WO2010058553A1 - 熱発電素子および熱発電デバイス - Google Patents
熱発電素子および熱発電デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010058553A1 WO2010058553A1 PCT/JP2009/006153 JP2009006153W WO2010058553A1 WO 2010058553 A1 WO2010058553 A1 WO 2010058553A1 JP 2009006153 W JP2009006153 W JP 2009006153W WO 2010058553 A1 WO2010058553 A1 WO 2010058553A1
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- thermoelectric conversion
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 194
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 147
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 70
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/10—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects
- H10N10/17—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects operating with only the Peltier or Seebeck effects characterised by the structure or configuration of the cell or thermocouple forming the device
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a thermoelectric generator and a thermoelectric generator that convert thermal energy into electric energy.
- Thermoelectric power generation technology is a technology that directly converts thermal energy into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect, in which an electromotive force is generated in proportion to the temperature difference that occurs at both ends of a substance. This technology is used and practically used for power supplies for remote areas, space power supplies, military power supplies, and the like.
- thermoelectric conversion material used for a thermoelectric power generation device or the like is often evaluated by a figure of merit Z or a figure of merit ZT that is dimensionlessly obtained by multiplying this by an absolute temperature.
- S 2 / ⁇ represented by the Seebeck coefficient S and the electrical resistivity ⁇ is a value called a power factor.
- the power factor is a criterion for determining the quality of the power generation performance of the thermoelectric conversion material and the thermoelectric power generation device when the temperature difference is constant.
- thermoelectric conversion materials currently in practical use as thermoelectric conversion materials have a ZT of about 1 and a power factor of 40 to 50 ⁇ W / cmK 2 , and have relatively high characteristics at present.
- a normal ⁇ -type thermoelectric power generation device using a Bi-based material has sufficient power generation performance for use in more applications.
- a p-type semiconductor thermoelectric conversion material and an n-type semiconductor thermoelectric conversion material having different carrier signs are connected so as to be in parallel and electrically in series.
- thermoelectric power generation device other than the ⁇ -type
- thermoelectric power generation device using anisotropy of thermoelectric characteristics in a laminated structure made naturally or artificially which has been proposed for a long time
- thermoelectric power generation device cannot be said to have sufficient power generation performance.
- Patent Document 1 has two electrodes and a laminate in which Bi 2 Te 3 layers and metal layers sandwiched between these two electrodes are alternately laminated, and the laminate surface of the laminate is: A thermoelectric device is described in which the two electrodes are inclined with respect to the opposite direction. This thermoelectric power generation device has high power generation performance.
- thermoelectric generator since the shape of the conventional thermoelectric generator is flat, there is a problem that heat cannot be efficiently transferred to a heat source having a curved surface such as a columnar heat source.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and is capable of efficiently transferring heat to a heat source having a curved surface, such as a columnar heat source, and the like.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the thermoelectric generator of the present invention includes a laminated body in which two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials are alternately laminated from one end to the other end, and a first electrode and a second electrode respectively disposed at both ends of the laminated body.
- the laminate has a shape that surrounds a straight axis from the one end to the other end, and the laminate is viewed from the direction along the axis.
- the inner circumference of the layer is a circle or an arc shape, and the boundary of each layer made of the two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials starts from the axis as the inner circumference of the laminated body moves from the inner circumference to the outer circumference. It arrange
- thermoelectric power generation device of the present invention is a thermoelectric power generation device including a plurality of thermoelectric power generation elements, and each of the plurality of thermoelectric power generation elements alternates between two different thermoelectric conversion materials from one end to the other end.
- the laminate When the laminate is viewed from the direction along the axis, the laminate has a shape surrounding the axis that is a straight line from the one end to the other end.
- the inner circumference of the laminate is circular or arc-shaped, and the boundary between the layers made of the two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials starts from the axis as it goes from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the laminate.
- the plurality of thermoelectric generators are electrically connected in series with each other, being disposed away from a straight line passing through the inner peripheral side end point of the boundary.
- thermoelectric power generation device of the present invention is a thermoelectric power generation device including a plurality of thermoelectric power generation elements, and each of the plurality of thermoelectric power generation elements alternates between two different thermoelectric conversion materials from one end to the other end.
- the laminate When the laminate is viewed from the direction along the axis, the laminate has a shape surrounding the axis that is a straight line from the one end to the other end.
- the inner circumference of the laminate is circular or arc-shaped, and the boundary between the layers made of the two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials starts from the axis as it goes from the inner circumference to the outer circumference of the laminate.
- the plurality of thermoelectric generators are electrically connected in parallel with each other, being arranged so as to be separated from a straight line passing through the inner peripheral side end point of the boundary.
- the present invention provides, from another aspect, a center point surrounded by a material having two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials stacked alternately from one end to the other end, and on the inner circumference of the material, A laminated body made of the material, arranged so as to incline from the inner periphery to the outer periphery with respect to a straight line connecting the boundary point between two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials, and the one end
- a thermoelectric generator comprising: a first electrode disposed on the second end; and a second electrode disposed on the other end is provided.
- the laminated body has a shape surrounding a straight axis while proceeding from one end to the other end. The center point is this axis when the laminate is viewed from the direction along this axis.
- thermoelectric conversion material is arrange
- thermoelectric generator and thermoelectric generator of the present invention heat can be efficiently transferred to a heat source having a curved surface, such as a cylindrical heat source, and has high power generation characteristics, so that it is practical. It is.
- the present invention promotes application of energy conversion between heat and electricity, and has high industrial value.
- thermoelectric generation element and a thermoelectric generation device that can efficiently transfer heat to a heat source having a curved surface, such as a cylindrical heat source.
