WO2009146343A1 - Novel substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles - Google Patents

Novel substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009146343A1
WO2009146343A1 PCT/US2009/045368 US2009045368W WO2009146343A1 WO 2009146343 A1 WO2009146343 A1 WO 2009146343A1 US 2009045368 W US2009045368 W US 2009045368W WO 2009146343 A1 WO2009146343 A1 WO 2009146343A1
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Prior art keywords
pyrazol
phenyl
oxadiazol
methoxyphenyl
fluoro
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PCT/US2009/045368
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French (fr)
Inventor
James C. Barrow
Scott Harrison
James Mulhearn
Cyrille Sur
David L. Williams
Scott Wolkenberg
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Merck & Co., Inc.
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Priority to EP09755704A priority Critical patent/EP2285789A4/en
Priority to JP2011511792A priority patent/JP2011530485A/en
Priority to AU2009251397A priority patent/AU2009251397A1/en
Priority to CA2725897A priority patent/CA2725897A1/en
Priority to US12/995,412 priority patent/US20110081297A1/en
Publication of WO2009146343A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009146343A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D271/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D271/06—1,2,4-Oxadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D271/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
    • C07D271/10—1,3,4-Oxadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,3,4-oxadiazoles
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
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    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
    • F22B35/002—Control by recirculating flue gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/006—Layout of treatment plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/06—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
    • F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/30—Technologies for a more efficient combustion or heat usage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds.
  • the invention is further directed to 2H 5 ⁇ H, 11C, 13c, 14c, 13N, 15N, 15 OJ 17 0 , 18 ⁇ , ISp, 35s, 36 C 1, 82 Br , 76 Br , 77 Br , 123 L 124j ⁇ d 131i isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative compounds.
  • the present invention is directed to 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 18 F, 15 O, 1 N, 5 S, 2 H, and 3 H isotopes of aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole and methods of their preparation.
  • the invention also relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4- oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives which are suitable for imaging amyloid deposits in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • Noninvasive nuclear imaging techniques can be used to obtain basic and diagnostic information about the physiology and biochemistry of a variety of living subjects including experimental animals, normal humans and patients. These techniques rely on the use of sophisticated imaging instrumentation that is capable of detecting radiation emitted from radiotracers administered to such living subjects. The information obtained can be reconstructed to provide planar and tomographic images that reveal distribution of the radiotracer as a function of time. Use of appropriately designed radiotracers can result in images which contain information on the structure, function and most importantly, the physiology and biochemistry of the subject. Much of this information cannot be obtained by other means.
  • radiotracers used in these studies are designed to have defined behaviors in vivo which permit the determination of specific information concerning the physiology or biochemistry of the subject or the effects that various diseases or drugs have on the physiology or biochemistry of the subject.
  • radiotracers are available for obtaining useful information concerning such things as cardiac function, myocardial blood flow, lung perfusion, liver function, brain blood flow, regional brain glucose and oxygen metabolism.
  • compounds can be labeled with either positron- or gamma-emitting radionuclides.
  • positron emitting radionuclides are 11 C, 18 F, 15 O and 13 N, all of which are accelerator produced, and have half-lives of 20, 110, 2 and 10 minutes, respectively. Since the half-lives of these radionuclides are so short, it is only feasible to use them at institutions that have an accelerator on site or very close by for their production, thus limiting their use.
  • Several gamma emitting radiotracers are available which can be used by essentially any hospital in the U.S. and most hospitals worldwide. The most widely used of these are 99 Tc 5 201 Tl and 123 I.
  • a small amount of radiotracer is administered to the experimental animal, normal human or patient being tested.
  • the radiotracer then circulates in the blood of the subject and may be absorbed in certain tissues.
  • the radiotracer may be preferentially retained in some of these tissues because of specific enzymatic conversion or by specific binding to macromolecular structures such as proteins.
  • the amount of radiotracer is then non-invasively assessed in the various tissues in the body. The resulting data are analyzed to provide quantitative spatial information of the in vivo biological process for which the tracer was designed.
  • PET gives pharmaceutical research investigators the capability to assess biochemical changes or metabolic effects of a drug candidate in vivo for extended periods of time, and PET can be used to measure drug distribution, thus allowing the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a particular drug candidate under study.
  • PET tracers can be designed and used to quantitate the presence of binding sites in tissues. Consequently, interest in PET tracers for drag development has been expanding based on the development of isotopically labeled biochemicals and appropriate detection devices to detect the radioactivity by external imaging.
  • Noninvasive nuclear imaging techniques such as PET have been particularly important in providing the ability to study neurological diseases and disorders, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, cerebral tumors and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a neurologic disease characterized by loss of mental ability severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living. It usually occurs in old age, and is marked by a decline in cognitive functions such as remembering, reasoning, and planning. All forms of Alzheimer's disease pathology are characterized by the accumulation of amyloid A ⁇ -peptide. See Cai, L. et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, 14, 19-52; Chandra, R. et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2415-2423; Qu, W. et al., J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 3380-3387; Cai, L. et al, J Med. Chem.
  • PET and single photon emission computed tomography are effective in monitoring the accumulation of amyloid deposits in the brain and correlating it to the progression of AD (Shoghi-Jadid etal. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002, 10, 24; Miller, Science, 2006, 313, 1376; Coimbra et al Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6, 629; Nordberg, Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3, 519).
  • non-toxic amyloid binding radiotracers that can rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier, that have potent, specific binding properties and low non-specific binding properties, that can be used in diagnostics, and that can rapidly clear from the system. These compounds also can be used in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment programs given to Alzheimer's patients by measuring the changes of amyloid plaque level. See Coimbra et al. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6, 629); Mathis et al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2740; Klunk et al Ann Neurol. 2004, 55, 306 for background discussion on properties of amyloid binding.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of this invention While the primary use of the isotopically labeled compounds of this invention is in positron emission tomography, which is an in vivo analysis technique, certain of the isotopically labeled compounds can be used for methods other than PET analyses.
  • 14 C and 3 H labeled compounds can be used in in vitro and in vivo methods for the determination of binding, receptor occupancy and metabolic studies including covalent labeling.
  • various isotopically labeled compounds find utility in magnetic resonance imaging, autoradiography and other similar analytical tools.
  • the present invention relates to novel amyloid binding compounds and methods for measuring effects of the compounds, by measuring changes of amyloid plaque level in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the present invention relates to use of the novel amyloid binding compounds as a diagnostic. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4- oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds.
  • the invention is further directed to ⁇ H, ⁇ H, 11C, 13C, ⁇ ⁇ C, 13N 5 15N, 150, 170, 180, 18F, 35S, 36Q, 82 Br , 76 ⁇ r , 77 Br , 123i, 124i and BlI isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative compounds, compositions, methods of their preparation and their use as PET tracers in diagnosing and measuring the effects of a compound in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
  • the present invention also relates to non-toxic amyloid binding compounds that can rapidly cross the blood brain barrier, have low nonspecific binding properties and rapidly clear from the
  • A represents a five membered heteroaryl
  • R.2 is selected from the group consisting of Cg- 10 3 ⁇ or C 5 -10 heterocyclyl, said aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of RA, with the proviso that when R2 is heterocyclyl then: one of R3 and R4 is not trifluoroethoxy or trifluoromethyl; or when R2 is pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyridazinyl then it is not substituted with NH2 or NHCH3; or
  • R2 is not indolyl when one of R3 and R4 is fluoro and the other is trifluoromethyl; or R2 is not substituted by CN, or CH2C(O)NH2; or R2 is not substituted by bromine and methyl at the same time; or when R2 is phenyl then one of R3 and R4 is not methyl while the other is chloro;
  • Q and W independently represent CH or N 5 with the proviso that when Q or W is N then there is no attachment of an R3 or R4 group;
  • Rl represents hydrogen, -C 1 _6alkyl, -C2-6 a lkenyl, said alkyl and alkenyl optionally substituted with Rb;
  • R 3 and R 4 independently represent hydrogen, -C 5- 10 heterocyclyl, -N(R 1 )2, CN, -(CH 2 ) n halo, CF 3 , -0(CH2) n Rl, -O(CH 2 ) n C 5- 10 heterocyclyl, -C 1 -6 alkyl, -OCF3, -O(CH 2 ) n halo, - (O(CH2) s )phalo, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH 2 ) n halo, -(O(CH2)s)pOR 1 , COORl, said alkyl, and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of R a ,
  • Rb represents ORl, S(O) 2 N(R 1 ) 2 , O r -C 1 -6 alkyl;
  • n 0-6;
  • s 1-4;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl all optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of R a .
  • a sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when R 2 is substituted with at least one group of R a .
  • Another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when R 2 is phenyl or pyridyl.
  • R 2 is phenyl and all other variables are as originally described.
  • R2 is pyridyl and all other variables are as originally described.
  • R.2 is benzimidazolyl and all other variables are as originally described.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is realized when R.2 is pyrrolopyridyl and all other variables are as originally described.
  • Another aspect of this invention is realized when one of Q and W is CH and the other is or N 5 and all other variables are as originally described.
  • Another aspect of this invention is realized when A is unsubstituted.
  • A is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl.
  • a sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is pyrazolyl.
  • Another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is oxadiazolyl.
  • Still another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is oxazolyl.
  • R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, Ci -6 alkyl, halo, -O(CH2) n halo, -(CH2) n OR, (O(CH2)s)phalo,
  • R ⁇ and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylam ⁇ no, C ⁇ -6 methykmino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN,
  • Ra represents -CN, NO 2 , halo, CF3, -Ci-6alkyl, -O(CH2) n halo, -C6-10 aryl, -C5-IO heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2) n C5-10 heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC(O)N(Rl)2, -(CH2) n halo, -ORl, -N(Rl) 2 , said alkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, or -Cj-galkyl.
  • Another aspect of the invention is realized when the compounds of formula I are 2H, 3H 5 l lC, 13 Cj 14c, 13N 5 15N, 150, 17o, 18 ⁇ , 18 F , 35 S , 36 C 1, 82 Br , 76 Br , 77 Br , 123 t 124i and 13 Ii isotopically labeled.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formula Ia and Ia':
  • R.2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benz ⁇ midazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of R a .
  • R.3 and R ⁇ independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C ⁇ . ⁇ methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkyl, -O(CH2)nF,
  • a further sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when the compounds of formula Ia and Ia' are isotopically labeled as 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 18 F 5 15 0, 13 N 5 35 S 5 2 E, and 2 U, preferably 11 C and 18 F.
  • Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formula Ib: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of RA
  • R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C 1-6 methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, C 1-6 alkyl, -0(CF ⁇ ) n F, (O(CH2) s )pF,
  • a further sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when the compounds of formula Ib are isotopically labeled as ⁇ C, !3 C, 14 C, 18 F, 15 O 5 13 N, 35 S, 2 H 5 and 3 H, preferably 11 C and 18 F. Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formulas Ic and Ic' :
  • R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of R a .
  • a sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, Cl -6 methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, Cj -6 alkyl, -O(CH2)nF > (O(CH2)s)pF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2) n F, -(O(CH2)s)pORl-
  • a further sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra.
  • Still another embodiment of formula Ic and Ic' is realized when R2 pyridyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra.
  • Particular examples of the compounds of this invention are: 4- [5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,3 ; 4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N-methylaniline,
  • the present invention also relates to methods for measuring effects of the compounds, by measuring changes of amyloid plaque level in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • the present invention relates to use of the novel amyloid binding compounds as a diagnostic.
  • the invention further relates to the use of the novel amyloid binding compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for treating Alzeheimer's disease.
  • the invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents.
  • the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazoIe derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds.
