尔比的对苯二酚锂 (引发剂 缔合物) 和二苯基己基锂 (引发剂, 通过正丁基锂和 1, 1-二苯基乙烯等摩尔 反应获得) , 搅拌均匀, 加入 5ml甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA) , 设计分子量为 2500。 逐步升温至 20°C, 反应 20分钟。 反应结束后, 加入与 MMA等摩尔数的 甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯 (tBMA) ( 7.66ml, 设计分子量 3550 ) , 再于同样温度下 反应 30min, 然后用 lml甲醇终止聚合物活性种。 转化率如表 3所示, 产物的 分子量及其分布由 GPC测定, 结果见表 3。
对比例 3 :
聚合步骤与上例相同, 不同之处仅在不加引发剂缔合物(对苯二酚锂) 。 与实施例 3的结果对比见表 3。
表 3 : PMMA-PtBMA
设定分子 MMA tBMA 反应时间 转化率 Mn Mw/Mn 華: 实施例 3 6050 5 ml 7.66ml 20min 100% 6210 1. 18 对比例 3 6050 5 ml 7.66ml 20min 95% 7740 1.71 对比例的 GPC结果均呈现双分布。 嵌段共聚物样品的分子量与设定值差 别大, 转化率不到 100%, 说明羰基的副反应进一步影响产物的组成, 而且分 子量分布进一步加宽, 说明在 20°C的温度下, 不适合直接进行含羰基单体嵌 段共聚物或者均聚物的合成。 而在加入引发剂缔合物的实施例中 GPC谱图仍 然是单分布, 分子量分布较窄, 说明引发剂缔合物起到了较好的控制副反应 的作用, 而且不影响聚合产物的分子量及其分布。 而在同样条件下, 不加引 发剂缔合物得不到分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物样品。
实施例 4 : PS-PMMA两嵌段共聚物的合成
0°C下, 在反应釜加入 60ml甲苯, 加入 0.6ml四氢呋喃, 然后加入仲丁基 锂 (引发剂) , 搅拌均匀, 加入 12ml苯乙烯, 设计分子量为 5000, 逐步升温 至 20°C, 反应 2小时。 反应结束后, 加入与引发剂等摩尔比的对苯二酚锂 (引 发剂缔合物)和过量的 DPE ( lml ), 溶液变成深红色。取样进行 GPC分析(此 时分子量的设定值应该为 5180 ) , 结果见表 4。 然后加入与苯乙烯等摩尔数 的 MMA ( 11.07ml, 设计分子量 4800 ) , 再同样温度下反应 30min, 然后用 lml 甲醇终止聚合物活性种。 用 GPC来测量产物的分子量及其分布, 结果见表 5。
对比例 4 :
聚合步骤与上例相同, 不同之处仅在不加引发剂缔合物(联苯二酚锂) 。 与实施例 4的结果对比见表 5。
表 4 : PS (分子量设定值为 5180 )
设定分子量 苯乙烯 反应时间 转化率 Mn Mw/Mn 实施例 4( PS ) 5180 12ml 2h 100% 5210 1.10 对比例 4( PS ) 5180 12ml 2h 100% 5130 1.11 表 5 : PS-PMMA (分子量设定值为 9980 )
设定分子 MMA 反 应 时 转 化 Mn Mw/Mn 里 间
实施例 4 ( PS-PMMA ) 9980 1 1.07ml 30min 100% 1021 1.16
0
对比例 4 ( PS-PMMA ) 9980 1 1.07ml 30min 97% 1354 1.41
0
对比例的 GPC结果呈现双分布。 嵌段共聚物样品的分子量与设定值差别 较大, 转化率不到 100%, 说明羰基的副反应导致部分羰基的亲核加成副产物 产生, 从而使得部分产物分子量增大, 影响了产物的分子量和分子量分布。 而在加入引发剂缔合物的实施例中 GPC谱图呈现单分布, 分子量分布系数较 窄, 说明引发剂缔合物在此能够起到控制副反应的作用, 而且不影响聚合产 物的分子量及其分布。 而在同样条件下, 不加引发剂缔合物得不到分子量分 布窄的嵌段共聚物样品。 可见, 引发剂缔合物的作用相当明显。