- thermoelectric power generation element which concerns on this invention It is the figure which showed an example of the laminated body in the thermoelectric generation element which concerns on this invention, Comprising: The figure seen from the direction along an axis
- the side view of the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece used when manufacturing the thermoelectric generation element which concerns on this invention 1st process drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing method of the thermoelectric generation element which concerns on this invention 2nd process drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing method of the thermoelectric generation element which concerns on this invention 3rd process drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing method of the thermoelectric generation element which concerns on this invention
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention.
- the thermoelectric generator 10 according to the present invention includes a laminated body 13, and a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12 disposed at both ends of the laminated body 13, respectively.
- the laminated body 13 has a shape surrounding the axis 19 that is a straight line from one end to the other end, and has a shape that extends spirally around the axis 19.
- the laminated body 13 is wound with a sufficient distance in the direction along the axis 19 to form a space 21 and are not in contact with each other.
- the laminated body 13 has the structure by which the 1st thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the 2nd thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 were laminated
- FIG. 2 is a view showing an example of a laminated body in the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention, and is a view seen from a direction along the axis.
- the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14, 15 extend between the inner periphery and the outer periphery of the laminate 13, respectively, and these are curved.
- the boundary 22 of each layer of the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15 starts from the straight line 17 that starts from the axis 19 and passes through the inner peripheral side end point 23 of the boundary 22 as it goes from the inner periphery to the outer periphery of the laminate 13. It is arranged to be a curve that goes away.
- the straight line 17 is a normal line of the inner periphery of the stacked body 13 at the inner peripheral end point 23.
- the angle ⁇ formed by the line segment 16 connecting the inner peripheral side end point 23 and the outer peripheral side end point 24 of the boundary 22 and the straight line 17 is preferably 15 ° or more and 210 ° or less.
- the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15 do not have to be curved, but the curved thermoelectric generator 10 can obtain a higher power factor.
- the angles ⁇ of the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15 may not all be the same value. That is, in each of the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15, layers having different angles ⁇ may be mixed.
- thermoelectric conversion material constituting the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the thermoelectric conversion material constituting the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 are different materials, and the difference in mutual thermal conductivity ⁇ and the difference in Seebeck coefficient S. Is preferably large. Thereby, the thermoelectric generator 10 can obtain a large amount of power generation. Moreover, it is preferable that all of these thermoelectric conversion materials have a low electrical resistivity.
- these thermoelectric conversion materials are preferably metals, and specifically include materials containing Bi, materials containing Bi and Te, materials containing Pb and Te, Cu, Ag, Au, or Al. do it.
- One thermoelectric conversion material is preferably a material containing Bi, a material containing Bi and Te, and a material containing Pb and Te.
- the other thermoelectric conversion material is Cu, Ag, or Au. It is preferable that it is, and it is especially preferable that they are Cu and Ag.
- the material containing Bi and Te is preferably Bi 2 Te 3
- the material containing Pb and Te is preferably PbTe.
- Bi 2 Te x (2 ⁇ x ⁇ 4) and PbTe y (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2) may be used.
- the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 may be made of a material having high electrical conductivity, and are not particularly limited. Specifically, the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 are made of a metal such as Cu, Ag, Mo, W, Al, Ti, Cr, Au, Pt, or In, a nitride such as TiN, or tin-added indium oxide. (ITO), it may be formed using an oxide of SnO 2 or the like. Further, the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 may be formed by solder, silver solder, conductive paste, or the like.
- the space 21 may be filled with an electrical insulator. Thereby, the strength of the thermoelectric generator 10 is increased.
- the insulator may be epoxy resin, paraffin, rubber polyvinyl chloride, alumina, glass or the like, and epoxy resin is preferable because of high heat insulation.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The inventors of the present invention have studied various conditions in the thermoelectric generator 10, examined the relationship with the thermoelectric generator performance in detail, and tried to optimize the thermoelectric generator 10. And according to the material which comprises the 2nd thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, angle (theta), ratio of the internal peripheral angle of the 1st thermoelectric conversion material layer 14, and the internal peripheral angle of the 2nd thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, and a laminated body It was found that the thermoelectric generator 10 obtains a large power generation performance by appropriately setting the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of 13.
- the inner circumferential angle refers to the circumferential direction of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 in the inner circumference of the multilayer body 13 when the multilayer body 13 is viewed from the direction along the axis 19. Is a value represented by an angle with the axis 19 as the apex (see FIG. 2).
- the material constituting the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 preferably contains Bi.
- the angle ⁇ is particularly preferably 30 ° or more and 120 ° or less.
- the ratio of the inner peripheral angles of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 is preferably in the range of 0.2: 1 to 250: 1, and 5: 1 to 20: 1. It is especially preferable that it exists in the range.
- the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter of the laminate 13 is preferably in the range of 1: 1.1 to 1: 100, and particularly preferably in the range of 1: 1.5 to 1: 2. .
- the material constituting the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 preferably contains Bi and Te.
- the angle ⁇ is particularly preferably 60 ° or more and 90 ° or less.
- the ratio of the inner peripheral angles of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 is preferably in the range of 0.05: 1 to 250: 1, and 5: 1 to 40: 1. It is especially preferable that it exists in the range.
- the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter of the laminate 13 is preferably in the range of 1: 1.1 to 1:10, and particularly preferably 1: 1.5.
- the material constituting the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 contains Pb and Te.
- the angle ⁇ is particularly preferably 60 ° or more and 90 ° or less.
- the ratio of the inner peripheral angles of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 is preferably in the range of 0.2: 1 to 100: 1, and 5: 1 to 40: 1. It is especially preferable that it exists in the range.