  • the invention is further directed to 2i 1, 3H, 1 1C, 13c, ⁇ C, 13N, 15N, 15 ⁇ , 17 0 , 18O, 18F, 35 Sf 36C1, 82 Br , 76Br, 77 ⁇ r, 1231, 124i and 131l, preferably 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 18 F, 15 0, 13 N, 35 S, 2 H 5 and 3 H, more preferably 11 C and 18 F isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4- oxadiazole derivative compounds, compositions and methods of their preparation.
  • the present invention also relates to non-toxic amyloid binding compounds that can rapidly cross the blood brain barrier,
  • the compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers, chiral axes and chiral planes, and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, with all possible isomers, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention.
  • any variable e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R ⁇ a , R ⁇ etc.
  • its definition on each occurrence is independent at every other occurrence.
  • combinations of substituents/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • alkyl is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; “alkoxy” represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
  • Halogen or “halo” as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • alkenyl is C2-C6 alkenyl.
  • alkynyl is C2-C6 alkynyl.
  • cycloalkyl is intended to include cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl is C3- Cio cycloalkyl.
  • examples of such cycloalkyl elements include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • aryl is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic.
  • aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydrortaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl.
  • heterocyclyl, heterocycle or heterocyclic represents a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or stable 8- to 11-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocyclyl, heterocycle or heterocyclic includes heteroaryl moieties.
  • heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyly, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolanyl, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazoly
  • quinolinyl quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroruryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamo ⁇ holinyl sulfoxide, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, thienyl, triazolyl.
  • heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadia
  • heterocycle is selected from 2-azepinonyl, benzimidazolyl, 2- diazapinonyl, imidazolyl, 2-imidazolidinonyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl, morpholinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-piperidinonyl, 2-pyrimidinonyl, 2-pyrollidinonyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, thienyl, and triazolyl.
  • heteroaryl is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and wherein from one to four carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N 5 O, and S.
  • heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzotbiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolin
  • substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted aroyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaroyl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted arylsulfonyl, substituted heteroaryl-sulfonyl and substituted heterocycle include moieties containing from 1 to 3 substituents in addition to the point of attachment to the rest of the compound.
  • substituents are selected from the group which includes but is not limited to F, Cl, Br, CF 3 , NH 2 , N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 , NO 2 , CN, (C 1 -C 6 alkyl)O, (aiyl)O-,
  • in vivo hydrolysable precursors means an in vivo hydrolysable
  • (or cleavable) ester of a compound of formula I that contains a carboxy or a hydroxy group For example amino acid esters, C 1-6 alkoxymethyl esters like methoxymethyl; Ci_ 6 alkanoyloxymethyl esters like pivaloyloxymethyl; Cs.gcycloalkoxycarbonyloxy, Cl-6alkyl esters like 1 -cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl, acetoxymethoxy, or phosphoramidic cyclic esters.
  • an “effective amount” examples include amounts that enable imaging of amyloid deposit(s) in vivo, that yield acceptable toxicity and bioavailability levels for pharmaceutical use, and/or prevent cell degeneration and toxicity associated with fibril formation.
  • the salts of the compounds of formula I will be pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • suitable “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared form pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
  • Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine caffeine, choline, NjN'-diberizylethylenediamine, diethylamin, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
  • basic ion exchange resins such as arginine,
  • salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
  • acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p- toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
  • Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric and tartaric acids.
  • the present invention includes isotopically labeled compounds of the invention.
  • radioligand or “detectable amyloid binding” compound, is a compound where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring).
  • Suitable radionuclides i.e. "detectable isotopes” that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2H, 3H, HC, 13C, 14C, 13N, 15N, 150, 17o, 18o, 18F 9 35s f 36ci, 82 ⁇ r , 76 ⁇ r , 77Br, 123], 124i and 13 U.
  • the isotopically labeled compounds of the invention need only to be enriched with a detectable isotope to, or above, the degree which allows detection with a technique suitable for the particular application.
  • the radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radiolabeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radiolabeled compound. In another embodiment of the invention the radionuclides are represented by 11 C, 13 C 5 14 C 5 18 F, 15 0, 13 N, 35 S, 2 H, and 3 H, preferably 11 C 5 and 18 F.
  • composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition may comprise, but is not limited to, one or more buffering agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, lubricants, adsorbents, surfactants, preservatives and the like.
  • composition may be formulated as a solid, liquid, gel or suspension for oral administration (e.g., drench, bolus, tablet, powder, capsule, mouth spray, emulsion); parenteral administration (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural injection); topical application (e.g., cream, ointment, controlled-released patch, spray); intravaginal, intrarectal, transdermal, ocular, or nasal administration.
  • oral administration e.g., drench, bolus, tablet, powder, capsule, mouth spray, emulsion
  • parenteral administration e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural injection
  • topical application e.g., cream, ointment, controlled-released patch, spray
  • intravaginal, intrarectal, transdermal, ocular, or nasal administration e.g., cream, ointment, controlled-released patch, spray
  • This invention provides radiolabeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as amyloid imaging agents and synthetic precursor compounds from which they are prepared.
  • the compounds formula I are active against age-related diseases such as Alzheimer, as well as other pathologies such as Downs syndrome and (beta-amyloid angiopathy.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be used in combination with a broad range of cognition deficit enhancement agents.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) is administered concurrently, simultaneously, sequentially or separately with another pharmaceutically active compound or compounds used in Alzheimer's therapies including for example donepezil, memantine, tacrine and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof.
  • This invention further relates to a method of treating or preventing an A ⁇ - related pathology in a patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
  • This invention also provides a method for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Age Associated Memory Impairment, Age-Related Cognitive Decline, and the like.
  • An ultimate objective of the present invention is to provide a radiopharmaceutical agent, useful in PET imaging that has high specific radioactivity and high target tissue selectivity by virtue of its high affinity for amyloid plaques.
  • the tissue selectivity is capable of further enhancement by coupling this highly selective radiopharmaceutical with targeting agents, such as microparticles.
  • the most preferred method for imaging beta-amyloid plaque in a patient wherein an isotopically labeled novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative is employed as the imaging agent, comprises the following steps: the patient is placed in a supine position in the PET camera, a sufficient amount (about 10 mCi) of an isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole derivative is administered to the brain tissue of the patient. An emission scan of the cerebral region is performed.
  • PET techniques are described in Freeman et aL, Freeman and Johnson's Clinical Radionuclide Imaging. 3rd. Ed. Vol. 1 (1984); Grune & Stratton, New York; Ennis et Q. Vascular Radionuclide Imaging: A Clinical Atlas, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983).
  • labeled tracer refers to any molecule which can be used to follow or detect a defined activity in vivo, for example, a preferred tracer is one that accumulates in the regions where beta-amyloid plaque may be found.
  • the labeled tracer is one that can be viewed in a living experimental animal, healthy human or patient (referred to as a subject), for example, by positron emission tomograph (PET) scanning.
  • PET positron emission tomograph
  • Suitable labels include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, fluorochromes, chemiluminescent compounds, dyes, and proteins, including enzymes.
  • the present invention also provides methods of determining in vivo activity of an enzyme or other molecule.
  • a tracer which specifically tracks the targeted activity, is selected and labeled.
  • the tracer tracks binding activity of amyloid A ⁇ -peptide in the brain and central nervous system.
  • the tracer provides the means to evaluate various neuronal processes, including fast excitatory synaptic transmission, regulation of neurotransmitter release, and long-term potentiation.
  • the present invention gives researchers the means to study the biochemical mechanisms of pain, anxiety/depression, drag addiction and withdrawal, disorders of the basal ganglia, eating disorders, obesity, long-term depression, learning and memory, developmental synaptic plasticity, hypoxic-ischemic damage and neuronal cell death, epileptic seizures, visual processing, as well as the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease state, prognosis and progression will all be useful for general diagnostic utilities as well as for clinical development plans for therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
  • the present invention will provide biomarker information as patients are enrolled in clinical trials for new Alzheimer's treatments to assist in patient selection and assignment to cohorts.
  • the present invention will serve as one of the biomarkers of disease state in order to get the correct patients into the proper PhIIb trial cohort.
  • the present invention can serve as one marker of disease prognosis as an entry inclusion criterion in order to enhance the probability that the disease will progress in the placebo treatment arm, an issue that has plagued recent AD clinical trials.
  • the present invention can serve as one biomarker of disease progression to monitor the clinical course of patients on therapy and could provide an independent biomarker measure of treatment response by a therapeutic drug.
  • isotopic labels may be detected using imaging techniques, photographic film or scintillation counters.
  • the label is detected in vivo in the brain of the subject by imaging techniques, for example positron emission tomography (PET).
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • the labeled compound of the invention preferably contains at least one radionuclide as a label. Positron-emitting radionuclides are all candidates for usage.
  • the radionuclide is preferably selected from 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 18 F 5 15 0, 13 N 5 35 S, 2 H 5 and 3 H, more preferably from 11 C and 18 F.
  • the tracer can be selected in accordance with the detection method chosen.
  • a diagnostically effective amount of a labeled or unlabeled compound of the invention is administered to a living body, including a human.
  • the diagnostically effective amount of the labeled or unlabeled compound of the invention to be administered before conducting the in vivo method for the present invention is within a range of from 0.1 ng to 1 OO mg per kg body weight, preferably within a range of from 1 ng to 10 mg per kg body weight.
  • heterocyclic compounds described above can be prepared using synthetic chemistry techniques well known in the art (see Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Katritzky, A. R. and Rees, C. W. eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984) from a precursor of the substituted heterocycle of Formula 1 as outlined below.
  • the isotopically labeled compounds of this invention are prepared by incorporating an isotope such as 11 C, 13 C, 34 C, 18 F 5 15 0, 13 N, 35 S, 2 H, and 3 H into the substrate molecule.
  • the compounds of this invention may be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures. Substituent numbering as shown in the schemes does not necessarily correlate to that used in the claims and often, for clarity, a single substituent is shown attached to the compound where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions hereinabove. Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the schemes and examples herein, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures.
  • the final product may be further modified, for example, by manipulation of substituents.
  • substituents may include, but are not limited to, reduction, oxidation, alkylation, acylation, and hydrolysis reactions which are commonly known to those skilled in the art.
  • the order of carrying out the foregoing reaction schemes may be varied to facilitate the reaction or to avoid unwanted reaction products.
  • the following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood. These examples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
  • a suitably substituted aromatic nitrile is reacted with hydroxyiamine hydrochloride under basic conditions to provide the corresponding amideoxime.
  • Each amideoxime is then reacted with an acid chloride under heating conditions to afford the final oxadiazole material.
  • Acid chlorides are typically generated in situ from the corresponding carboxylic acid upon reaction with l-chloro- ⁇ r ,jV-2-trimethyl-l- propenylamine. In this instance, all nitriles and carboxylic acids were commercially available.
  • Step 1 ⁇ M3ydroxy-4-methoxy-benzamidine Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.51 g, 36.1 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (11.5 mL, 66.1 ramol), and 4-Methoxy-benzonitrile (4 g, 30 mmol) were dissolved in ethanol (40 mL) and heated to reflux for 1O h. After cooling, the volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water.
  • Step 2 2-Fluoro-5-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-[l ,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-methyl-pyridine
  • esters can be reacted with hydrazine to afford their corresponding hydrazides, which can in turn be reacted with carboxylic acids under dehydrating conditions to afford 1,3,4-oxadiazoles.
  • carboxylic acids are commercially available or prepared from commercially available precursors using methods known in the literature or via methods commonly known to those skilled in the art.
  • Step 1 To a solution of ethyl 3-methoxy benzoate (1.0 g, 5.55 mmol) in EtOH (11 mL) was added 80% hydrazine in water (1.09 mL, 27.7 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were removed in vacuo to afford 3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide (920 mg, 5.55 mmol, 100% yield) which was used without further purification.
  • ES MS (M+H + ) 167.
