WO2009126890A2

WO2009126890A2 - Production of carotenoids in oleaginous yeast and fungi

Info

Publication number: WO2009126890A2
Application number: PCT/US2009/040214
Authority: WO
Inventors: Joshua Trueheart; Richard B. Bailey; Reed Doten; Kevin T. Madden; Maria Mayorga; Dan Dueppen; Joshua Griffin Dunn
Original assignee: Microbia, Inc.
Priority date: 2008-04-10
Filing date: 2009-04-10
Publication date: 2009-10-15
Also published as: US20120149886A1; EP2294193A2; EP2294193A4; WO2009126890A3

Abstract

The present disclosure provides systems for producing engineered oleaginous yeast or fungi that express carotenoids.

Description

PRODUCTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN OLEAGINOUS YEAST AND FUNGI

Cross Reference To Related Applications

[0001] The present application is copending with, shares at least one common inventor with and claims priority to US provisional patent application serial number 61/043,958, filed April 10, 2008, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Background of the Disclosure

[0002] Carotenoids are organic pigments ranging in color from yellow to red that are naturally produced by certain organisms, including photosynthetic organisms (e.g., plants, algae, cyanobacteria), and some fungi. Carotenoids are responsible for the orange color of carrots, as well as the pink in flamingos and salmon, and the red in lobsters and shrimp. Animals, however, cannot produce carotenoids and must receive them through their diet.

[0003] Carotenoid pigments (e.g., β-carotene and astaxanthin) are used industrially as ingredients for food and feed stocks, both serving a nutritional function and enhancing consumer acceptability. For example, astaxanthin is widely used in salmon aquaculture to provide the orange coloration characteristic of their wild counterparts. Some carotenoids are also precursors of vitamin A. Also, carotenoids have antioxidant properties, and may have various health benefits (see, for example, Jyonouchi et al., Nutr. Cancer 16:93, 1991; Giovannucci et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87: 1767, 1995; Miki, Pure Appl. Chem 63: 141, 1991; Chew et al., Anticancer Res. 19: 1849, 1999; Wang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2452, 2000). Some carotenoids such as β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein are currently sold as nutritional supplements.

[0004] In general, the biological systems that produce carotenoids are industrially intractable and/or produce the compounds at such low levels that commercial scale isolation is not practicable. Thus, most carotenoids used in industry are produced by chemical synthesis. There is a need for improved biological systems that produce carotenoids. Some efforts have previously been made to genetically engineer certain bacteria or fungi to produce higher levels of carotenoids (see, for example, Misawa et al., J. Biotechnol. 59:169, 1998; Visser et al., FEMS Yeast Research 4:221, 2003). However, improved systems, allowing higher levels of production and greater ease of isolation, are needed.

Summary of the Disclosure

[0005] The present disclosure provides improved systems for the biological production of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. In one aspect, the disclosure encompasses the discovery that it is desirable to produce carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds in oleaginous organisms. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the present inventors propose that biological systems may be able to accumulate higher levels of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds if the compounds are sequestered in lipid bodies. Regardless of whether absolute levels are higher, however, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds that are accumulated within lipid bodies in oleaginous organisms are readily isolatable through isolation of the lipid bodies.

[0006] The present disclosure therefore provides oleaginous fungi (including, for example, yeast) that produce one or more carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. The present disclosure also provides methods of constructing such yeast and fungi, methods of using such yeast and fungi to produce carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds, and methods of preparing carotenoid-containing compositions and/or retinolic compound-containing compositions, such as food or feed additives, or nutritional supplements, using carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced in such oleaginous yeast or fungi. In particular, the present disclosure provides systems and methods for generating yeast and fungi containing one or more oleaginic and/or carotenogenic and/or retinologenic modifications that increase the oleaginicity and/or alter their carotenoid-producing and/or retinolic compound- producing capabilities as compared with otherwise identical organisms that lack the modification(s). [0007] The present disclosure further encompasses the general recognition that lipid- accumulating systems are useful for the production and/or isolation of lipophilic agents (such as, but not limited to isoprenoids, or isoprenoid-derived compounds such as retinolic compounds, carotenoids, ubiquinones, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, vitamins (e.g., vitamins A, E, D, K, specifically 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3), sterols (e.g., squalene), etc.). According to the present disclosure, it is desirable to engineer organisms to produce such lipophilic agents and/or to accumulate lipid.

[0008] Indeed, one aspect of the present disclosure is the recognition that host cells can be engineered to accumulate in lipid bodies any of a variety of hydrophilic and/or fat soluble compounds (e.g., retinolic compounds, carotenoids, ubiquinones, vitamins, squalene, etc.) having negligible solubility in water (whether hot or cold) and an appropriate solubility in oil. In some embodiments of the disclosure, modified host cells are engineered to produce one or more lipophilic agents characterized by negligible solubility in water and detectable solubility in one or more oils. In some embodiments, such lipophilic agents (including, but not limited to carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds) have a solubility in oil below about 0.2%. In some embodiments, such lipophilic agents have a solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%.

[0009] The present disclosure therefore provides engineered host cells (and methods of making and using them) that contain lipid bodies and that further contain one or more compounds accumulated in the lipid bodies, where the compounds are characterized by a negligible solubility in water and a solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001%-0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%. For example, in some embodiments, such lipophilic agents have a solubility in oil below about 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.13%, 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.10%. 0.09, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.05%, or less. In some embodiments, the lipophilic agents show such solubility in an oil selected from the group consisting of sesame; soybean; apricot kernel; palm; peanut; safflower; coconut; olive; cocoa butter; palm kernel; shea butter; sunflower; almond; avocado; borage; carnauba; hazel nut; castor; cotton seed; evening primrose; orange roughy; rapeseed; rice bran; walnut; wheat germ; peach kernel; babassu; mango seed; black current seed; jojoba; macademia nut; sea buckthorn; sasquana; tsubaki; mallow; meadowfoam seed; coffee; emu; mink; grape seed; thistle; tea tree; pumpkin seed; kukui nut; and mixtures thereof.

[0010] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a recombinant fungus. In certain embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, which parental fungus both is not oleaginous and does not accumulate the carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not produce.

[0011] In other embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α- cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0012] In other embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one retinolic compound selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0013] In some embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia; or is a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0014] In other embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α- cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia, or is of a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pule herrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica, wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce. [0015] In other embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and produces at least one retinolic compound selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia, or is of a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica, wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and the recombinant fungus produces at least one small molecule lipophilic agent selected from the group consisting of retinolic compounds, carotenoids, ubiquinone, vitamin K, vitamin E, squalene, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, 7- dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3), and combinations thereof and can accumulate the produced carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid and/or retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0017] In some embodiments, the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and the recombinant fungus produces at least one small molecule lipophilic agent characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%, and combinations thereof and can accumulate the produced small molecule lipophilic agent to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one small molecule lipophilic agent to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one small molecule lipophilic agent which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

[0018] In other embodiments the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and the recombinant fungus produces at least one small molecule lipophilic agent selected from the group consisting of retinolic compounds, carotenoids, ubiquinone, vitamin K, vitamin E, squalene, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, 7- dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3), and can accumulate the produced small molecule lipophilic agent to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of Candida, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Phycomyces, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Yarrowia, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Neurospora, Penicillium, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderms, Ustilago, and Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia) and comprises at least one genetic modification as compared with a parental fungus, wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one small molecule lipophilic agent to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one small molecule lipophilic agent which the parental fungus does not naturally produce. [0019] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of an oleaginic modification, a carotenogenic modification, and combinations thereof, such that the strain accumulates from 1% to 15% of its dry cell weight as at least one carotenoid. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of an oleaginic modification, a retinologenic modification, and combinations thereof, such that the strain accumulates from 1% to 15% of its dry cell weight as at least one retinolic compound.

[0020] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces β-carotene, the strain containing one or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: increased expression or activity of a Y. lipolytica GGPP synthase polypeptide; expression or activity of a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide; expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of an FPP synthase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of an IPP isomerase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of an HMG synthase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a mevalonate kinase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a phosphomevalonate kinase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylate polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a malic enzyme polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a malate dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of an AMP deaminase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a malate dehydrogenase homolog2 polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a GNDl-6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a IDH2-isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a fructose 1 ,6 bisphosphatase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a ErglO-acetoacetyl CoA thiolase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a ATP citrate lyase subunit 2 polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a ATP citrate lyase subunit 1 polypeptide; decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide; decreased expression or activity of a prenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptide; or decreased expression or activity of a PHB polyprenyltransferase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

[0021] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces Vitamin A, the strain containing one or more retinologenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: increased expression or activity of a beta-carotene 15,15'- monooxygenase polypeptide; increased expression or activity of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

[0022] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain containing a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain having increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase gene. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain having decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an engineered Y. lipolytica strain containing a heterologous phytoene dehydrogenase (carB) polypeptide and a heterologous phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase (carRP) polypeptide.

[0023] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a genetically modified Y. lipolytica strain comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of a beta-carotene 15,15'- monooxygenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a genetically modified

Candida utilis strain comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of a beta-carotene 15,15'- monooxygenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

[0025] In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a genetically modified

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of a beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1 , 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

[0026] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a genetically modified

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) strain comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of a beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof. [0027] In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising steps of cultivating a fungus under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid; and isolating the produced carotenoid. In some embodiments, the method includes cultivating a fungus on a carbon source comprising soybean oil. In some embodiments, the method includes cultivating a fungus serially on at least two different carbon sournces; in some such embodiments, at least one of the different carbon sources comprises soybean oil. In some embodiments, the method includes cultivating a fungus under conditions that are limiting for zinc. In some embodiments, the method includes cultivating a fungus under conditions that are limiting for manganese.

[0028] In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a retinolic compound, the method comprising steps of cultivating a fungus under conditions that allow production of the retinolic compound; and isolating the produced retinolic compound. [0029] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides an isolated carotenoid composition, prepared by a method comprising steps of cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow production of a carotenoid; and isolating the produced carotenoid. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides an isolated retinolic compound composition, prepared by a method comprising steps of cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow production of a retinolic compound; and isolating the produced retinolic compound.

[0030] In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; and intact fungal cells. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; and intact fungal cells.

[0031] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; intact fungal cells; and a binder or filler. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; intact fungal cells; and a binder or filler.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; intact fungal cells; and one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; intact fungal cells; and one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof. [0033] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a feedstuff comprising a carotenoid in lipid bodies. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a feedstuff comprising a carotenoid in lipid bodies; wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a feedstuff comprising a retinolic compound in lipid bodies. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a feedstuff comprising a retinolic compound in lipid bodies; wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retainal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof. [0034] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a carotenoid composition comprising a Y. lipolytica cell containing at least 1% carotenoids by weight. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a carotenoid composition comprising Y. lipolytica lipid bodies; and at least one carotenoid compound, wherein the at least one carotenoid compound is present at a level that is at least 1% by weight of the lipid bodies. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a retinolic compound composition comprising a Y. lipolytica cell containing at least 1% retinolic compounds by weight. In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a retinolic compound composition comprising Y. lipolytica lipid bodies; and at least one retinolic compound, wherein the at least one retinolic compound is present at a level that is at least 1% by weight of the lipid bodies. [0035] Additional aspects of the present disclosure will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the present description, including the appended claims.

Brief Description of the Drawing

[0036] Figure 1A-1D depicts certain common carotenoids.

[0037] Figure 2 depicts how sufficient levels of acetyl-CoA and NADPH may be accumulated in the cytosol of oleaginous organisms to allow for production of significant levels of cytosolic lipids. Enzymes: 1, pyruvate decarboxylase; 2, malate dehydrogenase; 3, malic enzyme; 4, pyruvate dehydrogenase; 5, citrate synthase; 6, ATP-citrate lyase; 7, citrate/malate translocase. [0038] Figures 3A and 3B depict the mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which typically operates in eukaryotes, including fungi.

[0039] Figure 4 depicts the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, also known as the DXP pathway, which typically operates in bacteria and in the plastids of plants. [0040] Figure 5 depicts intermediates in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway and how they feed into biosynthetic pathways of other biomolecules, including carotenoids as well as non- carotenoid compounds such as sterols, steroids, and vitamins, such as vitamin E or vitamin K. [0041] Figures 6A-6D illustrate various carotenoid biosynthetic pathways. Figure 6A highlights branches leading to various cyclic and acyclic xanthophylls; Figure 6B shows certain X. dendrorhous pathways that generate dicyclic and monocyclic carotenoids, including astaxanthin; Figure 6C shows interconnecting pathways for converting β-carotene into any of a variety of other carotenoids, including astaxanthin; Figure 6D depicts possible routes of synthesis of cyclic carotenoids and common plant and algal xanthophylls from neurosporene.

[0042] Figures 7A-7I show an alignment of certain representative fungal HMG-CoA reductase polypeptides. As can be seen, these polypeptides show very high identity across the catalytic region, and also have complex membrane spanning domains. In some embodiments of the disclosure, these membrane-spanning domains are disrupted or are removed, so that, for example, a hyperactive version of the polypeptide may be produced.

[0043] Figures 8A-8P depict schematic representations of plasmids generated and described in detail in the exemplification.

[0044] Figures 9A-F show production characteristics of certain engineered cells according to the present disclosure. Specifically, Panel A shows β-Carotene and phytoene production by Strain

MF760 when grown in glycerol, glucose or olive oil; Panel B shows dry cell weight accumulation of strain MF760 when grown in glycerol, glucose or olive oil; Panel C shows β-Carotene and dry cell weight analysis of strain MF760 when grown in the presence of a combination of olive oil and glucose; Panel D shows canthaxanthin, echinenone and β -carotene production of strain MF840; and

Panel E shows canthaxanthin and echinenone production of strain MF838 in a 2 phase feeding protocol; Panel F shows β-Carotene production in cells of strain MF1212 grown in medium lacking supplemental H₃BO₃ (BC 1-42), CaCl₂ (BC 1-43), CuSO₄ (BC 1-44), FeCl₃ (BC 1-45), MnSO₄ (BCl-

46), Na₂MoO₄ (BCl-47), ZnCl₂ (BCl-48), or medium supplemented with all of these compounds

(BCl-41).

[0045] Figure 10 is a Table listing certain Y. lipolytica genes representing various polypeptides (e.g., oleaginic and isoprenoid biosynthesis peptides) useful in engineering cells in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0046] Figure 11 depicts the all-trans-retinol (Vitamin A) biosynthesis pathway, starting with beta-carotene as a substrate.

[0047] Figure 12 depicts various characteristics of strain MLlOl 1 (MF740 transformed with multiple integrated copies of the X. autotrophicus crtZ gene) grown under different pH conditions.

Figure 12a depicts accumulation of total carotenoid (absorbance units per unit dry cell weight) over the course of the fermentation. Figure 12b depicts accumulation of zeaxanthin (absorbance units per dry cell weight; AU) over the course of the fermentation. Figure 12c depicts the fraction of carotenoid as zeaxanthin (AU zeaxanthin / AU total carotenoid) over the course of the fermentation.

Figure 12d depicts carbon dioxide evolution over the course of the fermentation. Figure 12e depicts biomass accumulation over the course of the fermentation. Definitions

[0048] Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "aromatic amino acid biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in yeast and/or bacteria through chorismate and the shikimate pathway. For example, as discussed herein, anthranilate synthase, enzymes of the shikimate pathway, chorismate mutase, chorismate synthase, DAHP synthase, and transketolase are all aromatic amino acid biosynthesis polypeptides. Each of these polypeptides is also a ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptide or a ubiquinone biosynthesis competitor for purposes of the present disclosure, as production of chorismate is a precursor in the synthesis of/>αrα-hydroxybenzoate for the biosynthesis of ubiquinone.

[0049] Biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "biosynthesis polypeptide" as used herein

(typically in reference to a particular compound or class of compounds), refers to polypeptides involved in the production of the compound or class of compounds. In some embodiments of the disclosure, biosynthesis polypeptides are synthetic enzymes that catalyze particular steps in a synthesis pathway that ultimately produces a relevant compound. In some embodiments, the term "biosynthesis polypeptide" may also encompass polypeptides that do not themselves catalyze synthetic reactions, but that regulate expression and/or activity of other polypeptides that do so. Biosynthesis polypeptides include, for example, aromatic amino acid biosynthesis polypeptides, C₅_₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides, FPP biosynthesis polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, PHB biosynthesis polypeptides, quinone biosynthesis polypeptides, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides, ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptides, Vitamin D biosynthesis polypeptides, Vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptides, and Vitamin K biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0050] C₅.₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "C₅_₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of a C₅_₉ quinone, for example a polyprenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptide. To mention but a few, these include, for example, pentaprenyl, hexaprenyl, heptaprenyl, octaprenyl, and/or solanesyl (nonaprenyl) diphosphate synthase polypeptides (i.e., polypeptides that perform the chemical reactions performed by the pentaprenyl, hexaprenyl, heptaprenyl, octaprenyl, and solanesyl (nonaprenyl) polypeptides, respectively (see also Okada et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1302:217, 1996; Okada et al., J. Bacteriol. 179:5992, 1997). As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, C₅_₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other C₅_₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0051] Carotenogenic modification: The term "carotenogenic modification", as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts production of one or more carotenoids, as described herein. For example, a carotenogenic modification may increase the production level of one or more carotenoids, and/or may alter relative production levels of different carotenoids. In principle, an inventive carotenogenic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters production of one or more carotenoids in a host organism produced by that organism as compared with the level produced in an otherwise identical organism not subject to the same modification. In most embodiments, however, the carotenogenic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production of one or more selected carotenoids. In some embodiments, the carotenogenic modification comprises at least one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification; in other embodiments, the carotenogenic modification comprises more than one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification. In certain aspects where more than one modification is utilized, such modifications can comprise any combination of chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification (e.g., one or more genetic, chemical, and/or physiological modification(s)). In some embodiments, the selected carotenoid is one or more of astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, phytoene, zeaxanthin, and/or modifications of zeaxanthin or astaxanthin (e.g., glucoside, esterified zeaxanthin or astaxanthin). In some embodiments, the selected carotenoid is one or more xanthophylls, and/or a modification thereof (e.g., glucoside, esterified xanthophylls). In certain embodiments, the selected xanthophyl is selected from the group consisting of astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, and modifications thereof. In some embodiments, the selected carotenoid is one or more of astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin and/or modifications of zeaxanthin or astaxanthin. In some embodiments, the carotenoid is β-carotene. In some embodiments, the selected carotenoid is astaxanthin. In some embodiments, the selected carotenoid is other than β-carotene. [0052] Carotenogenic polypeptide: The term "carotenogenic polypeptide", as used herein, refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the process of producing carotenoids in a cell, and may include polypeptides that are involved in processes other than carotenoid production but whose activities affect the extent or level of production of one or more carotenoids, for example by scavenging a substrate or reactant utilized by a carotenoid polypeptide that is directly involved in carotenoid production. Carotenogenic polypeptides include isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, and isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, as those terms are defined herein. The term also encompasses polypeptides that may affect the extent to which carotenoids are accumulated in lipid bodies.

[0053] Carotenoid: The term "carotenoid" is understood in the art to refer to a structurally diverse class of pigments derived from isoprenoid pathway intermediates. The commitment step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the formation of phytoene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Carotenoids can be acyclic or cyclic, and may or may not contain oxygen, so that the term carotenoids include both carotenes and xanthophylls. In general, carotenoids are hydrocarbon compounds having a conjugated polyene carbon skeleton formally derived from the five-carbon compound IPP, including triterpenes (C30 diapocarotenoids) and tetraterpenes (C₄0 carotenoids) as well as their oxygenated derivatives and other compounds that are, for example, C₃₅, C₅₀, C₆₀, C₇₀, C₈₀ in length or other lengths. Many carotenoids have strong light absorbing properties and may range in length in excess of C₂00- C30 diapocarotenoids typically consist of six isoprenoid units joined in such a manner that the arrangement of isoprenoid units is reversed at the center of the molecule so that the two central methyl groups are in a 1,6-positional relationship and the remaining non- terminal methyl groups are in a 1,5- positional relationship. Such C₃₀ carotenoids may be formally derived from the acyclic C₃₀H₄₂ structure, having a long central chain of conjugated double bonds, by: (i) hydrogenation (ii) dehydrogenation, (iii) cyclization, (iv) oxidation, (v) esterification/glycosylation, or any combination of these processes. C₄0 carotenoids typically consist of eight isoprenoid units joined in such a manner that the arrangement of isoprenoid units is reversed at the center of the molecule so that the two central methyl groups are in a 1 ,6-positional relationship and the remaining non-terminal methyl groups are in a 1,5-positional relationship. Such C₄₀ carotenoids may be formally derived from the acyclic C₄0H56 structure, having a long central chain of conjugated double bonds, by (i) hydrogenation, (ii) dehydrogenation, (iii) cyclization, (iv) oxidation, (v) esterification/glycosylation, or any combination of these processes. The class Of C₄O carotenoids also includes certain compounds that arise from rearrangements of the carbon skeleton, or by the (formal) removal of part of this structure. More than 600 different carotenoids have been identified in nature; certain common carotenoids are depicted in Figure 1. Carotenoids include but are not limited to: antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β- carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'- hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto- torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β- diglucoside, zeaxanthin, and C30 carotenoids. Additionally, carotenoid compounds include derivatives of these molecules, which may include hydroxy-, methoxy-, oxo-, epoxy-, carboxy-, or aldehydic functional groups. Further, included carotenoid compounds include ester (e.g., glycoside ester, fatty acid ester) and sulfate derivatives (e.g., esterified xanthophylls). [0054] Carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of one or more carotenoids. To mention but a few, these carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides include, for example, polypeptides of phytoene synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase (or desaturase), lycopene cyclase, carotenoid ketolase, carotenoid hydroxylase, astaxanthin synthase, carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase, lycopene cyclase (beta and epsilon subunits), carotenoid glucosyltransferase, and acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acyltransferase. In some instances, a single gene may encode a protein with multiple carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide activities. Representative examples of carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide sequences are presented in Tables 17a-25. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0055] FPP biosynthesis polypeptides: The term "FPP biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate. As discussed herein, farnesyl pyrophosphate represents the branchpoint between the sterol biosynthesis pathway and the carotenoid and other biosynthesis pathways. One specific example of an FPP biosynthesis polypeptide is FPP synthase. Representative examples of FPP synthase polypeptide sequences are presented in Table 14. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, FPP biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other FPP biosynthesis polypeptides. [0056] Gene: The term "gene", as used herein, generally refers to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, optionally including certain regulatory elements that may affect expression of one or more gene products (i.e., RNA or protein).

[0057] Heterologous: The term "heterologous", as used herein to refer to genes or polypeptides, refers to a gene or polypeptide that does not naturally occur in the organism in which it is being expressed. It will be understood that, in general, when a heterologous gene or polypeptide is selected for introduction into and/or expression by a host cell, the particular source organism from which the heterologous gene or polypeptide may be selected is not essential to the practice of the present disclosure. Relevant considerations may include, for example, how closely related the potential source and host organisms are in evolution, or how related the source organism is with other source organisms from which sequences of other relevant polypeptides have been selected. Where a plurality of different heterologous polypeptides are to be introduced into and/or expressed by a host cell, different polypeptides may be from different source organisms, or from the same source organism. To give but one example, in some cases, individual polypeptides may represent individual subunits of a complex protein activity and/or may be required to work in concert with other polypeptides in order to achieve the goals of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, it will often be desirable for such polypeptides to be from the same source organism, and/or to be sufficiently related to function appropriately when expressed together in a host cell. In some embodiments, such polypeptides may be from different, even unrelated source organisms. It will further be understood that, where a heterologous polypeptide is to be expressed in a host cell, it will often be desirable to utilize nucleic acid sequences encoding the polypeptide that have been adjusted to accommodate codon preferences of the host cell and/or to link the encoding sequences with regulatory elements active in the host cell. For example, when the host cell is a Yarrowia strain (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica), it will often be desirable to alter the gene sequence encoding a given polypeptide such that it conforms more closely with the codon preferences of such a Yarrowia strain. In certain embodiments, a gene sequence encoding a given polypeptide is altered to conform more closely with the codon preference of a species related to the host cell. For example, when the host cell is a Yarrowia strain (e.g., Yarrowia lipolytica), it will often be desirable to alter the gene sequence encoding a given polypeptide such that it conforms more closely with the codon preferences of a related fungal strain. Such embodiments are advantageous when the gene sequence encoding a given polypeptide is difficult to optimize to conform to the codon preference of the host cell due to experimental (e.g., cloning) and/or other reasons. In certain embodiments, the gene sequence encoding a given polypeptide is optimized even when such a gene sequence is derived from the host cell itself (and thus is not heterologous). For example, a gene sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest may not be codon optimized for expression in a given host cell even though such a gene sequence is isolated from the host cell strain. In such embodiments, the gene sequence may be further optimized to account for codon preferences of the host cell. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of host cell codon preferences and will be able to employ inventive methods and compositions disclosed herein to optimize expression of a given polypeptide in the host cell. [0058] Host cell: As used herein, the "host cell" is a fungal cell or yeast cell that is manipulated according to the present disclosure to accumulate lipid and/or to express one or more carotenoids as described herein. A "modified host cell", as used herein, is any host cell which has been modified, engineered, or manipulated in accordance with the present disclosure as compared with a parental cell. In some embodiments, the modified host cell has at least one carotenogenic and/or at least one oleaginic modification. In some embodiments, the modified host cell containing at least one oleaginic modification and/or one carotenogenic modification further has at least one sterologenic modification and/or at least one quinonogenic modification. In some embodiments, the parental cell is a naturally occurring parental cell.

[0059] Isolated: The term "isolated", as used herein, means that the isolated entity has been separated from at least one component with which it was previously associated. When most other components have been removed, the isolated entity is "purified" or "concentrated". Isolation and/or purification and/or concentration may be performed using any techniques known in the art including, for example, fractionation, extraction, precipitation, or other separation.

[0060] Isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor: The term "isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor", as used herein, refers to an agent whose presence or activity in a cell reduces the level of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) available to enter the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. The term "isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor" encompasses both polypeptide and non-polypeptide (e.g., small molecule) inhibitor agents. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that certain competitor agents that do not act as inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis generally can nonetheless act as inhibitors of biosynthesis of a particular isoprenoid compound. Particular examples of isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor agents act on isoprenoid intermediates prior to GGPP, such that less GGPP is generated (see, for example, Figure 5). Squalene synthase is but one isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide according to the present disclosure; representative squalene synthase sequences are presented in Table 16. Prenyldiphosphate synthase enzymes and parahydroxybenzoate (PHB) polyprenyltransferase are yet additional isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides according to the present disclosure; representative prenyldiphosphate synthase enzymes and PHB polyprenyltransferase polypeptides are presented in Tables 29 and 30, respectively. In certain embodiments, one or more polypeptide components of the SAGA complex are isoprenoid biosynthesis competitors according to the present disclosure. Genes encoding SAGA complex polypeptides are presented in Table 69. In certain embodiments, a polypeptide encoded by these and other SAGA complex genes is an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide according to the present disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art, considering the known metabolic pathways relating to isoprenoid production and/or metabolism (see, for example, Figures 3-6 and other Figures and references herein) will readily appreciate a variety of other particular isoprenoid biosynthesis competitors, including isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0061] Isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of isoprenoids. For example, as discussed herein, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, IPP isomerase, FPP synthase, and GGPP synthase, are all involved in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Each of these proteins is also an isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptide for purposes of the present disclosure, and sequences of representative examples of these enzymes are provided in Tables 7-15. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides (e.g., of one or more enzymes that participates in isoprenoid synthesis). Thus, for instance, transcription factors that regulate expression of isoprenoid biosynthesis enzymes can be isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides for purposes of the present disclosure. To give but a couple of examples, the S. cerevisae Upc2 and YLR228c genes, and the Y. lipolytica YALI0B00660g gene encode transcription factors that are isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. For instance, the semidominant upc2-l point mutant (G888D) exhibits increases sterol levels (Crowley et al. J Bacteriol. 180: 4177-4183, 1998). Corresponding YLR228c mutants have been made and tested (Shianna et al. J Bacteriology 183:830-834, 2001); such mutants may be useful in accordance with the present disclosure, as may be YALI0B00660g derivatives with corresponding upc2-l mutation(s). [0062] Isoprenoid pathway: The term "isoprenoid pathway" is understood in the art to refer to a metabolic pathway that either produces or utilizes the five-carbon metabolite isopentyl pyrophosphate (IPP). As discussed herein, two different pathways can produce the common isoprenoid precursor IPP — the "mevalonate pathway" and the "non-mevalonate pathway". The term "isoprenoid pathway" is sufficiently general to encompass both of these types of pathway. Biosynthesis of isoprenoids from IPP occurs by polymerization of several five-carbon isoprene subunits. Isoprenoid metabolites derived from IPP are of varying size and chemical structure, including both cyclic and acyclic molecules. Isoprenoid metabolites include, but are not limited to, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sterols, and polyprenols such as carotenoids. [0063] Oleaginic modification: The term "oleaginic modification", as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts the desirable oleaginy of that host organism, as described herein. In some cases, the host organism will already be oleaginous in that it will have the ability to accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight. It may nonetheless be desirable to apply an oleaginic modification to such an organism, in accordance with the present disclosure, for example to increase (or, in some cases, possibly to decrease) its total lipid accumulation, or to adjust the types or amounts of one or more particular lipids it accumulates (e.g., to increase relative accumulation of triacylglycerol). In other cases, the host organism may be non-oleaginous (though may contain some enzymatic and regulatory components used in other organisms to accumulate lipid), and may require oleaginic modification in order to become oleaginous in accordance with the present disclosure. The present disclosure also contemplates application of oleaginic modification to non-oleaginous host strains such that their oleaginicity is increased even though, even after being modified, they may not be oleaginous as defined herein. In principle, the oleaginic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters oleaginy of a host organism as compared with an otherwise identical organism not subjected to the oleaginic modification. In most embodiments, however, the oleaginic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production and/or activity of one or more oleaginic polypeptides. In some embodiments, the oleaginic modification comprises at least one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification; in other embodiments, the oleaginic modification comprises more than one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification. In certain aspects where more than one modification is utilized, such modifications can comprise any combination of chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification (e.g. , one or more genetic, chemical and/or physiological modification(s)).

