WO2009156437A2 - Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions - Google Patents
Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009156437A2 WO2009156437A2 PCT/EP2009/057895 EP2009057895W WO2009156437A2 WO 2009156437 A2 WO2009156437 A2 WO 2009156437A2 EP 2009057895 W EP2009057895 W EP 2009057895W WO 2009156437 A2 WO2009156437 A2 WO 2009156437A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- concentration
- data
- component
- emissions
- atmospheric
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003958 nerve gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon atom Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
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- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- LWSYSCQGRROTHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane;propane Chemical compound CC.CCC LWSYSCQGRROTHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013847 iso-butane Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims 7
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylmethane Natural products CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000050 ionisation spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012634 optical imaging Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 13
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- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
- G01V9/007—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00 by detecting gases or particles representative of underground layers at or near the surface
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a remote emission measurement system and a method for remotely screening large areas for sources of emissions into the atmosphere.
- US Patent 6,895,335 relates to another direct hydrocarbon prospecting method which includes taking point concentration measurements using an ultra-sensitive detector and which comprises:
- US patent 3,143,648 discloses another method for remotely screening a selected area within an atmosphere for the presence of emissions into the atmosphere. This known method just measures concentration of the emissions and interprets the maximum concentration as being closest to the source of emissions. This is a fundamental error and shortcoming, as changes in wind speed, atmospheric stability, boundary layer depth, turbulence intensity, etc. all directly impact on the concentration field, so that measurements cannot be simply collected and combined meaningfully as all these parameters change from place to place and time to time along the flight track, as well as from day to day. This prevents data being combined,
- a disadvantage of the methods mentioned above is that they must be operated within a relatively short distance from the source of emissions (e.g. of the order of magnitude of meters to kilometres) . Because of the time and labour involved, the rates of area coverage are limited. Additionally the known methods can be costly or completely impractical in areas such as jungles, offshore locations, or other difficult terrain.
- a method for remotely screening a selected area with an atmosphere for the presence of emissions into the atmosphere comprising:
- inverse dispersion technique that utilizes the concentration data with the supplementary data to detect and locate one or more sources of emissions, and to determine the one or more sources' mass release rate ⁇ s) or surface flux(es), which inverse dispersion technique comprises:
- an emission measurement system comprising a mobile platform equipped with:
- (f) means for performing the steps (a) - (k) of the method according to the invention.
- a distinctive novel feature of the method according to the present invention with respect to the methods known from the cited prior art reference is that the gas dispersion process is inverted from a large data set to locate and quantify the flux of a remote source of emissions. Inverting the dispersion process is crucial to locate and quantify the flux of a remote source of emissions .
- FIG.l is a schematic view of one embodiment of the emission measurement system.
- FIG.2 is a flow chart of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
- FIG.3 is a plot of the flight track of a mobile platform carrying a system similar to that shown in FIG.l.
- FIG.4 shows the concentration by volume data corresponding to the flight pattern shown in Fig. 3.
- FIG.5 shows concentration data obtained from airborne measurements over a leaking gas pipeline in North-Africa.
- FIG.6 shows concentration data obtained from an aircraft flying over a naturally occurring gas seepage associated with a known hydrocarbon system.
- remote screening of an area for the presence of emissions into the atmosphere is performed by an emission measurement system installed in or on a mobile platform.
- the mobile platform may be an aircraft, a balloon, dirigible, automobile, snowmobile, hovercraft, boat or any other type of mobile platform.
- the instrumentation includes atmospheric component sensor (s) for measuring the concentration of one or more components of the atmosphere.
- the component (s) measured can be, for example, methane; ethane; propane,- butane; iso-butane; greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH 4 , NO2; smokes and particulates, such as PMlOs, PM2.5s (Particulate Matter ⁇ 10 & 2.5 micron size); radionuclides, radon; volatile organic carbons, VOCs,- viruses and pathogens; toxics, H2S, chemical weapons and nerve gases; explosives, via evolved vapours from constituents, and other similar emissions.
- ethane For hydrocarbon prospecting ethane is advantageous in that localised sources are known to be -almost exclusively- of thermogenic origin,- and the global atmospheric average background is typically very low, ⁇ l ⁇ 2ppb depending on latitude and time of year. Methane however is more prodigiously emitted by hydrocarbon systems (-20 times the rate for ethane) , but can be of biogenic origin. Furthermore, the global average atmospheric concentration of methane is much higher at typically 1.8ppm by volume. In practice it is advantageous to measure both species if feasible so to do, with the relative merits of the species chosen dependent on individual locations, the character of prevalent sources and the time of year.
- the operating principle of the atmospheric component sensor is not germane to the method described here, and the method described could utilize any sensor capable of providing a measure of concentration of the property of interest and that meets the performance requirements described.
- Useful measures of concentration include: mass concentration, concentration by volume, number density and path-integrated concentrations of the foregoing 3 varieties.