  • Step 2 To a solution of 3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide (100 mg, 0.60 mmol) and 4- methylamino-benzoic acid (91 mg, 0.60 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.5 mL) at room temperature was added El 3 N (0.34 mL, 2.41 mmol) followed by 2-chloro-l,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (201 mg, 1.20 mmol) causing a slightly exothermal reaction.
  • Step 1 To a solution of 4-benzyloxybenzoichydrazide (2 g, 8.26 mmol) and N-Boc-4- (methylamino)benzoic acid (2.074 g, 8.26 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (20.64 ml) was added Et 3 N (4.60 ml, 33.0 mmol) and 2-chloro-l,3-dimelhylimidazolimum chloride (2.76 g, 16.51 mmol). After 2 h s the reaction mixture was treated with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc.
  • Step 3 To a solution of crude ⁇ 4-[5-(3-Hydroxy ⁇ henyl)-[l,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-phenyl ⁇ - methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (50 mg, 0.136 mmol) and DIAD (0.079 mL, 0.41 mmol) were added PS-PPh 3 (108 mg, 0.41 mmol) and 2-f ⁇ uoroethanol (0.016 mL, 0.27 mmol). The combined mixture was shaken overnight, filtered, and concentrated before being treated with TFA (1 mL).
  • PET radiotracer candidate compounds were then selected based on their high affinity competition with [ 3 H]-DMAB in binding to AD brain homogenates. These PET radiotracer candidate compounds were tested to determine if they were effective PgP substrates. Those PET radiotracer candidate compounds with little PgP substrate activity were radiolabeled with [ 3 H] or [ 18 F] and tested for binding affinity to human AD brain homogenates as well as binding to human non-AD brain homogenates and in autoradiographic studies using human AD and non-AD brain slices.
  • Candidate radioligands were selected based on their strong binding affinity for human AD brain homogenates, and minimal binding to non-AD control homogenates. A low fraction of non-displaceable binding was also an important criterion. Minimization of white matter binding was an important criterion.
  • Tissue homogenate binding assay Postmortem frozen human brain samples from donors with clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) or normal control subjects (non-AD) were purchased from Analytical Biological Services Inc., at 701-4 Cornell Business Park, Wilmington, DE 19801. Brain homogenates of frontal cortex were prepared, divided into aliquots and stored at -7O 0 C prior to use.
  • AD Alzheimer's diseases
  • non-AD normal control subjects
  • [ 3 H]-DMAB was synthesized at a specific activity of -80 Ci/mmoL
  • the final concentration of radioligand for tissue homogenate binding assay was 1.5nM
  • Brain homogenates were diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to 0.4mg/mL from original lOmg/mL volume and 200 ⁇ l was used in assay for a fmal concentration of 50 ⁇ g/assay tube.
  • Unlabeled test compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at ImM. Dilution of test compound to various concentrations was made with PBS containing 2% DMSO.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • Total binding was defined in the absence of competing compound, and non-displaceable binding was determined in the presence of l ⁇ M unlabeled self block.
  • Compound dilutions (10X) were added into the assay tube (25 ⁇ L each / per tube, separately) containing 200 ⁇ L brain homogenate dilution, and the tubes were pre-incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then radioligand dilutions (10X) were added into the assay tube (25 ⁇ L each / per tube, separately) to a final volume of 250 ⁇ L per tube.
  • AD Alzheimer's diseases
  • non-AD normal control subjects
  • Frozen brain slices (20 ⁇ m thickness) were prepared using a cryostat (Leica CM3050) and kept in sequential order.
  • the tissue slices were placed on Superfrost Plus glass slides (Cat.# 5075-FR, Brain Research Laboratories, USA) 5 dried at room temperature, and stored in a slide box at -7O 0 C before use.
  • the final concentration of radioligand for in vitro autoradiography was 1.OnM.
  • adjacent slices were selected from each brain region of interest for in vitro autoradiographic study, and were designated as total binding and non-specific binding (NSB).
  • the slices were briefly rinsed in ice cold (4 0 C) deionized water, and then dried completely by an air blower at room temperature.
  • the slices were placed against Fuji Phosphor Image Plates (TR25, Fuji) in a sealed cassette for exposure at room temperature. After one week exposure, the plates were scanned in Fuji BAS 5000 Scanner, and the scanned images were analyzed using MCID 7.0 software. [ 3 H]-microscales (Amersham Biosciences, GE), were used for quantification of radioligand binding density. All the slice binding assays were done in the laboratory designated for studies using human tissues.
  • [ F] labeled radioligands were characterized in vivo in rhesus monkey for rapid uptake into and clearance from brain, hi selecting the final PET radiotracer, minimization of retention in white matter was an important criterion.
  • Subjects are administered a Mini-Mental State Examination to assess whether they are normal control subjects or are AD patients.
  • PET studies are performed on both groups of patients using the PET radiotracers described herein, and using methods known to those versed in the art. Uptake and retention of radiotracer in regions where amyloid plaque is known to accumulate (e.g., frontal cortical regions) is compared with uptake and retention of radiotracer in a reference region where amyloid plaque does not accumulate (e.g., cerebellum). The difference in uptake and retention between these pairs of regions is greater for the AD patients compared to the normal control subjects; this greater difference is due to the greater A ⁇ plaque load in the AD patients. Test-retest (intra-subject) variability is established by a second, essentially identical PET study.
  • a PET study is performed prior to administering the plaque reducing compound. After a course of treatment with the therapeutic compound, a second PET study is performed. A reduction in uptake and retention of the PET radiotracer in the regions in which plaque is known to accumulate (greater than the test-retest variability) indicates a reduction in the plaque load. In such a study each subject serves as his or her own pretreatment control.
  • the compounds of this invention possess IC50 values in the human AD brain tissue homogenate assay in the range of 0.1 nM - 1000 nM.
  • the IC50 of the following compounds are:

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Abstract

The present invention relates to novel amyloid binding compounds and methods for measuring effects of the compounds, by measuring changes of amyloid plaque level in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the present invention relates to use of the novel amyloid binding compounds as a diagnostic. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents. Specifically, the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION
NOVEL SUBSTITUTED PYRAZOLES, 1,2,4-OX ADI AZOLES, and 1,3,4-OXADIAZOLES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds. The invention is further directed to 2H5 ^H, 11C, 13c, 14c, 13N, 15N, 15OJ 170, 18θ, ISp, 35s, 36C1, 82Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123L 124j ^d 131i isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative compounds. In particular, the present invention is directed to 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F, 15O, 1 N, 5S, 2H, and 3H isotopes of aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole and methods of their preparation.
The invention also relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4- oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives which are suitable for imaging amyloid deposits in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Noninvasive nuclear imaging techniques can be used to obtain basic and diagnostic information about the physiology and biochemistry of a variety of living subjects including experimental animals, normal humans and patients. These techniques rely on the use of sophisticated imaging instrumentation that is capable of detecting radiation emitted from radiotracers administered to such living subjects. The information obtained can be reconstructed to provide planar and tomographic images that reveal distribution of the radiotracer as a function of time. Use of appropriately designed radiotracers can result in images which contain information on the structure, function and most importantly, the physiology and biochemistry of the subject. Much of this information cannot be obtained by other means. The radiotracers used in these studies are designed to have defined behaviors in vivo which permit the determination of specific information concerning the physiology or biochemistry of the subject or the effects that various diseases or drugs have on the physiology or biochemistry of the subject. Currently, radiotracers are available for obtaining useful information concerning such things as cardiac function, myocardial blood flow, lung perfusion, liver function, brain blood flow, regional brain glucose and oxygen metabolism.
For noninvasive in vivo imaging, compounds can be labeled with either positron- or gamma-emitting radionuclides. The most commonly used positron emitting radionuclides are 11C, 18F, 15O and 13N, all of which are accelerator produced, and have half-lives of 20, 110, 2 and 10 minutes, respectively. Since the half-lives of these radionuclides are so short, it is only feasible to use them at institutions that have an accelerator on site or very close by for their production, thus limiting their use. Several gamma emitting radiotracers are available which can be used by essentially any hospital in the U.S. and most hospitals worldwide. The most widely used of these are 99Tc5 201Tl and 123I.
In a typical PET study, a small amount of radiotracer is administered to the experimental animal, normal human or patient being tested. The radiotracer then circulates in the blood of the subject and may be absorbed in certain tissues. The radiotracer may be preferentially retained in some of these tissues because of specific enzymatic conversion or by specific binding to macromolecular structures such as proteins. Using sophisticated imaging instrumentation to detect positron emission, the amount of radiotracer is then non-invasively assessed in the various tissues in the body. The resulting data are analyzed to provide quantitative spatial information of the in vivo biological process for which the tracer was designed. PET gives pharmaceutical research investigators the capability to assess biochemical changes or metabolic effects of a drug candidate in vivo for extended periods of time, and PET can be used to measure drug distribution, thus allowing the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a particular drug candidate under study. Importantly, PET tracers can be designed and used to quantitate the presence of binding sites in tissues. Consequently, interest in PET tracers for drag development has been expanding based on the development of isotopically labeled biochemicals and appropriate detection devices to detect the radioactivity by external imaging.
Noninvasive nuclear imaging techniques such as PET have been particularly important in providing the ability to study neurological diseases and disorders, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, cerebral tumors and Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a neurologic disease characterized by loss of mental ability severe enough to interfere with normal activities of daily living. It usually occurs in old age, and is marked by a decline in cognitive functions such as remembering, reasoning, and planning. All forms of Alzheimer's disease pathology are characterized by the accumulation of amyloid Aβ-peptide. See Cai, L. et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2007, 14, 19-52; Chandra, R. et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2415-2423; Qu, W. et al., J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 3380-3387; Cai, L. et al, J Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 4746-4758; and Qu, W. et al., J Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 2157-2165. PET and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), are effective in monitoring the accumulation of amyloid deposits in the brain and correlating it to the progression of AD (Shoghi-Jadid etal. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002, 10, 24; Miller, Science, 2006, 313, 1376; Coimbra et al Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6, 629; Nordberg, Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3, 519). Thus, there is a need for non-toxic amyloid binding radiotracers that can rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier, that have potent, specific binding properties and low non-specific binding properties, that can be used in diagnostics, and that can rapidly clear from the system. These compounds also can be used in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment programs given to Alzheimer's patients by measuring the changes of amyloid plaque level. See Coimbra et al. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2006, 6, 629); Mathis et al. J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 2740; Klunk et al Ann Neurol. 2004, 55, 306 for background discussion on properties of amyloid binding. See WO 2007/086800, WO2007149030, WO 2007/002540, WO 2007/074786, WO 2002/016333, WO2003048137, WO2002085903, and WO 2004/083195 for examples of compounds and methods used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. See also US Patent 6696039, US2004/0131545, US6001331 , WO2004/032975, WO2004/064869, US2005/0043377, WO2007/033080, US4038396, WO2006044503, WO2006044503, WO2007070173, and US3899506. While the primary use of the isotopically labeled compounds of this invention is in positron emission tomography, which is an in vivo analysis technique, certain of the isotopically labeled compounds can be used for methods other than PET analyses. In particular, 14C and 3H labeled compounds can be used in in vitro and in vivo methods for the determination of binding, receptor occupancy and metabolic studies including covalent labeling. In particular, various isotopically labeled compounds find utility in magnetic resonance imaging, autoradiography and other similar analytical tools.
SUMMARY OF THE MVENTION
The present invention relates to novel amyloid binding compounds and methods for measuring effects of the compounds, by measuring changes of amyloid plaque level in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the present invention relates to use of the novel amyloid binding compounds as a diagnostic. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents.