[0064] Oleaginic polypeptide: The term "oleaginic polypeptide", as used herein, refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the process of lipid accumulation in a cell and may include polypeptides that are involved in processes other than lipid biosynthesis but whose activities affect the extent or level of accumulation of one or more lipids, for example by scavenging a substrate or reactant utilized by an oleaginic polypeptide that is directly involved in lipid accumulation. For example, as discussed herein, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate decarboxylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, and AMP deaminase, among other proteins, are all involved in lipid accumulation in cells. In general, reducing the activity of pyruvate decarboxylase or isocitrate dehydrogenase, and/or increasing the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, and/or AMP deaminase is expected to promote oleaginy. Each of these proteins is an oleaginic peptide for the purposes of the present disclosure, and sequences of representative examples of these enzymes are provided in Tables 1-6, and 30. Other peptides that can be involved in regenerating NADPH may include, for example, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd); Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (fbp); Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd); NADH kinase (EC 2.7.1.86); and/or transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1 and 1.6.1.2). Alternative or additional strategies to promote oleaginy may include one or more of the following: (1) increased or heterologous expression of one or more of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (e.g., DGAl; YALI0E32769g); phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (e.g., LROl; YALIOE 16797g); and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (e.g., ARE genes such as AREl, ARE2, YALI0F06578g), which are involved in triglyceride synthesis (Kalscheuer et al. Appl Environ Microbiol p.7119-7125, 2004; Oelkers et al. J Biol Chem 277:8877-8881, 2002; and Sorger et al. J Biol Chem 279:31190-31196, 2004), (2) decreased expression of triglyceride lipases (e.g., TGL3 and/or TGL4; YALIOD 17534g and/or YALIOFlOOlOg (Kurat et al. J Biol Chem 281 :491-500, 2006); and (3) decreased expression of one or more acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activities, for example encoded by POX genes (e.g., POXl, POX2, POX3, POX4, POX5; YALI0C23859g, YALI0D24750g, YALI0E06567g, YALI0E27654g, YALI0E32835g, YALIOF 10857g; see, for example, Mlickova et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 3918-3924, 2004; Binns et al. J Cell Biol 173:719, 2006). Each of these proteins is an oleaginic peptide for the purposes of the present disclosure, and sequences of representative examples of these enzymes are provided in Tables 31-43 and 45-47. [0065] Oleaginous: The term "oleaginous", refers to the ability of an organism to accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, oleaginous yeast or fungi accumulate lipid to at least about 25% of their dry cell weight. In other embodiments, inventive oleaginous yeast or fungi accumulate lipid within the range of about 20-45% (e.g., about 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, or more) of their dry cell weight. In some embodiments, oleaginous organisms may accumulate lipid to as much as about 70% of their dry cell weight. In some embodiments of the disclosure, oleaginous organisms may accumulate a large fraction of total lipid accumulation in the form of triacylglycerol. In certain embodiments, the majority of the accumulated lipid is in the form of triacylglycerol. Alternatively or additionally, the lipid may accumulate in the form of intracellular lipid bodies, or oil bodies. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure utilizes yeast or fungi that are naturally oleaginous. In some aspects, naturally oleaginous organisms are manipulated (e.g. , genetically, chemically, or otherwise) so as to futher increase the level of accumulated lipid in the organism. In other embodiments, yeast or fungi that are not naturally oleaginous are manipulated (e.g., genetically, chemically, or otherwise) to accumulate lipid as described herein. For example, for the purposes of the present disclosure, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Candida utilis are not naturally oleaginous fungi. [0066] PHB polypeptide or PHB biosynthesis polypeptide: The terms "PHB polypeptide" or

"PHB biosynthesis polypeptide" as used herein refers to a polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of/>αrα-hydroxybenzoate from chorismate. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, synthesis oi parahydroxybenzoate occurs by the action of chorismate pyruvate lyase. Biosynthesis oipara- hydroxybenzoate from tyrosine or phenylalanine occurs through a five-step process in mammalian cells. Lower eukaryotes such as yeast can utilize either method for production oipara- hydroxybenzoate. For example, enzymes of the shikimate pathway, chorismate synthase, DAHP synthase, and transketolase are all PHB biosynthesis polypeptides. Each of these polypeptides is also a ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptide or a ubiquinone biosynthesis competitor polypeptide for purposes of the present disclosure.

[0067] Polypeptide: The term "polypeptide", as used herein, generally has its art-recognized meaning of a polymer of at least three amino acids. However, the term is also used to refer to specific functional classes of polypeptides, such as, for example, oleaginic polypeptides, carotenogenic polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, etc. For each such class, the present specification provides several examples of known sequences of such polypeptides. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, however, that the term "polypeptide" is intended to be sufficiently general as to encompass not only polypeptides having the complete sequence recited herein (or in a reference or database specifically mentioned herein), but also to encompass polypeptides that represent functional fragments (i.e., fragments retaining at least one activity) of such complete polypeptides. Moreover, those of ordinary skill in the art understand that protein sequences generally tolerate some substitution without destroying activity. Thus, any polypeptide that retains activity and shares at least about 30-40% overall sequence identity, often greater than about 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%, and further usually including at least one region of much higher identity, often greater than 90% or even 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% in one or more highly conserved regions (e.g., isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptides often share a conserved AMP -binding motif; HMG-CoA reductase polypeptides typically include a highly conserved catalytic domain (see, for example, Figure 7); acetyl coA carboxylase typically has a carboxyl transferase domain; see, for example, Downing et al., Chem. Abs. 93:484, 1980; Gil et al., Cell 41 :249, 1985; Jitrapakdee et al. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 4:217, 2003; U.S. Patent Number 5,349,126, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), usually encompassing at least 3-4 and often up to 20 or more amino acids, with another polypeptide of the same class, is encompassed within the relevant term "polypeptide" as used herein. Other regions of similarity and/or identity can be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art by analysis of the sequences of various polypeptides presented in the Tables herein.

[0068] Quinone biosynthesis polypeptide: A "quinone biosynthesis polypeptide", as that term is used herein, refers to any polypeptide involved in the synthesis of one or more quinone derived compound, as described herein. In particular, quinone biosynthesis polypeptides include ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptides, C₅_₉ quinone biosynthesis polypeptides, vitamin K biosynthesis polypeptides, and vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0069] Quinonogenic modification: The term "quinonogenic modifiaction, as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts production of one or more quinone derived compounds (e.g., ubiquinone, vitamin K compounds, vitamin E compounds, etc.), as described herein. For example, a quinonogenic modification may increase the production level of a particular quinone derived compound, or of a variety of different quinone derived compounds. In some embodiments of the disclosure, production of a particular quinone derived compound may be increased while production of other quinone derived compounds is decreased. In some embodiments of the disclosure, production of a plurality of different quinone derived compounds is increased. In principle, an inventive quinonogenic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters production of one or more quinone derived compounds in a host organism produced by that organism as compared with the level produced in an otherwise identical organism not subject to the same modification. In most embodiments, however, the quinonogenic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production of one or more quinone derived compounds (e.g., ubiquinone, vitamin K compounds, vitamin E compounds). In some embodiments, the quinonogenic modification comprises at least one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification; in other embodiments, the quinonogenic modification comprises more than one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification. In certain aspects where more than one modification is utilized, such modifications can comprise any combination of chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification (e.g., one or more genetic, chemical and/or physiological modification(s)).

[0070] Retinologenic modification: The term "retinologenic modification", as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts production of one or more retinolic compounds, as described herein. For example, a retinologenic modification may increase the production level of one or more retinolic compounds, and/or may alter relative production levels of different retinolic compounds. In principle, an inventive retinologenic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters production of one or more retinolic compounds in a host organism produced by that organism as compared with the level produced in an otherwise identical organism not subject to the same modification. In most embodiments, however, the retinologenic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production of one or more selected retinolic compounds. In some embodiments, the retinologenic modification comprises at least one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification; in other embodiments, the retinologenic modification comprises more than one chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification. In certain aspects where more than one modification is utilized, such modifications can comprise any combination of chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification (e.g. , one or more genetic, chemical, and/or physiological modifϊcation(s)). In some embodiments, the selected retinolic compound is one or more of retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. In some embodiments, the selected retinolic compound is retinol or esters of retinol, including but not limited to retinyl palmitate or retinyl acetate. In some embodiments, the selected retinolic compound is retinoic acid. In some embodiments, the selected retinolic compound is other than retinol.

[0071] Retinologenic polypeptide: The term "retinologenic polypeptide", as used herein, refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the process of producing retinolic compounds in a cell, and may include polypeptides that are involved in processes other than retinolic compound production but whose activities affect the extent or level of production of one or more retinolic compounds, for example by scavenging a substrate or reactant utilized by a retinologenic polypeptide that is directly involved in retinolic compound production. Retinologenic polypeptides include retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, and isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, as those terms are defined herein. The term also encompasses polypeptides that may affect the extent to which retinolic compounds are accumulated in lipid bodies.

[0072] Retinolic compounds: The term "retinolic compound" is understood in the art to refer to a structurally similar class of compounds derived from certain carotenoids, collectively referred to as Vitamin A. All forms of Vitamin A have a beta-ionone ring to which an isoprenoid chain is attached. Retinolic compounds include, for example, retinol (the alcohol form), retinal (the aldehyde form), and retinoic acid (the acid form). Many different geometric isomers of retinol, retinal and retinoic acid are possible as a result of either a trans or cis configuration of four of the five double bonds found in the polyene chain. The cis isomers are less stable and can readily convert to the all- trans configuration. Nevertheless, some cis isomers are found naturally and carry out essential functions. For example, the 11 -cis-retinal isomer is the chromophore of rhodopsin, the vertebrate photoreceptor molecule. The term retinolic compound also includes esters of retinol such as retinyl palmitate or retinyl acetate. Hydrolysis of retinyl esters results in retinol. Retinal, also known as retinaldehyde, can be reversibly reduced to produce retinol or it can be irreversibly oxidized to produce retinoic acid. The best described active retinoid metabolites are 11 -cis-retinal and the all- trans and 9-cis-isomers of retinoic acid.

[0073] Retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides: The term "retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of one or more retinolic compounds. To mention but a few, these retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides include, for example, polypeptides of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (also known as beta- carotene dioxygenase) and/or beta-carotene retinol dehydrogenase. In some instances, a single gene may encode a protein with multiple retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide activities. Representative examples of retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide sequences are presented in Tables 67 and 68. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides. [0074] Small Molecule: In general, a small molecule is understood in the art to be an organic molecule that is less than about 5 kilodaltons (Kd) in size. In some embodiments, the small molecule is less than about 3 Kd, 2 Kd, or 1 Kd. In some embodiments, the small molecule is less than about 800 daltons (D), 600 D, 500 D, 400 D, 300 D, 200 D, or 100 D. In some embodiments, small molecules are non-polymeric. In some embodiments, small molecules are not proteins, peptides, or amino acids. In some embodiments, small molecules are not nucleic acids or nucleotides. In some embodiments, small molecules are not saccharides or polysaccharides.

[0075] Source organism: The term "source organism", as used herein, refers to the organism in which a particular polypeptide sequence can be found in nature. Thus, for example, if one or more heterologous polypeptides is/are being expressed in a host organism, the organism in which the polypeptides are expressed in nature (and/or from which their genes were originally cloned) is referred to as the "source organism". Where multiple heterologous polypeptides are being expressed in a host organism, one or more source organism(s) may be utilized for independent selection of each of the heterologous polypeptide(s). It will be appreciated that any and all organisms that naturally contain relevant polypeptide sequences may be used as source organisms in accordance with the present disclosure. Representative source organisms include, for example, animal, mammalian, insect, plant, fungal, yeast, algal, bacterial, cyanobacterial, archaebacterial and protozoal source organisms.

[0076] Sterol biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "sterol biosynthesis polypeptide", as used herein, refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of one or more sterol compounds. Thus, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides can include isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides to the extent that they are involved in production of isopentyl pyrophosphate. Moreover, the term refers to any polypeptide that acts downstream of farnesyl pyrophosphate and in involved in the production of one or more sterol compounds. For example, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides include squalene synthase, which catalyses conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to presqualene pyrophosphate, and further catalyzes conversion of presqualene pyrophosphate to squalene, e.g., the enzyme with EC number 2.5.1.21. In some embodiments of the disclosure, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides further include one or more polypeptides involved in metabolizing squalene into a vitamin D compound. Thus, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides can include one or more of the polypeptides designated by EC number 1.14.99.7, 5.4.99.7, 5.4.99.8, 5.3.3.5, 1.14.21.6, 1.14.15.-, and/or 1.14.13.13, as well as other enzyme polypeptides involved in the sterol biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides can include one or more enzyme polypeptides including, for example, C- 14 demethylase (ERG9), squalene monooxygenase (ERGl), 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol synthase (ERG7), C-I demethylase (ERGl 1), C- 14 reductase (ERG24), C-4 methyloxidase (ERG25), C-4 decarboxylase (ERG26), 3-ketoreductase (ERG27), C-24 methyltransferase (ERG6), Δ8-7 isomerase (ERG2), C-5 desaturase (ERG3), C-22 desaturase (ERG5)and/or C-24 reductase (ERG4) polypeptides, and/or other polypeptides involved in producing one or more vitamin D compounds (e.g., vitamin D2, vitamin D3, or a precursor thereof). As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other sterol biosynthesis polypeptides. Thus, for instance, transcription factors that regulate expression of sterol biosynthesis enzymes can be sterol biosynthesis polypeptides for purposes of the present disclosure. To give but a couple of examples, the S .cerevisiae Upc2 and YLR228c genes, and the Y. lipolytica YALI0B00660g gene encode transcription factors that are sterol biosynthesis polypeptides according to certain embodimentsof the present disclosure. For instance, the semidominant upc2-l point mutation (G888D) exhibits increased sterol levels (Crowley et al., J. Bacteriol 180:4177-4183, 1998). Corresponding YLR228c mutants have been made and tested (Shianna et al., J Bacteriol 183:830, 2001); such mutants may be useful in accordance with the present disclosure, as may be YALI0B00660g derivatives with corresponding upc2-l mutation(s). Representative examples of sterol biosynthesis polypeptide sequences are presented in Tables 53-66. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, sterol biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other sterol biosynthesis polypeptides. [0077] Sterologenic modification: The term "sterologenic modification", as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts production of one or more sterol compounds (e.g., squalene, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3), vitamin D compound(s), etc.), as described herein. For example, a sterologenic modification may increase the production level of a particular sterol compound, or of a variety of different sterol compounds. In some embodiments of the disclosure, production of a particular sterol compound may be increased while production of other sterol compounds is decreased. In some embodiments of the disclosure, production of a plurality of different sterol compounds is increased. In principle, an inventive sterologenic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters production of one or more sterol compounds in a host organism produced by that organism as compared with the level produced in an otherwise identical organism not subject to the same modification. In most embodiments, however, the sterologenic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production of one or more sterol compounds (e.g., squalene, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) or vitamin D compound(s)). In certain aspects where more than one modification is utilized, such modifications can comprise any combination of chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification (e.g., one or more genetic modification and chemical or physiological modification). [0078] Ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of ubiquinone. To mention but a few, these ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptides include, for example, polypeptides of prenyldiphosphate synthase, PHB-polyprenyltransferase, and O-methyltransferase, as well as C₅_g quinone biosynthesis polypeptides. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other ubiquinone biosynthesis polypeptides. [0079] Ubiquinogenic modification: The term "ubiquinogenic modification", as used herein, refers to a modification of a host organism that adjusts production of ubiquinone (e. g., CoQlO), as described herein. For example, a ubiquinogenic modification may increase the production level of ubiquinone (e.g., CoQlO), and/or may alter relative levels of ubiquinone and/or ubiquinol. In principle, an inventive ubiquinogenic modification may be any chemical, physiological, genetic, or other modification that appropriately alters production of ubiquinone(e.g., CoQlO) in a host organism produced by that organism as compared with the level produced in an otherwise identical organism not subject to the same modification. In most embodiments, however, the ubiquinogenic modification will comprise a genetic modification, typically resulting in increased production of ubiquinone(CoQ 10).

[0080] Vitamin D biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "vitamin D biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of one or more vitamin D compounds. To mention but a few, these include, for example, polypeptides enzymes with EC numbers the 1.14.99.7, 5.4.99.7, 5.4.99.8, 5.3.3.5, and/or 1.14.21.6,. They further can include the hydroxylases that convert vitamin D₃ to calcitriol (e.g., polypeptides enzymes with EC numbers 1.14.15.- and 1.14.13.13). As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, vitamin D biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other vitamin D biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0081] Vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of vitamin E. To mention but a few, these include, for example, tyrA, pdsl(hppd), VTEl, HPT1(VTE2), VTE3, VTE4, and/or GGH polypeptides (i.e., polypeptides that perform the chemical reactions performed by tyrA, pdsl(hppd), VTEl, HPT1(VTE2), VTE3, VTE4, and/or GGH, respectively). As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other vitamin E biosynthesis polypeptides.

[0082] Vitamin K biosynthesis polypeptide: The term "vitamin K biosynthesis polypeptide" refers to any polypeptide that is involved in the synthesis of vitamin K. To mention but a few, these include, for example, MenF, MenD, MenC, MenE, MenB, MenA, UbiE, and/or MenG polypeptides (i.e., polypeptides that perform the chemical reactions performed by MenF, MenD, MenC, MenE, MenB, MenA, UbiE, and/or MenG, respectively). As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, in some embodiments of the disclosure, vitamin K biosynthesis polypeptides include polypeptides that affect the expression and/or activity of one or more other carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides.

Detailed Description of Certain Preferred Embodiments of the Disclosure

[0083] As noted above, the present disclosure encompasses the discovery that carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds can desirably be produced in oleaginous yeast and fungi. According to the present disclosure, strains that both (i) accumulate lipid, often in the form of cytoplasmic oil bodies and typically to at least about 20% of their dry cell weight; and (ii) produce carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) at a level at least about 1%, and in some embodiments at least about 3- 20%, of their dry cell weight, are generated through manipulation of host cells (i.e., strains, including, e.g., naturally-occurring strains, strains which have been previously modified, etc.). These manipulated host cells are then used to produce carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds, so that carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds that partition into the lipid bodies can readily be isolated. [0084] In general, it will be desirable to balance oleaginy and carotenoid production in inventive cells such that, as soon as a minimum desirable level of oleaginy is achieved, substantially all further carbon which is capable of being utilized and diverted into biosynthesis of products is diverted into a carotenoid and/or retinolic compounds production pathway. In some embodiments of the disclosure, this strategy involves engineering cells to be oleaginous; in other embodiments, it involves engineering cells to accumulate a higher level of lipid, particularly cytoplasmic lipid, than they would accumulate in the absence of such engineering even though the engineered cells may not become "oleaginous" as defined herein. In other embodiments, the extent to which an oleaginous host cell accumulates lipid is actually reduced so that remaining carbon can be utilized in carotenoid and/or retinolic compound production. According to the present disclosure, the extent of lipid accumulation in a host cell can be adjusted by modifying the level and/or activity of one or more polypeptides involved in lipid accumulation. Such modification can take the form of genetic engineering and/or exposure to particular growth conditions that induce or inhibit lipid accumulation. [0085] To give but one example of adjustments that could be made to achieve a desired balance between oleaginy and carotenoid and/or retinolic compound production, we note that, while increasing acetyl CoA carboxylase expression (and/or activity) promotes oleaginy, decreasing its expression and/or activity can promote carotenoid and/or retinolic compound production. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the expression and/or activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase, or of other polypeptides may be adjusted up or down as desired according to the characteristics of a particular host cell of interest.

[0086] We note that engineered cells and processes of using them as described herein may provide one or more advantages as compared with unmodified cells. Such advantages may include, but are not limited to: increased yield (e.g., carotenoid and/or retinolic compound content expressed as either % dry cell weight (mg/mg) or parts per million), titer (g carotenoid/L and/or g retinolic compound/L), specific productivity (mg carotenoid g⁴ biomass hour⁴ and/or mg retinolic compound g⁴ biomass hour⁴), and/or volumetric productivity (g carotenoid liter⁴ hour⁴ and/or g retinolic compound liter⁴ hour⁴)) of the desired carotenoid and/or retinolic compound (and/or intermediates thereof), and/or decreased formation of undesirable side products (for example, undesirable intermediates).

[0087] Thus, for example, the specific productivity for one or more desired carotenoids (e.g., β- carotene, astaxanthin), retinolic compound (e.g., retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), total carotenoids and/or total retinolic compounds may be at or about 0.1 , at or about 0.11 , at or about 0.12, at or about 0.13, at or about 0.14, at or about 0.15, at or about 0.16, at or about 0.17, at or about 0.18, at or about 0.19, at or about 0.2, at or about 0.21, at or about 0.22, at or about 0.23, at or about 0.24, at or about 0.25, at or about 0.26, at or about 0.27, at or about 0.28, at or about 0.29, at or about 0.3, at or about 0.31, at or about 0.32, at or about 0.33, at or about 0.34, at or about 0.35, at or about 0.36, at or about 0.37, at or about 0.38, at or about 0.39, at or about 0.4, at or about 0.41, at or about 0.42, at or about 0.43, at or about 0.44, at or about 0.45, at or about 0.46, at or about 0.47, at or about 0.48, at or about 0.49, at or about 0.5, at or about 0.51, at or about 0.52, at or about 0.53, at or about 0.54, at or about 0.55, at or about 0.56, at or about 0.57, at or about 0.58, at or about 0.59, at or about 0.6, at or about 0.61, at or about 0.62, at or about 0.63, at or about 0.64, at or about 0.65, at or about 0.66, at or about 0.67, at or about 0.68, at or about 0.69, at or about 0.7, at or about 0.71, at or about 0.72, at or about 0.73, at or about 0.74, at or about 0.75, at or about 0.76, at or about 0.77, at or about 0.78, at or about 0.79, at or about 0.8, at or about 0.81, at or about 0.82, at or about 0.83, at or about 0.84, at or about 0.85, at or about 0.86, at or about 0.87, at or about 0.88, at or about 0.89, at or about 0.9, at or about 0.91, at or about 0.92, at or about 0.93, at or about 0.94, at or about 0.95, at or about 0.96, at or about 0.97, at or about 0.98, at or about 0.99, at or about 1, 1.05, at or about 1.1, at or about 1.15, at or about 1.2, at or about 1.25, at or about 1.3, at or about 1.35, at or about 1.4, at or about 1.45, at or about 1.5, at or about 1.55, at or about 1.6, at or about 1.65, at or about 1.7, at or about 1.75, at or about 1.8, at or about 1.85, at or about 1.9, at or about 1.95, at or about 2 mg g⁴ hour⁴ or more. [0088] Thus, for example, the volumetric productivity for one or more desired carotenoids

(e.g., β- carotenoid, astaxanthin), retinolic compound (e.g., retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), total carotenoids and/or total retinolic compounds may be at or about 0.01, at or about 0.011, at or about 0.012, at or about 0.013, at or about 0.014, at or about 0.015, at or about 0.016, at or about 0.017, at or about 0.018, at or about 0.019, at or about 0.02, at or about 0.021, at or about 0.022, at or about 0.023, at or about 0.024, at or about 0.025, at or about 0.026, at or about 0.027, at or about 0.028, at or about 0.029, at or about 0.03, at or about 0.031, at or about 0.032, at or about 0.033, at or about 0.034, at or about 0.035, at or about 0.036, at or about 0.037, at or about 0.038, at or about 0.039, at or about 0.04, at or about 0.041, at or about 0.042, at or about 0.043, at or about 0.044, at or about 0.045, at or about 0.046, at or about 0.047, at or about 0.048, at or about 0.049, at or about 0.05, at or about 0.051, at or about 0.052, at or about 0.053, at or about 0.054, at or about 0.055, at or about 0.056, at or about 0.057, at or about 0.058, at or about 0.059, at or about 0.06, at or about 0.061, at or about 0.062, at or about 0.063, at or about 0.064, at or about 0.065, at or about 0.066, at or about 0.067, at or about 0.068, at or about 0.069, at or about 0.07, at or about 0.071, at or about 0.072, at or about 0.073, at or about 0.074, at or about 0.075, at or about 0.076, at or about 0.077, at or about 0.078, at or about 0.079, at or about 0.08, at or about 0.081, at or about 0.082, at or about 0.083, at or about 0.084, at or about 0.085, at or about 0.086, at or about 0.087, at or about 0.088, at or about 0.089, at or about 0.09, at or about 0.091, at or about 0.092, at or about 0.093, at or about 0.094, at or about 0.095, at or about 0.096, at or about 0.097, at or about 0.098, at or about 0.099, at or about 0.1, 0.105, at or about .110, at or about .115, at or about .120, at or about .125, at or about .130, at or about .135, at or about .14, at or about .145, at or about .15, at or about .155, at or about .16, at or about .165, at or about .17, at or about .175, at or about .18, at or about .185, at or about .19, at or about .195, at or about .20 grams liter⁴ hour⁴ or more.

Host Cells

[0089] Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that a variety of yeast and fungal strains exist that are naturally oleaginous or that naturally produce carotenoids. Yeast and fungal strains do not naturally produce retinolic compounds. Any of such strains may be utilized as host strains according to the present disclosure, and may be engineered or otherwise manipulated to generate inventive oleaginous, carotenoid-producing strains and/or oleaginous, retinolic acid compound-producing strains. Alternatively, strains that naturally are neither oleaginous nor: i) carotenoid-producing and/or ii) retinolic compound-producing may be employed. Furthermore, even when a particular strain has a natural capacity for oleaginy or for carotenoid production, its natural capabilities may be adjusted as described herein, so as to change the production level of lipid, carotenoid and/or retinolic compound. In certain embodiments engineering or manipulation of a strain results in modification of a type of lipid, carotenoid and/or retinolic compound which is produced. For example, a strain may be naturally oleaginous and/or carotenogenic, however engineering or modification of the strain may be employed so as to change the type of lipid which is accumulated and or to change the type of carotenoid which is produced. Additionally or alternatively, naturally oleaginous strain may be engineered to permit retinolic compound prouction. Moreover, further engineering or modification of the strain may be employed so as to change the type of lipid which is accumulated and/or to change the type of retinolic compound which is produced. [0090] When selecting a particular yeast or fungal strain for use in accordance with the present disclosure, it will generally be desirable to select one whose cultivation characteristics are amenable to commercial scale production. For example, it will generally (though not necessarily always) be desirable to avoid filamentous organisms, or organisms with particularly unusual or stringent requirements for growth conditions. However, where conditions for commercial scale production can be applied which allow for utilization of filamentous organisms, these may be selected as host cells. In some embodiments of the disclosure, it will be desirable to utilize edible organisms as host cells, as they may optionally be formulated directly into food or feed additives, or into nutritional supplements, as desired. For ease of production, some embodiments of the disclosure utilize host cells that are genetically tractable, amenable to molecular genetics (e.g., can be efficiently transformed, especially with established or available vectors; optionally can incorporate and/or integrate multiple genes, for example sequentially; and/or have known genetic sequence; etc), devoid of complex growth requirements (e.g., a necessity for light), mesophilic (e.g., prefer growth temperatures with in the range of about 20-32 ⁰C) (e.g., 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32⁰C), able to assimilate a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources and/or capable of growing to high cell density. Alternatively or additionally, various embodiments of the disclosure utilize host cells that grow as single cells rather than multicellular organisms (e.g., as mycelia). [0091] In general, when it is desirable to utilize a naturally oleaginous organism in accordance with the present disclosure, any modifiable and cultivatable oleaginous organism may be employed. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, yeast or fungi of genera including, but not limited to, Blakeslea, Candida, Cryptococcus , Cunninghamella, Lipomyces , Mortierella, Mucor, Phycomyces, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, and Yarrowia are employed. In certain particular embodiments, organisms of species that include, but are not limited to, Blakeslea trispora, Candida pulcherrima, C. revkaufi, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, C. elegans, C. japonica, Lipomyces starkeyi, L. lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, M. isabellina, M. ramanniana, M. vinacea, Mucor circinelloides , Phycomyces blakesleanus , Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, R. gracilis, R. graminis, R. mucilaginosa, R. pinicola, Trichosporon pullans, T. cutaneum, and Yarrowia lipolytica are used. [0092] Of these naturally oleaginous strains, some also naturally produce carotenoids and some do not; these strains do not naturally produced retinolic compounds. In most cases, only low levels (less than about 0.05% dry cell weight) of carotenoids are produced by naturally-occurring carotenogenic, oleaginous yeast or fungi. Higher levels of β-carotene are sometimes produced, but high levels of other carotenoids are generally not observed.

[0093] In general, any organism that is naturally oleaginous and non-carotenoid-producing

(e.g., produce less than about 0.05% dry cell weight, do not produce the carotenoid of interest) may be utilized as a host cell in accordance with the present disclosure. Additionally or alternatively, any organism that is naturally oleaginous and non-retinolic compound-producing (e.g., produce less than about 0.05% dry cell weight, do not produce the retinolic compound of interest) may be utilized as a host cell in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, introduction of one or more retinologenic modifications (e.g., increased expression of one or more endogenous or heterologous retinologenic polypeptides), in accordance with the present disclosure, can achieve the goals for retinolic compound production. In some embodiments, the organism is a yeast or fungus from a genus such as, but not limited to, Candida, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Pythium, Trichosporon, and Yarrowia; in some embodiments, the organism is of a species including, but not limited to, Mortierella alpina and Yarrowia lipolytica.

[0094] Comparably, the present disclosure may utilize any naturally oleaginous, carotenoid- producing organism as a host cell. In general, the present disclosure may be utilized to increase carbon flow into the isoprenoid pathway in naturally carotenoid-producing organisms (particularly for organisms other than Blakeslea and Phycomyces), and/or to shift production from one carotenoid (e.g., β-carotene) to another (e.g., astaxanthin). Introduction of one or more carotenogenic modifications (e.g., increased expression of one or more endogenous or heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides), in accordance with the present disclosure, can achieve these goals. Additionally or alternatively, the present disclosure may be utilized to introduce the ability to produce one or more retinolic compounds in such naturally carotenoid-producing host cells. [0095] In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the utilized oleaginous, carotenoid- producing organism is a yeast or fungus, for example of a genus such as, but not limited to, Blakeslea, Mucor, Phycomyces, Rhodosporidium, and Rhodotorula; in some embodiments, the organism is of a species such as, Mucor circinelloides and Rhodotorula glutinis.