- the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the laminate 13 is preferably in the range of 1: 1.05 to 1:10, and preferably in the range of 1: 1.2 to 1: 1.5. Particularly preferred.
- thermoelectric generator 10 When each condition is within the above range for each material constituting the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, the power factor of the thermoelectric generator 10 is an extremely practical value.
- FIG. 3A is a view showing a structure holding body used when manufacturing a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3B is a perspective view of a thermoelectric conversion material layer piece used when manufacturing the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention
- FIG. 3C shows a thermoelectric element used when manufacturing the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention. It is a side view of a conversion material layer piece.
- 3D to 3F are first to third process diagrams showing an example of a method for manufacturing a thermoelectric generator according to the present invention. In order to manufacture the thermoelectric generator 10, first, the structure holder 32 shown in FIG. 3A is prepared.
- the structure holding body 32 includes a spiral band portion 32a and guide portions 32b installed along opposite sides of the belt portion 32a, and a spiral groove 32c is formed.
- the thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C are members corresponding to the first or second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15 shown in FIG. In consideration of the later steps, the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 preferably corresponds to one of the first and second thermoelectric conversion material layers 14 and 15 made of a material having a high melting point. When the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 has a higher melting point than the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 corresponds to the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14. It is preferable.
- the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 is obtained by cutting the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 so as to have the same shape as the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14. If necessary, polishing may be performed after cutting.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 are arranged in the grooves 32c of the structure holding body 32 with a predetermined interval so as to have a predetermined inclination angle.
- FIG. 3E after all the thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 are arranged in the groove 32c, the melted second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 is arranged in the gap between the adjacent thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31. Pour material and cool. After cooling, the structure holding body 32 is removed, whereby the laminate 13 is manufactured as shown in FIG. 3F.
- the structure holding body 32 may be separated from the stacked body 13 and removed by rotating in the winding direction of the stacked body 13.
- the structure holding body 32 may be configured by combining a plurality of parts, and the structure holding body 32 may be separated from the stacked body 13 and removed by disassembling the structure holding body 32 into each part. Then, what is necessary is just to arrange a shape by grind
- FIG. 1
- thermoelectric generation element 10 shown in FIG. 1 is completed.
- various methods such as application of conductive paste, plating, thermal spraying, soldering, and joining with silver solder are used. be able to.
- the method for manufacturing the thermoelectric generator 10 according to the present invention is not particularly limited to the above method as long as it is a technique for realizing the structure of the thermoelectric generator 10. For example, by cutting and polishing not only the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 but also the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, a thermoelectric conversion material layer piece having the same shape as the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 is produced. You may produce the laminated body 13 by crimping these. Specifically, after these thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces are alternately arranged in the grooves 32c of the structure holding body 32 so as to have predetermined inclination angles, roll rolling is performed while heating, and cooling is performed after rolling. Thus, the laminate 13 can be produced.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an operating state of the thermoelectric generator of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, a cylindrical high temperature portion 44 may be installed on the inner peripheral side of the thermoelectric generator 10, and a low temperature portion 41 may be installed on the outer peripheral side so as to be in close contact with the thermoelectric generator 10. Thereby, a temperature gradient is generated from the inner peripheral side to the outer peripheral side of the laminated body 13.
- FIGS. 5A to 5C are views showing another example of the laminated body in the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention, as seen from the direction along the axis.
- the laminated bodies 13a and 13b of the thermoelectric generator shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B have a rectangular shape or a triangular shape instead of a circular shape.
- the configuration is the same as that of the laminate 13.
- the thermoelectric generator 13c shown in FIG. 5C has a filler 51 installed on the outer periphery.
- the configuration is the same as that of the laminate 13. By having the filler 51, the surface area of the outer peripheral side of the laminated body 13 is increased, and the heat radiation amount on the outer peripheral side is increased, so that the heat conversion efficiency is increased.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram showing still another example of the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6B is a view of this from a direction along the axis.
- the laminated body 63 of the thermoelectric generator 60 is not spiral, but is a ring with a part missing. Therefore, when viewed from the direction along the axis, the inner periphery and the outer periphery of the stacked body 63 have an arc shape. Other than that, the configuration is the same as that of the thermoelectric generator 10. Also in the thermoelectric generator 60, if a temperature gradient is generated from the inner periphery side to the outer periphery side, electric power is output via the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12.
- thermoelectric element 10 of the present invention can be installed in close contact with the outer periphery of a cylindrical or columnar heat source such as a car muffler or a pipe for releasing exhaust gas in the factory to the outside. Thereby, since heat can be efficiently absorbed from the heat source, thermoelectric conversion efficiency is high. Moreover, since the laminated body 13 has a shape extending spirally around the shaft 19, the area of the portion (inner peripheral portion) in contact with the heat source can be sufficiently large.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of the present invention high power generation performance can be obtained by appropriately selecting the constituent material, the angle ⁇ , the inner circumferential angle ratio, and the inner diameter / outer diameter ratio. Therefore, a practical thermoelectric generator 10 can be realized.
- the present invention promotes application of energy conversion between heat and electricity, and has high industrial value.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an example of a thermoelectric power generation device according to the present invention.
- the thermoelectric generation device 70 includes two stacked bodies 13 that are electrically connected. Since the configuration of the stacked body 13 has been described in Embodiment 1, the description thereof is omitted. One end of each stacked body 13 is electrically connected to each other by a connection electrode 73. An extraction electrode 71 is formed at the other end of each stacked body 13.