实施例 5 : S/B二嵌段共聚物的溶液聚合
20°C下, 在 2L的高压反应釜中一次性投入 800ml环己烷、 200g苯乙烯和 丁二烯混合物 (4/6, 质量比) , 加入 10ml四氢呋喃, 然后加入 2ml叔丁基锂 (引发剂, 1.0mol/L ) , 搅拌均匀, 逐步升温至 160 °C, 反应 2小时。 反应结 束后, 取样进行 GPC和1 H-NMR分析, 结果见表 6
对比例 5 :
聚合步骤与上例相同, 不同之处仅在聚合前补加引发剂缔合物 (对苯二 酚锂, 混合在少量甲苯溶剂中, 与活性种的摩尔比为 0. 5 : 1 ) 。 两例的结果 对比见表 6
S/B二嵌段共聚物
设定分子量 实验现象 1,4结构含量 b 转化率 Mn Mw/M n 实施例 5 100000 部分凝胶 45% 95210a 1.34 对比例 5 100000 正常 57% 100% 1 10230 1.25 a. 这里的 Mn是指去除凝胶部分的数均分子量。 b . 指聚丁二烯链段中 1,4结构占整个聚丁二烯链段的百分数
在没有加入引发剂缔合物的实施例 5中出现了一定数量的凝胶, 说明温 度升高后, 溶聚丁苯共聚物中会出现凝胶, 而在对比例 5的样品中没有凝胶 出现, 且对比例 5样品的分子量的设定值和实际测定值基本上相同, 可见, 引发剂缔合物起到了控制副反应的效果, 同时不影响产物的化学结构。
实施例 6 : S/B多嵌段共聚物在双螺杆挤出机中的本体聚合
0°C下, 在双螺杆挤出机中用计量泵打入苯乙烯和丁二烯的共混物(6/4, 质量比) , 进料速度为 1.8Kg/h, 同时用计量泵加入正丁基锂 (引发剂, 进料 速度 2ml/min, 0.15mol/L ) , 设计分子量约为 100000。 拉出样条, 切粒后进 行 GPC和1 H-NMR分析, 结果见表 7。
对比例 6 :
聚合步骤与上例相同, 不同之处仅在补加引发剂缔合物 (蒽酚锂, 混合 在少量苯乙烯单体中, 与活性种的摩尔比为 2 : 1 ) 。 两例的结果对比见表 7。
表 7 : S/B多嵌段共聚物
设定分子量 实验现象 转化率 Mn Mw/Mn 1,4结构含量 b 实施例 100000 全部凝胶 - - - - 对比例 100000 正常 100% 112480 1.65 78% b. 指聚丁二烯链段中 1,4结构占整个聚丁二烯链段的百分数
该例与上例相似, 不同的是在实施例 6中, 由于未加入引发剂缔合物, 结果挤出过程中样品完全凝胶, 基本不能顺利挤出, 而且造成螺筒内物料的 堵塞, 电机电流瞬时增大, 不能运转。 而添加引发剂缔合物后能顺利实现挤 出, 产物分子量分布较窄, 分子量大小基本可控。 产物的结构较添加 THF的 反应产物中聚丁二烯链段的 1,4结构含量有所提高。
实施例 7 :
将引发剂缔合物直接添加在引发剂中组成组合物, 使引发剂缔合物和引 发剂的摩尔比为 0.01 : 1, 进行阴离子聚合反应, 利用引发剂缔合物的金属原 子与引发剂阳离子缔合, 而具有较大体积或空间位阻的烃氧基来限制单体加 成通道的方式实现对聚合速度进行限制, 抑制副反应的发生, 并对聚合温度 进行控制与调节, 聚合步骤与实施例 1相同。
实施例 8 :
引发剂缔合物溶解在引发剂中, 使引发剂缔合物和引发剂的摩尔比为 20: 1, 再加入适量增溶剂二苯基乙烯, 在 30 °C保持 5min, 进行阴离子聚合 反应, 利用引发剂缔合物的金属原子与引发剂阳离子缔合, 而具有较大体积 或空间位阻的烃氧基来限制单体加成通道的方式实现对聚合速度进行限制, 抑制副反应的发生, 并对聚合温度进行控制与调节, 聚合步骤与实施例 1相 同。