[0096] When it is desirable to utilize strains that are naturally non-oleaginous as host cells in accordance with the present disclosure, genera of non-oleaginous yeast or fungi include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Neurospora, Penicillium, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Saccharomyces , Sclerotium, Trichoderma, and Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia); in some embodiments, the organism is of a species including, but not limited to, Candida utilis, Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger, A. terreus, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora nicotianae, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, K. lactis, Neurospora crassa, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma).

[0097] It will be appreciated that the term "non-oleaginous", as used herein, encompasses both strains that naturally have some ability to accumulate lipid, especially cytoplasmically, but do not do so to a level sufficient to qualify as "oleaginous" as defined herein, as well as strains that do not naturally have any ability to accumulate extra lipid, e.g., extra-membranous lipid. It will further be appreciated that, in some embodiments of the disclosure, it will be sufficient to increase the natural level of oleaginy of a particular host cell, even if the modified cell does not qualify as oleaginous as defined herein. In some embodiments, the cell will be modified to accumulate at least about 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, or 5% in dry cell weight as lipid, so long as the accumulation level is more than that observed in the unmodified parental cell. [0098] As with the naturally oleaginous organisms, some of the naturally non-oleaginous fungi naturally produce carotenoids, whereas others do not; these strains do not naturally produced retinolic compounds. Genera of naturally non-oleaginous fungi that do not naturally produce carotenoids (e.g., produce less than about 0.05% dry cell weight, do not produce a carotenoid or retinolic compound of interest) may desirably be used as host cells in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus, Kluyveromyces , Penicillium, Saccharomyces , and Pichia; species include, but are not limited to, Candida utilis, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genera of naturally non-oleaginous fungi that do naturally produce carotenoids or retinolic compounds and that may desirably be used as host cells in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Neurospora, Puccinia, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, and Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia); species include, but are not limited to, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma). [0099] As discussed above, any of a variety of organisms may be employed as host cells in accordance with the present disclosure. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, host cells will be Yarrowia lipolytica cells. Advantages of Y. lipolytica include, for example, tractable genetics and molecular biology, availability of genomic sequence (see, for example. Sherman et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 32(Database issue):D315-8, 2004), suitability to various cost-effective growth conditions, and ability to grow to high cell density. In addition, Y. lipolytica is naturally oleaginous, such that fewer manipulations may be required to generate an oleaginous, carotenoid-producing and/or retinolic compound-producing Y. lipolytica strain than might be required for other organisms. Furthermore, there is already extensive commercial experience with Y. lipolytica.

[0100] Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also a useful host cell in accordance with the present disclosure, particularly due to its experimental tractability and the extensive experience that researchers have accumulated with the organism. Although cultivation of Saccharomyces under high carbon conditions may result in increased ethanol production, this can generally be managed by process and/or genetic alterations.

[0101] Additional useful hosts include Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), which is experimentally tractable and naturally carotenogenic. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) strains can produce several carotenoids, including astaxanthin. [0102] Aspergillus niger and Mortierella alpina accumulate large amounts of citric acid and fatty acid, respectively; Mortierella alpina is also oleaginous.

[0103] Neurospora or Gibberella are also useful. They are not naturally oleaginous and tend to produce very low levels of carotenoids, thus extensive modification may be required in accordance with the present disclosure. Neurospora and Gibberella are considered relatively tractable from an experimental standpoint. Both are filamentous fungi, such that production at commercial scales can be a challenge necessary to overcome in utilization of such strains.

[0104] Mucor circinelloides is another available useful species. While its molecular genetics are generally less accessible than are those of some other organisms, it naturally produces β-carotene, thus may require less modification than other species available. [0105] Candida utilis is a further useful species. Although it is not naturally oleaginous and produces little or no carotenoids, it is amenable to genetic manipulation (for example, see Iwakiri et al. (2006) Yeast 23:23-34, Iwakiri et al. (2005) Yeast 2005 22: 1079-87, Iwakiri et al. (2005) Yeast 22: 1049-60, Rodriquez et al. (1998) Yeast 14: 1399-406, Rodriquez et al. (1998) FEMS Microbiol Lett. 165:335-40, and Kondo et al. (1995) J Bacteriol. 177:7171-7) and furthermore is edible. [0106] Molecular genetics can be performed in Blakeslea, though significant effort may be required. Furthermore, cost-effective fermentation conditions can be challenging, as, for example, it may be required that the two mating types are mixed. Fungi of the genus Phycomyces are also possible sources which have the potential to pose fermentation process challenges, and these fungi may be less amenable to manipulate than several other potential host organisms. [0107] Additional useful hosts include strains such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saitoella complicata, and Sporidiobolus ruineniae.

[0108] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the selection of a particular host cell for use in accordance with the present disclosure will also affect, for example, the selection of expression sequences utilized with any heterologous polypeptide to be introduced into the cell, codon bias that can optionally be engineered into any nucleic acid to be expressed in the cell, and will also influence various aspects of culture conditions, etc. Much is known about the different gene regulatory requirements, protein targeting sequence requirements, and cultivation requirements, of different host cells to be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure (see, for example, with respect to Yarrowia, Barth et al. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 19:219, 1997; Madzak et al. J Biotechnol. 109:63, 2004; see, for example, with respect to Xanthophyllomyces, Verdoes et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 3728-38, 2003; Visser et al. FEMS Yeast Res 4: 221-31, 2003; Martinez et al. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 73(2): 147-53, 1998; Kim et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(5): 1947-9, 1998; Wery et al. Gene. 184(l):89-97, 1997; see, for example, with respect to Saccharomyces, Guthrie and Fink Methods in Enzymology 194:1-933, 1991). In certain aspects, for example, targeting sequences of the host cell (or closely related analogs) may be useful to include for directing heterologous proteins to subcellular localization. Thus, such useful targeting sequences can be added to heterologous sequence for proper intracellular localization of activity. In other aspects (e.g. , addition of mitochondrial targeting sequences), heterologous targeting sequences may be eliminated or altered in the selected heterologous sequence (e.g. , alteration or removal of source organism plant chloroplast targeting sequences).

[0109] To give but a few specific examples, of promoters and/or regulatory sequences that may be employed in expression of polypeptides according to the present disclosure, useful promoters include, but are not limited to, the Leu2 promoter and variants thereof (see, for example, seeUS patent number 5,786,212); the EFlalpha protein and ribosomal protein S7 gene promoters (see, for example, PCT Application WO 97/44470); the Gpm (see US20050014270), Xpr2 (see US4937189), Tefl, Gpdl (see, for example, US Application 2005-0014270A1), Caml (YALI0C24420g), YALI0D16467g, Tef4 (YALIOB 12562g), Yef3 (YALIOE 13277g), Pox2, Yatl(see, for example US Application 2005-0130280; PCT Application WO 06/052754), Fbal (see, for example WO05049805), and/or Gpat (see WO06031937) promoters; the sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, and SEQ ID NO: 12, subsequences thereof, and hybrid and tandem derivatives thereof (e.g., as disclosed in US Application 2004-0146975); the sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 3 including fragments (e.g., bp 462-1016 and bp 197- 1016 of SEQ ID NO: 1; bp 5-523 of SEQ ID NO:3) and complements thereof (e.g. , as disclosed in US patent number 5,952,195); CYP52A2A (see, for example, US Application 2002-0034788); promoter sequences from fungal (e.g., C. tropicalis) catalase, citrate synthase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase A, citrate synthase, O-acetylhornserine sulphydrylase, protease, carnitine O-acetyltransferase, hydratase- dehydrogenase, epimerase genes; promoter sequences from Pox4 genes (see, for example, US application 2004-0265980); and/or promoter sequences from Met2, Met3, Met6, Met25 and YALIOD 12903g genes. Any such promoters can be used in conjunction with endogenous genes and/or heterologous genes for modification of expression patterns of endogenous polypeptides and/or heterologous polypeptides in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0110] Alternatively or additionally, regulatory sequences useful in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more Xpr2 promoter fragments, for example as described in US patent 6,083,717 (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 1-4 also including sequences with 80% or more identity to these SEQ ID NOs) (e.g., see Example 11) in one or more copies either in single or in tandem. Similarly, exemplary terminator sequences include, but are not limited to, Y. lipolytica Xpr2 (see US4937189) and Pox2 (YALIOF 10857g) terminator sequences.

[0111] In some embodiments of this disclosure, it may be desirable to fused sequences encoding specific targeting signals to bacterial source genes. For example, in certain embodiments mitochondrial signal sequences are useful in conjunction with, e.g. , bacterial polypeptides for effective targeting of polypeptides for proper functioning. Mitochondrial signal sequences are known in the art, and include, but are not limited to example, mitochondrial signal sequences provided in Table 52 below. In other embodiments, it may be desirable to utilize genes from other source organisms such as animals, plants, alga, or microalgae, fungi, yeast, insect, protozoa, and mammals.

TABLE 52: Exam les of mitochondrial tar etin se uences.

Engineering Oleaginy

[0112] All living organisms synthesize lipids for use in their membranes and various other structures. However, most organisms do not accumulate in excess of about 10% of their dry cell weight as total lipid, and most of this lipid generally resides within cellular membranes. [0113] Significant biochemical work has been done to define the metabolic enzymes necessary to confer oleaginy on microorganisms (primarily for the purpose of engineering single cell oils as commercial sources of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid; see for example Ratledge Biochimie 86:807, 2004, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Although this biochemical work is compelling, there only have been a limited number of reports of de novo oleaginy being established through genetic engineering with the genes encoding the key metabolic enzymes. It should be noted that oleaginous organisms typically accumulate lipid only when grown under conditions of carbon excess and nitrogen limitation. The present disclosure further establishes that the limitation of other nutrients (e.g., phosphate and/or magnesium) can also induce lipid accumulation. The present disclosure establishes, for example, that limitation of nutrients such as phosphate and/or magnesium can induce lipid accumulation, much as is observed under conditions of nitrogen limitation. Under these conditions, the organism readily depletes the limiting nutrient but continues to assimilate the carbon source. The "excess" carbon is channeled into lipid biosynthesis so that lipids (usually triacylglycerols) accumulate in the cytosol, typically in the form of bodies. It should be noted that oleaginous organisms typically only accumulate lipid when grown under conditions of carbon excess and nitrogen or other nutrient limitation (e.g., phosphate or magnesium). Under these conditions, the organism readily depletes the limiting nutrient but continues to assimilate the carbon source. The "excess" carbon is channeled into lipid biosynthesis so that lipids (usually triacylglycerols) accumulate in the cytosol, typically in the form of bodies. [0114] In general, it is thought that, in order to be oleaginous, an organism must produce both acetyl-CoA and NADPH in the cytosol, which can then be utilized by the fatty acid synthase machinery to generate lipids. In at least some oleaginous organisms, acetyl-CoA is generated in the cytosol through the action of ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the reaction:

(1) citrate + CoA + ATP → acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate + ADP + P,.

[0115] Of course, in order for ATP-citrate lyase to generate appropriate levels of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol, it must first have an available pool of its substrate citric acid. Citric acid is generated in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and can be moved into the cytosol (in exchange for malate) by citrate/malate translocase. [0116] In most oleaginous organisms, and in some non-oleaginous organisms, the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase, which operates as part of the TCA cycle in the mitochondria, is strongly AMP-dependent. Thus, when AMP is depleted from the mitochondria, this enzyme is inactivated. When isocitrate dehydrogenase is inactive, isocitrate accumulates in the mitochondria. This accumulated isocitrate is then equilibrated with citric acid, presumably through the action of aconitase. Therefore, under conditions of low AMP, citrate accumulates in the mitochondria. As noted above, mitochondrial citrate is readily transported into the cytosol.

[0117] AMP depletion, which in oleaginous organisms is believed to initiate the cascade leading to accumulation of citrate (and therefore acetyl-CoA) in the cytoplasm, occurs as a result of the nutrient depletion mentioned above. When oleaginous cells are grown in the presence of excess carbon source but under conditions limiting for nitrogen or some other nutrient(s) (e.g. , phosphate or magnesium), the activity of AMP deaminase, which catalyzes the reaction:

(2) AMP → inosine 5 '-monophosphate + NH₃ is strongly induced. The increased activity of this enzyme depletes cellular AMP in both the cytosol and the mitochondria. Depletion of AMP from the mitochondria is thought to inactivate the AMP- dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, resulting in accumulation of citrate in the mitochondria and, therefore, the cytosol. This series of events is depicted diagrammatically in Figure 2. [0118] As noted above, oleaginy requires both cytosolic acetyl-CoA and cytosolic NADPH.

It is believed that, in many oleaginous organisms, appropriate levels of cytosolic NADPH are provided through the action of malic enzyme (Enzyme 3 in Figure 2). Some oleaginous organisms (e.g., Lipomyces and some Candida) do not appear to have malic enzymes, however, so apparently other enzymes can provide comparable activity, although it is expected that a dedicated source of NADPH is probably required for fatty acid synthesis (see, for example, Wynn et al., Microbiol 145: 1911, 1999; Ratledge Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 51 : 1, 2002, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0119] Other activities which can be involved in regenerating NADPH include, for example,

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd); Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase (fbp); Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd); NADH kinase (EC 2.7.1.86); and/or transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1 and 1.6.1.2). [0120] Gnd is part of the pentose phosphate pathway and catalyses the reaction:

6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ -> D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO₂ + NADPH Fbp is a hydrolase that catalyses the gluconeogenic reaction:

D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H₂O -> D-fructose 6-phosphate +phosphate Fbp redirects carbon flow from glycolysis towards the pentose phosphate pathway. The oxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway, which includes glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, enables the regeneration of NADPH. G6pd is part of the pentose phosphate pathway and catalyses the reaction:

D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP⁺ -> D-glucono-l,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H⁺ NADH kinase catalyzes the reaction: ATP + NADH -» ADP + NADPH

Transhydrogenase catalyzes the reaction:

NADPH + NAD⁺ ÷÷ NADP⁺ + NADH

Thus, enhancing the expression and/or activity of any of these enzymes can increase NADPH levels and promote anabolic pathways requiring NADPH.

[0121] Alternative or additional strategies to promote oleaginy may include one or more of the following: (1) increased or heterologous expression of one or more of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (e.g., DGAl; YALI0E32769g); phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (e.g., LROl; YALIOE 16797g); and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (e.g., ARE genes such as AREl, ARE2, YALI0F06578g), which are involved in triglyceride synthesis (Kalscheuer et al. Appl Environ Microbiol p.7119-7125, 2004; Oelkers et al. J Biol Chem 277:8877-8881, 2002; and Sorger et al. J Biol Chem 279:31190-31196, 2004), (2) decreased expression of triglyceride lipases (e.g., TGL3 and/or TGL4; YALIOD 17534g and/or YALIOFlOOlOg (Kurat et al. J Biol Chem 281 :491-500, 2006); and (3) decreased expression of one or more acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activities, for example encoded by POX genes (e.g., POXl, POX2, POX3, POX4, POX5; YALI0C23859g, YALI0D24750g, YALI0E06567g, YALI0E27654g, YALI0E32835g, YALIOF 10857g; see for example Mlickova et al. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 3918-3924, 2004; Binns et al. J Cell Biol 173:719, 2006). [0122] Thus, according to the present disclosure, the oleaginy of a host organism may be enhanced by modifying the expression or activity of one or more polypeptides involved in generating cytosolic acetyl-CoA and/or NADPH and/or altering lipid levels through other mechanisms. For example, modification of the expression or activity of one or more of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate decarboxylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, AMP-deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose 1 , 6 bisphosphatase, NADH kinase, transhydrogenase, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, triglyceride lipase, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase can enhance oleaginy in accordance with the present disclosure. Exemplary polypeptides which can be utilized or derived so as to enhance oleaginy in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to those acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate decarboxylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, AMP-deaminase, glucose- 6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, NADH kinase, transhydrogenase, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, triglyceride lipase, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase polypeptides provided in Tables 1-6, and 31- 47, respectively. [0123] In some embodiments of the disclosure, where an oleaginous host cell is employed, enzymes and regulatory components relevant to oleaginy are already in place but could be modified, if desired, by for example altering expression or activity of one or more oleaginic polypeptides and/or by introducing one or more heterologous oleaginic polypeptides. In those embodiments of the disclosure where a non-oleaginous host cell is employed, it is generally expected that at least one or more heterologous oleaginic polypeptides will be introduced.

[0124] The present disclosure contemplates not only introduction of heterologous oleaginous polypeptides, but also adjustment of expression or activity levels of heterologous or endogenous oleaginic polypeptides, including, for example, alteration of constitutive or inducible expression patterns. In some embodiments of the disclosure, expression patterns are adjusted such that growth in nutrient-limiting conditions is not required to induce oleaginy. For example, genetic modifications comprising alteration and/or addition of regulatory sequences (e.g., promoter elements, terminator elements) and/or regulatory factors (e.g. , polypeptides that modulate transcription, splicing, translation, modification, etc.) may be utilized to confer particular regulation of expression patterns. Such genetic modifications may be utilized in conjunction with endogenous genes (e.g., for regulation of endogenous oleaginic polypeptide(s)); alternatively, such genetic modifications may be included so as to confer regulation of expression of at least one heterologous polypeptide (e.g. , oleaginic polypeptide(s)).

[0125] In some embodiments, at least one oleaginic polypeptide is introduced into a host cell. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a plurality (e.g., two or more) of different oleaginic polypeptides is introduced into the same host cell. In some embodiments, the plurality of oleaginic polypeptides contains polypeptides from the same source organism; in other embodiments, the plurality includes polypeptides independently selected from different source organisms. [0126] Representative examples of a variety of oleaginic polypeptides that may be introduced into or modified within host cells according to the present disclosure, include, but are not limited to, those provided in Tables 1-6, and Tables 31-47. As noted above, it is expected that at least some of these polypeptides (e.g., malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase) should desirably act in concert, and possibly together with one or more components of fatty acid synthase, such that, in some embodiments of the disclosure, it will be desirable to utilize two or more oleaginic polypeptides from the same source organism.

[0127] In certain embodiments, the oleaginy of a host organism is enhanced by growing the organism on a carbon source comprising one or more oils. For example, an organism may be grown on a carbon source comprising one or more oils selected from the group consisting of, for example, olive, canola, corn, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, etc., and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an organism is grown on a carbon source comprising soybean oil. In certain embodiments, the oleaginy of a host organism is enhanced by growing the organism on a carbon source comprising one or more oils in combination with modifying the expression or activity of one or more polypeptides such as any of those described above (e.g., oleaginic polypeptides such as polypeptides involved in generating cytosolic acetyl-CoA and/or NADPH) and/or altering lipid levels through other mechanisms. [0128] In general, source organisms for oleaginic polypeptides to be used in accordance with the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Blakeslea, Candida, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Phycomyces, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Yarrowia, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Neurospora, Penicillium, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, and Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia). In some embodiments, the source species for acetyl CoA carboxylase, ATP-citrate lyase, malice enzyme and/or AMP deaminase polypeptides include, but are not limited to, Aspergillus nidulans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusarium fujikuroi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Ustilago maydis, and Yarrowia lipolytica; in some embodiments, source species for pyruvate decarboxylase or isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptides include, but are not limited to Neurospora crassa, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor circinelloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Candida utilis, Mortierella alpina, and Yarrowia lipolytica.

[0129] Aspergillus niger accumulates large amounts of citric acid, whereas Mortierella alpina and Thraustochytrium sp. accumulate large amounts of fatty acid, respectively; Mortierella alpina and Thraustochytrium are also oleaginous.

[0130] To give but one particular example of a host cell engineered to be oleaginous (or at least to accumulate increased levels of lipid) in accordance with the present disclosure, S. cerevisiae can be engineered to express one or more oleaginic polypeptides, e.g., from heterologous source organisms. In some embodiments, a plurality of different oleaginic polypeptides are expressed, optionally from different source organisms. For instance, in some embodiments, S. cerevisiae cells are engineered to express (and/or to increase expression of) ATP-citrate lyase (e.g., from N. crassa), AMP deaminase (e.g., from S. cerevisiae), and/or malic enzyme (e.g., from M. circinelloides). In other embodiments, Candida utilis and Phaffia rhodozyma can be similarly modified. Modified S. cerevisiae, C. utilis, and P. rhodozyma strains can be further modified as described herein to increase production of one or more carotenoids.

[0131] In certain embodiments, host cells are engineered to be olegaginous by introducing one or more oleaginic polypeptides. In general, any oleaginic polypeptide can be introduced into any host cell of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, such oleaginic polypeptides are codon- optimized to accommodate the codon preferences of the host cell. In certain embodiments, an oleaginic polypeptide introduced into a host cell is from the same organsim as the host cell and/or a related organism. For example, without limitation, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that it may be desirable to introduce a fungal oleaginic polypeptide into a fungal host cell (e.g., from the same and/or a related fungal species). In certain embodiments, the host cell is a Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects of such embodiments, a Y. lipolytica olegainic polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, a S. cerevisiae olegainic polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, any of a variety of fungal olegainic polypeptides is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell.

Engineering Carotenoid Production

[0132] Carotenoids are synthesized from isoprenoid precursors, some of which are also involved in the production of steroids and sterols. The most common isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, sometimes referred to as the "mevalonate pathway", is generally depicted in Figure 3. As shown, acetyl-CoA is converted, via hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), into mevalonate. Mevalonate is then phosphorylated and converted into the five-carbon compound isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Following isomerization of IPP into dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), three sequential condensation reactions with additional molecules of IPP generate the ten-carbon molecule geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), followed by the fifteen-carbon molecule farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and finally the twenty-carbon compound geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP).

[0133] An alternative isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, that is utilized by some organisms

(particularly bacteria) and is sometimes called the "mevalonate-independent pathway", is depicted in Figure 4. This pathway is initiated by the synthesis of l-deoxy-D-xyloglucose-5-phosphate (DOXP) from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate. DOXP is then converted, via a series of reactions shown in Figure 4, into IPP, which isomerizes into DMAPP and is then converted, via GPP and FPP, into GGPP as shown in Figure 3 and discussed above.

[0134] Various proteins involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis have been identified and characterized in a number of organisms. Moreover, various aspects of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway are conserved throughout the fungal, bacterial, plant and animal kingdoms. For example, polypeptides corresponding to the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase, IPP isomerase, FPP synthase, and GGPP synthase shown in Figure 3 have been identified in and isolated from a wide variety of organisms and cells. Representative examples of a wide variety of such polypeptides are provided in Tables 7-15. One or more of the polypeptides selected from those provided in any one of Tables 7-15 may be utilized or derived for use in the methods and compositions in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0135] Alternatively or additionally, modified mevalonate kinase polypeptides that exhibit decreased feedback inhibition properties (e.g., to farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)) may be utililized in accordance with the present disclosure. Such modified mevalonate kinase polypeptides may be of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin. For example, modified versions of mevalonate kinase polypeptides from animals (including humans), plants, algae, fungi (including yeast), and/or bacteria may be employed; for instance, modified versions of mevalonate kinase polypeptides disclosed in Table 10 herein may be utilized. [0136] Particular examples of modified mevalonate kinase polypeptides include "feedback- resistant mevalonate kinases" disclosed in PCT Application WO 2006/063752. Thus, for example, a modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide may include one or more mutation (s) at one or more amino acid position (s) selected from the group consisting of amino acid positions corresponding to positions 17, 47, 93, 94, 132, 167, 169, 204, and 266 of the amino acid sequence oiParacoccus zeaxanthinifaciens mevalonate kinase as shown in SEQ ID NO : 1 of PCT Application WO 2004/111214. For example, the modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide may contain one or more substitutions at positions corresponding to one or more of I17T, G47D, K93E, V94I, R204H and C266S.

[0137] To give but a few specific examples, when a modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide comprises 2 amino acid changes as compared with a parent mevalonate kinase polypeptide, it may comprise changes at positions corresponding to the following positions 132/375,167/169, 17/47 and/or 17/93 of SEQ ID NO : 1 of WO/2004/111214 (e.g., P132A/P375R, R167W/K169Q, I17T/G47D or I17T/K93E); when a modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide comprises 3 amino acid changes as compared with a parent mevalonate kinase, it may comprise changes at positions corresponding to the following positions 17/167/169, 17/132/375, 93/132/375, and/or 17/47/93 of SEQ ID NO : 1 of WO/2004/111214 (e.g., I17T/R167W/K169Q, I17T/P132A/P375R, K93E/P132A/P375R, I17T/R167W/K169H, I17T/R167T/K169M, I17T/R167T/K169Y, I17T/R167F/K169Q, I17T/R167I/K169N, I17T/R167H/K169Y, I17T/G47D/K93E or I17T/G47D/K93Q).

[0138] Thus, for example, a modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide may include one or more mutation(s) (particularly substitutions), as compared with a parent mevalonate kinase polypeptide, at one or more amino acid position (s) selected from the group consisting of amino acid positions corresponding to positions 55, 59, 66, 83, 106, 111, 117, 142, 152, 158, 218, 231, 249, 367 and 375 of the amino acid sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mevalonate kinase as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 of PCT application WO 2006/063752. For example, such corresponding substitutions may comprise one or more of P55L, F59S, N66K, Cl 17S, or I152M. A modified mevalonate kinase may comprise a substitution corresponding to F59S substitution. A modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide comprising 2 amino acid changes as compared with its parent mevalonate kinase polypeptide may, for example, comprise changes at positions corresponding to the following positions 55/117, 66/152, 83/249, 111/375 or 106/218 of to SEQ ID NO : 1 of WO2006/063752 (e.g., P55L/C117S, N66K/I152M, K83E/S249P, Hl 11N/K375N or L106P/S218P). A modified mevalonate kinase may comprise a substitution corresponding to N66K/I152M. A modified mevalonate kinase polypeptide comprising 4 amino acid changes as compared with its parent mevalonate kinase polypeptide may have changes at positions corresponding to one or more of the following positions 42/158/231/367 of SEQ ID NO: 1 of WO2006/063752 (e.g., I142N/L158S/L231I/T367S). [0139] According to the present disclosure, carotenoid production in a host organism may be adjusted by modifying the expression or activity of one or more proteins involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. In some embodiments, such modification involves introduction of one or more heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides into the host cell; alternatively or additionally, modifications may be made to the expression or activity of one or more endogenous or heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides. Given the considerable conservation of components of the isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, it is expected that heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides will often function even in significantly divergent organisms. Furthermore, should it be desirable to introduce more than one heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptide (e.g., more than one version of the same polypeptide and/or more that one different polypeptides), in many cases polypeptides from different source organisms will function together. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a plurality of different heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides is introduced into the same host cell. In some embodiments, this plurality contains only polypeptides from the same source organism (e.g., two or more sequences of, or sequences derived from, the same source organism); in other embodiments the plurality includes polypeptides independently selected from from different source organisms (e.g., two or more sequences of, or sequences derived from, at least two independent source organisms).

[0140] In some embodiments of the present disclosure that utilize heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, the source organisms include, but are not limited to, fungi of the genera Blakeslea, Candida, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Phycomyces, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Yarrowia, Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Neurospora, Penicillium, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderms, Ustilago, and Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia). In certain embodiments, the source organisms are of a species including, but not limited to, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusarium fujikuroi, Kluyverimyces lactis, Neurospora crass a, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Ustilago maydis, and Yarrowia lipolytica. [0141] As noted above, the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway is also involved in the production of non-carotenoid compounds, such as sterols, steroids, and vitamins, such as vitamin E or vitamin K. Proteins that act on isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway intermediates, and divert them into biosynthesis of non-carotenoid compounds are therefore indirect inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (see, for example, Figure 5, which illustrates points at which isoprenoid intermediates are channeled into other biosynthesis pathways). Such proteins are therefore considered isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides. Reductions of the level or activity of such isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides are expected to increase carotenoid production in host cells according to the present disclosure. Additionally or alternatively, since disruption of the SAGA complex component SPT-8 increases carotenoid production (see e.g., Example 16), increased expression or activity of one or more components of the SAGA complex such as, without limitation, the SPT8 gene, may decrease production of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. Thus, polypeptides that comprise the SAGA complex can be considered competitor polypeptides in the situation where they decrease production of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that increased expression or activity of one or more components of the SAGA complex may act as isoprenoid biosynthesis competitors, thus reducing the amount of carotenoid produced. For example, one or more components of the SAGA complex may act on isoprenoid intermediates prior to GGPP, such that less GGPP is generated and available for the carotenoid generation pathway. In such embodiments, it will be understood that the SAGA polypeptide(s) components whose activity or expression is increased functions as isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide(s). Thus, for example, one or more of the polypeptides encoded by the genes listed in Table 69 may function as isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides. Such SAGA polypeptides can be expressed individually or in combination with one another. In certain embodiments, SAGA isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides are expressed (and/or their activity increased) in combination with an increase in expression and/or activity of one or more additional isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, such as, without limitation, those isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides listed in Tables 7-15.

[0142] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, production or activity of endogenous isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides may be reduced or eliminated in host cells. In some embodiments, this reduction or elimination of the activity of an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide can be achieved by treatment of the host organism with small molecule inhibitors of enzymes of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Enzymes of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway include, for example, squalene synthase (Erg9), squalene epoxidase (Ergl), 2,3-oxidosqualene- lanosterol cyclase (Erg7), cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Ergl 1), C- 14 sterol reductase (Erg24), C-4 sterol methyl oxidase (Erg25), SAM:C-24 sterol methyltransferase (Erg6), C-8 sterol isomerase (Erg2), C-5 sterol desaturase (Erg3), C-22 sterol desaturase (Erg5), and C-24 sterol reductase (Erg4) polypeptides. Each of these enzymes is considered an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide. Regulators of these enzymes may also be considered isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides (e.g., the yeast proteins Sutl (Genbank Accession JC4374 GL2133159) and Mot3 (Genbank Accession NP 013786 GL6323715), which may or may not have homologs in other organisms.