Specifically, the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4- oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds. The invention is further directed to ^H, ^H, 11C, 13C, ^ ^C, 13N5 15N, 150, 170, 180, 18F, 35S, 36Q, 82Br, 76βr, 77Br, 123i, 124i and BlI isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative compounds, compositions, methods of their preparation and their use as PET tracers in diagnosing and measuring the effects of a compound in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. The present invention also relates to non-toxic amyloid binding compounds that can rapidly cross the blood brain barrier, have low nonspecific binding properties and rapidly clear from the system. This and other aspects of the invention will be realized upon review of the specification in its entirety.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a compound according to formula I:
Figure imgf000006_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein:
A represents a five membered heteroaryl;
R.2 is selected from the group consisting of Cg- 103^ or C 5 -10 heterocyclyl, said aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of RA, with the proviso that when R2 is heterocyclyl then: one of R3 and R4 is not trifluoroethoxy or trifluoromethyl; or when R2 is pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyridazinyl then it is not substituted with NH2 or NHCH3; or
R2 is not indolyl when one of R3 and R4 is fluoro and the other is trifluoromethyl; or R2 is not substituted by CN, or CH2C(O)NH2; or R2 is not substituted by bromine and methyl at the same time; or when R2 is phenyl then one of R3 and R4 is not methyl while the other is chloro;
Q and W independently represent CH or N5 with the proviso that when Q or W is N then there is no attachment of an R3 or R4 group;
Rl represents hydrogen, -C 1 _6alkyl, -C2-6alkenyl, said alkyl and alkenyl optionally substituted with Rb; R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, -C5- 10 heterocyclyl, -N(R1 )2, CN, -(CH2)nhalo, CF3, -0(CH2)nRl, -O(CH2)nC5- 10 heterocyclyl, -C1 -6alkyl, -OCF3, -O(CH2)nhalo, - (O(CH2)s)phalo, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nhalo, -(O(CH2)s)pOR1 , COORl, said alkyl, and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra,
Ra represents -CN, NO2, halo,CF3, -C 1-6alkyl, -C1 -6alkenyl, -C1-6alkynyl, -O(CH2)nhalo, -C6-10 aiyl, -C5- 10 heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC5-10 heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC(O)N(Rl)2, - (CH2)nhalo, -ORl, -N(Rl)2, -C(=NR3)NR3R4, -NR3COR4, -NR1 CO2R1, -NR3SO2R4, - NR3CONR3R4 -SR4, -SOR4, -SO3R4, -SO2NR3R4, -C0R3, -CO2R3, -CONR3R4, -C(=NR1 )R2, or -C(=N0R1 )R2, said alkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with C1- 3 halo, C1-6 alkyl, or (O(CH2)s)phalo;
Rb represents ORl, S(O)2N(R1)2, Or -C1 -6alkyl;
n represents 0-6;
s represents 1-4; and
p represents 1-5. One aspect of this invention realized when R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl all optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. A sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when R2 is substituted with at least one group of Ra. Another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when R2 is phenyl or pyridyl.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when R2 is phenyl and all other variables are as originally described. Another aspect of this invention is realized when R2 is pyridyl and all other variables are as originally described.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when R.2 is benzimidazolyl and all other variables are as originally described. Still another aspect of this invention is realized when R.2 is pyrrolopyridyl and all other variables are as originally described.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when Q and W represent CH and all other variables are as originally described.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when one of Q and W is CH and the other is or N5 and all other variables are as originally described.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when A is unsubstituted.
Another aspect of this invention is realized when A is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl. A sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is pyrazolyl. Another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is oxadiazolyl. Still another sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when A is oxazolyl.
Still another aspect of this invention is realized when R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, Ci -6 alkyl, halo, -O(CH2)nhalo, -(CH2)nOR, (O(CH2)s)phalo,
(O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nhalo5 -(O(CH2)s)pORl, -N(Rl)2.
Still another aspect of this invention is realized when R^ and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamϊno, Cχ-6 methykmino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN,
Ci-6 alkyl, -O(CH2)nF, (O(CH2)s)pF, (0(CH2)S)PO(CH2)HF, -(O(CH2)s)pORl all other variables are as originally described.
Yet another aspect of this invention is realized when Ra represents -CN, NO2, halo, CF3, -Ci-6alkyl, -O(CH2)nhalo, -C6-10 aryl, -C5-IO heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC5-10 heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC(O)N(Rl)2, -(CH2)nhalo, -ORl, -N(Rl)2, said alkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1-3 halo, or -Cj-galkyl. Another aspect of the invention is realized when the compounds of formula I are 2H, 3H5 l lC, 13Cj 14c, 13N5 15N, 150, 17o, 18θ, 18F, 35S, 36C1, 82Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123t 124i and 13 Ii isotopically labeled.
Another aspect of the invention is realized when s is 2 and all other variables are as originally described.
Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formula Ia and Ia':
Figure imgf000009_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R.2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzϊmidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. A sub-embodiment of formula Ia and Ia' is realized when R.3 and R^ independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C\.β methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, C\.β alkyl, -O(CH2)nF,
(O(CH2)s)pF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF, -(O(CH2)s)pORl- A further sub-embodiment of formulas Ia and Ia' is realized when R2 is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. Still another embodiment of formula Ia and Ia' is realized when R^ pyridyl. Yet another sub-embodiment of formulas Ia and Ia' is realized when R2 is benzimidazolyl. Still another sub-embodiment of formulas Ia and Ia' is realized when R2 is indolyl. A further sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when the compounds of formula Ia and Ia' are isotopically labeled as 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F5 150, 13N5 35S5 2E, and 2U, preferably 11C and 18F.
Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formula Ib:
Figure imgf000010_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of RA A sub-embodiment of formula Ib is realized when R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C 1-6 methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, C 1-6 alkyl, -0(CF^)nF, (O(CH2)s)pF,
(O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF? -(O(CH2)s)ρORl- A further sub-embodiment of formulas Ib is realized when R2 is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra Still another embodiment of formula Ib is realized when R^ pyridyl. Yet another sub-embodiment of formula Ib is realized when R2 is benzimidazolyl. Still another sub-embodiment of formula Ib is realized when R2 is indolyl. A further sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when the compounds of formula Ib are isotopically labeled as πC, !3C, 14C, 18F, 15O5 13N, 35S, 2H5 and 3H, preferably 11C and 18F. Still another aspect of this invention is realized with the compound of structural formulas Ic and Ic' :
Figure imgf000010_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. A sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, Cl -6 methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, Cj -6 alkyl, -O(CH2)nF> (O(CH2)s)pF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF, -(O(CH2)s)pORl- A further sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R2 is phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. Still another embodiment of formula Ic and Ic' is realized when R2 pyridyl substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra. Yet another sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R2 is benzimidazolyl. Still another sub-embodiment of formulas Ic and Ic' is realized when R2 is indolyl. A further sub-embodiment of this invention is realized when the compounds of formula Ic and Ic' are isotopically labeled as 11C5 13C5 14C, 18F, 150, 13N, 35S, 2H5 and 3H, preferably 11C and ! 8F. Examples of compounds of this invention are:
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0001
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000030_0001
Figure imgf000031_0001
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
Figure imgf000041_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysabϊe ester thereof.
Particular examples of the compounds of this invention are: 4- [5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,3 ;4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N-methylaniline,
4- [5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 , 3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N,N-dimethylanilinef
4- { 5- [4-(fluoromethoxy)phenyl]- 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } -NsN-dimethylaniline5
4 {5-[4-(methylamino)phenyl]-l ,3 J4-oxadiazol-2-yl}phenol,
4-(5 - { 3 - [(3 -fluoropyridin-2-y l)methoxy]phenyl } - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-methylaniline,
4- {5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]- 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl} -N-methylaniline,
4-(5 - { 3 - [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl } - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-methylaniline;>
4- [5-(3- { 2- [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy] ethoxy } phenyl)- 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yI] -N-methylaniline,
4- {5-f3-(2-{2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl} -N- methylaniline, 4-(5-{4-[(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}~l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-methylaniline, 4-[5-(4- {2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}phenyl)- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-N-methylaniline5 4- { 5 - [4-(2- { 2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy] ethoxy } ethoxy)phenyl] - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } -N- methylamline, 4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-N-methylaniline, 3-{4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,254-oxadiazol-5-yl]phenyl}pyridine,
5 ~(4-isoxazol-3 -ylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
The present invention also relates to methods for measuring effects of the compounds, by measuring changes of amyloid plaque level in living patients. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of using the compounds of this invention as tracers in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study amyloid deposits in brain in vivo to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the present invention relates to use of the novel amyloid binding compounds as a diagnostic. The invention further relates to the use of the novel amyloid binding compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for treating Alzeheimer's disease. The invention further relates to a method of measuring clinical efficacy of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents. Specifically, the present invention relates to novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazoIe derivatives, compositions, and therapeutic uses and processes for making such compounds. The invention is further directed to 2i 1, 3H, 1 1C, 13c, ^C, 13N, 15N, 15θ, 170, 18O, 18F, 35Sf 36C1, 82Br, 76Br, 77βr, 1231, 124i and 131l, preferably 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F, 150, 13N, 35S, 2H5 and 3H, more preferably 11C and 18F isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4- oxadiazole derivative compounds, compositions and methods of their preparation. The present invention also relates to non-toxic amyloid binding compounds that can rapidly cross the blood brain barrier, have low nonspecific binding properties and rapidly clear from the system.
The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers, chiral axes and chiral planes, and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, with all possible isomers, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention. (See E.L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (John Wiley and Sons, New York 1994), in particular pages 1119-1190) When any variable (e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R^ a, R^ etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent, its definition on each occurrence is independent at every other occurrence. Also, combinations of substituents/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
In addition, the compounds disclosed herein may exist as tautomers and both tautomeric forms are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the invention, even though only one tautomeric structure is depicted. For example, any claim to compound A below is understood to include tautomeric structure B, and vice versa, as well as mixtures thereof.
Figure imgf000043_0001
As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; "alkoxy" represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. "Halogen" or "halo" as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
Preferably, alkenyl is C2-C6 alkenyl.
Preferably, alkynyl is C2-C6 alkynyl.
As used herein, "cycloalkyl" is intended to include cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. Preferably, cycloalkyl is C3- Cio cycloalkyl. Examples of such cycloalkyl elements include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
As used herein, "aryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydrortaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl.
The term heterocyclyl, heterocycle or heterocyclic, as used herein, represents a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or stable 8- to 11-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure. The term heterocyclyl, heterocycle or heterocyclic includes heteroaryl moieties. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyly, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolanyl, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2- oxopiperdinyl, 2-oxoρyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl. quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroruryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamoφholinyl sulfoxide, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, thienyl, triazolyl. An embodiment of the examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2- oxopiperdinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, 2-pyridinonyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroruryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl , thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, thienyl and triazolyl. Preferably, heterocycle is selected from 2-azepinonyl, benzimidazolyl, 2- diazapinonyl, imidazolyl, 2-imidazolidinonyl, indolyl, isoquinolinyl, morpholinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-piperidinonyl, 2-pyrimidinonyl, 2-pyrollidinonyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, thienyl, and triazolyl. As used herein, "heteroaryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and wherein from one to four carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N5 O, and S. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzotbiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, letrahydroisoquinoHnyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, thienyl and triazolyl.
As used herein, unless otherwise specifically defined, substituted alkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted aroyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaroyl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted arylsulfonyl, substituted heteroaryl-sulfonyl and substituted heterocycle include moieties containing from 1 to 3 substituents in addition to the point of attachment to the rest of the compound. Preferably, such substituents are selected from the group which includes but is not limited to F, Cl, Br, CF3, NH2, N(C1-C6 alkyl)2, NO2, CN, (C1-C6 alkyl)O, (aiyl)O-,
-OH, (C1-C6 alkyl)S(O)m-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(O)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (C1-C6 alkyl)C(O)-, (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(O)-, (C1-C6 alkyl)OC(O)NH-, phenyl, pyridyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, furyl, isothiazolyl and C|-C2Q alkyl.