- a material having high electrical conductivity may be used, and the material is not particularly limited. Specifically, a metal such as Cu, Ag, Mo, W, Al, Ti, Cr, Au, Pt, or In, a nitride such as TiN, or an oxide such as tin-added indium oxide (ITO) or SnO 2 is used. Use it. Also, solder, silver solder or conductive paste may be used.
- the connection electrode 73 and the extraction electrode 71 can be manufactured using various methods such as plating and thermal spraying in addition to vapor phase growth such as vapor deposition and sputtering.
- thermoelectric generator 70 has a configuration in which two stacked bodies 13 are electrically connected in series. In the thermoelectric power generation device 70, the area (the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface of the multilayer body 13) where heat is transferred is larger than in the case where the multilayer body 13 is one.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 has a higher output than the one stacked body 13.
- the number of the stacked bodies 13 is not limited to two, and the thermoelectric generation device 70 may be configured by electrically connecting a plurality of stacked bodies 13 in series. As the stacked body 13 increases, the output voltage of the thermoelectric generator 70 increases.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing another example of the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention.
- the thermoelectric generation device 80 has two stacked bodies 13 that are electrically connected. One end of each stacked body 13 is electrically connected to each other by a wiring 84. The other end of each stacked body 13 is electrically connected to each other by a wiring 84.
- the wirings 84 are connected to the extraction electrodes 81, respectively.
- a material having high electrical conductivity may be used for the wiring 84 and the extraction electrode 81, and the material is not particularly limited. Specifically, metals such as Cu, Ag, Mo, W, Al, Ti, Cr, Au, Pt, and In, nitrides such as TiN, tin-added indium oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , or oxides are used. That's fine. Also, solder, silver solder or conductive paste may be used.
- the wiring 84 and the extraction electrode 81 can be manufactured using various methods such as plating and thermal spraying in addition to vapor phase growth such as vapor deposition and sputtering.
- thermoelectric generation device 80 has a configuration in which the two stacked bodies 13 are electrically connected in parallel, the internal resistance of the entire device in the thermoelectric generation device 80 is small. Moreover, even if the electrical connection of the thermoelectric generation device 80 is partially disconnected, the electrical connection of the entire device can be maintained.
- the number of the stacked bodies 13 is not limited to two, and the thermoelectric generation device 80 may be configured by electrically connecting a plurality of stacked bodies 13 in parallel. Moreover, the laminated body 13 may be connected by appropriately combining series and parallel connections to constitute a thermoelectric power generation device.
- thermoelectric power generation device of the present invention can be closely attached by a heat source even when the heat source has a curved surface such as a columnar shape, and can efficiently exchange heat. Therefore, the thermoelectric generator device can generate power efficiently.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 1 has the structure shown in FIG. 1 using Cu as the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and Bi as the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15.
- the shape of the laminated body 13 was an inner diameter of 100 mm, an outer diameter of 150 mm, a width of 50 mm, and the inner circumferential angle ratio of Cu and Bi was 20: 1. Further, the angle ⁇ is changed in the range of 0 ° to 240 °.
- the width of the stacked body 13 is the width in the direction along the axis 19.
- thermoelectric generator 10 was manufactured by the manufacturing method shown in FIGS. First, a Cu plate having a size of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm and a thickness of 50 mm was cut to produce a thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 having the same shape as the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 (see FIGS. 3B and 3C). The inner peripheral angle of the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 was 18 °.
- the structure holding body 32 shown in FIG. 3A was produced by cutting a copper pipe having a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 1000 mm. In addition, the structure holding body 32 was manufactured such that the distance in the axis 19 direction of the space 21 of the laminated body 13 was 40 mm.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 are arranged in the grooves 32c of the structure holding body 32 at regular intervals. After the thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 were arranged, Bi heated to 650 ° C. was poured between them, and then air-cooled for 24 hours. After removing the structure holding body 32, the laminated body 13 was subjected to cutting and polishing.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 made of Au were formed on both ends of the laminated body 13 by sputtering to obtain the thermoelectric generator 10.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The power generation performance was evaluated for the thermoelectric generator 10 produced by the above method.
- the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water, the outer peripheral side was cooled to 20 ° C., and the electromotive force and electrical resistance between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 were measured.
- angle ⁇ which is the inclination angle
- the electromotive force was 10.5 mV and the resistance was 0.16 m ⁇ . From this, the power factor was estimated to be 290 ⁇ W / cmK 2 .
- thermoelectric generators 10 having different angles ⁇ were produced, and the power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 1.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 1 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the angle ⁇ is in the range of 15 ° to 210 °, and is more preferable particularly in the range of 30 ° to 120 °. It was confirmed to show power generation characteristics.
- Example 2 The thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as Example 1. The angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °. A plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the inner circumferential angle ratio between Cu and Bi of the laminated body 13 was changed in the range of 0.025: 1 to 400: 1 were manufactured, and the power factor thereof was measured. The results are shown in Table 2. In addition, what is necessary is just to change an arrangement
- thermoelectric power generation element 10 of Example 2 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and Bi is in the range of 0.2: 1 to 250: 1, particularly 5: 1. It was confirmed that a more preferable power generation characteristic was exhibited when the ratio was in the range of 20 to 20: 1.