[0143] In other embodiments, reduction or elimination of the activity of an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide can be achieved by decreasing activity of the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway. The commitment step in ubiquinone biosynthesis is the formation oipara- hydroxybenzoate (PHB) from tyrosine or phenylalanine in mammals or chorismate in bacteria, followed by condensation of PHB and isoprene precursor, resulting in addition of the prenyl group. This reaction is catalyzed by PHB-polyprenyltransferase. The isoprenoid side chain of ubiquinone, which can be of varying length in different organisms, is determined by the prenyldiphosphate synthase enzyme. In organisms that produce the coenzyme QlO form of ubiquinone, the 3- decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid resulting from the condensation of PHB and decaprenyldiphosphate reaction undergoes further modifications, which include hydroxylation, methylation and decarboxylation, in order to form ubiquinone (CoQlO). Thus, reducing the activity of prenyldiphosphate synthase leading from farnesyldiphosphate to extended isoprenoids, or reducing the activity of PHB polyprenyltransferase may be useful in increasing the amount of isoprenoid available for carotenoid biosynthesis. (Examples of prenyldiphosphate synthase and PHB- polyprenyltransferase enzymes are depicted in Tables 29 and 30, respectively). [0144] Known small molecule inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor enzymes include, but are not limited to, zaragosic acid (including analogs thereof such as TAN1607A (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996 Feb 15;219(2):515-520)), RPR 107393 (3-hydroxy-3-[4- (quinolin-6-yl)phenyl]-l-azabicyclo [2-2-2] octane dihydrochloride; J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 May;281 (2):746-52), ER-28448 (5- {N-[2-butenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)]-N-methylamino} - 1,1- penthylidenebis(phosphonic acid) trisodium salt; Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 41, 1136-1144, July 2000), BMS-188494 (The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1998; 38: 1116-1121), TAK-475 (l-[2- [(3R,5S)-l-(3-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-chloro-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-5-(2,3- dimethoxyphenyl)-4,l-benzoxazepine-3-yl] acetyl] piperidin-4-acetic acid; Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Apr 11;466(1-2):155-61), YM-53601 ((E)-2-[2-fluoro-2-(quinuclidin-3-ylidene) ethoxy]-9H- carbazole monohydrochloride; Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;131(l):63-70), or squalestatin I that inhibit squalene synthase; terbinafine (e.g., LAMISIL^®), naftifine (NAFTIN^®), S-allylcysteine, garlic, resveratrol, NB-598 (e.g., from Banyu Pharmaceutical Co), and/or green tea phenols that inhibit squalene epoxidase (see, for example, J. Biol Chem 265:18075, 1990; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268:767, 2000); various azoles that inhibit cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase; and fenpropimorph that inhibits the C- 14 sterol reductase and the C-8 sterol isomerase. In other embodiments, heterologous isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides may be utilized (whether functional or non- functional; in some embodiments, dominant negative mutants are employed). [0145] One particular isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide useful according to the present disclosure is squalene synthase which has been identified and characterized from a variety of organisms; representative examples of squalene synthase polypeptide sequences are included in Table 16. In some embodiments of the disclosure that utilize squalene synthase (or modifications of squalene synthase) source organisms include, but are not limited to, Neurospora crassa, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor circinelloides, Rhotorula glutinis, Candida utilis, Mortierella alpina, and Yarrowia lipolytica. [0146] The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway branches off from the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway at the point where GGPP is formed. The commitment step in carotenoid biosynthesis is the formation of phytoene by the head- to-head condensation of two molecules of GGPP, catalyzed by phytoene synthase (often called crtB; see Figure 6). A series of dehydrogenation reactions, each of which increases the number of conjugated double bonds by two, converts phytoene into lycopene via neurosporene. The pathway branches at various points, both before and after lycopene production, so that a wide range of carotenoids can be generated. For example, action of a cyclase enzyme on lycopene generates γ-carotene; action of a desaturase instead produces 3,4-didehydrolycopene. γ- carotene is converted to β-carotene through the action of a cyclase, β-carotene can be processed into any of a number of products (see, for example, Figure 6C), including astaxanthin (via echinenone, hydroxyechinenone, and phoenicoxanthin).

[0147] According to the present disclosure, carotenoid production in a host organism may be adjusted by modifying the expression or activity of one or more proteins involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. As indicated, in some embodiments, it will be desirable to utilize as host cells organisms that naturally produce one or more carotenoids. In some such cases, the focus will be on increasing production of a naturally-produced carotenoid, for example by increasing the level and/or activity of one or more proteins involved in the synthesis of that carotenoid and/or by decreasing the level or activity of one or more proteins involved in a competing biosynthetic pathway. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments it will be desirable to generate production of one or more carotenoids not naturally produced by the host cell.

[0148] According to some embodiments of the disclosure, it will be desirable to introduce one or more heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides into a host cell. As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, any of a variety of heterologous polypeptides may be employed; selection will consider, for instance, the particular carotenoid whose production is to be enhanced. The present disclosure contemplates not only introduction of heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides, but also adjustment of expression or activity levels of heterologous or endogenous carotenogenic polypeptides, including, for example, alteration of constitutive or inducible expression patterns. In some embodiments of the disclosure, expression patterns are adjusted such that growth in nutrient- limiting conditions is not required to induce oleaginy. For example, genetic modifications comprising alteration and/or addition of regulatory sequences (e.g., promoter elements, terminator elements) may be utilized to confer particular regulation of expression patterns. Such genetic modifications may be utilized in conjunction with endogenous genes (e.g., for regulation of endogenous carotenogenic); alternatively, such genetic modifications may be included so as to confer regulation of expression of at least one heterologous polypeptide (e.g., carotenogenic polypeptide(s)). For example, promoters including, but not limited to those described herein, such as Tefl, Gpdl promoters can be used in conjunction with endogenous genes and/or heterolous genes for modification of expression patterns of endogenous carotenogenic polypeptide(s) and/or heterologous carotenogenic polypeptide(s). Similarly, exemplary terminator sequences include, but are not limited to, use of Y. lipolytica XPR2 terminator sequences. [0149] As indicated in Figure 6 and in the literature, proteins involved in carotenoid biosynthesis include, but are not limited to, phytoene synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase, lycopene cyclase, carotenoid ketolase, carotenoid hydroxylase, astaxanthin synthase (a single multifunctional enzyme found in some source organisms that typically has both ketolase and hydroxylase activities), carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase, lycopene cyclase (beta and epsilon subunits), carotenoid glucosyltransferase, and acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acyltransferase. Representative example sequences for these carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are provided in Tables 17a-25.

[0150] Alternatively or additionally, modified carotenoid ketolase polypeptides that exhibit improved carotenoid production activity may be utililized in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, carotenoid ketolase polypeptides comprising one more mutations to corresponding to those identified Sphingomonas sp. DC 18 which exhibited improved astaxanthin production (Tao et al.2006 Metab Eng. 2006 Jun 27) and Paracoccus sp. strain N81106 which exhibited altered carotenoid production (Ye et al. 2006 Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5829-37).

[0151] Xanthophylls can be distinguished from other carotenoids by the presence of oxygen containing functional groups on their cyclic end groups. For instance, lutein and zeaxanthin contain a single hydroxyl group on each of their terminal ring structures, while astaxanthin contains both a keto group and a hydroxyl on each terminal ring. This property makes xanthophylls more polar than carotenes such as beta-carotene and lycopene, and thus dramatically reduces their solubility in fats and lipids. Naturally occurring xanthophylls are often found as esters of the terminal hydroxyl groups, both mono- and diesters of fatty acids. They also occur as glucosides in certain species of bacteria. The solubility and dispersibility of xanthophylls can be greatly modified by the addition of ester moieties, and it is known that esterification can also affect the absorbability and/or bioavailability of a given carotenoid. It is an objective of this disclosure to maximize the amount of a particular xanthophyll accumulating within the intracellular triacylglyceride fraction of oleaginous yeasts, and one mechanism for achieving this goal is to increase the hydrophobic nature of the xanthophyll product that accumulates. One way of achieving this is to engineer the production of fatty-acyl mono- and/or diesters of the target xanthophyll compound.

[0152] A variety of enzymes can function to esterify carotenoids. For example, carotenoid glucosyltransferases have been identified in several bacterial species (see, e.g., Table 24). In addition, acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferases (MGAT), which function in the final steps of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, are likely to serve an additional role in the esterification of xanthophylls. Representative DGAT polypetides are shown in Table 25. Furthermore, other enzymes may specifically modify carotenoids and molecules of similar structure (e.g., sterols) and be available for modification and ester production. [0153] In some embodiments of the disclosure, potential source organisms for carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides include, but are not limited to, genera of naturally oleaginous or non- oleaginous fungi that naturally produce carotenoids. These include, but are not limited to, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Mucor, Neurospora, Phycomyces, Puccina, Rhodotorula, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, and Xanthophyllomyces . Exemplary species include, but are not limited to, Neurospora crassa, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), Mucor circinelloides, and Rhodotorula glutinis. Of course, carotenoids are produced by a wide range of diverse organisms such as plants, algae, yeast, fungi, bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc. Any such organisms may be source organisms for carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides according to the present disclosure. [0154] In certain embodiments of the disclosure, carotenoid production in a host organism may be adjusted by modifying the activity of one or more endogenous genes that affect carotenoid biosynthesis. For example, as shown in Example 16, disruption of the endogenous SPT8 gene (YALI0E23804g) in Yarrowia lipolytica results in increased carotenoid production. SPT8 functions as part of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, which is required for normal expression of some fungal genes and is thought to function as a coactivator complex in a multistep pathway leading to gene activation. Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that alteration of the expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex result in increased carotenoid production. Additionally, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that by increasing production of carotenoid(s) in a host organism by altering the expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, production of a retinolic compound(s) in a host organism able to utilize such a carotenoid(s) as a substrate may also be increased since more of the cartenoid substrate will be available.

[0155] In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SAGA complex is a 1.8-MDa complex comprising a variety of components including distinct classes of transcription factors, such as Ada proteins (Adalp, Ada2p, Ngglp/Ada3p, and Ada4p/Gcn5p), TATA-binding protein (TBP)-related SPT proteins (Spt3p, Spt7p, Spt8p, and Spt20p/Ada5p), and TBP-associated factors or (TAFIIs) (TAFII90, TAFII68/61, TAFII60, TAFII25/23, and TAFII17). The SAGA complex also comprises the DNA- dependent protein kinase related molecule Tralp, acetyltransferase and ubiquitin protease activities. The SAGA complex core comprises Ada and Spt subunits, a subset of Tafs, acetyltransferase and ubiquitin protease activities, the essential factor Tralp, and two factors related to TBP function, Spt3 and Spt8. Several components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAGA complex and their corresponding Yarrowia lipolytica homologs, are listed in Table 69. Each of these SAGA complex components is encompassed by the recombinant fungal strains, methods and compositions of the present disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of these and other SAGA components, and will be able to modify such components in accordance with the present disclosure. [0156] Certain SAGA components are essential. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the TRAl gene is essential. Thus, in certain embodiments, production of a carotenoid is increased by altering expression and/or activity of the TRAl such that the host organism remains viable. For example, the expression and/or activity of the TRAl gene or gene product may be decreased to a level below the expression and/or activity of wild type TRAl, but not to such an extent as to result in lethality. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of tral mutations that result in decreased expression and/or activity but that do not result in lethality. Furthermore, it will be within the capability of one of ordinary skill in the art to identify such mutations without undue experimentation, for example by employing standard mutatgenesis/screening techniques. [0157] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, production of one or more carotenoids is increased by alteration of the expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex in one or more of the following host organisms: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia; or is a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pule herrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and/or Yarrowia lipolytica.

[0158] In certain embodiments, production of one or more carotenoids is increased by altering expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex in a host organism, in combination with one or more additional carotenogenic modifications as described herein. For example, such one or more additional carotenogenic modifications may comprise heterologous expression of one or more carotenogenic polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, etc.

[0159] In certain embodiments, production of one or more carotenoids is increased by altering expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex in a host organism, in combination with one or more oleaginic modifications, as described herein. In certain embodiments, production of one or more carotenoids is increased by altering expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex in a host organism that is not naturally oleaginous. In certain embodiments, production of one or more carotenoids is increased by altering expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex in a host organism that is naturally oleaginous. [0160] It will be appreciated that the particular carotenogenic modification to be applied to a host cell in accordance with the present disclosure will be influenced by which carotenoid(s) is desired to be produced. For example, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are relevant to the production of most carotenoids. Carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are also broadly relevant. Carotenoid ketolase activity is particularly relevant for production of canthaxanthin, as carotenoid hydroxylase activity is for production of lutein and zeaxanthin, among others. Both carotenoid hydroxylase and ketolase activities (and astaxanthin synthase) are particularly useful for production of astaxanthin.

[0161] In certain embodiments, host cells are engineered to produce carotenoids by introducing one or more carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides. In general, any carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide can be introduced into any host cell of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, such carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are codon-optimized to accommodate the codon preferences of the host cell. In certain embodiments, a carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide introduced into a host cell is from the same organsim as the host cell and/or a related organism. For example, without limitation, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that it may be desirable to introduce a fungal carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide into a fungal host cell (e.g., from the same and/or a related fungal species). In certain embodiments, the host cell is a Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects of such embodiments, a Y. lipolytica carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, a S. cerevisiae carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, any of a variety of fungal carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell.

Engineering Retinolic Compound Production

[0162] Retinolic compounds are synthesized from certain carotenoid precursors, which are themselves synthesized from isoprenoid precursors, some of which are also involved in the production of steroids and sterols (see description under section entitled "Engineering Carotenoid Production "). Thus, any carotenogenic modification that results in the increased production of a carotenoid from which a retinolic compound can be produced may similarly result in an increased production of a retinolic compound. Retinolic compounds comprise retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid, which together are collectively referred to as "Vitamin A". In certain embodiments, the retinolic compound retinol is synthesized from the carotenoid precursor beta-carotene. Other carotenoid compounds that contain at least one beta-ionone ring structure, such as alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, can be precursor compounds for synthesis of retinolic compounds.

[0163] According to the present disclosure, retinolic compound production in a host organism may be adjusted by modifying the expression or activity of one or more proteins involved in retinolic compound biosynthesis. As indicated, in some embodiments, it will be desirable to utilize as host cells organisms that naturally produce one or more retinolic compounds. In some such cases, the focus will be on increasing production of a naturally-produced retinolic compound, for example by increasing the level and/or activity of one or more proteins involved in the synthesis of that retinolic compound and/or by decreasing the level or activity of one or more proteins involved in a competing biosynthetic pathway. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments it will be desirable to generate production of one or more retinolic compounds not naturally produced by the host cell. [0164] According to some embodiments of the disclosure, it will be desirable to introduce one or more heterologous retinologenic polypeptides into a host cell. As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, any of a variety of heterologous polypeptides may be employed; selection will consider, for instance, the particular retinolic compound whose production is to be enhanced. The present disclosure contemplates not only introduction of heterologous retinologenic polypeptides, but also adjustment of expression or activity levels of heterologous retinologenic polypeptides, including, for example, alteration of constitutive or inducible expression patterns. In some embodiments of the disclosure, expression patterns are adjusted such that growth in nutrient-limiting conditions is not required to induce oleaginy. For example, genetic modifications comprising alteration and/or addition of regulatory sequences (e.g., promoter elements, terminator elements) may be utilized to confer particular regulation of expression patterns. Such genetic modifications may be utilized in conjunction with endogenous genes (e.g., for regulation of endogenous carotenogenic); alternatively, such genetic modifications may be included so as to confer regulation of expression of at least one heterologous polypeptide (e.g., retinologenic polypeptide(s)). For example, promoters including, but not limited to those described herein, such as Tefl, Gpdl promoters can be used in conjunction with endogenous genes and/or heterolous genes for modification of expression patterns of endogenous retinologenic polypeptide(s) and/or heterologous retinologenic polypeptide(s). Similarly, exemplary terminator sequences include, but are not limited to, use of Y. lipolytica XPR2 terminator sequences. [0165] As indicated in Figure 11 and in the literature, proteins involved in retinologenic biosynthesis include, but are not limited to, beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase (also known as beta-carotene dioxygenase) and beta carotene retinol dehydrogenase. Representative example sequences for these retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides are provided in Tables 67-68. [0166] In some embodiments of the disclosure, potential source organisms for retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides include, but are not limited to, genera of naturally oleaginous or non-oleaginous fungi that naturally produce carotenoids. These include, but are not limited to, Botrytis, Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Mucor, Neurospora, Phycomyces, Puccina, Rhodotorula, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, and Xanthophyllomyces. Exemplary species include, but are not limited to, Neurospora crassa, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffϊa rhodozyma), Mucor circinelloides, and Rhodotorula glutinis. Of course, retinolic compounds are produced by a wide range of diverse organisms such as mammals, bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc. Any such organisms may be source organisms for retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides according to the present disclosure. [0167] In certain embodiments of the disclosure, retinolic compound production in a host organism that is able to produce retinolic compounds from carotenoid substrates is adjusted by modifying the activity of one or more endogenous genes that affect carotenoid biosynthesis. For example, as shown in Example 16, disruption of the endogenous SPT8 gene (YALI0E23804g) in Yarrowia lipolytica results in increased carotenoid production. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, increasing production of a carotenoid(s) in a host organism by altering the expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex will result in a greater abundance of such a carotenoid(s); hence, production of a retinolic compound(s) in a host organism able to utilize such a carotenoid(s) as a substrate may similarly be increased.

[0168] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present disclosure contemplates that alteration of the expression and/or activity of one or more components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex may result in increased retinolic compound production. In certain embodiments, retinolic compound production is increased in a host organism by altering the expression and/or activity of one or more of: Ada proteins (Adalp, Ada2p, Ngglp/Ada3p, and Ada4p/Gcn5p), TATA-binding protein (TBP)-related SPT proteins (Spt3p, Spt7p, Spt8p, and Spt20p/Ada5p), TBP-associated factors or (TAFIIs) (TAFII90, TAFII68/61, TAFII60, TAFII25/23, and TAFII 17), Tralp, and/or proteins encoding the acetyltransferase and/or ubiquitin protease activities. In certain embodiments, retinolic compound production is increased in a host organism by altering the expression and/or activity of one or more polypeptides listed in Table 69. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of these and other SAGA components, and will be able to modify such components in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0169] In certain embodiments, host cells are engineered to produce retinolic compounds by introducing one or more carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides. In general, any retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide can be introduced into any host cell of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, such retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides are codon-optimized to accommodate the codon preferences of the host cell. In certain embodiments, a retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide introduced into a host cell is from the same organsim as the host cell and/or a related organism. For example, without limitation, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that it may be desirable to introduce a fungal retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide into a fungal host cell (e.g., from the same and/or a related fungal species). In certain embodiments, the host cell is a Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects of such embodiments, a Y. lipolytica retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, a S. cerevisiae retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. In certain aspects, any of a variety of fungal retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides is introduced into the Y. lipolytica host cell. Production and Isolation of Carotenoids and/or Retinolic Compounds [0170] As discussed above, accumulation of lipid bodies in oleaginous organisms is generally induced by growing the relevant organism in the presence of excess carbon source and limiting nitrogen and/or other nutrients (eg. phosphate and magnesium). Specific conditions for inducing such accumulation have previously been established for a number of different oleaginous organisms (see, for example, Wolf (ed.) Nonconventional yeasts in biotechnology Vol. 1, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 313-338; Lipids 18(9):623, 1983; Indian ! Exp. Biol. 35(3):313, 1997; J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30(l):75, 2003; Bioresour Technol. 95(3):287, 2004, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0171] In general, it will be desirable to cultivate inventive modified host cells under conditions that allow accumulation of at least about 20% of their dry cell weight as lipid. In other embodiments, the inventive modified host cells are grown under conditions that permit accumulation of at least about 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or even 80% or more of their dry cell weight as lipid. In certain embodiments, the host cells utilized are cells which are naturally oleaginous, and induced to produce lipid to the desired levels. In other embodiments, the host cells are cells which naturally produce lipid, but have been engineered to increase production of lipid such that desired levels of lipid production and accumulation are achieved.

[0172] In certain embodiments, the host cells of the disclosure are not naturally oleaginous, but have been engineered to produce lipid such that desired levels of lipid production are obtained. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, in general, growth conditions that are effective for inducing lipid accumulation in a source organism, may well also be useful for inducing lipid accumulation in a host cell into which the source organism's oleaginic polypeptides have been introduced. Of course, modifications may be required in light of characteristics of the host cell, which modifications are within the skill of those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0173] It will also be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that it will often be desirable to ensure that production of the desired carotenoid and/or retinolic compound by the inventive modified host cell occurs at an appropriate time in relation to the induction of oleaginy such that the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) accumulate(s) in the lipid bodies. In some embodiments, it will be desirable to induce production of the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) in a host cell which does not naturally produce the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), such that detectable levels of the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) is/are produced. In certain aspects the host cells which do not naturally produce a certain carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) are capable of production of other carotenoid(s) (e.g., certain host cells may, for example, naturally produce β-carotene but may not naturally produce astaxanthin) and/or retinolic compound(s), (e.g., certain host cells may, for example, naturally produce retinal but may not naturally produce retinol); in other aspects the host cells do not naturally produce any carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s). In other embodiments, it will be desirable to increase production levels of carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) in a host cell which does naturally produce low levels of the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), such that increased detectable levels of the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) are produced. In certain aspects, the host cells which do naturally produce the carotenoid(s) (e.g., β-carotene) also produce additional carotenoid(s) (e.g., astaxanthin, etc.) and/or retinolic compound(s) (e.g., retinal); in still other aspects, the cells which naturally produce the carotenoid(s) (e.g., β-carotene) do not produce additional carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s).

[0174] In certain embodiments of the disclosure, it will be desirable to accumulate carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds to levels (i.e., considering the total amount of all produced carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds together or considering a particular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound compound) that are greater than at least about 1% of the dry weight of the cells. In some embodiments, the total carotenoid and/or retinolic compound accumulation will be to a level at least about 1.5%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.5 %, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5%, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5 %, at least about 5%, at least about 5.5 %,at least about 6%, at least about 6.5 %,at least about 7%, at least about 7.5 %,at least about 8%, at least about 8.5 %,at least about 9%, at least about 9.5 %,at least about 10%, at least about 10.5 %,at least about 11%, at least about 11.5 %,at least about 12%, at least about 12.5 %,at least about 13%, at least about 13.5 %, at least about 14%, at least about 14.5 %, at least about 15%, at least about 15.5 %, at least about 16%, at least about 16.5 %, at least about 17%, at least about 17.5 %, at least about 18%, at least about 18.5 %, at least about 19%, at least about 19.5 %, at least about 20% or more of the total dry weight of the cells. [0175] In some embodiments, accumulation of a particular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound (e.g., a carotenoid selected from antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε- carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ- carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof) will be to a level at least about 1.5%, at least about 2%, at least about 2.5 %, at least about 3%, at least about 3.5 %, at least about 4%, at least about 4.5 %, at least about 5%, at least about 5.5 %,at least about 6%, at least about 6.5 %,at least about 7%, at least about 7.5 %,at least about 8%, at least about 8.5 %,at least about 9%, at least about 9.5 %,at least about 10%, at least about 10.5 %,at least about 11%, at least about 11.5 %,at least about 12%, at least about 12.5 %,at least about 13%, at least about 13.5 %, at least about 14%, at least about 14.5 %, at least about 15%, at least about 15.5 %, at least about 16%, at least about 16.5 %, at least about 17%, at least about 17.5 %, at least about 18%, at least about 18.5 %, at least about 19%, at least about 19.5 %, at least about 20% or more of the total dry weight of the cells.

[0176] In some embodiments of the disclosure, a particular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound may comprise a high percentage of total carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced by cells. In some embodiments, a particular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound may comprise at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, of the total carotenoid and/or retinolic compounds produced by cells. For example, in some embodiments, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, of the total carotenoids produced by cells is β- carotene. In another example, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, of the total carotenoids produced by cells is astaxanthin. In other examples, a high percentage of total carotenoids produced by cells is a carotenoid selected from antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3 -hydroxy echinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, and a C30 carotenoid. [0177] In some embodiments of the disclosure, a particular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound may not accumulate to a level as high as 1% of the total dry weight of the cells; appropriately engineered cells according to the present disclosure, and any lipid bodies,carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds they produce, remain within the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, in some embodiments, the cells accumulate a given carotenoid and/or retinolic compound to a level below about 1% of the dry weight of the cells. In some embodiments, the carotenoid and/or retinolic compound accumulates to a level below about 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or lower, of the dry cell weight of the cells.

[0178] In some embodiments of the disclosure, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds accumulate both within lipid bodies and elsewere in the cells. In some embodiments, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds accumulate primarily within lipid bodies. In some embodiments, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds accumulate substantially exclusively within lipid bodies. In some embodiments, at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more of a desired produced carotenoid and/or retinolic compound accumulates in lipid bodies. [0179] In some embodiments of the disclosure, modified host cells are engineered to produce one or more carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) characterized by negligible solubility in water (whether hot or cold) and detectable solubility in one or more oils. In some embodiments, such compounds have a solubility in oil below about 0.2%. In some embodiments, such compounds have a solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%. [0180] The present disclosure therefore provides engineered host cells (and methods of making and using them) that contain lipid bodies and that further contain one or more carotenoid compounds and/or retinolic compounds accumulated in the lipid bodies, where the compounds are characterized by a negligible solubility in water and a solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%. For example, in some embodiments, such compounds have a solubility in oil below about 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.13%, 0.12%, 0.11%, 0.10%. 0.09, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.05%, or less. In some embodiments, the compounds show such solubility in an oil selected from the group consisting of sesame; soybean; apricot kernel; palm; peanut; safflower; coconut; olive; cocoa butter; palm kernel; shea butter; sunflower; almond; avocado; borage; carnauba; hazel nut; castor; cotton seed; evening primrose; orange roughy; rapeseed; rice bran; walnut; wheat germ; peach kernel; babassu; mango seed; black current seed; jojoba; macademia nut; sea buckthorn; sasquana; tsubaki; mallow; meadowfoam seed; coffee; emu; mink; grape seed; thistle; tea tree; pumpkin seed; kukui nut; and mixtures thereof.

[0181] Bacterial carotenogenic genes have already been demonstrated to be transferrable to other organisms, and are therefore particularly useful in accordance with the present disclosure (see, for example, Miura et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1226, 1998). In other embodiments, it may be desirable to utilize genes from other source organisms such as plant, alga, or microalgae; these organisms provide a variety of potential sources for ketolase and hydroxylase polypeptides. Still additional useful source organisms include fungal, yeast, insect, protozoal, and mammalian sources of polypeptides.

[0182] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, isoprenoid production is increased in host cells (e.g. , in Y. lipolytica cells) through expression of a truncated variant of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG CoA) reductase polypeptide. In some embodiments, the truncated variant is a truncated variant of a Y. lipolytica HMG CoA reductase polypeptide. According to the present disclosure, expression of such a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide can result in increased isoprenoid and/or carotenoid production in host cells (e.g., Y. lipolytica cells). [0183] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, isoprenoid production is increased in host cells (e.g., in Y. lipolytica cells) through application of one or more carotenogenic modification(s) that increase(s) level and/or activity of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase polypeptides, geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase polypeptides, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the source organism for the selected polypeptide is Y. lipolytica. [0184] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, isoprenoid production is increased in host cells (e.g., in Y. lipolytica cells) through application of one or more carotenogenic modification(s) that decrease(s) expression or activity of an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide (e.g., of a squalene synthase polypeptide), for example thereby reducing diversion of one or more intermediates away from the isoprenoid and/or carotenoid biosynthesis pathways. In some embodiments, the polypeptide whose expression or activity is reduced is endogenous to the host cell.

[0185] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, more than one carotenogenic modification is applied to the same host cell. For example, isoprenoid production may be increased in host cells (e.g. , Y. lipolytica cells) through application of at least two or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: expression of a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide, increase in expression and/or activity of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase polypeptide, increase in expression and/or activity of a geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase polypeptide, decrease in expression and/or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide, and combinations thereof. [0186] Furthermore, in some embodiments of the disclosure, carotenoid production (e.g., production of β-carotene) is increased in host cells (e.g., in Y. lipolytica cells) through application of one or more carotenogenic modification(s) that increase(s) expression and/or activity of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of phytoene synthase, lycopene cyclase, phytoene dehydrogenase, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, such increase in expression comprises introduction of one or more genes encoding heterologous polypeptides. In some embodiments, phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase activities are provided in a single polypeptide or complex (e.g. , by the Mucor circinelloides or Neurospora crassa multifunctional phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase). In some embodiments, phytoene dehydrogenase from Mucor circinelloides or Neurospora crassa is utilized. [0187] In some embodiments, production of one or more carotenoids downstream of β- carotene (e.g., of one or more hydroxylated xanthophylls) is increased in host cells that produce β- carotene (including host cells that have been engineered to produce β-carotene, e.g., through application of one or more carotenogenic modifications as described herein) through application of one or more carotenogenic modifications that increase(s) level and/or activity of one or more carotenoid ketolase polypeptides (e.g., from Parvularcula bermudensis and/ ^'or Aurantimonase sp. SI85-9A1) to produce one or more ketone-containing carotenoids (e.g., canthaxanthin, echinenone, astaxanthin, and combinations thereof).

[0188] In some embodiments, production of one or more hydroxylated carotenoids is increased in host cells that produce (including having been engineered to produce) β-carotene and/or one or more ketone-containing carotenoids though application of one or more carotenogenic modifications that increase(s) the level and/or activity of one or more carotenoid hydroxylase polyeptides (e.g., from Xanthobacter autotrophicus and/or Erythrobacter litoralis) to increase production of one or more hydroxylated carotenoids (e.g., zeaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, and combinations thereof).

[0189] Similar approaches to enhance carotenoid production may be employed in other oleaginous or non-oleaginous host organisms (e.g., S. cerevisiae, C. utilis, P. rhodozyma) can be undertaken, using the same, homologous, or functionally similar carotogenic polypeptides. [0190] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to express one or more carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides and/or isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, a modified Y. lipolytica strain is engineered to increase expression and/or activity of one or more of phytoene synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase, lycopene cyclase, and GGPP synthase, and/or to decrease expression and/or activity of squalene synthase. In some embodiments, a modified Y. lipolytica strain is engineered to express all of these polypeptides. Such a modified Y. lipolytica strain produces β-carotene (see, for example, Example 2).

[0191] In some embodiments, inventive modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce β-carotene are further engineered to express a truncated HMG CoA reductase; in some such embodiments, the strains are engineered so that expression of the truncated HMG CoA reductase increases β-carotene several fold (for example, 3-4 fold or more). [0192] In some embodiments, inventive modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce β-carotene are further engineered to express a beta-carotene 15, 15'- monooxygenase and/or a retinol dehydrogenase to increase retinolic compound production. [0193] In some embodiments, inventive modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce β-carotene are further engineered to express carotenoid hydroxylase (to achieve production of zeaxanthin and/or β-cryptoxanthin), carotenoid ketolase (to achieve production of canthaxanthin and/or echinenone), or both (to achieve production of astaxanthin). [0194] In some embodiments, inventive modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce, for example, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone, and/or astaxanthin are also engineered to have increased expression of, for example, malic enzyme, mevalonate kinase, etc.