As used herein, "in vivo hydrolysable precursors" means an in vivo hydrolysable
(or cleavable) ester of a compound of formula I that contains a carboxy or a hydroxy group. For example amino acid esters, C 1-6 alkoxymethyl esters like methoxymethyl; Ci_6 alkanoyloxymethyl esters like pivaloyloxymethyl; Cs.gcycloalkoxycarbonyloxy, Cl-6alkyl esters like 1 -cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl, acetoxymethoxy, or phosphoramidic cyclic esters.
Examples of an "effective amount" include amounts that enable imaging of amyloid deposit(s) in vivo, that yield acceptable toxicity and bioavailability levels for pharmaceutical use, and/or prevent cell degeneration and toxicity associated with fibril formation. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of formula I will be pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, suitable "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared form pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine caffeine, choline, NjN'-diberizylethylenediamine, diethylamin, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p- toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric and tartaric acids.
The preparation of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts described above and other typical pharmaceutically acceptable salts is more fully described by Berg et al. , "Pharmaceutical Salts," J Pharm. ScI1 1977:66:149.
As indicated herein the present invention includes isotopically labeled compounds of the invention. An "isotopically-labeled", "radio-labeled", "tracer", "labeled tracer"
"radioligand" or "detectable amyloid binding" compound, is a compound where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides (i.e. "detectable isotopes") that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2H, 3H, HC, 13C, 14C, 13N, 15N, 150, 17o, 18o, 18F9 35sf 36ci, 82βr, 76βr, 77Br, 123], 124i and 13 U. The isotopically labeled compounds of the invention need only to be enriched with a detectable isotope to, or above, the degree which allows detection with a technique suitable for the particular application. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radiolabeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radiolabeled compound. In another embodiment of the invention the radionuclides are represented by 11C, 13C5 14C5 18F, 150, 13N, 35S, 2H, and 3H, preferably 11C5 and 18F.
This invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may comprise, but is not limited to, one or more buffering agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, lubricants, adsorbents, surfactants, preservatives and the like. The composition may be formulated as a solid, liquid, gel or suspension for oral administration (e.g., drench, bolus, tablet, powder, capsule, mouth spray, emulsion); parenteral administration (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural injection); topical application (e.g., cream, ointment, controlled-released patch, spray); intravaginal, intrarectal, transdermal, ocular, or nasal administration.
This invention provides radiolabeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as amyloid imaging agents and synthetic precursor compounds from which they are prepared. The compounds formula I are active against age-related diseases such as Alzheimer, as well as other pathologies such as Downs syndrome and (beta-amyloid angiopathy. The compounds of this invention may also be used in combination with a broad range of cognition deficit enhancement agents. Thus, in another embodiment of this invention a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition or formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) is administered concurrently, simultaneously, sequentially or separately with another pharmaceutically active compound or compounds used in Alzheimer's therapies including for example donepezil, memantine, tacrine and equivalents and pharmaceutically active isomer(s) and metabolite(s) thereof. This invention further relates to a method of treating or preventing an Aβ- related pathology in a patient comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I. This invention also provides a method for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Age Associated Memory Impairment, Age-Related Cognitive Decline, and the like.
An ultimate objective of the present invention is to provide a radiopharmaceutical agent, useful in PET imaging that has high specific radioactivity and high target tissue selectivity by virtue of its high affinity for amyloid plaques. The tissue selectivity is capable of further enhancement by coupling this highly selective radiopharmaceutical with targeting agents, such as microparticles.
In accordance with the present invention, the most preferred method for imaging beta-amyloid plaque in a patient, wherein an isotopically labeled novel aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative is employed as the imaging agent, comprises the following steps: the patient is placed in a supine position in the PET camera, a sufficient amount (about 10 mCi) of an isotopically labeled aryl or heteroaryl substituted pyrazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole derivative is administered to the brain tissue of the patient. An emission scan of the cerebral region is performed. The technique for performing an emission scan of the head is well known to those of skill in the art. PET techniques are described in Freeman et aL, Freeman and Johnson's Clinical Radionuclide Imaging. 3rd. Ed. Vol. 1 (1984); Grune & Stratton, New York; Ennis et Q. Vascular Radionuclide Imaging: A Clinical Atlas, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983).
The term "labeled tracer" refers to any molecule which can be used to follow or detect a defined activity in vivo, for example, a preferred tracer is one that accumulates in the regions where beta-amyloid plaque may be found. Preferably, the labeled tracer is one that can be viewed in a living experimental animal, healthy human or patient (referred to as a subject), for example, by positron emission tomograph (PET) scanning. Suitable labels include, but are not limited to radioisotopes, fluorochromes, chemiluminescent compounds, dyes, and proteins, including enzymes. The present invention also provides methods of determining in vivo activity of an enzyme or other molecule. More specifically, a tracer, which specifically tracks the targeted activity, is selected and labeled. In a preferred embodiment, the tracer tracks binding activity of amyloid Aβ-peptide in the brain and central nervous system. The tracer provides the means to evaluate various neuronal processes, including fast excitatory synaptic transmission, regulation of neurotransmitter release, and long-term potentiation. The present invention gives researchers the means to study the biochemical mechanisms of pain, anxiety/depression, drag addiction and withdrawal, disorders of the basal ganglia, eating disorders, obesity, long-term depression, learning and memory, developmental synaptic plasticity, hypoxic-ischemic damage and neuronal cell death, epileptic seizures, visual processing, as well as the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders.
Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease state, prognosis and progression will all be useful for general diagnostic utilities as well as for clinical development plans for therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. The present invention will provide biomarker information as patients are enrolled in clinical trials for new Alzheimer's treatments to assist in patient selection and assignment to cohorts. The present invention will serve as one of the biomarkers of disease state in order to get the correct patients into the proper PhIIb trial cohort. In addition, the present invention can serve as one marker of disease prognosis as an entry inclusion criterion in order to enhance the probability that the disease will progress in the placebo treatment arm, an issue that has plagued recent AD clinical trials. Finally, the present invention can serve as one biomarker of disease progression to monitor the clinical course of patients on therapy and could provide an independent biomarker measure of treatment response by a therapeutic drug.
Means of detecting labels are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, isotopic labels may be detected using imaging techniques, photographic film or scintillation counters. In a preferred embodiment, the label is detected in vivo in the brain of the subject by imaging techniques, for example positron emission tomography (PET).
The labeled compound of the invention preferably contains at least one radionuclide as a label. Positron-emitting radionuclides are all candidates for usage. In the context of this invention the radionuclide is preferably selected from 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F5 150, 13N5 35S, 2H5 and 3H, more preferably from 11C and 18F.
The tracer can be selected in accordance with the detection method chosen. Before conducting the method of the present invention, a diagnostically effective amount of a labeled or unlabeled compound of the invention is administered to a living body, including a human.
The diagnostically effective amount of the labeled or unlabeled compound of the invention to be administered before conducting the in vivo method for the present invention is within a range of from 0.1 ng to 1 OO mg per kg body weight, preferably within a range of from 1 ng to 10 mg per kg body weight.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there are provided methods for the preparation of heterocyclic compounds as described above. For example, the heterocyclic compounds described above can be prepared using synthetic chemistry techniques well known in the art (see Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, Katritzky, A. R. and Rees, C. W. eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984) from a precursor of the substituted heterocycle of Formula 1 as outlined below. The isotopically labeled compounds of this invention are prepared by incorporating an isotope such as 11C, 13C, 34C, 18F5 150, 13N, 35S, 2H, and 3H into the substrate molecule. This is accomplished by utilizing reagents that have had one or more of the atoms contained therein made radioactive by placing them in a source of radioactivity such as a nuclear reactor, a cyclotron and the like. Additionally many isotopically labeled reagents, such as 2H20, 3H3CI, 14C6H5Br5 ClCH2 14COCl and the like, are commercially available. The isotopically labeled reagents are then used in standard organic chemistry synthetic techniques to incorporate the isotope atom, or atoms, into a compound of Formula I as described below. The following Schemes illustrate how to make the compounds of formula I: Abbreviations used in the description of the chemistry and in the Examples that follow are:
CH2CI2 dichloromethane
Boc tørt-butoxycarbonyl
DIEA diisopropylethylamine PMB 4-methoxy-benzyl
PMBBr 4-methoxy-benzyl bromide
THF tetrahydrofuran TFA trifluoroacteic acid
MeOH methanol
PS-PPh3 polystyrene triphenyphosphine
DMF NjN-dimethylformamide DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide
EtOAc ethyl acetate
AD Alzheimer's Disease
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Schemes and Examples. Starting materials and the requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures or as illustrated herein.
The compounds of this invention may be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures. Substituent numbering as shown in the schemes does not necessarily correlate to that used in the claims and often, for clarity, a single substituent is shown attached to the compound where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions hereinabove. Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the schemes and examples herein, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures.
In some cases the final product may be further modified, for example, by manipulation of substituents. These manipulations may include, but are not limited to, reduction, oxidation, alkylation, acylation, and hydrolysis reactions which are commonly known to those skilled in the art. In some cases the order of carrying out the foregoing reaction schemes may be varied to facilitate the reaction or to avoid unwanted reaction products. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood. These examples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. General Reaction Scheme 1
Figure imgf000052_0001
As illustrated in General Reaction Scheme 1, a suitably substituted aromatic nitrile is reacted with hydroxyiamine hydrochloride under basic conditions to provide the corresponding amideoxime. Each amideoxime is then reacted with an acid chloride under heating conditions to afford the final oxadiazole material. Acid chlorides are typically generated in situ from the corresponding carboxylic acid upon reaction with l-chloro-Λr,jV-2-trimethyl-l- propenylamine. In this instance, all nitriles and carboxylic acids were commercially available.
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000052_0002
EXAMPLE 1
2-Fluoro-5-r3-(4-methoxv-t>henyl)-π.2.41oxadiazol-5-vll-3-methvl-pvridine
Step 1 : ΛM3ydroxy-4-methoxy-benzamidine Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.51 g, 36.1 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (11.5 mL, 66.1 ramol), and 4-Methoxy-benzonitrile (4 g, 30 mmol) were dissolved in ethanol (40 mL) and heated to reflux for 1O h. After cooling, the volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. After extracting the aqueous phase with ethyl acetate (3 x 20 mL), the combined organics were dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated affording N-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzamidine (5 g, 30.1 mmol, 100% yield) as a white solid which was used in subsequent steps without further purification. ES MS (M+H+) = 167.
Step 2: 2-Fluoro-5-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-[l ,2,4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-methyl-pyridine
To a stirred mixture of 6-Fluoro-5 -methyl -nicotinic acid (56 mg, 0.36 mmol) in 1:1 CH2Cl2 / pyridine (1 mL) was added l-chloro-Λ^iV^-trimethyl-l-propenylamine (68 mg, 0.51 mmol). After stirring the mixture for 30 mm, a solution of Λr-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzamidine (60 mg, 0.361) in CH2CI2 (1 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated by microwave to 150 0C for 10 min. After cooling, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude residue was purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford 2-Fluoro-5-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-[l)2,4]oxadiazol- 5-yl]-3-methyl-pyridine (4.7 mg, 0.016 mmol, 4.5% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 286; 1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 8.87 (s, 1 H); 8.63 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H); 8.05 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2 H); 7.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2 H); 3.86 (s, 3 H); 2.39 (s, 3 H); HRMS m/z 286.0986 (C15H12FN3O2 + H+ requires 286.0914).