- the present invention requires a lightweight, vibration tolerant, sensor that is capable of sustained, unmanned operation with the requisite degree of sensitivity and precision for the species being measured. It is also necessary that it have a response time of about one second; and the capability to measure the selected component (s) to sub parts per billion levels of precision.
- the emission measurement system may be equipped with an anemometer (wind velocity sensor) .
- an anemometer is mounted on the wing of a mobile platform in the form of an aircraft .
- a data logger combines the wind velocity measurements with the corresponding measurements from the atmospheric component sensor (s) and differential GPS (Global Positioning System) sensors.
- wind velocities corresponding to the measurements from the atmospheric component sensor may be derived from meteorological data obtained through other methods.
- the measurement system comprises a mobile platform 100 in the form of an aircraft, an ultra-sensitive component sensor 101, a differential GPS system 102, an air radar altitude sensor 103, an air temperature sensor 104, an airborne anemometer 105, an aircraft attitude sensor 106, data logger 107, and pump 108.
- the component sensor is a gas sensor, in this embodiment an infra-red laser-diode absorption spectrometer.
- the pump serves to draw air through the system and maintain optimum measurement conditions for the component measuring sensor system. The resulting sample air flow path is shown by arrows 109.
- FIG. 2 A flow chart depicting the method according to the present invention is shown in Figure 2.
- the mobile platform is equipped with an emission measurement system ⁇ similar to that shown in Figure 1) and is flown in a flight pattern over or in the vicinity of a selected area for a period of time that will typically range up to many hours per day and potentially for several days.
- This step is represented by block 201.
- the flight pattern may usefully be adapted in response to each day's prevailing wind direction, other survey requirements permitting.
- the mobile platform is flown in 1 km separated lines approximately perpendicular to the wind, working from downwind to upwind. This pattern excludes the possibility of the component sensor (s) detecting exhaust fumes from the mobile platform. If a different type of mobile platform is employed, the term "flying" is clearly not applicable.
- the component sensor (s) continuously measure the concentration of the selected component ⁇ s) and log the concentration values with corresponding measurement locations from the GPS sensor. This step is shown in block 202.
- Supplementary data is shown obtained in block 203.
- Supplementary date may comprise wind velocity data, position data, air temperature, barometric pressure, air radar altitude, wind turbulence intensity, surface albedo, sensible heat, surface air temperature, humidity, solar insolation, atmospheric boundary layer height, Monin Obhukov length scale, and tidal state.
- An individual survey may comprise suitably combining data from many days and many flights during which the atmospheric background concentration of the selected component may change as a result of meteorological conditions and other factors.
- the background concentration of the selected component can also be a function of the height of the component sensor above the Earth's surface.
- concentration data in combination with the supplementary data to estimate a time and spatially varying contribution arising from atmospheric variations. This enables one to refine the concentration data to remove background variations unrelated to the one or more emission sources.
- This process is shown in block 205 and may be performed before the step in block 204. When this is done the concentration data more directly reflects the consequence of the emission sources being sought.
- an inverse dispersion technique comprising seven steps is used to locate the one or more sources of emissions responsible for the concentration data.
- the inverse dispersion model comprises seven steps.
- the first step is selecting a component arising from the one or more source locations.
- the second step is selecting at least one measurement location.
- the third step is postulating a dispersion model that allows prediction of concentration of the component as a function of the one or more sources of emission's position in relation to the at least one measurement location and as a function of the one or more sources' mass release rate(s) or surface flux(es) .
- the fourth step is postulating one or more source flux models comprising the position(s) of assumed source (s) and assumed mass release rate(s) or surface flux(es) .
- the fifth step is calculating with the dispersion model for each postulated source flux model the predicted concentration that would arise at each measurement location (s) to obtain synthetic concentration data for each postulated source flux model.
- the sixth step is comparing the synthetic concentration data with the concentration data.
- the seventh step is selecting the source flux model whose synthetic concentration data most adequately matches the concentration data.
- the dispersion model is a
- the survey area is represented by a grid array of (ixj) cells each containing emission sources.
- Those sources may be point sources with mass release rates expressed in (kg/hr) or area sources with fluxes expressed in
- the predicted atmospheric concentration by volume at position (x,y) is denoted by C(x,y) and is the sum of the concentration contributions from all the sources present.
- the concentration resulting from source of mass emission rate S tJ in the (I,J)th cell of the grid is given by: ⁇ ,y w ⁇ h
- V is the windspeed, whose average direction defines the x axis.
- the offset of point (x,y)from the plume centreline in the y direction is denoted by ⁇ w and the plume 1/e width is ⁇ w ,
- the height of (x,y) above the ground is ⁇ /z and the plume 1/e height is ⁇ A .
- the source here is assumed to be at ground level.
- the width ⁇ w and height ⁇ A of the Gaussian plume are obtained from the variabilities of the horizontal and vertical wind components as measured over a suitably chosen averaging time. Alternatively other dispersion models known in the art may be applied.