[0195] It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments of the disclosure, it may be desirable to engineer a particular host cell by expressing more than one version of a given polypeptide (e.g. , isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptide, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptide, oleaginic polypeptide, isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptide, etc.). For example, a given host cell may be engineered to express versions of a given polypeptide from two or more different sources. Where a particular enzyme may be comprised of more than one polypeptide chains, it will often be desirable to utilize all chains from a single source, although this is not required so long as activity is achieved. Also, whenever a host cell is engineered to express a polypeptide from a different source, it may be desirable to alter the gene sequence encoding the polypeptide to account for codon preferences of the host cell.

[0196] To give but a few specific examples, the present disclosure provides modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to express the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase bifunctional (carB) polypeptide from M. circinelloides (see, for example, Example IB), and also to express the phytoene dehydrogenase (carRP) polypeptide from M. circinelloides (see, for example, Example IA). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides such carB + carRP-expressing Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to modify expression and/or activity of a truncated HMG-CoA reductase polypeptide from Y. lipolytica and/or one or more Y. lipolytica polypeptides selected from the group consisting of GGPP synthase, FPP synthase (Erg20), IPP isomerase (IDI), HMG synthase (Ergl3), mevalonate kinase (Ergl2), squalene synthase (Erg9), phosphimevalonate kinase (Erg8), mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVDl), malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase homolog 2, 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GNDl), isocitrate dehydrogenase, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, acetoacetyl CoA thiolase (Erg 10), ATP citrate lyase subunit 1, ATP citrate lyase subunit 2, and combinations thereof. The present disclosure therefore specifically provides Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce β-carotene.

[0197] The present disclosure also specifically provides modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to express at least one carotenoid ketolase (e.g., crtO/crtW) polypeptide, and in some embodiments more than one, for example from a source selected from the group consisting of Parvularcula bermudensis (see, for example, Example IH), Aurantimonas (see, for example, Example IG), and/or an environmental isolate identified from the Sargasso Sea (see, for example, Example IF). The present disclosure therefore specifically provides Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, and/or echinenone.

[0198] The present disclosure further specifically provides modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to express at least one carotenoid hydroxylase (e.g. , crtZ) polypeptide, and in some embodiments more than one, from Erythrobacter litoralis (see, for example, Examples IJ and IL), Novosphingobium aromaticivarans (see, for example, Example IE), Parvularcula bermudensis (see, for example, Example II), Xanthobacter autotrophicus (see, for example, Example 10), Sphingopyxis alaskensis (see, for example, Example IM), Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii, Erythrobacter longus, Robiginitalea biformata (see, or example, Example IN) and/or Pseudomonas putida (see, for example, Example IP). The present disclosure therefore specifically provides Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to produce zeaxanthin, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and/or astaxanthin. [0199] The present disclosure further specifically provides modified Y. lipolytica strains that have been engineered to express at least one carotenoid ketolase (e.g., crtO/crtW) polypeptide in combination with at least one carotenoid hydroxylase (e.g., crtZ) polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the at least one carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide and at least one carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide are encoded by nucleic acid sequences present in separate nucleic acid molecules. In certain embodimens, the at least one carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide and at least one carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide are encoded by nucleic acid sequences present in the same nucleic acid molecule. For example, a host organism may be transformed or transfected with a single expression vector, which expression vector comprises both a carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide and a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, each of which comprises sequences sufficient to direct their expression in the host organism.

[0200] In certain embodiments, the at least one carotenoid ketolase (e.g. , crtO/crtW) polypeptide and the at least one carotenoid hydroxylase (e.g., crtZ) polypeptide are expressed as a fusion protein. A representative example of such embodiments is presented in Example 17. In certain embodiments, such a fusion polypeptide is designed such that the carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide is positioned N-terminal to the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide. In certain embodiments, such a fusion polypeptide is designed such that the carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide is positioned C-terminal to the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide.

[0201] In embodiments in which the carotenoid ketolatse polypeptide and the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide are expressed concurrently (whether from separate nucleic acid molecules or from the same nucleic acid molecule), the polypetides may be selected from any of a variety of source organisms. As non-limiting examples, the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide may be selected from an organism such as Erythrobacter litoralis (see, for example, Examples IJ and IL), Novosphingobium aromaticivarans (see, for example, Example IE), Parvularcula bermudensis (see, for example, Example II), Xanthobacter autotrophicus (see, for example, Example 10), Sphingopyxis alaskensis (see, for example, Example IM), Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii, Erythrobacter longus, Robiginitalea biformata (see, or example, Example IN) and/ or Pseudomonas putida (see, for example, Example IP). As further non- limiting examples, the carotenoid ketolase polypeptide may be selected from an organism such as Parvularcula bermudensis (see, for example, Example IH), Aurantimonas (see, for example, Example 1 G), and/or an environmental isolate identified from the Sargasso Sea (see, for example, Example IF).

[0202] It should be noted that, for inventive organisms that produce more than one carotenoid, it will sometimes be possible to adjust the relative amounts of individual carotenoids produced by adjusting growth conditions. For example, it has been reported that controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in a culture during cultivation can regulate relative production levels of certain carotenoids such as β-carotene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, 3-hydroxyechinenone, asteroidenone, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin and astaxanthin (see, for example, United States Patent Number 6,825,002 to Tsubokura et al., the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). Additionally or alternatively, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that controlling the pH in a culture during cultivation can regulate relative production levels of these and/or other carotenoids (see e.g., Example 18).

[0203] Particularly for embodiments of the present disclosure directed toward production of astaxanthin, it will often be desirable to utilize one or more genes from a natural astaxanthin- producing organism. Where multiple heterologous polypeptides are to be expressed, it may be desirable to utilize the same source organism for all, or to utilize closely related source organisms. [0204] Inventive modified cells, that have been engineered to produce carotenoids and/or to accumulate lipid (including to be oleaginous), can be cultured under conditions that achieve carotenoid production and/or oleaginy. In some embodiments, it will be desirable to control growth conditions so in order to maximize production of a particular carotenoid or set of carotenoids (including all carotenoids) and/or to optimize accumulation of the particular carotenoid(s) in lipid bodies. In some embodiments it will be desirable to control growth conditions to adjust the relative amounts of different carotenoid products produced.

[0205] Inventive modified cells, that have been engineered to produce retinolic compounds and/or to accumulate lipid (including to be oleaginous), can be cultured under conditions that achieve retinolic compound production and/or oleaginy. In some embodiments, it will be desirable to control growth conditions so in order to maximize production of a particular retinolic compound or set of retinolic compounds (including all retinolic compounds) and/or to optimize accumulation of the particular retinolic compound (s) in lipid bodies. In some embodiments it will be desirable to control growth conditions to adjust the relative amounts of different retinolic compound products produced. [0206] In some embodiments, it will be desirable to limit accumulation of a particular intermediate, for example ensuring that substantially all of a particular intermediate compound is converted so that accumulation is limited. For example, particularly in situations where a downstream enzyme may be less efficient than an upstream enzyme and it is desirable to limit accumulation of the product of the upstream enzyme (e.g., to avoid its being metabolized via a competitive pathway and/or converted into an undesirable product), it may be desirable to grow cells under conditions that control (e.g., slow) activity of the upstream enzyme so that the downstream enzyme can keep pace. [0207] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any of a variety of growth parameters, including for example amount of a particular nutrient, pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, timing of feeds, content of feeds, etc can be adjusted as is known in the art to control growth conditions as desired.

[0208] To give but a few examples, in some embodiments, growth and/or metabolism is/are limited by limiting the amount of biomass accumulation. For example, growth and/or metabolism can be limited by growing cells under conditions that are limiting for a selected nutrient. The selected limiting nutrient can then be added in a regulated fashion, as desired. In some embodiments, the limiting nutrient is carbon, nitrogen (e.g., via limiting ammonium or protein), phosphate, magnesium, one or more trace elements or metals (e.g., one or more of zinc or manganese), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the limiting nutrient is carbon. In some embodiments, the limiting nutrient is one or more trace metals (e.g., zinc, manganese, or iron). In particular embodiments, the limiting nutrient is zinc. Growth conditions are "limiting" for a trace element or metal when the growth medium has low levels of the trace element or metal and is not supplemented with a compound containing the trace element or metal. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 2000 ug/L boric acid (e.g., less than about 1500 or 1100 ug/L) is limiting for boron. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 200 ug/L copper sulfate (e.g., less than about 150 or 100 ug/L) is limiting for copper. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 500 ug/L potassium iodide (e.g., less than about 300 or 250 ug/L) is limiting for iodine. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 1000 ug/L ferric chloride (e.g., less than about 750 or 500 ug/L) is limiting for iron. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 1000 ug/L sodium molybdate (e.g., less than about 750 or 500 ug/L) is limiting for molybdenum. In some embodiments, medium containing less than about 2000 ug/L zinc sulfate (e.g., less than about 1500 or 1000 ug/L) is limiting for zinc. In one example, Yeast Nitrogen Base that is not supplemented with one of the following compounds is limiting for the trace metal or element contained in the compound: boric acid, copper sulfate, potassium iodide, ferric chloride, manganese sulfate, sodium molybdate, or zinc sulfate. The approximate concentration of each of these compounds in Yeast Nitrogen Base, used in medium at 4g/L, is as follows: boric acid, 1176 ug/L; copper sulfate, 94 ug/L; potassium iodide, 235 ug/L; ferric chloride, 470 ug/L; manganese sulfate, 941 ug/L; sodium molybdate, 470 ug/L; zinc sulfate, 940 ug/L.

[0209] In some embodiments, use of a limiting nutrient can by utilized to control metabolism of a particular intermediate and/or to adjust relative production of particular carotenoid compounds and/or retinolic compounds. In some embodiments, this result can be achieved by controlling metabolism of a particular intermediate as discussed above; in some embodiments, it can be achieved, for example, by limiting progress through the carotenoid and/or retinolic compound biosynthesis pathway so that a desired carotenoid product (e.g. , β-carotene, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, etc.) or retinolic compound (e.g. , retinal) is not converted to a downstream compound. To give but one example, phosphate limitation can slow the overall rate of clux through the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and can be utilized to change the ratio of canthaxanthin to echinenone produced. [0210] In some embodiments, cells are grown in the presence of excess carbon source and limiting nitrogen, phosphate, and/or magnesium to induce oleaginy. In some embodiments cells are grown in the presence of excess carbon source and limiting nitrogen. In some embodiments, the carbon:nitrogen ratio is within the range of about 200:1, 150:1, 125:1, 100: 1, 95: 1, 90: 1, 85: 1, 80: 1, 75: 1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 60: 1, 55: 1, 50:1, 45: 1, 40: 1, 35: 1, 30: 1, 25:1, 20: 1, 15: 1, 10: 1, or less. Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware of a wide variety of carbon sources, including, for example, glycerol, glucose, galactose, dextrose, any of a variety of oils (e.g., olive, canola, corn, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, etc., and combinations thereof) that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. Combinations of such may also be utilized. For example, common carbon source compositions contain oil:glucose in a ratio within the range of about 5:95 to 50:50 (e.g., about 5:95, about 10:90, about 15:85, about 20:80, about 25:75, about 30:70, about 35:65, about 40:60, about 45:55, about 50:50).

[0211] Those of ordinary skill in the art are also aware of a variety of different nitrogen sources (e.g., ammonium sulfate, proline, sodium glutamate, soy acid hydro lysate, yeast extract- peptone, yeast nitrogen base, corn steep liquor, etc, and combinations thereof) that can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0212] In some embodiments, cultures are grown at a selected oxygen concentration (e.g., within a selected range of oxygen concentrations). In some embodiments, oxygen concentration may be varied during culture. In some embodiments, oxygen concentration may be controlled during some periods of culture and not controlled, or controlled at a different point, during others. In some embodiments, oxygen concentration is not controlled. In some embodiments, cultures are grown at an oxygen concentration within the range of about 5-30%, 5-20%, 10-25%, 10-30%, 15-25%, 15-30%, including at about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, or more. In some embodiments, oxygen concentration is maintained above about 20%, at least for some period of the culture. [0213] In some embodiments, cells are grown via fed-batch fermentation. In some embodiments, feed is continued until feed exhaustion and/or the feed is controlled to initiate or increase once a certain level of dissolved oxygen is detected in the culture medium (e.g., about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, or more dissolved oxygen). The feed rate can be modulated to maintain the dissolved oxygen at a specific level (e.g., about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, or more dissolved oxygen).

[0214] In some embodiments, inventive modified cells are grown in a two-phase feeding protocol in which the first phase is designed to maintain conditions of excess carbon and limiting oxygen, and the second phase results in conditions of excess oxygen and limiting carbon. The carbon sources in each phase can be the same (e.g. , both glucose, both oil, such as soybean oil) or different (e.g., glucose then glucose-oil mixture, oil then glucose, or glucose-oil mixture then glucose). The present disclosure demonstrates that such conditions can achieve high levels of carotenoid production (see, for example, Examples 5D, 5E, and 5F). For example, high levels of carotenoid production can be achieved under conditions in which an oil (e.g., soybean oil) is the main carbon source in the first phase, and glucose is the main carbon source in the second phase. Carotenoid production can also be enhanced when cells are grown under conditions that are limiting for zinc (e.g., when cells are grown in medium that contains low levels of trace metals, and that is not supplemented with a zinc- containing compound such as ZnC^). Additionally or alternatively, such conditions also result in high levels of retinolic compound production. For example, high levels of retinolic compound(s) production may be achieved by increasing the levels of a particular carotenoid that is used as a substrate for the production of such a retinolic compound(s).

[0215] In some embodiments, inventive modified cells are cultivated at constant temperature

(e.g., between about 20-40, or 20-30 degrees, including for example at about 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30 ⁰C or above) and/or pH (e.g., within a range of about 4-7.5, or 4-6.5, 3.5-7, 3.5-4, 4-4.5, 4.5-5, 5-5.5, 5.5-6, 6-6.5, 6.5-7, 7-

7.5, 7-8, etc., including at about 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5,

5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5 or above); in other embodiments, temperature and/or pH may be varied during the culture period, either gradually or in a stepwise fashion.

[0216] For example, in some embodiments, the pH is 7.0 at inoculation and is increased to pH 8.0 during the course of the fermentation. The pH may be increased either continuously or in discrete steps. For example, in Example 19, the pH of the culture in increased continuously. In certain embodiments, the pH in increased continuously by increasing the pH at a rate of 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.010, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, 0.020, 0.021, 0.022, 0.023, 0.024, 0.025, 0.026, 0.027, 0.028, 0.029, 0.030, 0.031, 0.032, 0.033, 0.034, 0.035, 0.036, 0.037, 0.038, 0.039, 0.040, 0.041, 0.042, 0.043, 0.044, 0.045, 0.046, 0.047, 0.048, 0.049, 0.050 or more units/hour.

[0217] In certain embodiments, the pH in increased in discrete steps by increasing the pH by

0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.010, 0.011, 0.012, 0.013, 0.014, 0.015, 0.016, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, 0.020, 0.021, 0.022, 0.023, 0.024, 0.025, 0.026, 0.027, 0.028, 0.029, 0.030, 0.031, 0.032, 0.033, 0.034, 0.035, 0.036, 0.037, 0.038, 0.039, 0.040, 0.041, 0.042, 0.043, 0.044, 0.045, 0.046, 0.047, 0.048, 0.049, 0.050 or more at each step.

[0218] In certain embodiments, the pH is increased employing a combination of continuous increase and discrete steps.

[0219] In certain embodiments, increasing the pH during the course of fermentation results in one or more beneficial effects such as, without limitation, an increase in total biomass accumulation, an increase in the percentage of biomass representing carotenoid accumulation, and, in the case of zeaxanthin production, an increase in the hydroxylation of beta-carotene to zeaxanthin. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select without undue experimentation an approriate rate of increase, an appropriate type of increase (e.g., continuous, discrete steps or a combination of the two), and/or an optimum pH within the selected range to maximize these and/or other benificial effects. [0220] In some embodiments, the temperature at which inventive cells are cultivated is selected so that production of one or more particular carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) is adjusted (e.g., so that production of one or more particular compound(s) is increased and/or production of one or more other compound(s) is decreased). In some embodiments, the temperature at which inventive cells are cultivated is selected so that the ratio of one carotenoid compound and/or retinolic compound to another, is adjusted. To give but one example, in some embodiments, a temperature is selected to be sufficiently low that β-carotene levels are reduced and the level of at least one other carotenoid compound(s) (e.g. , zeaxanthin) is increased. [0221] In some embodiments, cultures are grown at about pH 5.5, at about pH 7.0, and or at a temperature between about 28-30 ⁰C. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to grow inventive modified cells under low pH conditions, in order to minimize growth of other cells. In some embodiments, it will be desirable to grow inventive modified cells under relatively higher temperature conditions in order to slow growth rate and/or increase the ultimate dry cell weight output of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. In some embodiments, it will be desirable to grow inventive modified cells under conditions in which the pH in increased (e.g., continuously, in discrete steps, or both) during the course of fermentation (e.g., increased from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0). In some embodiments, it will be desirable to grow inventive modified cells under two or more of these conditions. For example, inventive modified cells can be grown under relatively higher temperature conditions while simultaneously increasing the pH over the course of the fermentation. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select appropriate growth conditions to achieve their experimental, production and/or other cell culture goals.

[0222] One advantage provided by the present disclosure is that, in addition to allowing the production of high levels of carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds, certain embodiments of the present disclosure allow produced compounds to be readily isolated because they accumulate in the lipid bodies within oleaginous organisms. Methods and systems for isolating lipid bodies have been established for a wide variety of oleaginous organisms (see, for example, United States Patents 5,164,308; 5,374,657; 5,422,247; 5,550,156; 5,583,019; 6,166,231; 6,541,049; 6,727,373; 6,750,048; and 6,812,001, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In brief, cells are typically recovered from culture, often by spray drying, filtering or centrifugation. [0223] Of course, it is not essential that lipid bodies be specifically isolated in order to collect carotenoid compounds and/or retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure. Any of a variety of approaches can be utilized to isolate and/or purify carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds. Many useful extraction and/or purification procedures for particular carotenoid compounds, and/or for carotenoids generally, are known in the art (see, for example, EP670306, EP719866, US4439629, US4680314, US5310554, US5328845, US5356810, US5422247, US5591343, US6166231, US6750048, US6812001, US6818239, US7015014, US2003/0054070, US2005/0266132, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). [0224] In many typical isolation procedures, cells are disrupted (e.g., mechanically (for example using a bead mill, mashing), enzymatically (e.g., using zymolyase or a β-1,3 glucanase such as Glucanex 200G (Novozyme), chemically (e.g. , by exposure to a mild caustic agent such as a detergent or 0.1 N NaOH, for example at room temperature or at elevated temperature), using a reducing agent (e.g., dithiothreitol, β-mercaptoethanol), using high pressure homogenization/shearing, by changing pH, etc. and combinations thereof) to allow access of intracellular carotenoid and/or retinolic compound(s) to an extraction solvent, and are then extracted one or more times. In certain embodiments, cells are disrupted mechanically using a bead mill/mashing at high pressure (e.g., at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K-25K, or 20-25K, pound- force per square inch (psi)). Cells may optionally be concentrated (e.g., to at least about 100 g/L or more, including to at least about 120 g/1, 150 g/1, 175 g/L, 200 g/L or more) and/or dried (e.g., with a spray dryer, double drum dryer (e.g., Blaw Knox double drum dryer), single drum vacuum dryer, etc.), prior to exposure to extraction solvent (and/or prior to disruption or homogenization). Disruption can, of course, be performed prior to and/or during exposure to extraction solvent. After extraction, solvent is typically removed (e.g. , by evaporation, for example by application of vacuum, change of temperature, etc.).

[0225] In some instances, cells are disrupted and then subjected to supercritical liquid extraction or solvent extraction. Typical liquids or solvents utilized in such extractions include, for example, organic or non-organic liquids or solvents. To give but a few specific examples, such liquids or solvents may include acetone, supercritical fluids (e.g., carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol), carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., soybeen soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, etc.) and combinations thereof (e.g., hexane:ethyl acetate, combination of a polar and non- polar solvent, combination of an alcohol with either hexane or ethyl acetate). Particular solvents may be selected, for example, based on their ability to solubilize particular carotenoid compounds and/or retinolic compounds, or sets of carotenoid compounds (e.g., all carotenoids) and/or retinolic compounds (e.g., all retinolic compounds), and/or based on regulatory or other considerations (e.g., toxicity, cost, ease of handling, ease of removal, ease of disposal, etc.). For example, more polar carotenoids (e.g., xanthophylls) are known to be extracted more efficiently into extraction solvents with increased polarity. Craft (1992) J. Agric. Food Chem 40, 431-434 which is herein incorporated by reference discusses the relative solubility of two carotenoids, lutein and β-carotene in different solvents.

[0226] In some embodiments, combinations of solvents may be utilized. In some embodiments, combinations of a relatively polar solvent (e.g., alcohols, acetone, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, etc.) and a relatively non-polar solvent (e.g., hexane, cyclohexane, oils, etc.) are utilized for extraction. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that different ratios of polar to non-polar solvent may be employed as appropriate in a particular situation. Just to give a few examples, common ratios include 1 : 1, 2:1, 3: 1, 3:2, 95:5, 90: 10, 85: 15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 65:45, 60:40, 55:45, and 50:50. It will be appreciated that solvents or solvent mixtures of different polarities may be more effective at extracting particular carotenoids (e.g., based on their polarities and/or as a function of other attributes of the host cell material from which they are being extracted). Those of ordinary skill in the art are well able to adjust the overall polarity of the extracting solvent, for instance by adjusting the relative amounts of polar and non-polar solvents in a solvent blend, in order to achieve more efficient extraction.

[0227] Extraction may be performed under any of a variety of environmental conditions, including any of a variety of temperatures. For example, extraction may be performed on ice (for example at 4°C, 0⁰C, less than 0⁰C), at room temperature, or at any of a variety of other temperatures. For example, a solvent may be maintained at a selected temperature (e.g., about less than 0, 0, 4, 25, 28, 30, 37, 68, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 ⁰C) in order to improve or adjust extraction of a particular desired carotenoid.

[0228] Extraction typically yields a crude oil suspension. In some embodiments, the crude oil suspension contains some intact host cells but is at least about 95% free of intact host cells. In some embodiments, the crude oil suspension is at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more free of intact host cells. In some embodiments, the suspension is substantially free of water-soluble cell components (e.g., nucleic acids, cell wall or storage carbohydrates, etc.). In some embodiments, the suspension contains less than about 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% or less water-soluble cell components. [0229] Extraction conditions that yield a crude oil suspension will enrich for lipophilic components that accumulate in the lipid bodies within oleaginous organisms. In general, the major components of the lipid bodies consist of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and some proteins, which often function in the synthesis or regulation of the levels of other lipid body components. C 16 and Cl 8 (e.g., Cl 6:0, Cl 6: 1, Cl 8:0, Cl 8: 1, and C 18:2) are generally the major fatty acids present in lipid bodies, mainly as components of triacylglycerol and steryl esters.

[0230] In some embodiments of the disclosure, the crude oil suspension contains at least about 2.5% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s); in some embodiments, the crude oil suspension contains at least about 5% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), at least about 10% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), at least about 20% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), at least about 30% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), at least about 40% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s), or at least about 50% by weight carotenoid compound(s) and/or retinolic compound(s). [0231] The crude oil suspension may optionally be refined as known in the art. Refined oils may be used directly as feed or food additives. Alternatively or additionally, carotenoids and/or retinolic compound can be isolated from the oil using conventional techniques. [0232] Given the sensitivity of carotenoids and retinolic compounds generally to oxidation, many embodiments of the disclosure employ oxidative stabilizers (e.g., ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherols, vitamin C (e.g., sodium ascorbate), ethoxyquin, vitamin E, BHT, BHA, TBHQ, etc., or combinations thereof) during and/or after carotenoid isolation. Alternatively or additionally, nitrogen or an inert gas can be utilized to purge oxygen from the process lines of any tanks or equipment. Alternatively or additionally, microencapsulation, (for example with a microencapsulation ingredients such as proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., maltodextrin, gum acacia, xanthan gum, starches/sugars like sucrose), or gelatins, or any other substance which creates a physical barrier to air and/or light) may be employed to add a physical barrier to oxidation and/or to improve handling (see, for example, U.S. Patent Applications 2004/0191365 and 2005/0169999). For example, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure may be microencapsulated after isolation during the formulation of commercial products (e.g., pharmaceuticals, food supplements, electro-optic applications, animal feed additives, cosmetics, etc.) to minimize or eliminate oxidation during production, storage, transport, etc.

[0233] Extracted carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds may be further isolated and/or purified, for example, by crystallization, washing, recrystallization, and/or other purification strategies. In some embodiments, carotenoid and/or retinolic compound crystals are collected by filtration and/or centrifugation. Isolated or purified carotenoids and/or retinolic compound may be dried and/or formulated for storage, transport, sale, and/or ultimate use. To give but a few specific examples, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds may be prepared as a water (e.g., cold water) dispersible powder (e.g., l%-20% carotenoid: microencapsulation ingredient), as a suspension of crystals in oil (e.g., vegetable oil, e.g., about l%-30%, 5%-30%, 10%-30% w/w), etc.

Uses

[0234] Carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure can be utilized in any of a variety of applications, for example exploiting their biological or nutritional properties (e.g., anti-oxidant, anti-pro liferative, etc.) and/or their pigment properties. For example, according to the present disclosure, carotenoids may be used in pharmaceuticals (see, for example,

Bertram, Nutr. Rev. 57:182, 1999; Singh et al., Oncology 12: 1643, 1998; Rock, Pharmacol. Ther.

75: 185, 1997; Edge et al, J. Photochem Photobiol 41 : 189, 1997; U.S. Patent Application

2004/0116514; U.S. Patent Application 2004/0259959), food supplements (see, for example, Koyama et al, J. Photochem Photobiol 9:265, 1991; Bauernfeind, Carotenoids as colorants and vitamin A precursors, Academic Press, NY, 1981; U.S. Patent Application 2004/0115309; U.S. Patent

Application 2004/0234579), electro-optic applications, animal feed additives (see, for example, Krinski, Pure Appl. Chem. 66: 1003, 1994; Polazza et al., Meth. Enzymol. 213:403, 1992), cosmetics (as anti-oxidants and/or as cosmetics, including fragrances; see for example U.S. Patent Application 2004/0127554), etc. Carotenoids produced in accordance with the present disclosure may also be used as intermediates in the production of other compounds (e.g., steroids, etc.). [0235] For example, astaxanthin and/or esters thereof may be useful in a variety of pharmaceutical applications and health foods including treatment of inflammatory diseases, asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergies, multiple myeloma, arteriosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cerebrovascular disease, thrombosis, neoangiogenesis-related diseases, including cancer, rheumatism, diabetic retinopathy; macular degeneration and brain disorder, hyperlipidemia, kidney ischemia, diabetes, hypertension, tumor proliferation and metastasis; and metabolic disorders. Additionally, carotenoids and astaxanthin may be useful in the prevention and treatment of fatigue, for improving kidney function in nephropathy from inflammatory diseases, as well as prevention and treatment of other life habit-related diseases. Still further, astaxanthin has been found to play a role as inhibitors of various biological processes, including interleukin inhibitors, phosphodiesterase inhibitors inhibitors, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, capillary endothelium cell proliferation inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors. See, e.g., Japanese Publication No. 2006022121, published 20060126(JP Appl No. 2005-301156 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006016408, published 20060119(JP Appl No. 2005-301155 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006016409, published 20060119(JP Appl No. 2005-301157 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006016407, published 20060119(JP Appl No. 2005- 301153 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008717, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301151 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008716, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301150 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008720, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301158 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008719, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301154 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008718, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301152 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008713, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301147 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008715, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301149 filed 20051017); Japanese Publication No. 2006008714, published 20060112(JP Appl No. 2005-301148 filed 20051017); and Japanese Publication No. 2006008712, published 20060112 (JP Appl No. 2005-301146 filed 20051017).

[0236] As other non-limiting examples, retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure may be used in pharmaceuticals, foodstuff, dietary supplements, electro-optic applications, animal feed additives, cosmetics, etc.

[0237] It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments of the disclosure, carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced by manipulated host cells as described herein are incorporated into a final product (e.g., food or feed supplement, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, dye-containing item, etc.) in the context of the host cell. For example, host cells may be lyophilized, freeze dried, frozen or otherwise inactivated, and then whole cells may be incorporated into or used as the final product. The host cell may also be processed prior to incorporation in the product to increase bioavailability (e.g., via lysis). Alternatively or additionally, a final product may incorporate only a portion of the host cell (e.g., fractionated by size, solubility), separated from the whole. For example, in some embodiments of the disclosure, lipid droplets are isolated from the host cells and are incorporated into or used as the final product. For instance, inventive carotenoid-containing and/or retinolic compound-containing lipid bodies (e.g., from engineered cells, and particularly from engineered fungal cells) may be substituted for the plant oil bodies described in United States patent 6,599,513 (the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) and incorporated into emulsion or emulsion formulations, as described therein. In other embodiments, the carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds themselves, or individual carotenoid and/or retinolic compounds are isolated and reformulated into a final product.

[0238] As stated above, fatty acid and glucoside esters are the predominant carotenoid esters found in nature, whereas additional esters (e.g., with organic acids or inorganic phosphate) can be synthesized to generate useful product forms. For delivery, carotenoid esters can also be formulated as salts of the ester form. See, e.g., US Publication No. 20050096477.

[0239] The amount of carotenoid and/or retinolic compound incorporated into a given product may vary dramatically depending on the product, and the particular carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) involved. Amounts may range, for example, from less than 0.01% by weight of the product, to more than 1%, 10%, 20%, 30% or more; in some cases the carotenoid and/or retinolic compound may comprise 100% of the product. Thus, amount of carotenoid and/or retinolic compound incorporated into a given product may be, for example, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.