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000053_0001
EXAMPLE 2
643-(4-Memoχy-phenylH1.2,41oxadiazol-5-yl1-lH-indole To a stirred mixture of lϋT-Indole-6-carboxylic acid (58 mg, 0.36 mmol) in 1:1 CH2Cl2 / pyridine (1 mL) was added l-chloro-Λr,N-24rimethyl-l-propenylamine (68 mg, 0.51 mmol). After stirring the mixture for 30 min, a solution of iV-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzamidine (60 mg, 0.361) in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated by microwave to 150 0C for 10 min. After cooling, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude residue was purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford 6-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-[l,2J4]oxadiazol-5-yl]-l/f-indole (16.4 mg, 0.056 mmol, 16% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 292; 1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 11.63 (1 H, s), 8.26 (1 H, s), 8.08-8.02 (2 H9 m)s 7.83-7.77 (2 H, m), 7.67 (1 H, t, J = 2.71 Hz), 7.18-7.12 (2 H, m), 6.61 (1 H, m), 3.86 (3 H, s); HRMS m/z 292.1081 (Ci7Hi3N3O2 + H+ requires 292.1008).
General Reaction Scheme 2
Figure imgf000054_0001
As illustrated in General Reaction Scheme 2, suitably substituted carboxylic acids can be reacted with 1 -chloro-iV, iV-2-trimethyl- 1 -propenylamine to generate acid chlorides, while suitably substituted methyl ketones are reacted with LiHMDS to afford the corresponding enolates. Combination of these in situ generated acid chlorides and ketone enolates followed by reaction with hydrazine affords the desired pyrazole product, which may exist in both tautomeric forms. Often, commercial acid chlorides can be used directly in the place of in situ generated reagents. In this instance, all carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, and methyl ketones were commercially available or prepared from commercially available precursors using methods known in the literature or via methods commonly known to those skilled in the art.
Scheme 3
Figure imgf000055_0001
EXAMPLE 3
4- [5-( 4-methoxyphenylV 1 H-pyrazol-3 - yll -N JSf-dimethylamline To a 0 °C solution of 1 -(4-dimethylamino-ρhenyl)-ethanone (48 mg, 0.29 mmol) in toluene (0.29 mL) was added 1 M LiHMDS in toluene (0.32 niL, 0.32 mmol). After stirring for 5 min, 4- methoxy-benzoyl chloride (50 mg, 0.29 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for an additional 5 minutes, AcOH (0.5 mL), EtOH (2 mL), THF (1 mL), and hydrazine hydrate (1 mL, 21 mmol) were added sequentially. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight, at which point the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford 4-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-ρyrazol-3-yl]-N,N- dimethylaniline (19 mg, 0.07 mmol, 23% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 294; 1HNMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 7.75 (2 H, d, J = 8.51 Hz), 7.66 (2 H, d, J = 8.33 Hz), 7.00 (2 H, d, J - 8.51 Hz), 6.99-6.81 (1 H, s), 6.85 (2 H, d, J = 8.20 Hz\ 3.79 (3 H, s), 2.96 (6 H, s); HRMS m/z 294.1613 (C18H1N3O + H+ requires 294.1601).
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000056_0001
EXAMPLE 4
N.N-dimethyl-4-P-(lH-pyrroloF23-blpyridin-5-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-vnaniline
To a stirred room temperature suspension of lH-Pyrrolo[2,3-&]pyridine-5-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) was added 1-chloro-JV, jV-2-trimethyl- 1-propenylamine (0.20 mL, 1.53 mmol). In a separate vessel, 1 M LiHMDS in toluene (0.18 mL, 0.18 mmol) was added to a 0 0C solution of 1 -(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-ethanone (25 mg, 0.15 mmol) in toluene (1 mL). After formation of the acid chloride was complete (15 min), the second solution was added to the first and the combined mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for an additional 5 minutes, at which point a 5:2:1 mixture of EtOH/THF/AcOH was added (2 mL) followed by hydrazine hydrate (0.18 mL, 3.68 mmol). After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford N,N-dimethyl-4- [3 -( 1 H-pyrrolo [2,3 - b]pyridin-5-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]aniline (8.9 mg, 0.029 mmol, 20% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 304; 1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 11.72 (1 H, s), 8.72 (1 H, d, J = 2.08 Hz), 8.35 (1 H, d, J = 2.04 Hz), 7.66 (2 H, d, J - 8.29 Hz), 7.50 (1 H, t, J - 2.78 Hz), 7.03 (1 H, s), 6.82 (2 H, d, J = 8.33 Hz), 6.51 (1 H, dd5 J = 3.40, 1.71 Hz), 3.84 (20 H, s), 2.96 (6 H, s). HRMS m/z 304.1550 (C18H17N5 + H+ requires 304.1557). General Reaction Scheme 3
Figure imgf000057_0001
As illustrated in General Reaction Scheme 3, suitably substituted aromatic esters can be reacted with hydrazine to afford their corresponding hydrazides, which can in turn be reacted with carboxylic acids under dehydrating conditions to afford 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. In this instance, all esters and carboxylic acids are commercially available or prepared from commercially available precursors using methods known in the literature or via methods commonly known to those skilled in the art.
Scheme 5
Figure imgf000057_0002
EXAMPLE 5
4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyD- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol:2-yl]-N-methylaniline
Step 1: To a solution of ethyl 3-methoxy benzoate (1.0 g, 5.55 mmol) in EtOH (11 mL) was added 80% hydrazine in water (1.09 mL, 27.7 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and the volatiles were removed in vacuo to afford 3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide (920 mg, 5.55 mmol, 100% yield) which was used without further purification. ES MS (M+H+) = 167.
Step 2: To a solution of 3-methoxy-benzoic acid hydrazide (100 mg, 0.60 mmol) and 4- methylamino-benzoic acid (91 mg, 0.60 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (1.5 mL) at room temperature was added El3N (0.34 mL, 2.41 mmol) followed by 2-chloro-l,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (201 mg, 1.20 mmol) causing a slightly exothermal reaction. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature before the volatiles were removed in vacuo and purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford 4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-N-methylaniline (44 mg, 0.16 mmol 26% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 282; 1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 7.85 (2 H, d, J = 8.61 Hz), 7.66 (1 H9 d, J - 7.69 Hz), 7.58 (1 H, t, J = 1.92 Hz), 7.53 (1 H, t, J = 7.98 Hz)5 7.19 (1 H, dd, J - 8.29, 2.62 Hz), 6.69 (2 H, d, J = 8.61 Hz), 6.55 (1 H, q, J = 5.00 Hz), 3.87 (3 H, s), 2.76 (3 H, d, J - 5.01 Hz); HRMS m/z 282.1227 (C16Hi5N3O2 + H+ requires 282.1237).
Scheme 6
Figure imgf000058_0001
EXAMPLE 6
4- { 5 r[3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] -1,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } -N-methylaniline
Step 1 : To a solution of 4-benzyloxybenzoichydrazide (2 g, 8.26 mmol) and N-Boc-4- (methylamino)benzoic acid (2.074 g, 8.26 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (20.64 ml) was added Et3N (4.60 ml, 33.0 mmol) and 2-chloro-l,3-dimelhylimidazolimum chloride (2.76 g, 16.51 mmol). After 2 hs the reaction mixture was treated with 1 N HCl (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and evaporated affording crude (4-[5-(3- benzyloxy-ρhenyl)-[l,3?4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-phenyl}-methyl-carbamic acid ter/-butyl ester which was used in the next step without further purification.
Step 2: To the residue in Step 1 was dissolved in MeOH (110 mL), and to the resulting solution was subsequently added AcOH (12 mL), ammonium formate (4.1 g, 66 mmol), and 10% Pd/C (0.07 g, 0.66 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, after which the mixture was filtered and concentrated affording (4-[5-(3-Hydroxy-phenyl)- [l,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-phenyl}-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester which was used in crude form in subsequent steps. ES MS (M+H+) = 368.
Step 3: To a solution of crude {4-[5-(3-Hydroxy~ρhenyl)-[l,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-phenyl}- methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (50 mg, 0.136 mmol) and DIAD (0.079 mL, 0.41 mmol) were added PS-PPh3 (108 mg, 0.41 mmol) and 2-fϊuoroethanol (0.016 mL, 0.27 mmol). The combined mixture was shaken overnight, filtered, and concentrated before being treated with TFA (1 mL). After standing 30 minutes, the volatiles were again removed, affording a residue that was purified by reversed phase HPLC to afford 4-{5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]-l,3,4- oxadiazol-2~yl}-N-methylaniIine (15 mg, 0.049 mmol, 36% yield). ES MS (M+H+) = 314; 1H NMR (499 MHz, DMSO): δ 7.86 (2 H, d, J = 8.61 Hz), 7.69 (1 H, d, J - 7.70 Hz), 7.62 (1 H, t, J = 1.91 Hz), 7.54 (1 H, t, J = 7.99 Hz), 7.23 (1 H, dd, J = 8.30, 2.60 Hz), 6.69 (2 H, d, J = 8.62 Hz), 6.55 (1 H, q, J - 5.01 Hz), 4.85-4.72 (2 H, m), 4.42-4.33 (2 H, m), 2.77 (3 H, d, J = 4.98 Hz).; HRMS m/z 314.1277 (CI7HJ6FN3O2+ H+ requires 314.1299).
While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, effective dosages other than the particular dosages as set forth herein above may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for any of the indications with the compounds of the invention indicated above. Likewise, the specific pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending upon the particular active compounds selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be defined by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable. Biological Examples
Homogenates from AD and non-AD human brain samples were assessed for their immunoreactivity to anti-Aβ antibody 6E10. The highest and lowest levels of 6El 0 immunoreactivity were chosen for the AD group and the non-AD control group, respectively. Candidate Aβ compounds were initially selected based on their structural similarity to published amyloid ligands and then for high affinity in competing with [3H]PIB binding to AD brain homogenates. These compounds were radiolabeled with [3H] and tested for binding affinity to human AD brain homogenates as well as binding to human non-AD brain homogenates. [3H]- DMAB (see structure below) was selected based from these candidates based on its binding affinity for human AD brain homogenates, and minimal binding to non-AD control homogenates. A low fraction of non-displaceable binding was also an important criterion.
Figure imgf000060_0001
PET radiotracer candidate compounds were then selected based on their high affinity competition with [3H]-DMAB in binding to AD brain homogenates. These PET radiotracer candidate compounds were tested to determine if they were effective PgP substrates. Those PET radiotracer candidate compounds with little PgP substrate activity were radiolabeled with [3H] or [18F] and tested for binding affinity to human AD brain homogenates as well as binding to human non-AD brain homogenates and in autoradiographic studies using human AD and non-AD brain slices. Candidate radioligands were selected based on their strong binding affinity for human AD brain homogenates, and minimal binding to non-AD control homogenates. A low fraction of non-displaceable binding was also an important criterion. Minimization of white matter binding was an important criterion.