- Example 3 The thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as Example 1. The angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °. The inner diameter of the laminate 13 is 100 mm, the outer diameter is changed, and a plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter is changed in the range of 1: 1.05 to 1: 150 are manufactured. The power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 3 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter is in the range of 1: 1.1 to 1: 100, and particularly 1: 1.5. It was confirmed that more preferable power generation characteristics were exhibited when the ratio was in the range of 1: 2. At this time, the power factor exceeds 300 ⁇ W / cmK 2 . This is a high performance of about 6 times or more that of a ⁇ -type structure element using Bi that is currently in practical use.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer is composed of Cu and Bi, and each thermoelectric conversion material layer includes a thermoelectric element in which a layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° and a layer having an angle ⁇ of 180 ° are mixed. It was produced by the same method as in Example 1. The inner circumferential angle ratio between Cu and Bi in the laminate was 5: 1, the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter was 1: 1.5, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- a plurality of thermoelectric generators in which the volume ratio of the layer having the angle ⁇ of 60 ° and the layer having the angle ⁇ of 180 ° in the laminated body was changed were manufactured, and under the same conditions as in Example 1. Made it work. Table 4 shows the measurement results of the power factor. In Table 4, only the volume ratio of the layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° is shown. The volume ratio of the layer whose angle ⁇ is 180 ° is the rest.
- thermoelectric generator 70 of Example 5 In the thermoelectric generator 70 of Example 5, two stacked bodies 13 using Cu as a constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and Bi as a constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 are electrically connected in series. By connecting, the structure shown in FIG. 7 was obtained. Cu was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- the laminate 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the angle ⁇ is 60 °
- the inner peripheral angle of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 is 18 °
- the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and Bi is 20: 1
- the inner diameter of the laminate 13 is 100 mm
- the inner diameter and the outer diameter are The ratio was 1: 2.
- a Cu plate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 5 The power generation performance of the thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 5 was evaluated. First, the resistance value between the extraction electrodes 71 was measured and found to be 0.34 m ⁇ . When the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water and the outer peripheral side was kept at 20 ° C. by water cooling, the open end electromotive force of the thermoelectric generator 70 was 17.6 mV. From this, the power factor was estimated to be a high value of 386 ⁇ W / cmK 2 . A maximum of 7.8 W of power could be extracted from the thermoelectric generator 70 of Example 5.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 6 uses Cu as the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and uses Bi 2 Te 3 as the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15, and has the structure shown in FIG. It was.
- the shape of the laminated body 13 was an inner diameter of 100 mm, an outer diameter of 150 mm, a width of 50 mm, and the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 was 20: 1. Further, the inclination angle ⁇ is changed in the range of 0 ° to 240 °.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 having the same shape as the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 was produced (see FIGS. 3B and 3C).
- the inner peripheral angle of the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 was 18 °.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces having the same shape as the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15.
- the structure holding body 32 shown in FIG. 3A was prepared by cutting a copper pipe having a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 1000 mm.
- the structure holding body 32 was fabricated so that the distance in the axis 19 direction of the space 21 of the stacked body 13 was 40 mm.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 and Bi 2 Te 3 thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces are alternately arranged in the grooves 32c of the structure holding body 32, and these thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces are laminated while being heated to 580 ° C.
- a roll press was performed at 0.01 MPa from one end of the laminated body to the other end. Then, after air-cooling for 24 hours and removing the structure holding body 32, the laminated body 13 was cut and polished.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 made of Au were formed on both ends of the laminated body 13 by sputtering to obtain the thermoelectric generator 10.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The power generation performance was evaluated for the thermoelectric generator 10 produced by the above method.
- the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water, the outer peripheral side was cooled to 20 ° C., and the electromotive force and electrical resistance between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 were measured.
- angle ⁇ which is the inclination angle
- the electromotive force was 8.4 mV and the resistance was 3.54 m ⁇ . From this, the power factor was estimated to be 257 ⁇ W / cmK 2 .
- thermoelectric generators 10 having different angles ⁇ were produced, and the power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 5.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 6 exhibits preferable power generation characteristics when the angle ⁇ is in the range of 15 ° to 210 °, and is more preferable particularly in the range of 60 ° to 90 °. It was confirmed to show power generation characteristics.
- Example 7 The thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 7 was produced in the same manner as Example 6. The angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °. A plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the inner peripheral angle ratio between Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 of the laminated body 13 was changed in the range of 0.025: 1 to 400: 1 were manufactured, and the power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 6.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 7 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 is in the range of 0.05: 1 to 250: 1. It was confirmed that more preferable power generation characteristics were exhibited when the ratio was in the range of: 1 to 40: 1.
- Example 8 The thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 8 was produced in the same manner as Example 6. The angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °. The inner diameter of the laminate 13 is 100 mm, the outer diameter is changed, and a plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter is changed in the range of 1: 1.05 to 1: 150 are manufactured. The power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 7.
- thermoelectric power generation element 10 of Example 8 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter is in the range of 1: 1.1 to 1:10, particularly 1: 1.5. At that time, it was confirmed that more preferable power generation characteristics were exhibited. At this time, the power factor exceeds 300 ⁇ W / cmK 2 . This is a high performance of about 6 times or more that of a ⁇ -type structure element using Bi that is currently in practical use.
- Example 9 Thermoelectric power generation in which the constituent material of each thermoelectric conversion material layer is Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 and each thermoelectric conversion material layer includes a layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° and a layer having an angle ⁇ of 180 °
- the element was produced by the same method as in Example 6.
- the inner peripheral angle ratio between Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 in the laminate was 5: 1, the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter was 1: 1.5, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 6.
- a plurality of thermoelectric generators in which the volume ratio of the layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° and the layer having an angle ⁇ of 180 ° in the laminate was changed were manufactured, and the same conditions as in Example 1 were used. Made it work.
- Table 8 shows the measurement results of the power factor. In Table 8, only the volume ratio of the layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° is shown. The volume ratio of the layer whose angle ⁇ is 180 ° is the rest.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 10 electrically connected two stacked bodies 13 using Cu as the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and using Bi 2 Te 3 as the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15. By connecting them in series, the structure shown in FIG. 7 was obtained. Cu was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- the laminate 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 6.