[0240] In some embodiments of the disclosure, one or more produced carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds is incorporated into a component of food or feed (e.g., a food supplement). Types of food products into which carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds can be incorporated according to the present disclosure are not particularly limited, and include beverages such as milk, water, sports drinks, energy drinks, teas, juices, and liquors; confections such as jellies and biscuits; fat-containing foods and beverages such as dairy products; processed food products such as rice and soft rice (or porridge); infant formulas; breakfast cereals; or the like. In some embodiments, one or more produced carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds is incorporated into a dietary supplements, such as for example a multivitamin. In certain embodiments, beta-carotene produced according to the present disclosure is included in a dietary supplement. In certain embodiments, lutein produced according to the present disclosure is included in a dietary supplement. In certain embodiments, retinol, retinal, retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, and/or retinoic acid produced according to the present disclosure is included in a dietary supplement. In some embodiments of this aspect of the disclosure, it may be useful to incorporate the carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds within bodies of edible lipids as it may facilitate incorporation into certain fat-containing food products. Thus, for example, when the edible fungus, Candida utilis is used as a host, its' carotenoid and/or retinolic compound containing lipids may be directly incorporated into a component of food or feed (e.g., a food supplement).

[0241] Examples of feedstuffs into which carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced in accordance with the present disclosure may be incorporated include, for instance, pet foods such as cat foods, dog foods and the like, feeds for aquarium fish, cultured fish or crustaceans, etc., feed for farm-raised animals (including livestock and further including fish or crustaceans raised in aquaculture). Food or feed material into which the carotenoid(s) and/or retinolic compound(s) produced in accordance with the present disclosure is incorporated is preferably palatable to the organism which is the intended recipient. This food or feed material may have any physical properties currently known for a food material (e.g., solid, liquid, soft).

[0242] In some embodiments, feedstuffs containing carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced in accordance with the present disclosure are substantially free of intact host cells. For example, feedstuffs of the present disclosure may be at least about 95% free of intact host cells. In some embodiments, feedstuffs of the present disclosure are at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% or more free of intact host cells. Such embodiments are tyical when the the carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds are highly purified away from the host cell in which they were produced (see section entitled "Production and Isolation of Carotenoids and/or Retinolic Compounds "). [0243] In some embodiments, feedstuffs containing carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced in accordance with the present disclosure are not substantially free of intact host cells. For example, feedstuffs of the present disclosure may comprise greater than about 95% intact host cells. In certain embodiments, feedstuffs of the present disclosure comprise greater than about 70%, 75%, 85%, or 90% intact host cells. In certain embodiments, feedstuffs of the present disclosure comprise nearly intact host cells. For example, feedstuffs of the present disclosure may comprise greater than about 70%, 75%, 85%, 90%, or 95% nearly intact host cells. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, carotenoid and/or retinolic compound-containing feedstuffs of the present disclosure that contain intact cells and/or nearly intact cells will have great utility in providing the carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds of interest present in such host cells to an animal. Such embodiments are advantageous when host cells that produce the carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds of interest contain additional vitamins, nutrients, etc. that benefit the animal. [0244] In some embodiments of the disclosure, one or more produced carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds is incorporated into a cosmetic product. Examples of such cosmetics include, for instance, skin cosmetics (e.g. , lotions, emulsions, creams and the like), lipsticks, anti-sunburn cosmetics, makeup cosmetics, fragrances, products for daily use (e.g., toothpastes, mouthwashes, bad breath preventive agents, solid soaps, liquid soaps, shampoos, conditioners), etc. [0245] In some embodiments, one or more produced carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds is incorporated into a pharmaceutical. Examples of such pharmaceuticals include, for instance, various types of tablets, capsules, drinkable agents, troches, gargles, etc. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical is suitable for topical application. Dosage forms are not particularly limited, and include capsules, oils, granula, granula subtilae, pulveres, tabellae, pilulae, trochisci, or the like. Oils and oil-filled capsules may provide additional advantages both because of their lack of ingredient decomposition during manufacturing, and because inventive carotenoid-containing and/or retinolic compound-containing lipid droplets may be readily incorporated into oil-based formulations. [0246] Pharmaceuticals according to the present disclosure may be prepared according to techniques established in the art including, for example, the common procedure as described in the United States Pharmacopoeia, for example.

[0247] Carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure may be incorporated into any pigment-containing product including, for example, fabric, paint, etc. They may also be incorporated into a product which is an environmental indicator, or an instrument such as a biosensor for use as a detection agent.

[0248] Carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds produced according to the present disclosure

(whether isolated or in the context of lipid droplets or of cells, e.g., fungal cells) may be incorporated into products as described herein by combinations with any of a variety of agents. For instance, such carotenoids and/or retinolic compounds may be combined with one or more binders or fillers. In some embodiments, inventive products will include one or more chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, etc., and combinations thereof.

[0249] Useful surfactants include, for example, anionic surfactants such as branched and unbranched alkyl and acyl hydrocarbon compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS); sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES); sarconisate; fatty alcohol sulfates, including sodium, potassium, ammonium or triethanolamine salts of Cio to Qg saturated or unsaturated forms thereof; ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfates, including alkyl ether sulfates; alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate, alpha sulpho fatty acids and esters; fatty acid esters of isethionic acid, including Igepon A; acyl (fatty) N-methyltaurides, including Igepon T; dialkylsulfo succinate esters, including C₈, Ci₀ and Cu forms thereof; Miranot BT also referred to as lauroamphocarboxyglycinate and sodium tridecath sulfate; N-acylated amino acids, such as sodium N-lauroyl sarconisate or gluconate; sodium coconut monoglyceride sulfonate; and fatty acid soaps, including sodium, potassium, DEA or TEA soaps. [0250] Among the cationic surfactants that are useful are monoalkyl trimethyl quartenary salts; dialkyl dimethyl quartenary salts; ethoxylated or propoxylated alkyl quaternary amonium salts, also referred to in the art as ethoquats and propoquats; cetyl benzylmethylalkyl ammonium chloride; quaternized imidazolines, which are generally prepared by reacting a fat or fatty acid with diethylenetriamine followed by quaternization, and non-fat derived cationic polymers such as the cellulosic polymer, Polymer JR (Union Carbide).

[0251] Further useful cationic surfactants include lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride; cetyl pyridinium chloride; and alkyltrimethylammonium bromide. Cationic surfactants are particularly useful in the formulation of hair care products, such as shampoos, rinses and conditioners. [0252] Useful nonionic surfactants include polyethoxylated compounds and polypropoxylated products. Examples of ethoxylated and propoxylated non-ionic surfactants include ethoxylated anhydrohexitol fatty esters, for example Tween 20; mono- and diethanolamides; Steareth- 20, also known as Volpo20; polyethylene glycol fatty esters (PEGs), such as PEG-8-stearate, PEG-8 distearate; block co-polymers, which are essentially combinations of hydrophylic polyethoxy chains and lipophilic polypropoxy chains and generically known as Poloaxamers. [0253] Still other useful non- ionic surfactants include fatty esters of polyglycols or polyhydric alcohols, such as mono and diglyceride esters; mono- and di-ethylene glycol esters; diethylene glycol esters; sorbitol esters also referred to as Spans; sucrose esters; glucose esters; sorbitan monooleate, also referred to as Span80; glyceryl monostearate; and sorbitan monolaurate, Span20 or Arlacel 20.

[0254] Yet other useful nonionic surfactants include polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols and polyhydroxy fatty acid amide surfactants which may be prepared as for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,965,576.

[0255] Examples of amphoteric surfactants which can be used in accordance with the present disclosure include betaines, which can be prepared by reacting an alkyldimethyl tertiary amine, for example lauryl dimethylamine with chloroacetic acid. Betaines and betaine derivatives include higher alkyl betaine derivatives including coco dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine; sulfopropyl betaine; alkyl amido betaines; and cocoamido propyl betaine. Sulfosultaines which may be used include for example, cocoamidopropyl hydroxy sultaine. Still other amphoteric surfactants include imidazoline derivatives and include the products sold under the trade name "Miranol" described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,528,378 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Still other amphoterics include phosphates for example, cocamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate and alkyldimethyl amine oxides.

[0256] Suitable moisturizers include, for example, polyhydroxy alcohols, including butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, sorbitol and the like; lactic acid and lactate salts, such as sodium or ammonium salts; C3 and Ce diols and triols including hexylene glycol, 1,4 dihydroxyhexane, 1,2,6-hexane triol; aloe vera in any of its forms, for example aloe vera gel; sugars and starches; sugar and starch derivatives, for example alkoxylated glucose; hyaluronic acid; lactamide monoethanolamine; acetamide monoethanolamine; glycolic acid; alpha and beta hydroxy acids (e.g., lactic, glycolic salicylic acid); glycerine; pantheol; urea; vaseline; natural oils; oils and waxes (see: the emollients section herein) and mixtures thereof.)

[0257] Viscosity modifiers that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include, for example, cetyl alcohol; glycerol, polyethylene glycol (PEG); PEG-stearate; and/or

Keltrol.

[0258] Appropriate thickeners for use in inventive products include, for example, gelling agents such as cellulose and derivatives; Carbopol and derivatives; carob; carregeenans and derivatives; xanthane gum; sclerane gum; long chain alkanolamides; bentone and derivatives; Kaolin

USP; Veegum Ultra; Green Clay; Bentonite NFBC; etc.

[0259] Suitable emollients include, for example, natural oils, esters, silicone oils, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lanoline and its derivatives and petrochemicals.

[0260] Natural oils which may be used in accordance with the present disclosure may be obtained from sesame; soybean; apricot kernel; palm; peanut; safflower; coconut; olive; cocoa butter; palm kernel; shea butter; sunflower; almond; avocado; borage; carnauba; hazel nut; castor; cotton seed; evening primrose; orange roughy; rapeseed; rice bran; walnut; wheat germ; peach kernel; babassu; mango seed; black current seed; jojoba; macademia nut; sea buckthorn; sasquana; tsubaki; mallow; meadowfoam seed; coffee; emu; mink; grape seed; thistle; tea tree; pumpkin seed; kukui nut; and mixtures thereof.

[0261] Esters which may be used include, for example, C8-C30 alklyl esters of C8-C30 carboxylic acids; Ci-C₆ diol monoesters and diesters Of C₈-C₃₀ carboxylic acids; Ci₀-C₂O alcohol monosorbitan esters, C₁0-C₂0 alcohol sorbitan di- and tri-esters; C₁0-C₂0 alcohol sucrose mono-, di-, and tri-esters and Ci₀-C_2O fatty alcohol esters Of C₂-C₆ 2-hydroxy acids and mixtures thereof.

Examples of these materials include isopropyl palmitate; isopropyl myristate; isopropyl isononate; Ci₂

/Ci₄ benzoate ester (also known as Finesolve); sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan oleate; sucrose palmitate; sucrose oleate; isostearyl lactate; sorbitan laurate; lauryl pyrrolidone carboxylic acid; panthenyl triacetate; and mixtures thereof.

[0262] Further useful emollients include silicone oils, including non-volatile and volatile silicones. Examples of silicone oils that may be used in the compositions of the present disclosure are dimethicone; cyclomethycone; dimethycone-copolyol; aminofunctional silicones; phenyl modified silicones; alkyl modified silicones; dimethyl and diethyl polysiloxane; mixed Ci -C₃₀ alkyl polysiloxane; and mixtures thereof. Additionally useful silicones are described in U.S. Pat. No.

5,011,681 to Ciotti et al., incorporated by reference herein.

[0263] A yet further useful group of emollients includes lanoline and lanoline derivatives, for example lanoline esters.

[0264] Petrochemicals which may be used as emollients in the compositions of the present disclosure include mineral oil; petrolatum; isohexdecane; permethyl 101; isododecanol; Cn -Ci₂

Isoparrafin, also known as Isopar H. [0265] Among the waxes which may be included in inventive products are animal waxes such as beeswax; plant waxes such as carnauba wax, candelilla wax, ouricurry wax, Japan wax or waxes from cork fibres or sugar cane. Mineral waxes, for example paraffin wax, lignite wax, microcrystalline waxes or ozokerites and synthetic waxes may also be included. [0266] Exemplary fragrances for use in inventive products include, for instance, linear and cyclic alkenes (i.e. terpenes); primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; ethers; esters; ketones; nitrites; and saturated and unsaturated aldehydes; etc.

[0267] Examples of synthetic fragrances that may be used in accordance with the present disclosure include without limitation acetanisole; acetophenone; acetyl cedrene; methyl nonyl acetaldehyde; musk anbrette; heliotropin; citronellol; sandella; methoxycitranellal; hydroxycitranellal; phenyl ethyl acetate; phenylethylisobutarate; gamma methyl ionone; geraniol; anethole; benzaldehyde; benzyl acetate; benzyl salicate; linalool; cinnamic alcohol; phenyl acetaldehyde; amyl cinnamic aldehyde; caphore; p-tertiairy butyl cyclohexyl acetate; citral; cinnamyl acetate; citral diethyl acetal; coumarin; ethylene brasslate; eugenol; 1 -menthol; vanillin; etc. [0268] Examples of natural fragrances of use herein include without limitation lavandin; heliotropin; sandlewood oil; oak moss; pathouly; ambergris tincture; ambrette seed absolute; angelic root oil; bergamont oil; benzoin Siam resin; buchu leaf oil; cassia oil; cedarwood oil; cassia oil; castoreum; civet absolute; chamomile oil; geranium oil; lemon oil; lavender oil; Ylang Ylang oil; etc. [0269] A list of generally used fragrance materials can be found in various reference sources, for example, "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals", VoIs. I and II; Steffen Arctander Allured Pub. Co. (1994) and "Perfumes: Art, Science and Technology"; Muller, P. M. and Lamparsky, D., Blackie Academic and Professional (1994) both incorporated herein by reference.

[0270] Suitable preservatives include, among others, (e.g., sodium metabisulfite; Glydant

Plus; Phenonip; methylparaben; Germall 115; Germaben II; phytic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS); sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES); Neolone; Kathon; Euxyl and combinations thereof), anti-oxidants (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT); butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA); ascorbic acid (vitamin C); tocopherol; tocopherol acetate; phytic acid; citric acid; pro-vitamin A.

[0271] In some embodiments, inventive products will comprise an emulsion (e.g., containing inventive lipid bodies), and may include one or more emulsifying agents (e.g. , Arlacel, such as Alacel 165; Glucamate; and combinations thereof) and/or emulsion stabilizing agents.

[0272] In some embodiments, inventive products will include one or more biologically active agents other than the carotenoid(s). To give but a few examples, inventive cosmetic or pharmaceutical products may include one or more biologically active agents such as, for example, sunscreen actives, anti-wrinkle actives, anti-aging actives, whitening actives, bleaching actives, sunless tanning actives, anti-microbial actives, anti-acne actives, anti-psoriasis actices, anti-eczema actives, antioxidants, anesthetics, vitamins, protein actives, etc. Exemplification

[0273] Table 26 below describes certain Yarrowia lipolytica strains used in the following exemplification:

Table 26: Yarrowia lipolytica strains.

[0274] (The genotypes at LYCl, LYSl, XPR2, and PEXl 7 were not determined in crosses nor verified for ATCC strains.)

[0275] All basic molecular biology and DNA manipulation procedures described herein are generally performed according to Sambrook et al. or Ausubel et al. (Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (eds). 1989. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: New York; Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K (eds). 1998. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley: New York).

Example 1 : Production of plasmids for carotenoid strain construction

[0276] Plasmids were generated for construction of carotenoid producing strains. The following subparts describe production of plasmids encoding carotenogenic polypeptides. Plasmids used in these studies and details of their construction are described in Table 27. Additional plasmid construction details and descriptions of their use are found in the text of the relevant subsection. All

PCR amplifications used NRRL Y- 1095 genomic DNA as template unless otherwise specified. The

URA5 gene described below is allelic with the ura2-21 auxotrophy above. The GPDl and TEFl promoters are from Y. lipolytica as is the XPR2 terminator.

[0277] GGSl is the gene encoding the Y. lipolytica gene encoding geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase. The nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded Ggs 1 protein ofpMB4591 and pMB4683 are as follows:

[0278] atggattataacagcgcggatttcaaggagatatggggcaaggccgccgacaccgcgctgctgggaccgtacaactacc tcgccaacaaccggggccacaacatcagagaacacttgatcgcagcgttcggagcggttatcaaggtggacaagagcgatctcgagaccatttcg cacatcaccaagattttgcataactcgtcgctgcttgttgatgacgtggaagacaactcgatgctccgacgaggcctgccggcagcccattgtctgttt ggagtcccccaaaccatcaactccgccaactacatgtactttgtggctctgcaggaggtgctcaagctcaagtcttatgatgccgtctccattttcacc gaggaaatgatcaacttgcatagaggtcagggtatggatctctactggagagaaacactcacttgcccctcggaagacgagtatctggagatggtg gtgcacaagaccggtggactgtttcggctggctctgagacttatgctgtcggtggcatcgaaacaggaggaccatgaaaagatcaactttgatctca cacaccttaccgacacactgggagtcatttaccagattctggatgattacctcaacctgcagtccacggaattgaccgagaacaagggattctgcga agatatcagcgaaggaaagttttcgtttccgctgattcacagcatacgcaccaacccggataaccacgagattctcaacattctcaaacagcgaaca agcgacgcttcactcaaaaagtacgccgtggactacatgagaacagaaaccaagagtttcgactactgcctcaagaggatacaggccatgtcactc aaggcaagttcgtacattgatgatctagcagcagctggccacgatgtctccaagctacgagccattttgcattattttgtgtccacctctgactgtgagg agagaaagtactttgaggatgcgcagtga (SEQ ID NO:5)

[0279] mdynsadflceiwgkaadtallgpynylannrghnirehliaafgavikvdksdletishitkilhnssllvddvednsm lrrglpaahclfgvpqtinsanymyfValqevlklksydavsifteeminlhrgqgmdlywretltcpsedeylemvvhktgglfrlalrlmlsv askqedhekinfdlthltdtlgviyqilddylnlqsteltenkgfcedisegkfsfplihsirtnpdnheilnilkqrtsdaslkkyavdyrnrtetksf dyclkriqamslkassyiddlaaaghdvsklrailhyfvstsdceerkyfedaq (SEQ ID NO: 6) TABLE 27: Plasmids

[0280] Certain oligonucleotides referred to in Table 27 above are as follows:

MO4471 5'-CTGGGTGACCTGGAAGCCTT (SEQ ID NO:7)

MO4472 5'-AAGATCAATCCGTAGAAGTTCAG (SEQ ID NO:8)

MO4475 5'-AAGCGATTACAATCTTCCTTTGG (SEQ ID NO:9)

MO4476 5'-CCAGTCCATCAACTCAGTCTCA (SEQ ID NO: 10)

MO4477 5'-GCATTGCTTATTACGAAGACTAC (SEQ ID NO: 11)

MO4478 5'-CCACTGTCCTCCACTACAAACAC (SEQ ID NO: 12)

MO4534 5'-CACAAACGCGTTCACTGCGCATCCTCAAAGT (SEQ ID NO: 13) MO4544 5'-CACAATCTAGACACAAATGGATTATAACAGCGCGGAT (SEQ ID NO: 14)

MO4566 5'-CACAAACTAGTTTGCCACCTACAAGCCAGAT (SEQ ID NO: 15)

MO4568 5'- CACAAGGTACCAATGTGAAAGTGCGCGTGAT (SEQ ID NO: 16)

MO4571 5'-CACAAGGTACCAGAGACCGGGTTGGCGG (SEQ ID NO: 17)

MO4591 5'- CACAAGCGGCCGCGCTAGCATGGGGATCGATCTCTTATAT (SEQ ID

NO: 18)

MO4592 5'-CACAAGCGGCCGCGCTAGCGAATGATTCTTATACTCAGAAG (SEQ ID

NO: 19)

MO4593 5'-CACAAGCGGCCGCACGCGTGCAATTAACAGATAGTTTGCC (SEQ ID

NO:20)

MO4659 5'- CACAAGCTAGCTGGGGATGCGATCTCTTATATC (SEQ ID NO:21)

IA: Production of pMB4628 (teflv-carRP LEUD and pMB4705 (teflv>-carRP\\ λ LEUD encoding phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase

[0281] Intron-containing carRP was amplified from M. circinelloides (ATCC 90680) genomic DNA using MO4525 and MO4541 :

MO4525 5'-CACAAACGCGTTTAAATGGTATTTAGATTTCTCATT (SEQ ID NO:22)

MO4541 5'-CACAATCTAGACACAAATGCTGCTCACCTACATGGA (SEQ ID NO:23) and the resulting 1.9 kb fragment was phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase. The resulting fragment was blunt-end ligated into pBluescriptSKII- cleaved with EcoRV, yielding pMB4599. The

1.9 kb Xbal-Mlul fragment from pMB4599 was inserted into MeI- and Mwl-cleaved pMB4603, yielding pMB4628. The intron containing nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded CarRP protein

(assuming correctly predicted splicing) ofpMB4628 are as follows:

[0282] atgctgctcacctacatggaagtccacctctactacacgctgcctgtgctgggcgtcctgtcctggctgtcgcggccgtact acacagccaccgatgcgctcaaattcaaatttctgacactggttgccttcacgaccgcctccgcctgggacaactacattgtctaccacaaggcgtg gtcctactgccccacctgcgtcaccgctgtcattggctacgtgcccttggaggagtacatgttcttcatcatcatgactctgttgaccgtggcattcacc aatctggtgatgcgctggcacctgcacagcttctttatcaggcctgaaacgcccgtcatgcagtccgtcctggtccgtcttgtccccataacagcctta ttaatcactgcatacaaggcttgggtaagcaaacaaacaaatgatgtgccgcatcgcattttaatattaaccattgcatacacagcatttggcggtccct ggaaagccactgttctacggatcatgcattttgtggtacgcctgtccggttttggccttattgtggtttggtgctggcgagtacatgatgcgtcgtccgct ggcggtgctcgtctccattgcgctgcccacgctgtttctctgctgggtcgatgtcgtcgctattggcgccggcacatgggacatttcgctggccacaa gcaccggcaagttcgtcgtgccccacctgcccgtggaggaattcatgttctttgcgctaattaataccgttttggtatttggtacgtgtgcgatcgatcg cacgatggcgatcctccacctgttcaaaaacaagagtccttatcagcgcccataccagcacagcaagtcgttcctccaccagatcctcgagatgacc tgggccttctgtttacccgaccaagtgctgcattcagacacattccacgacctgtccgtcagctgggacatcctgcgcaaggcctccaagtccttttac acggcctctgctgtctttcccggcgacgtgcgccaagagctcggtgtgctatacgccttttgcagagccacggacgatctctgcgacaacgagcag gtccctgtgcagacgcgaaaggagcagctgatactgacacatcagttcgtcagcgatctgtttggccaaaagacaagcgcgccgactgccattga ctgggacttttacaacgaccaactgcctgcctcgtgcatctctgccttcaagtcgttcacccgtttgcgccatgtgctggaagctggagccatcaagg aactgctcgacgggtacaagtgggatttggagcgtcgctccatcagggatcaggaggatctcagatattactcagcttgtgtcgccagcagtgttgg tgaaatgtgcactcgcatcatactggcccacgccgacaagcccgcctcccgccagcaaacacagtggatcattcagcgtgcgcgtgaaatgggtc tggtactccaatatacaaacattgcaagagacattgtcaccgacagcgaggaactgggcagatgctacctgcctcaggattggcttaccgagaagg aggtggcgctgattcaaggcggccttgcccgagaaattggcgaggagcgattgctctcactgtcgcatcgcctcatctaccaggcagacgagctc atggtggttgccaacaagggcatcgacaagctgcccagccattgtcaaggcggcgtgcgtgcggcctgcaacgtctatgcttccattggcaccaa gctcaagtcttacaagcaccactatcccagcagagcacatgtcggcaattcgaaacgagtggaaattgctcttcttagcgtatacaacctttacaccg cgccaattgcgactagtagtaccacacattgcagacagggaaaaatgagaaatctaaataccatttaa (SEQ ID NO:24)

[0283] mlltymevhlyytlpvlgvlswlsrpyytatdalkflcfltlvafttasawdnyivyhkawsycptcvtavigyvpleey mffiimtlltvaftnlvmrwhlhsffiφetpvmqsvlvrlvpitallitaykawhlavpgkplfygscilwyacpvlallwfgageymmrrpla vivsialptlflcwvdvvaigagtwdislatstgkfvλphlpveeimffalintvlvfgtcaidrtmailhlflcnkspyqrpyqhsksflhqilemt wafclpdqvlhsdtfhdlsvswdilrkasksfytasavfpgdvrqelgvlyafcratddlcdneqvpvqtrkeqlilthqfvsdlfgqktsaptaid wdfyndqlpascisaflcsftrlrhvleagaikelldgykwdlerrsirdqedlryysacvassvgemctriilahadkpasrqqtqwiiqrarem glvlqytniardivtdseelgrcylpqdwltekevaliqgglareigeerllslshrliyqadelmvvankgidklpshcqggvraacnvyasigt klksykhhypsrahvgnskrveiallsvynlytapiatsstthcrqgkmrnlnti (SEQ ID NO:25) [0284] Alternatively, pMB4599 was also used as a template for PCR amplification using

MO4318, MO4643, MO4644, and MO4639: MO4318 5'-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT (SEQ ID NO:26)

MO4643 5'-CACACGGTCTCATGCCAAGCCTTGTATGCAGTGATTAA (SEQ ID NO:27)

MO4639 5'-CCACTGTGTTTGCTGGCGG (SEQ ID NO:28)

MO4644 5'- CACACGGTCTCTGGCATTTGGCGGTCCCTGGAAA (SEQ ID NO:29) producing fragments of 0.5 and 0.95 kb, that were subsequently cleaved with Acc65l and Bsal; and Bsal and PpuMl, respectively. These fragments were ligated to pMB4599 that had been digested with Acc65l and PpuMl, yielding pMB4613, harboring intronless carRP. The 1.85 kb Xbal-Mlul fragment from pMB4613 was inserted into MeI- and Mwl-cleaved pMB4603 to yield pMB4705. [0285] The intronless nucleic acid coding sequence of pMB4705 is as follows, and encodes the same CarRP protein as above: [0286] atgctgctcacctacatggaagtccacctctactacacgctgcctgtgctgggcgtcctgtcctggctgtcgcggccgtact acacagccaccgatgcgctcaaattcaaatttctgacactggttgccttcacgaccgcctccgcctgggacaactacattgtctaccacaaggcgtg gtcctactgccccacctgcgtcaccgctgtcattggctacgtgcccttggaggagtacatgttcttcatcatcatgactctgttgaccgtggcattcacc aatctggtgatgcgctggcacctgcacagcttctttatcaggcctgaaacgcccgtcatgcagtccgtcctggtccgtcttgtccccataacagcctta ttaatcactgcatacaaggcttggcatttggcggtccctggaaagccactgttctacggatcatgcattttgtggtacgcctgtccggttttggccttatt gtggtttggtgctggcgagtacatgatgcgtcgtccgctggcggtgctcgtctccattgcgctgcccacgctgtttctctgctgggtcgatgtcgtcgc tattggcgccggcacatgggacatttcgctggccacaagcaccggcaagttcgtcgtgccccacctgcccgtggaggaattcatgttctttgcgcta attaataccgttttggtatttggtacgtgtgcgatcgatcgcacgatggcgatcctccacctgttcaaaaacaagagtccttatcagcgcccataccag cacagcaagtcgttcctccaccagatcctcgagatgacctgggccttctgtttacccgaccaagtgctgcattcagacacattccacgacctgtccgt cagctgggacatcctgcgcaaggcctccaagtccttttacacggcctctgctgtctttcccggcgacgtgcgccaagagctcggtgtgctatacgcc ttttgcagagccacggacgatctctgcgacaacgagcaggtccctgtgcagacgcgaaaggagcagctgatactgacacatcagttcgtcagcga tctgtttggccaaaagacaagcgcgccgactgccattgactgggacttttacaacgaccaactgcctgcctcgtgcatctctgccttcaagtcgttcac ccgtttgcgccatgtgctggaagctggagccatcaaggaactgctcgacgggtacaagtgggatttggagcgtcgctccatcagggatcaggagg atctcagatattactcagcttgtgtcgccagcagtgttggtgaaatgtgcactcgcatcatactggcccacgccgacaagcccgcctcccgccagca aacacagtggatcattcagcgtgcgcgtgaaatgggtctggtactccaatatacaaacattgcaagagacattgtcaccgacagcgaggaactggg cagatgctacctgcctcaggattggcttaccgagaaggaggtggcgctgattcaaggcggccttgcccgagaaattggcgaggagcgattgctct cactgtcgcatcgcctcatctaccaggcagacgagctcatggtggttgccaacaagggcatcgacaagctgcccagccattgtcaaggcggcgtg cgtgcggcctgcaacgtctatgcttccattggcaccaagctcaagtcttacaagcaccactatcccagcagagcacatgtcggcaattcgaaacga gtggaaattgctcttcttagcgtatacaacctttacaccgcgccaattgcgactagtagtaccacacattgcagacagggaaaaatgagaaatctaaat accatttaa (SEQ ID NO: 30)

IB: Production of pMB4638 (teflp-carB ADEl), encoding phytoene dehydrogenase

[0287] Intron-containing carB was amplified from M. circinelloides (ATCC 90680) genomic

DNA using MO4530 and MO4542:

MO4530 5'-CACAAACGCGTTTAAATGACATTAGAGTTATGAAC (SEQ ID NO:31)

MO4542 5'-CACAATCTAGACACAAATGTCCAAGAAACACATTGTC (SEQ ID NO:32) and the resulting 1.9 kb fragment was phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase and blunt-end ligated into pBS-SKII- cleaved with EcoRY, yielding pMB4606. pMB4606 was then used as a template for PCR amplification using MO4318 and MO4648; MO4646 and MO4647; and MO4343 and MO4645:

MO4318 5'-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT (SEQ ID NO:33)

MO4648 5'-CACAAGGTCTCAAGCACGCATCCCGGAACTG (SEQ ID NO:34)

MO4646 5 ' -CACACGGTCTCAGGCATGTCGCCCTACGATGC (SEQ ID NO : 35)

MO4647 5 ' -CACACGGTCTCATGCTTGCACCCACAAAGAATAGG (SEQ ID NO : 36)

MO4343 5'-CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC (SEQ ID NO:37)

MO4645 5 ' -CACACGGTCTCTTGCCCATATACATGGTCTGAAACG (SEQ ID NO : 38) producing fragments of 0.4 and 0.85 and 0.7 kb, that were subsequently cleaved with Acc65l and