Tissue homogenate binding assay: Postmortem frozen human brain samples from donors with clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) or normal control subjects (non-AD) were purchased from Analytical Biological Services Inc., at 701-4 Cornell Business Park, Wilmington, DE 19801. Brain homogenates of frontal cortex were prepared, divided into aliquots and stored at -7O0C prior to use. [3H]-DMAB was synthesized at a specific activity of -80 Ci/mmoL The final concentration of radioligand for tissue homogenate binding assay was 1.5nM Brain homogenates were diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to 0.4mg/mL from original lOmg/mL volume and 200μl was used in assay for a fmal concentration of 50μg/assay tube. Unlabeled test compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at ImM. Dilution of test compound to various concentrations was made with PBS containing 2% DMSO. Total binding was defined in the absence of competing compound, and non-displaceable binding was determined in the presence of lμM unlabeled self block. Compound dilutions (10X) were added into the assay tube (25μL each / per tube, separately) containing 200μL brain homogenate dilution, and the tubes were pre-incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then radioligand dilutions (10X) were added into the assay tube (25 μL each / per tube, separately) to a final volume of 250μL per tube. Incubation was carried out at room temperature (25°C) for 90 minutes, and then the assay samples were filtered onto GF/C filters using Skatron 12 well harvester, washing on setting 5 - 5 - 5 (~ 3x2ml) ice cold buffer (PBS, pH 7.4). GF/C filter papers for the Skatron harvester were pre-soaked in 0.1% BSA for 1 hour at room temperature before use. Filters were punched into scintillation vials and counted in 2mL Ultima Gold on Perkin Elmer Tri-Carb 2900TR. for 1 minute. The data analysis was done with Prism software. All assays were done in triplicate, and in the laboratory designated for studies using human tissues. In vitro autoradiography: Postmortem frozen human brain samples from donors with clinical diagnosis of
Alzheimer's diseases (AD) or normal control subjects (non-AD) were purchased from a commercial source. Frozen brain slices (20μm thickness) were prepared using a cryostat (Leica CM3050) and kept in sequential order. The tissue slices were placed on Superfrost Plus glass slides (Cat.# 5075-FR, Brain Research Laboratories, USA)5 dried at room temperature, and stored in a slide box at -7O0C before use. The final concentration of radioligand for in vitro autoradiography was 1.OnM. On the day of a binding experiment, adjacent slices were selected from each brain region of interest for in vitro autoradiographic study, and were designated as total binding and non-specific binding (NSB). These slices were thawed at room temperature for 15 minutes in a biosafety hood. Total binding of radioligand in a brain slices was defined in the absence of competitor, and non-specific binding (NSB) was determined in the presence of competitor (l.OμM unlabeled compound). The brain slides were first pre-incubated at room temperature for twenty minutes in PBS buffer, pH 7.4. The slices were then transferred to fresh buffer containing radioligand or radioligand plus competitor as described above, and incubated at room temperature for ninety minutes. Incubation was terminated by washing the slices three times in ice cold (40C) wash buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) with each wash lasting three minutes. After washing, the slices were briefly rinsed in ice cold (40C) deionized water, and then dried completely by an air blower at room temperature. The slices were placed against Fuji Phosphor Image Plates (TR25, Fuji) in a sealed cassette for exposure at room temperature. After one week exposure, the plates were scanned in Fuji BAS 5000 Scanner, and the scanned images were analyzed using MCID 7.0 software. [3H]-microscales (Amersham Biosciences, GE), were used for quantification of radioligand binding density. All the slice binding assays were done in the laboratory designated for studies using human tissues.
1 p
Candidate radioligands that fit these criteria were radiolabeled with [ F]. The
[ F] labeled radioligands were characterized in vivo in rhesus monkey for rapid uptake into and clearance from brain, hi selecting the final PET radiotracer, minimization of retention in white matter was an important criterion.
Assessment of amyloid load:
Subjects are administered a Mini-Mental State Examination to assess whether they are normal control subjects or are AD patients. PET studies are performed on both groups of patients using the PET radiotracers described herein, and using methods known to those versed in the art. Uptake and retention of radiotracer in regions where amyloid plaque is known to accumulate (e.g., frontal cortical regions) is compared with uptake and retention of radiotracer in a reference region where amyloid plaque does not accumulate (e.g., cerebellum). The difference in uptake and retention between these pairs of regions is greater for the AD patients compared to the normal control subjects; this greater difference is due to the greater Aβ plaque load in the AD patients. Test-retest (intra-subject) variability is established by a second, essentially identical PET study.
To determine if a compound is effective for reducing amyloid plaque, a PET study is performed prior to administering the plaque reducing compound. After a course of treatment with the therapeutic compound, a second PET study is performed. A reduction in uptake and retention of the PET radiotracer in the regions in which plaque is known to accumulate (greater than the test-retest variability) indicates a reduction in the plaque load. In such a study each subject serves as his or her own pretreatment control.
The compounds of this invention possess IC50 values in the human AD brain tissue homogenate assay in the range of 0.1 nM - 1000 nM. For example, the IC50 of the following compounds are:
Figure imgf000063_0001

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound represented by Formula I:
Figure imgf000064_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein:
A represents a five mernbered heteroaryl,
R2 is selected from the group consisting of C6-10 aryl or C5-10 heterocyclyl, said aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra, with the proviso that when R2 is heterocyclyl then one of R3 and R4 is not trifiuoroethoxy or trifluoromethyl; or when R2 is pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyridazinyl then it is not substituted with NH2 or NHCH3; or R2 is not indolyl when one of R3 and R4 is fluoro and the other is trifluoromethyl; or when R2 is heterocyclyl it is not substituted by CN, or CH2C(O)NH2; or when R2 heterocyclyl it is not substituted by bromine and methyl at the same time; or when or when R2 is phenyl then one of R^ and R4 is not methyl while the other is chloro; or when R2 is phenyl and A is txiazolyl then phenyl cannot be substituted by hydroxyl and methoxy;
Q and W independently represent CH or N5 with the proviso that when Q or W is N then there is no attachment of an R3 or R4 group; R1 represents hydrogen, -C1 -6alkyl, -C2-6alkenyl, said alkyl and alkenyl optionally substituted with Rb;
R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, -C5-10 heterocyclyl, -N(R1)2, CN, - (CH2)nhalo, CF3, -O(CH2)nR1, -O(CH2)nC5-10 heterocyclyl, -C1 -6alkyl, -OCF3, - O(CH2)nhalo, -(O(CH2)s)phalo, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nhalo, -(O(CH2)s)pOR1, COORl, said alkyl, and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra,
Ra represents -CN, NO2, halo,CF3, -C1 -6alkyl, -C1 -6alkenyl, -C1-6alkynyl, - O(CH2)nhalo, -C6-10 aryl -C5-10 heterocyclyl, -NR1(CH2)nC5- 10 heterocyclyl, -NRl(CH2)nC(O)N(R1)2, -(CH2)nhalo, -OR1, -N(R1)2, -C(=NR3)NR3R4, - NR3COR4, -NRlCO2R1, -NR3SO2R4, -NR3CONR3R4 -SR4, -SOR4, -SO2R4, - SO2NR3R4, -C0R3, -CO2R3 -CONR3R4, -C(=NRl)R2, or -C(=NORl)R2, said alkyl, aryl and heterocyclyl optionally substituted with Cl .3 halo, C1 -6 alkyl, or (O(CH2)s)phalo;
Rb represents ORl, S(O)2N(Rl)2, Or -C1 -6alkyl;
n represents 0-6;
s represents 1 -4; and
p represents 1-5.
2, The compound according to claim 1 wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl all substituted with 1 Io 3 groups of Ra.
3. The compound according to claim 2 wherein R2 is phenyl, pyridyl or benzimidazolyl.
4. The compound according to claim 1 wherein A is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and oxazolyl.
5. The compound according to claim 1 wherein R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, Cl .β alkyl, halo, -O(CH2)nhalo> -(CH2)nOR,
(O(CH2)s)phalo, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nhalo, -(O(CH2)s)pORl, or -N(Rl)2.
6. The compound according to claim 1 wherein the compounds of formula I are 2H, 3R, 1 1C, 13c, 14c, 13N, 15N, 15θ, 17θ, 18θ, ^F, 35S; 36ci, 82Br, 76βr, 77βr, 123i, 124i and 13 Il isotopically labeled.
7. The compound according to claim 1 of structural formulas Ia and Ia' :
Figure imgf000066_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R^ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra and R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C1-6 methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, Cμe alkyl, -O(CH2)nF, (O(CH2)s)pF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF, or -(O(CH2)s)pORl •
8. The compound according to claim 7 wherein R2 is phenyl, pyridyl, benzimidazolyl, or indolyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of RA
9. The compound according to claim 7 wherein the compounds of formula Ia and Ia' are isotopically labeled as 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F, 150, 13N5 35S5 2H5 and
3H.
10. The compound according to claim 1 of structural formula Ib:
Figure imgf000067_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R.2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra and R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C\.ξ, methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, C\.β alkyl, -O(CH2)nF, (O(CH2)s)ρF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF, or -(O(CH2)s)pORl ■
11. The compound according to claim 10 wherein R2 is phenyl, pyridyl, benzimidazolyl, or indolyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra.
12. The compound according to claim 10 wherein the compounds of formula Ia and Ia' are isotopically labeled as 11C, 13C5 14C, 18F5 150, 13N5 35S, 2H, and 3H.
13. The compound according to claim 1 of structural formulas Ic and Ic':
Figure imgf000068_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof, wherein R2 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, benzodioxolyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra and R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, dimethylamino, C\.β methylamino, methoxy, hydroxy, CN, Cj -6 alkyl, -O(CH2)nF, (O(CH2)s)ρF, (O(CH2)s)pO(CH2)nF, or -(0(CH2)s)p0Rl-
14. The compound according to claim 13 wherein R2 is phenyl, pyridyl, benzimidazolyl, or indolyl, all substituted with 1 to 3 groups of Ra.
15. The compound according to claim 13 wherein the compounds of formula Ia and Ia' are isotopically labeled as 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F, 150, 13N, 35S, 2H, and 3H.