- the angle ⁇ is 60 °
- the inner peripheral angle of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 is 18 °
- the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and Bi 2 Te 3 is 20: 1
- the inner diameter of the laminate 13 is 100 mm
- the ratio to the diameter was 1: 1.5.
- a Cu plate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 10 The power generation performance of the thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 10 was evaluated. First, the resistance value between the extraction electrodes 71 was measured and found to be 0.32 m ⁇ . When the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water and the outer peripheral side was kept at 20 ° C. by water cooling, the open end electromotive force of the thermoelectric generator 70 was 41.4 mV. From this, a high value of 315 ⁇ W / cmK 2 was estimated for the power factor. A maximum of 6.4 W of power could be extracted from the thermoelectric generator 70 of Example 10.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 11 has the structure shown in FIG. 1 using Cu as the constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and PbTe as the constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15.
- the shape of the laminate 13 was an inner diameter of 100 mm, an outer diameter of 150 mm, a width of 50 mm, and the inner circumferential angle ratio of Cu and PbTe was 20: 1. Further, the angle ⁇ is changed in the range of 0 ° to 240 °.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 having the same shape as the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 was produced by cutting Cu (see FIGS. 3B and 3C).
- the inner peripheral angle of the thermoelectric conversion material layer piece 31 was 18 °.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer piece of the same shape as the 2nd thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 was produced by cutting PbTe.
- the structure holding body 32 shown in FIG. 3A was prepared by cutting a copper pipe having a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 1000 mm.
- the structure holding body 32 was fabricated so that the distance in the axis 19 direction of the space 21 of the stacked body 13 was 40 mm.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces 31 and thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces made of PbTe are alternately arranged in the grooves 32c of the structure holding body 32, and a laminate in which these thermoelectric conversion material layer pieces are laminated while heating to 800 ° C. From one end to the other end, a roll press was performed at 0.01 MPa. Then, after air-cooling for 24 hours and removing the structure holding body 32, the laminated body 13 was cut and polished.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 made of Au were formed on both ends of the laminated body 13 by sputtering to obtain the thermoelectric generator 10.
- thermoelectric generator 10 The power generation performance was evaluated for the thermoelectric generator 10 produced by the above method.
- the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water, the outer peripheral side was cooled to 20 ° C., and the electromotive force and electrical resistance between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 12 were measured.
- angle ⁇ which is the inclination angle
- the electromotive force was 6.8 mV and the resistance was 3.8 m ⁇ . From this, the power factor was estimated to be 136 ⁇ W / cmK 2 .
- thermoelectric generators 10 having different angles ⁇ were produced, and the power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 9.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 11 exhibits preferable power generation characteristics when the angle ⁇ is in the range of 15 ° to 210 °, and is more preferable particularly in the range of 60 ° to 90 °. It was confirmed to show power generation characteristics.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 12 was produced in the same manner as Example 11.
- the angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °.
- a plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the inner circumferential angle ratio between Cu and PbTe of the laminated body 13 was changed in the range of 0.025: 1 to 400: 1 were manufactured, and the power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 10.
- thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 12 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the inner circumferential angle ratio of Cu and PbTe is in the range of 0.2: 1 to 100: 1, particularly from 5: 1. It was confirmed that a more preferable power generation characteristic was exhibited in the range of 40: 1.
- Example 13 The thermoelectric generator 10 of Example 13 was produced in the same manner as Example 11. The angle ⁇ was fixed at 60 °. The inner diameter of the laminated body 13 is 100 mm, the outer diameter is changed, and a plurality of thermoelectric generators 10 in which the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter is changed in the range of 1: 1.01 to 1:50 are manufactured. The power factor was measured. The results are shown in Table 11.
- thermoelectric power generation element 10 of Example 13 shows preferable power generation characteristics when the ratio of the inner diameter to the outer diameter is in the range of 1: 1.05 to 1:10, particularly 1: 1.2. It was confirmed that more preferable power generation characteristics were exhibited when the ratio was in the range of 1: 1.5. At this time, the power factor exceeds 150 ⁇ W / cmK 2 . This is a performance that is about three times or more that of a ⁇ -type structure element using Bi that is currently in practical use.
- thermoelectric conversion material layer is composed of Cu and PbTe, and each thermoelectric conversion material layer includes a thermoelectric element in which a layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° and a layer having an angle ⁇ of 180 ° are mixed. It was produced by the same method as in Example 11. The inner peripheral angle ratio between Cu and PbTe in the laminate was 5: 1, the ratio between the inner diameter and the outer diameter was 1: 1.5, and the other conditions were the same as in Example 11.
- Example 14 a plurality of thermoelectric generators in which the volume ratio of the layer having the angle ⁇ of 60 ° and the layer having the angle ⁇ of 180 ° in the laminate was changed were manufactured, and the same conditions as in Example 11 were used. Made it work. Table 12 shows the measurement results of the power factor. In Table 12, only the volume ratio of the layer having an angle ⁇ of 60 ° is shown. The volume ratio of the layer whose angle ⁇ is 180 ° is the rest.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 15 two laminated bodies 13 using Cu as a constituent material of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 and PbTe as a constituent material of the second thermoelectric conversion material layer 15 are electrically connected in series. By connecting, the structure electrically shown in FIG. 7 was obtained. Cu was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- the laminate 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11.
- the angle ⁇ is 60 °
- the inner peripheral angle of the first thermoelectric conversion material layer 14 is 18 °
- the inner peripheral angle ratio of Cu and PbTe is 20: 1
- the inner diameter of the laminate 13 is 100 mm
- the inner diameter and the outer diameter are The ratio was 1: 1.5.