Bsal; Bsal; and Bsal and BamΗl, respectively. These fragments were ligated to pBS-SKII- that had been cut with Acc65l and BamΗl, yielding pMB4619, harboring intronless carB. The 1.75 kb Xbal-

Mlul fragment from pMB4619 was inserted into Nhel- and M/wI-cleaved pMB4629, yielding pMB4638. The resulting nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded CarB protein of pMB4638 are as follows:

[0288] atgtccaagaaacacattgtcattatcggtgctggcgtgggtggcacggctacagctgctcgtttggcccgcgaaggcttca aggtcactgtggtggagaaaaacgactttggtggcggccgctgctccttgatccatcaccagggccatcgctttgatcagggcccgtcgctctacct gatgcccaagtactttgaggacgcctttgccgatctggacgagcgcattcaagaccacctggagctgctgcgatgcgacaacaactacaaggtgc actttgacgacggtgagtcgatccagctgtcgtctgacttgacacgcatgaaggctgaattggaccgcgtggagggcccccttggttttggccgatt cctggatttcatgaaagagacacacatccactacgaaagcggcaccctgattgcgctcaagaagaatttcgaatccatctgggacctgattcgcatc aagtacgctccagagatctttcgcttgcacctgtttggcaagatctacgaccgcgcttccaagtacttcaagaccaagaagatgcgcatggcattcac gtttcagaccatgtatatgggcatgtcgccctacgatgcgcctgctgtctacagcctgttgcagtacaccgagttcgctgaaggcatctggtatcccc gtggcggcttcaacatggtggttcagaagctagaggcgattgcaaagcaaaagtacgatgccgagtttatctacaatgcgcctgttgccaagattaa caccgatgatgccaccaaacaagtgacaggtgtaaccttggaaaatggccacatcatcgatgccgatgcggttgtgtgtaacgcagatctggtctat gcttatcacaatctgttgcctccctgccgatggacgcaaaacacactggcttccaagaaattgacgtcttcttccatttccttctactggtccatgtccac caaggtgcctcaattggacgtgcacaacatctttttggccgaggcttatcaggagagctttgacgaaatcttcaaggactttggcctgccttctgaagc ctccttctacgtcaatgtgccctctcgcatcgatccttctgctgctcccgacggcaaggactctgtcattgtcttggtgcctattggtcatatgaagagca agacgggcgatgcttccaccgagaactacccggccatggtggacaaggcacgcaagatggtgctggctgtgattgagcgtcgtctgggcatgtc gaatttcgccgacttgattgagcatgagcaagtcaatgatcccgctgtatggcagagcaagttcaatctgtggagaggctcaattctgggtttgtctca tgatgtgcttcaggtgctgtggttccgtcccagcacaaaggattctaccggtcgttatgataacctattctttgtgggtgcaagcacgcatcccggaact ggtgttcccattgtccttgcaggaagcaagctcacctctgaccaagttgtcaagagctttggaaagacgcccaagccaagaaagatcgagatggag aacacgcaagcacctttggaggagcctgatgctgaatcgacattccctgtgtggttctggttgcgcgctgccttttgggtcatgtttatgttcttttacttct tccctcaatccaatggccaaacgcccgcatcttttatcaataatttgttacctgaagtattccgcgttcataactctaatgtcatttaa (SEQ ID

NO:39)

[0289] mskkhiviigagvggtataarlaregflcvtwekndfgggrcslihhqghrfdqgpslylmpkyfedafadlderiqdh lellrcdnnykvhfddgesiqlssdltrmkaeldrvegplgfgrfldimkethihyesgtlialkknfesiwdlirikyapeifrlhlfgkiydrask yflctkJcmrmaftfqtmymgmspydapavysllqytefaegiwyprggfnmvvqkleaiakqkydaefiynapvakintddatkqvtgvtl enghiidadavvcnadlvyayhnllppcrwtqntlaskkltsssisfywsmstkvpqldvhniflaeayqesfdeiflcdfglpseasfyvnvps ridpsaapdgkdsvivlvpighmksktgdastenypamvdkarkmvlavierrlgmsnfadlieheqvndpavwqskfiilwrgsilglshd vlqvlwfrpstkdstgrydnlffVgasthpgtgvpivlagskltsdqvvksfgktpkprkiementqapleepdaestφvwfwlraafwvmf mffyfφqsngqtpasfinnllpevfrvhnsnvi (SEQ ID NO:40)

1C. Production of pMB4660 (teflp-carB URA3) encoding phytoene dehydrogenase

[0290] The 4.3 kb Xhol-Notl fragment and the 1.8 kb Notl-Spel fragment from pMB4638 were ligated to the 1.9 kb Bsal- and Spel-cleaved URA3 gene generated by PCR amplification of Y. lipolytica genomic DNA using MO4684 and MO4685 to create pMB4660:

MO4684 5'-CATTCACTAGTGGTGTGTTCTGTGGAGCATTC (SEQ ID NO:41)

MO4685 5'-CACACGGTCTCATCGAGGTGTAGTGGTAGTGCAGTG (SEQ ID NO:42)

The resulting nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded CarB(i) protein of pMB4660 are as follows:

[0291] atgtccaagaaacacattgtcattatcggtgctggcgtgggtggcacggctacagctgctcgtttggcccgcgaaggcttca aggtcactgtggtggagaaaaacgactttggtggcggccgctgctccttgatccatcaccagggccatcgctttgatcagggcccgtcgctctacct gatgcccaagtactttgaggacgcctttgccgatctggacgagcgcattcaagaccacctggagctgctgcgatgcgacaacaactacaaggtgc actttgacgacggtgagtcgatccagctgtcgtctgacttgacacgcatgaaggctgaattggaccgcgtggagggcccccttggttttggccgatt cctggatttcatgaaagagacacacatccactacgaaagcggcaccctgattgcgctcaagaagaatttcgaatccatctgggacctgattcgcatc aagtacgctccagagatctttcgcttgcacctgtttggcaagatctacgaccgcgcttccaagtacttcaagaccaagaagatgcgcatggcattcac gtttcagaccatgtatatgggcatgtcgccctacgatgcgcctgctgtctacagcctgttgcagtacaccgagttcgctgaaggcatctggtatcccc gtggcggcttcaacatggtggttcagaagctagaggcgattgcaaagcaaaagtacgatgccgagtttatctacaatgcgcctgttgccaagattaa caccgatgatgccaccaaacaagtgacaggtgtaaccttggaaaatggccacatcatcgatgccgatgcggttgtgtgtaacgcagatctggtctat gcttatcacaatctgttgcctccctgccgatggacgcaaaacacactggcttccaagaaattgacgtcttcttccatttccttctactggtccatgtccac caaggtgcctcaattggacgtgcacaacatctttttggccgaggcttatcaggagagctttgacgaaatcttcaaggactttggcctgccttctgaagc ctccttctacgtcaatgtgccctctcgcatcgatccttctgctgctcccgacggcaaggactctgtcattgtcttggtgcctattggtcatatgaagagca agacgggcgatgcttccaccgagaactacccggccatggtggacaaggcacgcaagatggtgctggctgtgattgagcgtcgtctgggcatgtc gaatttcgccgacttgattgagcatgagcaagtcaatgatcccgctgtatggcagagcaagttcaatctgtggagaggctcaattctgggtttgtctca tgatgtgcttcaggtgctgtggttccgtcccagcacaaaggattctaccggtcgttatgataacctattctttgtgggtgcaagcacgcatcccggaact ggtgttcccattgtccttgcaggaagcaagctcacctctgaccaagttgtcaagagctttggaaagacgcccaagccaagaaagatcgagatggag aacacgcaagcacctttggaggagcctgatgctgaatcgacattccctgtgtggttctggttgcgcgctgccttttgggtcatgtttatgttcttttacttct tccctcaatccaatggccaaacgcccgcatcttttatcaataatttgttacctgaagtattccgcgttcataactctaatgtcatttaa (SEQ ID

NO:43)

[0292] mskkhiviigagvggtataarlaregflcvtwekndfgggrcslihhqghrfdqgpslylmpkyfedafadlderiqdh lellrcdnnykvhfddgesiqlssdltrmkaeldrvegplgfgrfldimkethihyesgtlialkknfesiwdlirikyapeifrlhlfgkiydrask yflctkJcmrmaftfqtmymgmspydapavysllqytefaegiwyprggfnmvvqkleaiakqkydaefiynapvakintddatkqvtgvtl enghiidadavvcnadlvyayhnllppcrwtqntlaskkltsssisfywsmstkvpqldvhniflaeayqesfdeiflcdfglpseasfyvnvps ridpsaapdgkdsvivlvpighmksktgdastenypamvdkarkmvlavierrlgmsnfadlieheqvndpavwqskfiilwrgsilglshd vlqvlwfrpstkdstgrydnlffVgasthpgtgvpivlagskltsdqvvksfgktpkprkiementqapleepdaestφvwfwlraafwvmf mffyfφqsngqtpasfinnllpevfrvhnsnvi (SEQ ID NO:44)

ID. Production of pMB4637, pMB4714 and pTef-HMG encoding a truncated HMGl [0293] For production of a truncated variant of the HMG-CoA reductase gene, which also encodes a 77 amino acid leader sequence derived from S. cerevisiae, the following oligonucleotides are synthesized:

PRIMER O 5'-TTCTAGACACAAAAATGGCTGCAGACCAATTGGTGA (SEQ ID NO:45) PRIMER P 5 ' -CATTAATTCTTCTAAAGGACGTATTTTCTTATC (SEQ ID NO :46) PRIMER Q 5'-GTTCTCTGGACGACCTAGAGG (SEQ ID NO:47) MO4658 5'-CACACACGCGTACACCTATGACCGTATGCAAAT (SEQ ID NO:48)

[0294] Primers O and P are used to amplify a 0.23 kb fragment encoding Met-Ala followed by residues 530 to 604 of the Hmgl protein of S. cerevisiae, using genomic DNA as template. Primers Q and MO4658 are used to amplify a 1.4 kb fragment encoding the C-terminal 448 residues of the Hmgl protein of Y. lipolytica, using genomic DNA as template. These fragments are ligated to the appropriate cloning vector, and the resultant plasmids, designated pOP and pQMO4658, are verified by sequencing. The OP fragment is liberated with Xbal and Asel, and the QMO4658 fragment is liberated with Mael and Mlul. These fragments are then ligated to the ADEl TEFIp expression vector pMB4629 cut with Xbal and Mlul to produce pTefHMG.

[0295] Alternatively, the native HMGl gene from Y. lipolytica was amplified without S. cerevisiae sequences using primers MO4658 (described above) and MO4657 (5'-

CACACTCTAGACACAAAAATGACCCAGTCTGTGAAGGTGG)(SEQ ID NO:49). The 1.5 kb product was phosphorylated and ligated to pBluescriptSK^" that had been cleaved with £coRV to create pMB4623. The Xbal-Mlul fragment containing hmgl^tmnc was ligated both to Nhel-Mlul- cleaved MB4629 and to Mel-MwI-cleaved pMB4691 to create pMB4637 and pMB4714, respectively.

[0296] The resulting nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded Hmgl*™⁰ protein of pMB4637 and pMB4714 are as follows:

[0297] atgacccagtctgtgaaggtggttgagaagcacgttcctatcgtcattgagaagcccagcgagaaggaggaggacacctc ttctgaagactccattgagctgactgtcggaaagcagcccaagcccgtgaccgagacccgttctctggacgacctagaggctatcatgaaggcag gtaagaccaagcttctggaggaccacgaggttgtcaagctctctctcgagggcaagcttcctttgtatgctcttgagaagcagcttggtgacaacacc cgagctgttggcatccgacgatctatcatctcccagcagtctaataccaagactttagagacctcaaagcttccttacctgcactacgactacgaccgt gtttttggagcctgttgcgagaacgttattggttacatgcctctccccgttggtgttgctggccccatgaacattgatggcaagaactaccacattcctat ggccaccactgagggttgtcttgttgcctcaaccatgcgaggttgcaaggccatcaacgccggtggcggtgttaccactgtgcttactcaggacggt atgacacgaggtccttgtgtttccttcccctctctcaagcgggctggagccgctaagatctggcttgattccgaggagggtctcaagtccatgcgaaa ggccttcaactccacctctcgatttgctcgtctccagtctcttcactctacccttgctggtaacctgctgtttattcgattccgaaccaccactggtgatgc catgggcatgaacatgatctccaagggcgtcgaacactctctggccgtcatggtcaaggagtacggcttccctgatatggacattgtgtctgtctcgg gtaactactgcactgacaagaagcccgcagcgatcaactggatcgaaggccgaggcaagagtgttgttgccgaagccaccatccctgctcacatt gtcaagtctgttctcaaaagtgaggttgacgctcttgttgagctcaacatcagcaagaatctgatcggtagtgccatggctggctctgtgggaggtttc aatgcacacgccgcaaacctggtgaccgccatctaccttgccactggccaggatcctgctcagaatgtcgagtcttccaactgcatcacgctgatga gcaacgtcgacggtaacctgctcatctccgtttccatgccttctatcgaggtcggtaccattggtggaggtactattttggagccccagggggctatgc tggagatgcttggcgtgcgaggtcctcacatcgagacccccggtgccaacgcccaacagcttgctcgcatcattgcttctggagttcttgcagcgga gctttcgctgtgttctgctcttgctgccggccatcttgtgcaaagtcatatgacccacaaccggtcccaggctcctactccggccaagcagtctcagg ccgatctgcagcgtctacaaaacggttcgaatatttgcatacggtcatag (SEQ ID NO:50) [0298] mtqsvkvvekhvpiviekpsekeedtssedsieltvgkqpkpvtetrslddleaimkagktklledhevvklslegklp lyalekqlgdntravgirrsiisqqsntktletsklpylhydydrvfgaccenvigymplpvgvagpmnidgknyhipmattegclvastmrg ckainagggvttvltqdgmtrgpcvsfpslkragaakiwldseeglksmrkafnstsrfarlqslhstlagnllfirfrtttgdamgmnmiskgve hslavmvkeygfpdmdivsvsgnyctdkkpaainwiegrgksvvaeatipahivksvlksevdalvelnisknligsamagsvggfnahaa nlvtaiylatgqdpaqnvessncitlmsnvdgnllisvsmpsievgtigggtilepqgamlemlgvrgphietpganaqqlariiasgvlaaelsl csalaaghlvqshmthnrsqaptpakqsqadlqrlqngsnicirs (SEQ ID NO:51)

IE. Production ofpMB4692 (URA3 teflp-crtZ) encoding N. aromaticovans carotene hydroxylase [0299] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0300] 5'- ttctagacacaaaaatgggtggagccatgcagaccctcgctgctatcctgatcgtcctcggtacagtgctcgctatggagtttgtc gcttggtcttctcataagtatatcatgcatggcttcggatggggatggcatagagaccatcacgagccccatgagggatttcttg agaagaatgacttatacgccatcgttggcgctgccctctcgatactcatgtttgccctcggctctcccatgatcatgggcgctga cgcctggtggcccggaacctggatcggactcggtgtcctcttctatggtgtcatctataccctcgtgcacgacggtctggtgcac caacgatggtttagatgggtgcctaaacgaggttacgccaaacgactcgtgcaggcccataagctgcaccacgccaccattg gcaaggaaggaggcgtctcattcggtttcgtgttcgcccgagatcccgccgttctgaagcaggagcttcgagctcaacgagaa gcaggtatcgccgtgctgcgagaggctgtggacggctagacgcgt (SEQ ID NO:52)

[0301] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated, along with an Acc65l-

Nhel TEFl promoter fragment from pMB4629, to pMB4662 cut with Acc65l and Mlul to produce pMB4692. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4692 is as follows:

[0302] mggamqtlaailivlgtvlamefvawsshkyimhgfgwgwhrdhhephegflekndlyaivgaalsilmfalgsp mimgadawwpgtwiglgvlfygviytlvhdglvhqrwfrwvpkrgyakrlvqahklhhatigkeggvsfgfvfardpavlkqelraqrea giavlreavdg (SEQ ID NO:53)

IF. Production of pMB4698 (ADEl teflp-crtW), encoding carotene ketolase derived from an environmental sample

[0303] The following carotene ketolase (CrtW) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo, based on protein sequence of an environmental sequence isolated from the Sargasso Sea (Genbank accession AACY01034193.1):

[0304] 5'- ttctagacacaaaaatgactcgatctatttcctggccttccacctactggcacctccagccctcctgttcttcttgggtcgcaaacga attctctcctcaagcccgaaaaggtctcgtcctcgctggtctcattggttccgcttggctgcttactctcggacttggcttttccctt cccctccatcaaacgagctggcttctcatcggttgtctcgttctccttagatctttcctgcacaccggactttttatcgttgcccatg acgctatgcacgcttctcttgttcctgaccaccctggccttaaccgttggattggacgtgtctgtcttctcatgtatgctggactctc ctacaaaagatgctgccgaaatcaccgtcgacaccaccaagcccctgaaacagttgaagaccctgactaccaacgatgcact aacaacaatatcctcgactggtacgttcactttatgggaaattacctcggatggcaacaattgcttaatctctcttgcgtttggct cgctctcaccttccgtgtttctgactactctgctcaattcttccacctgctccttttctctgtccttcctctcatcgtctcctcctgtcaa ctcttcctcgtgggaacctggctgccacaccgacgaggcgctactactcgacccggcgttaccactcgatccctgaacttccac cctgctctttccttcgctgcttgctaccacttcggttaccaccgtgaacaccatgaatctccctctactccttggttccaacttccta aactccgagaaggttctctcatctaaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO: 54) [0305] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4629 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4698. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtW protein of pMB4698 is as follows: [0306] mtrsiswpstywhlqpscsswvanefspqarkglvlagligsawlltlglgfslplhqtswlligclvllrsflhtglfivah damhaslvpdhpglnrwigrvcllmyaglsykrccrnhrrhhqapetvedpdyqrctnnnildwyvhfmgnylgwqqllnlscvwlaltfr vsdysaqffhlllfsvlplivsscqlflvgtwlphrrgattrpgvttrslnfhpalsfaacyhfgyhrehhespstpwfqlpklregsli (SEQ ID NO:55)

[0307] Mutant alleles of this protein (e.g., L200M, F238L/I/V, including combinations thereof) can also be constructed and tested.

IG. Production of pMB4741 (ADEl tef-crtW), encoding Aurantimonas carotene ketolase

[0308] The following carotene ketolase (CrtW) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0309] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatgtcttcctttgcccctatgaatgatgttgctattcctgccggtcaagctcctttctctgcctgtactagaaaacctgtcct gagaccttttcaagctgccatcggtcttacactcgccggatgtgttatctctgcttggattgcaatccacgttggagctgtctttttcctcgatgt cggttggcgaacccttcctgttgttcctgtcctcattgccgttcagtgctggctcacggtcggtctttttattgtcgcacacgatgctatgcacg gctccctcgctcctggttggccacgacttaacgctcgaattggtgccttcatcctcaccatctacgctggattcgcttggagacgtgtccgag gagctcacatggcccatcacgacgcccctggtactgccgatgaccctgacttctttgttgatgaacctgaccgattttggccttggtttcgagc tttcttccttagatattttggacgtcgatctattctctttgtttgcacagttgtcaccgtttacattctggtccttggagcccctgttcttaatgttgt tctcttttacggtcttccttcccttctgtcttctcttcaactcttttactttggaacttttcgtcctcaccgtcatgaagaagatgatttcgttgacgc ccataatgcccgatctaatgaatttggttacatcgcctccctcctttcttgctttcactttggataccatcacgaacatcatgccgagccgtggg tcccttggtggggtcttccttctcaatggcgccagagacaagcctcttcttcccgacaggtcccgggcggccgagacgctgctgacgccgct ggagcatctcgacaacctgccggacgataccgatctgtttcttctcgaggtcgaaatcaggcccgttctcccgcttctggtcgaaacgaaca aatgagataaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO:56)

[0310] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4629 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4741. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtW protein of pMB4741 is as follows:

mssfapmndvaipagqapfsactrkpvlrpfqaaigltlagcvisawiaihvgavffldvgwrtlpvvpvliavqcwltvglfivahdamhgs lapgwprlnarigafiltiyagfawrrvrgahmahhdapgtaddpdffVdepdrfwpwfrafflryfgrrsilfvctvvtvyilvlgapvlnvvlf yglpsllsslqlfyfgtfrphrheeddfvdahnarsnefgyiasllscfhfgyhhehhaepwvpwwglpsqwrqrqasssrqvpggrdaadaa gasrqpagryrsvssrgrnqarspasgrneqmr (SEQ ID NO:57)

[0311] Mutant alleles of this protein (e.g., L201M, A232V/I/L, F240L/I/V, including combinations thereof) can also be constructed and tested. IH. Production ofpMB4735 (ADEl tef-crtW), encoding P. bermudensis carotene ketolase

[0312] The following carotene ketolase (CrtW) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Parvularcula bermudensis, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0313] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatggaccctaccggagacgttactgctagccctcgacctcaaaccaccattcctgtccgacaagcactctggggactt agccttgctggagccatcatcgccgcatgggtttttatgcacattggtttcgttttttttgccccccttgatcctatcgttctcgccctcgccccag ttattattcttcttcaatcctggctttctgttggtctttttattatttctcacgacgcaattcacggttccctcgcccctggacgacccgcctttaat agagccatgggacgactctgcatgacactttacgccggtttcgactttgaccgtatggccgctgcacatcaccgacatcacagatcccctgg aaccgccgctgaccccgatttttctgttgactcccctgatcgacctctcccttggtttggagctttcttccgacgttactttggctggagaccttt tcttaccgttaacgctgtcgtctttacctactggcttgttcttggagctaaccctgttaatattgttctcttttatggcgttcctgcactcctttccg ccggacagctcttttactttggtacatttctccctcaccgacacgaacgacaaggctttgctgatcaccaccgagcacgatccgtccgatccc cttacatgctttctcttgttacttgttaccactttggaggctatcatcacgaacatcatctctttccacacgaaccctggtggcgcctgcctcaa cgaggaggttgggaacgtgacagacgaaagagaaccggcccttaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO:58)

[0314] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4629 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4735. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtW protein of pMB4735 is as follows:

[0315] mdptgdvtasprpqttipvrqalwglslagaiiaawvfmhigfvffapldpivlalapviillqswlsvglfiishdaihgs lapgφafnramgrlcmtlyagfdfdrmaaahhrhhrspgtaadpdfsvdspdφlpwfgaffrryfgwrpfltvnavvftywlvlganpvni vlfygvpallsagqlfyfgtflphrherqgfadhhrarsvrspymlslvtcyhfggyhhehhlfphepwwrlpqrggwerdrrkrtgp (SEQ ID NO:59)

[0316] Mutant alleles of this protein (e.g. , L 19OM, M 11 OI/V/L, F229L/I/V, including combinations thereof) can also be constructed and tested.

II. Production of pMB4778 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding P. bermudensis carotene hydroxylase

[0317] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Parvularcula bermudensis, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0318] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatgactctcgctctctggcaaaagatcaccctcgtccttggttccgctgctctgatggaaggatttgcttggtgggccca tagatatattatgcacggttggggatgggcttggcatagagatcatcatgaacctcacgacaaagtttttgaaaaaaatgacctgtttgctgt ggtttttggctcgttcgcatttggtttgttcatcgtcggttacctttattggccacctgtttggtacgttgctgctggcatcactctttacggacttc tttacgcatttgttcatgacggtttggttcatcaacgttggccctggcatttcatgcctaaacgaggatacctccgaagactggttcaagctca caaacttcatcatgctgttacaacacaaggcggaaatgtttcgtttggattcgtccttgcccctgaccctagacatcttagagaaaaacttag acaatttcgtgctgaaagacatcgtgcccttgccgccgaaggtgcttcctcctctgaccctcgtgttcccccttttcgaaaagttcaagacgtt taaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO: 60) [0319] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4751 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4778. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4778 is as follows: [0320] mtlalwqkitlvlgsaalmegfawwahryimhgwgwawhrdhhephdkvfekndlfavvfgsfafglfivgyly wppvwyvaagitlygllyafvhdglvhqrwpwhfmpkrgylrrlvqahklhhavttqggnvsfgfvlapdprhlreklrqfraerhralaaeg asssdprvppfrkvqdv (SEQ ID NO:61)

IJ. Production of pMB4719 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding E. litoralis carotene hydroxylase.

[0321] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Erythrobacter litoralis, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0322] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatgagctggtgggctatcgctcttattgtctttggtgctgtcgttggaatggaattttttgcttggttcgctcataagtacat tatgcatggttggggatggagctggcaccgagatcatcacgaacctcacgataatactcttgaaaaaaacgaccttttcgccgttgtctttg gctcggttgccgcacttctgtttgttattggagctctctggtctgatcctctctggtgggcagcagttggtattacattgtatggcgtcatttaca ctctggttcacgacggacttgttcatcaacgttactggcgttggacccctaagcgaggttatgctaagagacttgtccaggcccatcgacttc atcacgctactgttggaaaggaaggaggtgtttcttttggttttgtgttcgcccgagatcctgctaagttgaaagccgaattgaaacaacaa agagaacagggacttgccgtcgttcgagattctatgggagcataaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO: 62)

[0323] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4691 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4719. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4719 is as follows:

[0324] mswwaialivfgavvgmeffawfahkyimhgwgwswhrdhhephdntlekndlfavvfgsvaallfvigalwsd plwwaavgitlygviytlvhdglvhqrywrwtpkrgyakrlvqahrlhhatvgkeggvsfgfvfardpaklkaelkqqreqglawrdsmg a (SEQ ID NO:63)

IK. Production of pMB4812. encoding N. crassa phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, al-2 [0325] Exon 1 of al-2 was synthesized by annealing the following oligonucleotides:

MO5017: 5'-CTAGACACAAAAATGTACGACTACGCCTTCGT (SEQ ID NO:64); MO5018: 5'-GCACCTGAAGTTCACCGTGCCCGCGGTTCCAA (SEQ ID NO:65); MO5019: 5'-GTGCACGAAGGCGTAGTCGTACATTTTTGTGT (SEQ ID NO:66); MO5020: 5'-CGCGTTGGAACCGCGGGCACGGTGAACTTCAG (SEQ ID NO:67),

and ligating them to pMB4603 that had been cleaved with Nhel and Mlul, to create pMB4811. Exon2 was amplified from N. crassa (Fungal Genetic Stock Center #3200) genomic DNA, using MO5016 (5'-CCCGCGGCGGTACTTCT)(SEQ ID NO:68) and MO5013 (5'- CCGTCTCTACAGCAGGATCAGGTCAATGC)(SEQ ID NO:69), and inserted into pCR-TOPO (Invitrogen), to create pMB4809. Exon 3 was similarly amplified with MO5014 (5'- CCGTCTCACTGTACTCCTTCTGTCGCCTG)(SEQ ID NO:70) and MO5015 (5'- CACGCGTCTACTGCTCATACAACGCCCT)(SEQ ID NO:71), and cloned into the same vector to create pMB4810. The 0.9 kb Sacll-BsmBl fragment from pMB4809 was ligated together with the 0.9 kb BsmBl-Mlul fragment from pMB4810 into SαcII-MwI-cleaved pMB4811, to create pMB4812, which expresses al-2 from the TEFl promoter. The resulting nucleic acid coding sequence and encoded al-2 protein of pMB4812 are as follows: [0326] atgtacgactacgccttcgtgcacctgaagttcaccgtgcccgcggcggtacttctcaccgctatcgcctaccccattctcaa caggatacatctcatccaaacaggcttcctcgtcgtcgtcgcctttaccgccgctctgccatgggatgcctacttgattaagcacaaagtatggtcttac ccaccagaagccattgttgggccgcgtttgcttggaattccctttgaagagctgttcttctttgtgatacagacttacatcacggcgctcgtatacatcct cttcaacaagccggtgctgcacgcgttgcacctcaacaatcaacaaaacccgccagcatggatgagggttgtcaaggttaccggccaggtagtcct cgtagccttgtcggtatggggatggaatgccgctcaggttcatcaggaaacaagctatctcggcttgatccttgtttgggcttgtccgttcttactggct atctggaccctcgctgggcgcttcattctcagcctaccctggtacgcgacggtgctcccgatgttcctacccaccttctatctttgggcggtagacgag tttgccttgcacaggggtacttggtccatcggatcggggacgaagctcgatttttgtctgtttggcaagttggacattgaagaagccacgttcttcctgg tgaccaacatgctcatcgttggcggtatggccgcgttcgatcaatatctggccgtcatttacgctttcccaactctgttccccaaggtcaaccggtatcc gacaactcatatgcttcttcaaagccgtcttatcaacacttccaggtacgatcttgagcgcattgagggcctgagagaagcggtcgagagactgcgc ctgaagagcaggagtttttacctggccaattcgctcttttctggtcgactccgcattgacctgatcctgctgtactccttctgtcgcctggctgatgatcta gtcgacgacgccaaatctcgccgtgaggtcttgtcctggaccgcgaagctgaaccacttccttgatctgcactacaaggacgcggacgccaccga ggaccccaagaaaaaggcggagcgaatcgacgcctacatcaagacagcgttccctccctgtgcctaccaagccctccacctcctgcccactcaca ttcttcctcccaagcctctttacgatctcatcaagggtttcgagatggactctcaattcaccttccacggtacttccgactctacggatctccaatacccc atcgccgacgacaaggaccttgagaactacgctatctatgtcgccggtaccgtcggcgagctctgcatcgccctcatcatctaccactgcctgccag acatgtcggacactcagaagcgcgagctcgagaccgccgcgtgccggatgggcatcgcgctgcagtacgtcaacatcgctcgtgacatcgtcgt cgacgcacgtatcgggcgcgtttacttgcctaccacctggctcaagaaggaagggttgacgcacaagatggtcttggagaaccccgagggtcccg aggtcattgagcggatgagaagacggcttttggaaaatgcgtttgagctgtatgggggcgcgaggcctgagatgcaacggataccgagcgaggc taggggcccgatgattggtgccgttgaaaattacatggcgattggaagggtgttgagggagaggaaggaggggacggtgtttgtgaggatggag gggagggctacggtcccgaagcgaaggaggttgagcacgctgttgagggcgttgtatgagcagtag (SEQ ID NO:72);