16. A compound which is:
4-(3-phenyl- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzonitrile5 5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-lH-pyrazole, 3 -phenyl-5-(4-propylphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3 -(4-nitrophenyl)- 5-phenyl- 1 H-pyrazole, methyl {3-[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]phenyl} carbamate, prop-2-en- 1 -yl [3-(3 -phenyl- 1 H~pyrazol-5 -yl )phenyl] carbamate, methyl {3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)- lH~pyrazol-3-yl]phenyl} carbamate, 3-[3-(4-methylphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl]aniline, 2-(5-phenyl-lH-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol,
2-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-5-(methoxymethoxy)phenol, 5-(methoxymethoxy)-2- [5-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl]phenol, 4-t5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]~N,N-dimethylaniline, 3 -(2 ,4-difluorophenyl)- 5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)~ 1 H-pyrazole, 3 ,5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3 -(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol e, 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyϊ)-l H-pyrazole, 4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH~pyrazoI-3-yl]benzonitrile, 3-(3 ,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 2-chloro-5 -[5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl]pyridine. 2-chloro-4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]pyridine; 4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-ρyrazol-3-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, 5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-ρyrazol-3-yl]-2-phenoxypyridine, 3-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyρhenyI)-lH-pyrazole, 3 -(2,4-difluorophenyl)- 5 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3-(3 -fluorophenyl)-5 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3 ,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 3 ~(3 ,4-difluorophenyl)-5 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole. 5~[5 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl] -2-phenoxypyridine, 4-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]benzonitrile, 4-[5-(4-methoxypheny!)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-NsN-dimethylaniline, 2-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-5-methylpyrazine, 3-(4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole, 4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-N-methylaniline, 4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- lH-pyrazol-5-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]-N-methylanilines 4-[5 -(3-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl] -N-methylaniline, 4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]aniline, 4-[5-(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl]aniline, 4- [5-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yljaniline,
4- {3 - [4-(dimethylamino)phenyl ] - 1 H-pyrazol-5 -yl } phenol ,
3- {3-[4-(dimethylamino)ρhenyl]-l H-pyrazol-5-yl}phenol, 2- { 3 - [4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol-5 -yl } phenol,
4- { 5- [3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } -N,N-dimethylaniline, 4- { 5- [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } -N,N-dimethylaniline , 4- { 5 - [2-(fluoromethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl } -N,N-dimethy laniline, 4- { 4- [5-(4-fluorophenyl)~ 1 H-ρyrazol-3 -yljphenyl } morphol ine, 4- { 5- [5-(4-fluorophenyl)~ 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl]pyridin-2-yl } moφholine, 4- { 5- [4-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } -N-methylaniline,
4-(5-{4-[2-(2-melhoxyethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl}-lH-pyrazol-3-yl)-N-methylaniline,
4- [5 -(4- { 2- [2-(2~methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethoxy } phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl] -N- methylaniline,
N-melhyl-4- { 5- [4-(3 , 6,9, 12-tetraoxatridec- 1 -yloxy)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl } anil ine, 4-[5-(4-{2-[2-(2-melhoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl] aniline, 4- { 5-[4-(3 ,6,9, 12-tetraoxatridec- 1 -yloxy)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl } aniline, 4-[5-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl3-N-methylaniline, 4- [5 -(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl] -N-methylaniline, 4-[5-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]~N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-[5-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-ΪH-pyrazol-3~yl]-NJN-dimethylaniline5 2-fluoro- 5 - [5-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl]pyridine, 2-fluoro-5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]pyridine, 4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-N-methylaniline, 4- [5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 , 3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N,N-dimethylaniline, N~3~-{5-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-N,N-dimethyl-beta- alaninamide,
5-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl]-N-methylpyridin-2-amines 5 -[5-(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl] -N-(3 -methoxypropyl)pyridin-2-amine; 2-{ { 5- [5~(4-fluorophenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl ]pyridin~2~yl } amino)-N,N- dimethylethanesulfonamide,
4- { 5-[4-(fluoromethoxy)phenyl]- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl} -NsN-dimethylaniline, 4-(5-{3-[(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl } - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl )-N-methylaniline , 4- { 5 - [3-(2-fluoroethoxy)ρhenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl } -N-methylaniline, 4-(5- { 3 - [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl } - 1 H-pyrazoI-3-yl)-N-methylaniline, 4-[5-(3-{2- [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy] ethoxy }phenyl)- 1 H-pyrazo 1-3 -y 1] -N- methylaniline,
4- {5-[3-(2- {2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} ethoxy)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl} -N- methylaniline, { 5 - [4-(methylamino)phenyI] -1,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } phenol, 2-fluoro-5- { 5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yI } pyridine,
2~fluoro-5-(5 - { 3 - [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy] phenyl } - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl)pyridine,
4~(5-{3-[(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyI}-l?3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N- methylaniline, 4- { 5 -[3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] -1,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } -N-methylanilme,
4-(5- { 3 - [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy] phenyl } - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yI)-N-methylanilme,
4-[5-(3-{2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}phenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2~yl]-N- methylaniline,
4- { 5 -[3 -(2- { 2- [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy } ethoxy)phenyl] - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2- yl } -N-methylaniline,
4-(5- {4-[(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N- methylaniline,
4-[5-(4-{2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}phenyl)-ls3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl3-N~ methylaniline, 4-{5-[4-(2-{2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]-l,3,4-oxadiazol~2- yl } -N-melhylaniline,
4- [2-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,3-oxazol-4-yl] -N,N-dimethylaniline,
N^3^-(5- { 5 ~[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } pyridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethyl- beta-alaninamide, 4-(5-{5-[3-(2-fluoroelhoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyrazol-3-yl}pyridin-2-yl)-2- methylmorpholine,
5 - { 5- [3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyI] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } -N-(2~pyrazin~2~ylethyl)pyridin~2- amine,
5-{5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyrazol-3-yl}-N-methyl-N-[(4-methyl-4H-l,254- triazol-3-yl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine,
5-{5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyrazol-3-yl}-N-methyl-N-(pyrimidin-4- ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine:i
N-ethyl-5-{5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyrazol-3-yl}pyridin-2-amine,
2-fluoro~5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazol-3-yI]benzonitrile, 2-fluoro-4-[5-(3-methoxyphenyI)-l H-pyrazol-3 -yl]benzonitrile5
3 -fluoro-4- [5 -(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -y ljbenzonitrile,
3-fluoro-5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)~lH-pyrazol-3-yl]benzonitrile,
2-fluoro-5- [5-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl]benzonitrile5
2-fluoro-4- [ 5 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl]benzonitrile? 5 - { 5 -[3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } - 1 H-benzimidazo Ie, 5 - { 5 -[3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl } - 1 H-benzotriazole, 5 - { 5 -[3 -(2~fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol- 3 -yl } - 1 -methyl- 1 H-indole, 5-{5-[3-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl]-lH-pyτazol-3-yl}-2,3-dime1hyI-lH-indole, 6- { 5 - [3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } - 1 H-indole,
3-(4-{5-[3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl } phenyl)isoxazole,
6- { 5- [3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-3 -yl } -3 H-imidazo [4 , 5 -bjpyridine,
4- [3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 152,4-oxadiazol-5-yl] -N-methylaniline,
5- [3 -(4-rnethoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol~5-yl] - 1 H-benzimidazole, 5- [3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl] - 1 H-benzotriazole,
5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5~yl]-2-methyl- 1 H-benzimidazole,
6- [3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-methyl-l ,3-benzothiazole,
5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-lH-indole,
5 - [3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 5 -yl]- 1 -( 1 -methylethyl )- 1 H-benzotriazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-l-methyl~l H-indole, 6-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]- 1 ,3-benzothiazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyρhenyl)-l;,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-l-methyl-lH-benzotriazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l52,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)-lH-benzimidazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyρhenyl)- 152,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-l ,2-dimethyl- 1 H-benzimidazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyρhenyl)-lJ254-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-pyridin-3-yl-lH-benzimidazole, 5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,2J4-oxadiazol-5-yl]~2,3-dimethyl-lH-indole, 2-fluoro-5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,254-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-methylpyridine,
3- {4-[3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2s4-oxadiazol-5-yl]ρhenyl}pyridine, 6-[3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5 -yl] - 1 H-indole, 5-(4-isoxazol-3-ylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazole5
N,N-dimethyI-4- {3 -[4-(methylamino)phenyl] - 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl } aniline, 4-[3-(lH-benzimidazol-5-yl)-lH-ρyrazol-5-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-[3-(lH-benzotriazol-5-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, NfN~dimethyl-4-[3-(2-methyl-lH-benzimidazol-5-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]anilin? N,N-dimethyl-4- { 3 - [ 1 -( 1 -methylethyl)- 1 H-benzotriazol- 5 -yl] - 1 H-pyrazol-5 -yl } anilin, N,N-dimethyl~4-[3-(l-methyl-lH-indol-5-yl)-lH-pyrazol-5-yl]aniHnes N,N-dimethyl-4- {3 - [2-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-benzimidazol-5-yl] - 1 H-pyrazol-5- yl} aniline,
4- [3 -( 1 ,2-dimethyl- 1 H-benzimidazol-5-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol- 5 -yl] -N,N-dimethylani line, 4- [3 -(2, 3 -dimethyl- 1 H-indol-5-yl)-l H-pyrazol-5-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4- [3 -(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl] -N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-[3-(4-isoxazol-3-ylρhenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-N,N~dimethylaniline, 4- [3-(3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-6-yl)- 1 H-pyrazol-5 -yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline, N,N-dimethyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]aniline,
3- { 5- [4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] - 1 H-ρyrazol-3 -yl } -5-fluorobenzonitrile, 4-{3-[6-(2-fluoroethoxy)pyridin-3-yl]-lH-pyrazol-5-yl}-N,N-dimethylaniline,
4- { 5-[4-(methylamino)phenyl] - 1 ,2 ,4-oxadiazol-3-yl } phenol, 4-[5-( 1 H-benzimidazol-5 -yl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl]phenol, 4-[5-{lH-benzotriazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoI-3-yl]phenol,
4-[5-(2-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol,
4-[5-(2-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol,
4- { 5- [2-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 H-benzimidazol-5-yI] - 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl } phenol,
4-[5-(1,2-dimelhyl- 1 H-benzimidazol-5 -yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol, 4-[5-(2-pyridin-3-yl-lH-benzimidazol-5-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol, 4-[5-(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol, 4-[5-(4-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol, 4-[5-(4-isoxazol-3-ylphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol, 5 - [5 -(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3 -yl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl] - 1 H-pyrrolo [2,3 -b]pyridine, 5 - [5-(6-fluoro-4-methylpyridin-3 -yl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl] - 1 H-pyrrolo [2,3 -b]pyridine, 5-[5-(6-fluoro-2-methylpyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridme, 5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 2-fluoro-4-[3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-l, 2,4-OXadiazoI-5^lJbCnZOnHnIe, 4-fluoro-3-[3 -( 1 H-pyrrolo[2,3 -b]pyridin-5 ~yl)- 1 ^-oxadiazol-S-ylJbenzonitrile, 2-fluoro-3-[3-(l H-ρyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-l ;2,4-oxadiazoI-5-yl]benzonitrile, 3-[5-(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yI]phenol- 2-fluoro-5-[3-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-methylpyridine, 2-fluoro-5-[5-(3-rnethoxyρhenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-3-methylpyridine,
2-fluoro-5-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol~2~yl]-3-methylpyridine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
17. The compound according to claim 16 which isotopically labeled as 11C, 13C, 14C, 18F, 15O, 13N, 35S, 2H, or 3H.
18. The compound according to claim 16 which is: 4- [5-(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,3 ,4~oxadiazol~2-yl] -N-methylaniline,
4- [5-(3 -methoxyphenyl)- 1 β f4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N,N-dimethylaniline,
4-{5-[4-(fluoromethoxy)phenyl]-l,3f4-oxadiazol-2-yl}-N,N-dimethylanilines 4 { 5- [4-(methylamino)phenyl] - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl } phenol,
4-(5- { 3-[(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl } - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N- methylaniline,
4- { 5 - [3 -(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl] -1,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2~yl } -N-methylaniline,
4-(5- { 3-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]phenyl } - 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N-methylanilme5 4-[5-(3- {2-[2~(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}phenyl)-l ,3,4~oxadiazol-2-yl]-N- methylaniline,
4- { 5-[3-(2-{2»[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2- yl } ~N-methylaniline ,
4-(5- {4-[(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)methoxy]ρhenyl } - 1 ,354-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N- methylaniline,
4- [5-(4- { 2- [2-(2-fluoroethoxy)elhoxy] ethoxy } phenyl)- 1 ,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -N- methylaniline,
4- {5-[4-(2-{2-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy} ethoxy)phenyl]-l ,3,4-oxadiazol-2~ yl } -N-methylaniline, 4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-N-methylaniline,
3-{4-[3-(4~methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]phenyl}pyridine,
5-(4-isoxazol-3-ylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazole,
2-fluoro-5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ?3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]pyridine,
2-fluoro- 5 - [3 -(4-methoxyphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol- 5 -yl] -3 -methylpyridine, 4-[5-(6-fluoro-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)-l;2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenol,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
19. The compound according to claim 18 which is 2-fluoro-5-[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-l,3j4-oxadiazol-2-yl]pyridine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
20. The compound according to claim 18 which is
2~fluoro-5-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-l ,2,4~oxadiazol-5-yl]~3-methylpyridine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
21. The compound according to claim 18 which is 4-[5-(6-fluoro-5- methylρyridin-3-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl] phenol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or in vivo hydrolysable ester thereof.
22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
23. A composition for imaging of amyloid deposits, comprising a radio-labeled compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
24. A method of inhibiting amyloid plaque aggregation in a mammal, comprising administering the compostion of claim 23 in an amount effective to inhibit amyloid plaque aggregation.
25. A method for measuring amyloid deposits in a patient comprising the steps of administering a detectable quantity of a compound according to claim 1 and detecting the binding of the compound to amyloid deposits in the patient.
26. The method according to claim 25 wherein detection is carried out by performing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging, or autoradiography.
27. The method according to claim 25 for diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of Alzhemier's Disease, familial Alzheimer's Disease, Down's Syndrome, Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia, and homozygotes for the apolipoprotein E4 allele.
28. A method for preventing and/or treating Alzhemier's Disease, familial Alzheimer's Disease, Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia, Down's Syndrome and homozygotes for the apolipoprotein E4 allele comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.
29. Use of a compound according to claim 1 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and/or preventing Alzhemier's Disease, familial Alzheimer's Disease, Down's Syndrome, Cognitive Deficit in Schizophrenia, and homozygotes for the apolipoprotein E4 allele.
PCT/US2009/045368 2008-05-30 2009-05-28 Novel substituted pyrazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles WO2009146343A1 (en)

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JP2011523997A (en) 2011-08-25

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