- a Cu plate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was used for the extraction electrode 71 and the connection electrode 73.
- thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 15 The power generation performance of the thermoelectric power generation device 70 of Example 15 was evaluated. First, the resistance value between the extraction electrodes 71 was measured and found to be 0.32 m ⁇ . When the inner peripheral side of the laminate 13 was heated to 30 ° C. with warm water and the outer peripheral side was kept at 20 ° C. by water cooling, the open end electromotive force of the thermoelectric generator 70 was 61.5 mV. From this, the power factor was estimated to be as high as 156 ⁇ W / cmK 2 . The maximum power of 3.2 W could be taken out from the thermoelectric generation device 70 of Example 15.
- thermoelectric generator and the thermoelectric generator according to the present invention have excellent power generation characteristics and can be used for a generator using heat such as exhaust gas discharged from an automobile or a factory. It can also be applied to small portable generators.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明に係る熱発電素子の一例を示した図である。図1に示すように、本発明に係る熱発電素子10は、積層体13と、積層体13の両端にそれぞれ配置された第1電極11および第2電極12とを備えている。積層体13は、一端から他端にかけて、直線である軸19の周りを囲む形状を有していて、軸19の周りを螺旋状に伸びる形状を有する。積層体13は、軸19に沿った方向に十分距離をとりながら巻回されていて、空間21が形成され、互いに接触していない。そして、積層体13は、一端から他端まで、第1熱電変換材料層14および第2熱電変換材料層15が交互に積層された構成を有している。
図7は、本発明に係る熱発電デバイスの一例を示した図である。熱発電デバイス70は、電気的に接続された、2つの積層体13を有している。積層体13の構成については、実施の形態1で説明したので、説明を省略する。各積層体13の一端は、接続電極73により、互いに電気的に接続されている。各積層体13の他端には、共に、取出し電極71が形成されている。
実施例1の熱発電素子10は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてBiを用いて図1に示した構造とした。積層体13の形状は、内径100mm、外径150mm、幅50mmであって、CuとBiとの内周角度比が20:1であることとした。また、角度θは、0°から240°の範囲で変化させることとした。なお、積層体13の幅は、軸19に沿った方向についての幅である。
実施例2の熱発電素子10は、実施例1と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13のCuとBiとの内周角度比を0.025:1から400:1の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表2に示す。なお、内周角度比を変化させるには、構造保持体32の溝32cに熱電変換材料層片31を配置する際に、配置間隔を変化させればよい。
実施例3の熱発電素子10は、実施例1と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13の内径は100mmとし、外径を変化させて、内径と外径との比を1:1.05から1:150の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表3に示す。
各熱電変換材料層の構成材料がCuおよびBiであり、各熱電変換材料層には、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層とが混在している熱発電素子を、実施例1と同様の方法により作製した。積層体におけるCuとBiとの内周角度比を5:1とし、内径と外径との比を1:1.5とし、それ以外の条件は、実施例1と同様とした。実施例4では、積層体における、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層との体積割合を変化させた複数の熱発電素子を作製し、実施例1と同様の条件で動作させた。パワーファクターの測定結果を、表4に示す。なお、表4においては、角度θが60°の層の体積割合のみを示している。角度θが180°の層の体積割合は、その残りとなる。
実施例5の熱発電デバイス70は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてBiを用いた2つの積層体13を電気的に直列接続することで、図7に示した構造とした。取出し電極71および接続電極73には、Cuを用いた。
実施例6の熱発電素子10は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてBi2Te3を用いて、図1に示した構造とした。積層体13の形状は、内径100mm、外径150mm、幅50mmであって、CuとBi2Te3との内周角度比が20:1であることとした。また、傾斜角度θは、0°から240°の範囲で変化させることとした。
実施例7の熱発電素子10は、実施例6と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13のCuとBi2Te3との内周角度比を0.025:1から400:1の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表6に示す。
実施例8の熱発電素子10は、実施例6と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13の内径は100mmとし、外径を変化させて、内径と外径との比を1:1.05から1:150の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表7に示す。
各熱電変換材料層の構成材料がCuおよびBi2Te3であり、各熱電変換材料層には、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層とが混在している熱発電素子を、実施例6と同様の方法により作製した。積層体におけるCuとBi2Te3との内周角度比を5:1とし、内径と外径との比を1:1.5とし、それ以外の条件は、実施例6と同様とした。実施例9では、積層体における、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層との体積割合を変化させた複数の熱発電素子を作製し、実施例1と同様の条件で動作させた。パワーファクターの測定結果を、表8に示す。なお、表8においては、角度θが60°の層の体積割合のみを示している。角度θが180°の層の体積割合は、その残りとなる。
実施例10の熱発電デバイス70は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてBi2Te3を用いた2つの積層体13を電気的に直列接続することで、図7に示した構造とした。取出し電極71および接続電極73には、Cuを用いた。
実施例11の熱発電素子10は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてPbTeを用いて、図1に示した構造とした。積層体13の形状は、内径100mm、外径150mm、幅50mmであって、CuとPbTeとの内周角度比が20:1であることとした。また、角度θは、0°から240°の範囲で変化させることとした。