- Applicant has shown that simultaneous anomalous concentration and wind data can be inverted to find a source distribution that best accounts for the anomalous concentration data.
- This technique can be used for frontier hydrocarbon exploration to rapidly screen large areas for indications of hydrocarbon systems.
- the method may be combined with other frontier exploration techniques such as gravity, magnetics and/or electro-magnetics. Gravity and magnetics can advantageously be simultaneously deployed from the same mobile platform as it measures the gas concentration data. Alternatively this method may also be used for monitoring of emissions of environmental significance.
- Advantages of some embodiments of the invention over surface-based emission measurement system include one or more of the following: • Rate of area coverage increase from ⁇ 50 km ⁇ /day to >1000 km 2 /day
- the remote screening method according to some embodiments of the invention was applied to detect emissions caused from naturally occurring hydrocarbon seepages from the ground's surface in the area.
- the mobile platform in this case an airplane was equipped with a methane gas sensor, which served as the atmospheric component sensor in the emission measurement system.
- the gas sensor comprised a very rugged optical device that continuously measured the concentration of methane via its absorption at highly specific infrared wavelengths. Data from the component sensor was logged internally on a hard drive and also on the mobile platform's data logger system.
- the wind velocity data were derived from meteorological data obtained from an independent source.
- a number of other properties were measured during the survey flights.
- Figure 3 shows a plot of the flight track of the airplane carrying a system similar to that shown in Figure 1. This is taken from an earlier test flight of the sensor over a landfill, which had been established by an independent method to be a source of methane emissions to the atmosphere whose flux was approximately
- the inverse dispersion inversion technique according to the invention was applied to the data gathered from these flights, after subtraction of time and position dependent variations of atmospheric background concentration of the component being measured: methane in this case .
- methane in this case .
- the data collected was unambiguous evidence of methane emitted from the ground surface .
- the source location of these emissions was established to a precision of approximately one kilometer.
- Figure 4 shows the concentration by volume data corresponding to the flight pattern shown in Fig. 3.
- the alternating symmetry of the larger pairs of peaks corresponds to the movement of the sensor in alternate directions through the dispersing gas plume from the land-fill source.
- sensor measurement noise is ⁇ 1 ppb.
- Figure 5 shows concentration data obtained from airborne measurements from a flight over a leaking gas pipeline in North ⁇ Africa . Independent ground surveys established that the leak was releasing -21 kg/hr of ⁇ 1 * 7 —
- FIG. 6 shows concentration data obtained from an aircraft flying over a naturally occurring gas seepage associated with a known hydrocarbon system within the area of the North-African survey. From this data it was possible to locate the sources of the emissions to ⁇ 1 km resolution and quantify the peak emission fluxes as
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2009264289A AU2009264289B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions |
CA2728631A CA2728631C (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions |
US13/000,482 US20110213554A1 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08158994.7 | 2008-06-25 | ||
EP08158994 | 2008-06-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2009156437A2 true WO2009156437A2 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
WO2009156437A3 WO2009156437A3 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
Family
ID=40030208
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2009/057895 WO2009156437A2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2009-06-24 | Method and system for screening an area of the atmosphere for sources of emissions |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20110213554A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2009264289B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2728631C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009156437A2 (en) |
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ITFI20100208A1 (en) * | 2010-10-06 | 2012-04-07 | Tea Sistemi S P A | METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING A FLOW OF GAS FUGITIVE BY MEANS OF VERTICAL CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS |
WO2014063090A1 (en) | 2012-10-19 | 2014-04-24 | Picarro, Inc. | Methods for gas leak detection and localization in populated areas using multi-point analysis |
WO2015113962A1 (en) * | 2014-01-28 | 2015-08-06 | Explicit I/S | A method and an unmanned aerial vehicle for determining emissions of a vessel |
EP2909598A4 (en) * | 2012-10-19 | 2016-06-22 | Picarro Inc | Methods for gas leak detection and localization in populated areas using horizontal analysis |
US9618417B2 (en) | 2011-10-20 | 2017-04-11 | Picarro, Inc. | Methods for gas leak detection and localization in populated areas using isotope ratio measurements |
US9739758B2 (en) | 2011-10-20 | 2017-08-22 | Picarro, Inc. | Methods for gas leak detection and localization in populated areas using isotope ratio measurements |
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WO2024062112A1 (en) * | 2022-09-23 | 2024-03-28 | University Of Copenhagen | Method for quantification of methane removal |
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2009
- 2009-06-24 AU AU2009264289A patent/AU2009264289B2/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 WO PCT/EP2009/057895 patent/WO2009156437A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-06-24 CA CA2728631A patent/CA2728631C/en active Active
- 2009-06-24 US US13/000,482 patent/US20110213554A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20110213554A1 (en) | 2011-09-01 |
AU2009264289B2 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
AU2009264289A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
CA2728631C (en) | 2017-07-04 |
WO2009156437A3 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
CA2728631A1 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
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