以上实施例、 对比例及测试结果可以看出, 所使用的引发剂缔合物不仅 能够起到控制聚合反应速度和稳定聚合反应活性中心的作用, 同时能够抑制 聚合过程中的副反应。 在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考, 就如同每一篇文 献被单独引用作为参考那样。 此外应理解, 在阅读了本发明的上述讲授内容 之后, 本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改, 这些等价形式同样 落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1. 一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 将引发剂缔合物同时 或者分别在不同时刻或者不同阶段直接或者以溶液形式添加到单体或者引 发剂中, 进行阴离子聚合反应, 利用引发剂缔合物的金属原子与引发剂阳离 子缔合, 而具有较大体积或空间位阻的烃氧基来限制单体加成通道的方式实 现对聚合速度进行限制,抑制副反应的发生, 并对聚合温度进行控制与调节, 使其可升高至室温乃至更高的温度下进行, 所述的引发剂缔合物和引发剂的 摩尔比为 0.01: 1至 20: 1。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的引发剂缔合物具有如下结构: R[OM]n, 其中, n为 1-3的整数, M为碱 金属, R为有机部分, 该有机部分包括较大体积或空间位阻的烷烃及其衍生 物或芳香烃及其衍生物所构成的基团。
3. 根据权利要求 2所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的碱金属包括 Li和 Na, 所述的基团包括特丁基、 苯基、 苄基、 联苯基、
2, 2-二 ( 4, 4'-苯基) 丙烷、 萘基、 蒽基。
4. 根据权利要求 2所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的有机部分为烃氧基化合物, 该烃氧基化合物可保证所组成的化合物能 够溶于阴离子聚合单体或阴离子聚合中所能使用的有机溶剂之中, 且缔合物 本身既不会引发聚合反应, 也不会使活性种终止。
5. 根据权利要求 4所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的烃氧基包括酚基、 联苯氧基、 萘酚基、 苄氧基、 蒽酚基以及它们的烷 基取代衍生物以及多异丁氧基、 多特丁氧基一类具有较大体积或空间位阻的 基团。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的聚合反应可以在溶剂的存在下进行, 所述的溶剂包括 4〜 12碳原子的 脂肪、 脂环、 芳香烃、 醚类或惰性烃类溶剂, 包括正己烷、 环己烷、 白石腊、 甲苯、 四氢呋喃, 或者此类溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
7. 根据权利要求 6所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的溶剂包括己烷、 庚烷、 戊烷、 环己烷、 甲基环己烷、 苯、 甲苯、 二甲 苯、 乙苯或者其混合物, 四氢呋喃或二氧六环, 所述的惰性烃类溶剂包括正 己烷、 环己烷、 白石腊、 甲苯、 四氢呋喃, 或者此类溶剂组成的混合溶剂。
8. 根据权利要求 1所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的引发剂为萘钠或烷基锂化合物, 包括: 正丁基锂、 乙基锂、 丙基锂、 异丙基锂、 仲丁基锂、 叔丁基锂、 苯基锂、 二苯己基锂、 丁二烯基锂、 聚苯 乙烯基锂等, 或者多官能锂化合物, 如 1, 4-二锂代苯、 1, 4-锂代丁烷、 1, 4-锂代己烷。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在于, 所述的引发剂缔合物直接添加在引发剂中形成组合物的形式或直接添加到 体系中进行应用。
10. 根据权利要求 1所述的一种控制阴离子聚合反应的方法, 其特征在 于, 所述的引发剂缔合物溶解在惰性烃类溶剂、 单体或者引发剂中可加入适 量增溶剂, 在 0〜30 °C保持 5min, 所述的增溶剂包括二苯基乙烯。
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