実施例12の熱発電素子10は、実施例11と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13のCuとPbTeとの内周角度比を0.025:1から400:1の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表10に示す。
実施例13の熱発電素子10は、実施例11と同様に作製した。角度θは60°に固定した。積層体13の内径は100mmとし、外径を変化させて、内径と外径との比を1:1.01から1:50の範囲で変化させた、複数の熱発電素子10を作製し、そのパワーファクターを測定した。その結果を表11に示す。
各熱電変換材料層の構成材料がCuおよびPbTeであり、各熱電変換材料層には、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層とが混在している熱発電素子を、実施例11と同様の方法により作製した。積層体におけるCuとPbTeとの内周角度比を5:1とし、内径と外径との比を1:1.5とし、それ以外の条件は、実施例11と同様とした。実施例14では、積層体における、角度θが60°の層と、角度θが180°の層との体積割合を変化させた複数の熱発電素子を作製し、実施例11と同様の条件で動作させた。パワーファクターの測定結果を、表12に示す。なお、表12においては、角度θが60°の層の体積割合のみを示している。角度θが180°の層の体積割合は、その残りとなる。
実施例15の熱発電デバイス70は、第1熱電変換材料層14の構成材料としてCuを用い、第2熱電変換材料層15の構成材料としてPbTeを用いた2つの積層体13を電気的に直列接続することで、電気的に図7に示した構造とした。取出し電極71および接続電極73には、Cuを用いた。
Claims (16)
- 一端から他端まで、異なる2種類の熱電変換材料が交互に積層された積層体と、
前記積層体の両端にそれぞれ配置された、第1電極および第2電極とを備え、
前記積層体が、前記一端から前記他端にかけて、直線である軸の周りを囲む形状を有し、
前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の内周が円または円弧形状であるとともに、前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料からなる各層の境界が、前記積層体の内周から外周に向かうにしたがい、前記軸を始点とし、前記境界の内周側端点を通る直線から離れていくように配置される、熱発電素子。 - 前記積層体が、螺旋状であり、前記一端から前記他端にかけて、前記軸の周りを囲む形状を有する、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。
- 前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、
前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料からなる各層は、湾曲している、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、
前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料からなる各層の境界における内周側端点と外周側端点とを結ぶ線分と、
前記軸を始点とし、当該内周側端点を通る直線とのなす角度θが、15°以上210°以下である、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記熱電変換材料の少なくとも1つが、Biを含有している、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。
- 前記積層体が、交互に積層された第1熱電変換材料層および第2熱電変換材料層から構成され、
前記第2熱電変換材料層が、Biを含有する前記熱電変換材料からなり、
前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合の、前記積層体の内周における前記第1熱電変換材料層および前記第2熱電変換材料層の周方向の厚さを、前記軸を頂点とした角度で表わした値である内周角度の比が、0.2:1から250:1の範囲にある、請求項5に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の外周が円または円弧形状であり、
前記積層体の内径と外径との比が、1:1.1から1:100の範囲にある、請求項5に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記熱電変換材料の少なくとも1つが、BiおよびTeを含有している、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。
- 前記積層体が、交互に積層された第1熱電変換材料層および第2熱電変換材料層から構成され、
前記第2熱電変換材料層が、BiおよびTeを含有する前記熱電変換材料からなり、
前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合の、前記積層体の内周における前記第1熱電変換材料層および前記第2熱電変換材料層の周方向の厚さを、前記軸を頂点とした角度で表わした値である内周角度の比が、0.05:1から250:1の範囲にある、請求項8に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の外周が円または円弧形状であり、
前記積層体の内径と外径との比が、1:1.1から1:10の範囲にある、請求項8に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記熱電変換材料の少なくとも1つが、PbおよびTeを含有している、請求項1に記載の熱発電素子。
- 前記積層体が、交互に積層された第1熱電変換材料層および第2熱電変換材料層から構成され、
前記第2熱電変換材料層が、PbおよびTeを含有する前記熱電変換材料からなり、
前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合の、前記積層体の内周における前記第1熱電変換材料層および前記第2熱電変換材料層の周方向の厚さを、前記軸を頂点とした角度で表わした値である内周角度の比が、0.2:1から100:1の範囲にある、請求項11に記載の熱発電素子。 - 前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の外周が、円または円弧形状であり、
前記積層体の内径と外径との比が、1:1.05から1:10の範囲にある、請求項11に記載の熱発電素子。 - 複数の熱発電素子を備えた熱発電デバイスであって、
前記複数の熱発電素子は、それぞれ、一端から他端まで、異なる2種類の熱電変換材料が交互に積層された積層体を備え、前記積層体が、前記一端から前記他端にかけて、直線である軸の周りを囲む形状を有し、前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の内周が、円または円弧形状であるとともに、前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料からなる各層の境界は、前記積層体の内周から外周に向かうにしたがい、前記軸を始点とし、前記境界の内周側端点を通る直線から離れていくように配置され、
前記複数の熱発電素子が、互いに、電気的に直列に接続されている、熱発電デバイス。 - 複数の熱発電素子を備えた熱発電デバイスであって、
前記複数の熱発電素子は、それぞれ、一端から他端まで、異なる2種類の熱電変換材料が交互に積層された積層体を備え、前記積層体が、前記一端から前記他端にかけて、直線である軸の周りを囲む形状を有し、前記軸に沿った方向から前記積層体を見た場合に、前記積層体の内周が、円または円弧形状であるとともに、前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料からなる各層の境界は、前記積層体の内周から外周に向かうにしたがい、前記軸を始点とし、前記境界の内周側端点を通る直線から離れていくように配置され、
前記複数の熱発電素子が、互いに、電気的に並列に接続されている、熱発電デバイス。 - 一端から他端に至るまで交互に積層された異なる2種類の熱電変換材料を有する材料により囲まれた中心点と、前記材料の内周上における、前記異なる2種類の熱電変換材料間の境界の点と、を結んだ直線に対して、前記材料の内周から外周に向かって傾斜するように配置される、前記材料からなる積層体と、
前記一端に配置された第1電極と、
前記他端に配置された第2電極と、を備える、熱発電素子。
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