[0327] mydyafvhlkftvpaavlltaiaypilnrihliqtgflvvvaftaalpwdaylikhkvwsyppeaivgprllgipfeelfff viqtyitalvyilfnkpvlhalhlnnqqnppawmrvvkvtgqvvlvalsvwgwnaaqvhqetsylglilvwacpfllaiwtlagrfilslpwya tvlpmflptfylwavdefalhrgtwsigsgtkldfclfgkldieeatfflvtnmlivggmaafdqylaviyafptlfpkvnryptthmllqsrlints rydlerieglreaverlrlksrsfylanslfsgrlridlillysfcrladdlvddaksrrevlswtaklnhfldlhykdadatedpkkkaeridayiktaf ppcayqalhllpthilppkplydlikgfemdsqftfhgtsdstdlqypiaddkdlenyaiyvagtvgelcialiiyhclpdmsdtqkreletaacr mgialqyvniardivvdarigrvylpttwlkJceglthkmvlenpegpeviermrrrllenafelyggarpemqripseargpmigavenyma igrvlrerkegtvfvrmegratvpkrrrlstllralyeq (SEQ ID NO:73) IL. Production of pMB4846 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding an Erythrobacter carotene hydroxylase

[0328] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Erythrobacter sp. NAPl, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0329] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatgtcttggcctgccgctattgcagttacacttggtgcccttatttttatggaattctttgcttggtacgctcacaaatacat tatgcatggatggggatggggttggcacagagaccatcacgaacctcacgacaacaaactggaaaaaaatgacctgttcgctgtggtttt cggaacaattaacgctggtatgtatatttttggtgctctttattgggatgctttgtggtgggctgcacttggagttaatctttacggagtgattta cgcccttgttcatgacggactggttcatcaaagatttggaagatacgtccctaaaaacgcatacgctaaacgacttgttcaagcacacagat tgcatcacgctactatcggtaaagaaggaggagtgtccttcggattcgttcttgctcgagaccctgctaaacttaaagccgaacttaaacga caatctcaatccggagaagctattgttcgagaatccgccggagcctaaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO: 74)

[0330] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4691 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4846. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4846 is as follows:

[0331] mswpaaiavtlgalifmeffawyahkyimhgwgwgwhrdhhephdnklekndlfavvfgtinagmyifgalyw dalwwaalgvnlygviyalvhdglvhqrfgryvpknayakrlvqahrlhhatigkeggvsfgfvlardpaklkaelkrqsqsgeaivresaga (SEQ ID NO:75)

IM. Production ofpMB4835 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding an S. alaskensis carotene hydroxylase

[0332] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was synthesized de novo based on protein sequence of Sphingopyxis alaskensis, using Y. lipolytica codon bias:

[0333] 5'- ctctagacacaaaaatgagccaccgaagagatccaggacttagaagagacgacgcacgatctatggcctcctgtctcagacgagcttaca acccccacatgtccctgcctgcaattttgtttttggttcttgctactgtcattgcaatggaaggagtcgcctgggcatcccacaaatacatcat gcacggatttggatgggcctggcacagagaccaccatgaaccccacgacaatcgactcgagaaaaacgacctgtttgccctgttcggagc cgctatgtctatttctgccttcgctattggttctcctatgattatgggtgcagctgcctggaagcctggaacttggattggacttggtattcttctt tacggtattatctacacactcgttcacgacggccttgtgcaccaaagatactttcgatgggtcccacgacgaggttacgcaaaacgacttgt tcaagcacacaaacttcatcacgctacaatcggaaaagagggaggagtttctttcggatttgtttttgctcgtgaccctgctaaacttaaagc cgaactgaaagcacaacgagaagctggtattgcagtcgtcagagaagcccttgctgactaaacgcgt (SEQ ID NO: 76)

[0334] This sequence was cleaved using Xbal and Mlul and ligated to pMB4691 cut with

Nhel and Mlul to produce pMB4835. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4835 is as follows:

[0335] mshrrdpglrrddarsmasclrraynphmslpailflvlatviamegvawashkyimhgfgwawhrdhhephdnr lekndlfalfgaamsisafaigspmimgaaawkpgtwiglgillygiiytlvhdglvhqryfrwvprrgyakrlvqahklhhatigkeggvsfg fvfardpaklkaelkaqreagiavvrealad (SEQ ID NO: 77) IN. Production ofpMB4845 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding an R. biformata carotene hydroxylase [0336] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was amplified from genomic DNA extracted from Robiginitalea biformata:

[0337] 5'- cacaatctagacacaaaaatgacagtcttgatttggatcgcaattttcctggccaccttctgcttcatggaattcatggcctggtttacgcataa atatatcatgcacggtttcctctggagccttcataaggaccaccataaaaaggaccacgacagttggtttgagcgaaacgacgccttctttc tattttatgcgatagtctccatgtcctttatcggggccgccgtgaacacgggattctggcaggggtggcccatcggcctgggcatcctcgctt acgggattgcctactttatcgtacacgatatctttatccatcagcggttcaagctctttcgcaatgcgaataactggtacgcgcggggtatcc gcagggcccataaaatccaccacaagcacctgggaaaagaggaaggggaatgcttcgggatgctgtttgtcccatttaagtacttccgga agacctgaacgcgtttgtg (SEQ ID NO: 78)

[0338] This sequence was phosphorylated and ligated to pBluescriptSK^" that had been cleaved with EcoRV and dephosphorylated, to create pMB4824. The Xbal-Mlul fragment from pMB4824 that contains crtZ was ligated to pMB4691 cut with MeI and MM to produce pMB4845.

The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4845 is as follows:

[0339] mtvliwiaiflatfcfmefmawfthkyimhgflwslhkdhhkkdhdswferndafflfyaivsmsfigaavntgfwq gwpiglgilaygiayfivhdifihqrfklfrnannwyargirrahkihhkhlgkeegecfgmlfvpfkyfrkt (SEQ ID NO: 79)

10. Production of pMB4837 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding an X. αutotrophicus carotene hydroxylase

[0340] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was amplified from genomic DNA extracted from Xαnthobαcter αutotrophicus:

[0341] 5'- cacaatctagacacaaaaatgtccaccagcctcgccttcctcgtcaacgcgctcatcgtgatcgccacggtcgccgccatggaaggggtggc ctgggccgcgcacaaatatgtcatgcacggcttcggctggggctggcacaagtcccaccacgagccgcgcgagggcgtgttcgagcgca acgacctttatgcgctgctgttcgcaggcatcgccatcgccctcatctacgcgttccgcaatggcggcgcgctgctgtgggtgggcgtgggg atgacggtctacggcttcctttatttcttcgtgcacgacggcatcacccaccagcgctggccgttccgctacgtgccgcgcaacggctatctc aagcgcctggtgcaggcccaccggctgcaccatgcggtggatggcaaggagggctgcgtctccttcggcttcatctatgccccgccgcctg ccgacctgaaggccaagctgaagaagctgcacggcggcagcctgaagcagaacgaggcggcggaatagacgcgtttgtg (SEQ ID

NO:80)

[0342] This sequence was phosphorylated and ligated to pBluescriptSK^" that had been cleaved with EcoRY and dephosphorylated, to create pMB4823. The Xbαl-Hindlϊl (filled in with

Klenow) fragment from pMB4823 that contains crtZ was ligated to pMB4691 cut with Nhel and Mlul

(filled in with Klenow) to produce pMB4837. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4837 is as follows: [0343] mstslaflvnaliviatvaamegvawaahkyvmhgfgwgwhkshhepregvferndlyallfagiaialiyafrngg allwvgvgmtvygflyffVhdgithqrwpfryvprngylkrlvqahrlhhavdgkegcvsfgfiyapppadlkaklkklhggslkqneaae (SEQ ID NO:81)

IP. Production of pMB4850 (URA3 tef-crtZ), encoding a P. putida carotene hydroxylase [0344] The following carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ) ORF sequence was amplified from genomic DNA extracted from P seudomonas putida (this sequence encodes a valine rather than a leucine at the second position, due to N-end rule considerations): [0345] tctctctagacacaaaaatggtgttcaatctcgccatattgttcggcaccctggtggccatggagggcgttggtacgct ggctcacaagtacatcatgcatggctggggctggtggctgcaccgatcgcaccatgagccacacctgggcatgctcgaaaccaacgacct gtacctggtggccctggggctgatcgccacggcgctggtggcgctgggcaaaagtggttatgcgcctttgcagtgggtgggcggtggtgtg gcaggctatggagcactgtatgtactggcccacgacggtttctttcaccggcactggccgcgcaagccgcggccggtcaaccgctacctga aacgcttgcaccgcgcgcaccgcttgcaccatgcggtgaaggggcgcacggggagcgtgtcgttcgggttcttctatgcgccgccgctgaa ggtgttgaagcagcaattgcgcagcaggcgcagccaatcgtgaacgcgtgagacgttgtg (SEQ ID NO: 82) [0346] This sequence was phosphorylated and ligated to pBluescriptSK^" that had been cleaved with EcoRV and dephosphorylated, to create pMB4847. The Xbal-Mlul fragment from pMB4847 that contains crtZ was ligated to pMB4691 cut with MeI and MM to produce pMB4850. The nucleic acid coding sequence is depicted in bold underline above. The resulting encoded CrtZ protein of pMB4850 is as follows: [0347] mvfnlailfgtlvamegvgtlahkyimhgwgwwlhrshhephlgmletndlylvalgliatalvalgksgyaplqwv gggvagygalyvlahdgffhrhwprkprpvnrylkrlhrahrlhhavkgrtgsvsfgffyapplkvlkqqlrsrrsqs (SEQ ID NO:83)

Example 2: Engineering Yarrowia lipolvtica for increased carotenoid production

2A. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase and phytoene dehydrogenase

[0348] MF350 (MATB ura2-21 leu2-35 adel) was transformed with pMB4591 (tef Ip-GGSl) that had been cleaved upstream of URA5 with Sspl; a Ura⁺ transformant carrying the plasmid at the ura2 locus was identified and named MF364. It was subsequently transformed with pMB4638 (teflp- carB) that had been cleaved at ADEl with Sspl and a prototrophic transformant was chosen that harbored the plasmid at the adel locus. This strain was named MF502.

2B. Production of 7. lipolvtica expressing geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase, phytoene dehydrogenase and phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase [0349] MF502 was transformed with pMB4705 (teflp-carRP[i^']) that had been treated with

Sspl. Ninety percent of the prototrophic transformants were very orange on YPD agar plates, and one, MF719, produced greater than 10 mg carotene per g dry cell weight (DCW) after four days of growth in YPD at 30⁰C.

2C. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing phvtoene svnthase/lycopene cyclase and phvtoene dehydrogenase

[0350] ATCC 201249 (MATA ura3-302 leu2-270 Iys8-ll) was transformed with Sspl- cleaved pMB4628. Hundreds of Leu⁺ colonies were pooled, re-grown, and transformed with pMB4660 (teflp-carB) that had been cleaved upstream of URA3 with Sail. One colony that was noticeably yellow after 5 days at 30⁰C on YNBglut media (per liter: 1.7 g yeast nitrogen base, 1 g monosodium glutamate, 1% glucose) plus 0.6 mM lysine was selected, named MF447, and found to produce 0.2 mg carotene per gram dry cell weight after 4 days of growth in YPD. [0351] MF447 was challenged with 1 g/L 5-fluoroorotic acid and Ura^" segregants selected.

Surprisingly, they were all found to retain the identical yellow appearance of their parent, implying that the loss of a functional URA3 gene did not coincide with the loss of a functional CarB enzyme. Southern analysis demonstrates that two fragments from a Kpnl-Hindlϊl digest of MF447 DNA contain WL43p-hybridizing sequences, only one of which also hybridizes to carB. The other is absent in MF578, the Ura3^" segregant chosen for further manipulation. Plasmid rescue and analysis of the DNA sequence surrounding tef-carB in MF578 confirmed the absence of nearby URA3 sequences. Plasmid rescue and analysis of the DNA sequence encompassing the carRP intron in MF447 revealed that exons 1 and 2 were contiguous and were each separated by an intron sequence that lacked the original internal Sspl site (present in pMB4628). The sequence of this region shows a seven-base pair deletion (AATATTA) that would restore the proper frame to an unspliced message. Partial intron sequence comprising the sequence where the deletion occurred is shown as follows: [0352]

ACAAACAAATGATGTGCCGCATCGCATTTTAATATTAACCATTGCATACA CAG (SEQ ID NO:84).

[0353] Predicted partial amino acid sequence comprising this intron, if unspliced, is as follows :

[0354] KA JFVSKQTND VPHRILIPLHTQHLJ ...(SEQ ID NO:85).

(VSKQTNDVPΗRILIPLΗTQ (SEQ ID NO: 86) is intron encoded)

2D. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing phvtoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, phvtoene dehydrogenase and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase

[0355] MF578 was transformed with pMB4683 (tef Ip-GGSl) that had been cleaved with

Sail (upstream of URA3) or with Stul (within the GGSl ORF). Ura⁺ Leu⁺ colonies in both cases appeared bright orange on YNBglut + Lysine and on YPD, and several produced greater than 4 mg carotene per gram of dry cell weight when grown as above. One, MF633, contained a single copy of the plasmid at the GGSl locus, as inferred from Southern analysis. The others arose by nonhomologous or more complex integrations.

2E. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing phvtoene svnthase/lvcopene cyclase, phvtoene dehydrogenase and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase

[0356] MF364 was crossed with MF578, and spores from the resulting diploid were plated on YPD for two to three days at 30⁰C. White Leu^" Ade^" Ura^" colonies were screened for the presence of teJp-carB and tefp-GGSl and for the absence of tefp-carRP by PCR. Thirteen colonies meeting these criteria, as well as displaying resistance to 5-fluorootic acid, an indication that they harbor the ura3-302 allele, were chosen as hosts for further modifications.

[0357] One such strain, MF731, was transformed with pMB4705 cut with BbvCI, and one

Leu⁺ orange colony, MF740, produced 6 mg of β-carotene per g DCW after four days of growth in YPD at 30⁰C.

[0358] Another tefy-carB tefy-GGSl strain from the same cross, MF739, was transformed with pMB4705 cut with BbvCI, and one Leu⁺ orange colony, MF746, produced 8 mg of β-carotene per g DCW after four days of growth in YPD at 30⁰C. When this strain was transformed with pMB4812 (expressing N. crassa al-2 protein) treated with Sspl, the Leu⁺ transformants were less orange than parallel pMB4705 Leu⁺ transformants, and after 4 days of growth in YPD, produced about half the amount of β-carotene as pMB4705 transformants. In addition, the pMB4812 transformants produced significant amounts of γ-carotene (-40% of total carotene.).

2F. Expression of a truncated form of HMG-CoA reductase results in increased carotenoid production in Y. lipolytica expressing phvtoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, phytoene dehydrogenase, and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase

[0359] In order to increase carotenoid production, carbon flow through the isoprenoid pathway is enhanced by introducing a truncated variant of the HMG-CoA reductase gene. [0360] MF740 was transformed with pMB4637 treated with SnaBl, and Ade⁺ colonies were selected. One such colony, MF760, was shown to produce about 20 mg β-carotene per g DCW after four days of growth in YPD at 30⁰C. This strain was also the subject of several fermentor studies outlined in Example 5. In addition, MF740 was also transformed with MB4714 treated with AfIII and Ura⁺ colonies, were selected. One such colony was designated MF779 (see Example 2G). MF746 was also transformed with pMB4637 treated with SnaBl, and Ade⁺ colonies were selected. One such colony, MF946, was shown to produce greater than 35 mg β-carotene per g DCW after four days of growth in YPD at 30⁰C. [0361] MF760 was also transformed with pMB4691 (empty vector) cut with Sail, creating the prototroph MF858.

2G. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing carotene ketolase, a truncated form of HMG-CoA reductase, phvtoene svnthase/lycopene cyclase, phvtoene dehydrogenase and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase

[0362] MF779 was transformed with either pMB4735 or pMB4741 cleaved with SnaBl, and a red prototrophic colony was chosen from each transformation: MF838 (pMB4735) and MF840 (pMB4741). After 4 days of growth in YPD, MF838 produced 25 mg canthaxanthin per g DCW, and MF840 produced 14 mg canthaxanthin and 30 mg echinenone per g DCW. Only trace levels of β- carotene were produced. These strains are the subject of fermentor studies described in Example 5. [0363] In addition, MF740 was transformed with pMB4735 cleaved with SnaBl, and a red

Ade⁺ colony was chosen for further manipulation and designated MF889 (See Example 2J).

2H. Manipulation of the Y. lipolytica ERG9 gene to enhance carotenoid production

[0364] In order to decrease the expression of Erg9 (squalene synthase) in a carotenoid- producing yeast, pMB4789, containing the following cassette, was constructed using standard molecular techniques. The 4.8 kb fragment contains the Y. lipolytica URA3 gene flanked by the

ERG9 ORF and the ERG9 terminator.

[0365] Thus this fragment comprises the sequence: GATCtcgttctgctcgggtagatc (SEQ ID

NO:87)~- - ERG9 (promoter and ORF)- -gtgctctgcggtaagatcgACTAGTggtgtgttctgtggagcattc (SEQ ID

NO:88) URA3 (promoter, ORF, and terminator) ccaccactgcactaccactacacCTCGAGCATGCATcaggaaggactctccctgtggt (SEQ ID NO:89)-~ - £7?G9terminator— gtgttatggctctacgtgaagGGGCCC (SEQ ID NO:90). (Capital letters: restriction sites [engineered for assembly]) In addition, it was found that a mutation was generated during cloning that changed the coding sequence QΪERG9 as follows: (cccgacgttAtccagaagaac (SEQ ID NO:91); F3171 in the encoded protein).

[0366] Two overlapping fragments from this cassette, a 2.4 kb AlwNl-Smal fragment and a

1.9 kb AlwNl-Aflϊl fragment, were cotransformed into MF760 and Ura⁺ colonies were selected. PCR analysis showed that one, designated MF921, contains the erg9::URA3 cassette replacing the wild type ERG9 gene. MF921 produced greater than 30 mg β-carotene per g DCW after 4 days of growth at 30°C in YPD.

21. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing carotene hydroxylase, phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, phytoene dehydrogenase and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase [0367] MF740 was transformed with pMB4837 cleaved with Sail, and a Ura⁺ colony was selected and designated MFlOl 1. MFlOl 1 produced 6 mg of zeaxanthin and 1.5 mg of β-carotene per g DCW after 4 days of growth at 30°C in YPD.

2J. Production of Y. lipolytica expressing carotene hydroxylase, carotene ketolase. phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, phytoene dehydrogenase and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase [0368] MF889 was transformed with pMB4837 cleaved with Sail, and a prototrophic colony was selected and designated MF 1016. MF1016 produced 1.5 mg of astaxanthin and 3 mg of canthaxanthin per g DCW after 4 days of growth at 30°C in YPD.

Example 3. Extraction of carotenoids

3 A: Total Extraction of carotenoids from Yarrowia lipolvtica cells

[0369] Yarrowia lipolytica cultures to be tested for carotenoid production were grown in 20 ml YPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose) in 125 flasks at 30⁰C. Following incubation for 72-96 hr, the cultures were harvested by centrifugation and the solvent extractions were performed to determine carotenoid form and quantity. Dry cell weights were determined by transferring 1.8 ml of each culture to an Eppendorf tube, which was then centrifuged to pellet the cells, and then the pellet washed twice with 1 ml water. After the second wash, the cells were resuspended in water and transferred to a pre-weighed snap-cap tube with a hole poked in the top, frozen, and then lyophilized overnight. After drying to constant weight, the tube was weighed in order to calculate dry cell weight (mg dry cell weight/ml).

[0370] The carotenoid content of the culture was calculated by solvent extraction from 0.25 ml of culture from the same shake flask culture. This 0.25 ml culture sample was transferred to a 2 ml screw-cap tube, the cells pelleted, and the supernatant aspirated. Such pelleted cells may be extracted immediately or frozen at -80⁰C and stored.

[0371] An equal volume of cubic zirconia beads was added to cell pellets, along with 1 ml ice-cold extraction solvent (a 50/50 v/v mix of hexane and ethyl acetate containing 0.01% butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)). The mixture was then agitated (Mini-BeadBeater-8, BioSpec Products,

Inc.) at maximum speed for 5 minutes at 4°C. The mixture was then spun at maximum speed for 1 minute, and the supernatant was collected and deposited in a cold 16 ml glass vial.

[0372] The remaining cell debris was re-extracted at least three times, without the addition of zirconia beads; all supernatants were pooled in the 16 ml glass vial. Following extraction, the glass vial was spun for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm at 4°C in a Sorvall tabletop centrifuge, and the supernatant was transferred to a new cold 16 ml glass vial. A Speed Vac was used to concentrate the supernatant

(room temperature in dark), and the samples were stored at -20⁰C or -80⁰C until immediately before

HPLC analysis. Prior to HPLC analysis, the samples were resuspended in 1 ml ice-cold solvent and then transferred to a cold amber vial. Throughout the protocol, care was taken to avoid contact with oxygen, light, heat, and acids.

[0373] The use of a hexane:ethyl acetate (50:50) mixture to extract carotenoids efficiently extracted all carotenoids analyzed from Yarrowia even though the carotenoids possessed different polarity levels. For instance, in a strain containing β-carotene, γ-carotene, echinenone, and canthaxanthin, a hexane:ethyl acetate (50:50) mixture efficiently extracted all carotenoids even though echinenone and canthaxanthin, respectively, are progressively more polar than either β-carotene or γ- carotene. Given the high efficiency of extraction observed for all carotenoids with 50:50 hexane:ethyl acetate, these conditions were chosen as a "100%" standard against which the extraction efficiency of other conditions could be compared.

3B. Extraction of β-carotene from Y.lipolytica MF858.

[0374] Y. lipolytica strain MF858 was grown as described in Example 3a and found to contain β-carotene as the dominant carotenoid. Extraction and breakage with hexane yielded an equal amount of β-carotene as was observed with a 50:50 hexane:ethyl acetate mixture.

3C. Extraction of mixed carotenoids from Y. lipolytica MF838

[0375] Y. lipolytica strain MF838 (Example 2g) had previously been found to contain the following types carotenoids when extracted as described in Example 3 a: β-carotene, γ-carotene, echinenone, and canthaxanthin. Extraction with 750 μl of hexane resulted in the following extraction efficiencies for each of the carotenoids (extraction efficiency is reported independently for each of the carotenoid species based on the total amount found by hexane:ethyl acetate extraction): β-carotene

(79.3%), γ-carotene (82.4%), echinenone (42.6%), and canthaxanthin (8.0%).

[0376] When an identical aliquot of MF838 was extracted with 1 ml of ethanol (95%), the extraction efficiency of the same four carotenoids was as follows: β-carotene (53.6%), γ-carotene

(71.3%), echinenone (39.9%), and canthaxanthin (28.0%). Thus ethanol can be used to extract both polar and nonpolar carotenoids from fungi (e.g., Y. lipolytica).

Example 4: Quantification of carotenoid production by HPLC

[0377] For carotenoid analysis, samples were resuspended in ice-cold extraction solvent (a

50/50 v/v mix of hexane and ethyl acetate containing 0.01% butylhydroxytoluene (BHT)). An Alliance 2795 HPLC (Waters) equipped with a Waters XBridge Cl 8 column (3.5 μm, 2.1 x 50 mm) and Thermo Basic 8 guard column (2.1 x 10 mm) was used to resolve carotenoid at 25°C; authentic carotenoid samples were used as standards. The mobile phases and flow rates are shown below (Solvent A= Ethyl Acetate; Solvent B= Water; Solvent C= Methanol; Solvent D= Acetonitrile). The injection volume was 10 μL. The detector is a Waters 996 photodiode array detector. The retention times for lipophilic molecules include astaxanthin (1.159 min), zeaxanthin (1.335 min), β-apo-8'- carotenal (2.86 min), ergosterol (3.11 min), lycopene (3.69 min), β-carotene (4.02 min), canthaxanthin (2.50 min), echinenone (3.38 min), and phytoene (4.13 min). Astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-apo-8'- carotenal, lycopene, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, and echinenone are detected at 475 nm, whereas ergosterol and phytoene were detected at 286 nm.

TABLE 28 HPLC Solvent Gradient Table

Example 5 A: 2 liter Fed-batch fermentation of β-Carotene Producing Strain MF 760 [0378] Figure 9A depicts the production and intracellular accumulation of phytoene and β- carotene by strain MF760 (Example 2F) when grown in fed-batch fermentation on various carbon sources. Fermentation medium and process parameters are described below. Carbon sources used were glucose, glycerol, or olive oil. Feeding was initiated during the early exponential growth phase at a rate of 15.2 ml/hr. This feed rate either continued until feed exhaustion or, when the dissolved oxygen (dO2) level of the culture reached 20% saturation, feed was added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed). As seen in Fig. 9a, β-carotene accumulates in all fermentations from 1.5 to 2.2% of DCW weight. Substantial phytoene accumulation was observed in the constant feed fermentations but not in the DO controlled feed fermentations.

[0379] Figure 9B depicts dry cell weight accumulation during the course of the fermentations. For each carbon source examined, constant feeding resulted in greater biomass production relative to the DO controlled feed fermentation. This was especially true for the olive oil fed-batch fermentations where the constant feed fermentation reached greater than 150 g/L DCW. This was expected as Y. lipolytica has been reported to accumulate greater than 40% its biomass as lipid when grown on oils under conditions of excess carbon and oxygen limitation (Pananikolaou et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 58:308, 2002) and was independent of nitrogen concentration. Batch Medium - IL

Carbon Source (one of the following): Glucose 6O g

Glycerol 75 g

Olive Oil 50 ml

Yeast Nitrogen Base 4.1 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂Sθ₄

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 6 g

Uracil 72 mg

Antifoam 204 (Sigma catalog A6426) 5 ml

Feed Medium - IL

Carbon Source (one of the following): Glucose 50O g

Glycerol 50O g

Olive Oil 500 ml

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 72 g

KH₂PO₄ 13.5 g

MgSO₄ 5 g

Inositol 70 mg

Thiamine 10 mg

Uracil 900 mg

Trace Metal Solution 40 ml

FeCl₃-OH₂O 2.7 g/L

ZnCl₂-4H₂O 2.0 g/L

CaCl₂-2H₂O 2.0 g/L

Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O 2.0 g/L

CuSO₄-5H₂O 1.9 g/L

H₃BO₃ 0.5 g/L

MnSO₄-H₂O 2.23 g/L

Concentrated HCl 10 ml/L

Vitamins Solution 40 ml

Pantothenic acid 5.4 g/L

Pyridoxine 1.4 g/L

Niacin 6.1 g/L

Folic acid 0.04 g/L

Biotin 0.06 g/L

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 ⁰C

Air Flow - 1.4 lpm

Agitation - 1200 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% glucose

Example 5B: 2 liter Fed-batch of β-Carotene Producing Strain MF760

[0380] Figure 9c depicts the production and intracellular accumulation of β-carotene by strain MF760 when grown in fed-batch fermentation. In this fermentation, additions of olive oil were combined with a glucose feeding protocol. Medium and process parameters are described below. Both glucose and olive oil were present in the batch medium. Feeding of the glucose containing feed medium was initiated during the early exponential growth phase at a rate of 15.2 ml/hr. This feed rate continued until feed exhaustion. 25 ml of olive oil was added at 24, 48, and 72 hr. [0381] As shown in Fig. 9c, this combined glucose and oil feeding protocol resulted in substantially higher DCW production when compared to glucose as the sole carbon source (Example 5a). In addition, β-carotene accumulated to over 5% of the DCW at the end of the fermentation, higher then either the glucose or oil fermentations of Example 5a.

Batch Medium - IL

Glucose 40 g

Olive Oil 50 ml

Yeast Nitrogen Base 4.1 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂Sθ₄ (NFL_t)₂SO₄ 6 g Uracil 72 mg Antifoam 204 5 ml

Feed Medium - IL

Glucose 500 g

(NFLO₂SO₄ 72 g

KH₂PO₄ 13.5 g

MgSO₄ ^Λ 5 g

Inositol ^Λ 70 mg

Thiamine 10 mg

Uracil 900 mg

Trace Metal Solution 40 ml

Vitamins Solution 40 ml

Olive Oil Additions - 25 ml at 24, 48, and 72 hr

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 ⁰C Air Flow - 1.4 lpm Agitation - 1 150 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% glucose 2.5% olive oil

Example 5 C: 2 liter Fed-batch of Canthaxanthin Producing Strain MF 840 [0382] Figure 9d depicts the production and intracellular accumulation of canthaxanthin, echinenone and β-carotene by strain MF840 (Example 2g) when grown in fed-batch fermentation. Medium and process parameters are described below. Both glucose and olive oil were present in the batch medium. Feeding of the glucose containing feed medium was initiated during the early exponential growth phase at a rate of 15.2 ml/hr; this feed rate continued until the dissolved oxygen reached 20%, at which time feed was added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation.

[0383] As seen in Figure 9d, the combined total amount of canthaxanthin, echinenone and β- carotene represented over 8% of the DCW at the end of the fermentation and demonstrates the ability of genetically engineered Y. lipolytica to produce and accumulate significant amounts of carotenoids.

Batch Medium - IL

Glucose 40 g

Olive Oil 50 ml

Yeast Nitrogen Base 4.1 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂Sθ₄

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 6 g

Antifoam 204 5 ml

Feed Medium - IL

Glucose 500 g

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 72 g

KH₂PO₄ 13.5 g

MgSO₄ 5 g

Inositol 70 mg

Thiamine 10 mg

Trace Metal Solution 40 ml

Vitamins Solution 40 ml

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 ⁰C Air Flow - 1.4 lpm Agitation - 1150 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% glucose + 2.5% olive oil.

Example 5D: 2 liter Fed-batch of Canthaxanthin Producing Strain MF838

[0384] Figure 9e depicts the production and intracellular accumulation of canthaxanthin and echinenone by strain MF838 (Example 2g) in fed-batch fermentation together with DCW levels. This example demonstrates the advantage of a two phase feeding protocol in which the first phase of feeding is designed to maintain excess carbon and oxygen limited conditions, while the second phase of feeding results in oxygen excess conditions via carbon limitation.

[0385] Fermentations A and B are depicted in Figure 9e. Medium and process parameters are described below. In both fermentations, feeding of the glucose containing feed medium was initiated during the early exponential growth phase at a rate of 22.8 ml/hr. In fermentation A, this feed rate continued until the dissolved oxygen reached 20%, at which time feed was added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation. In fermentation B, the constant feed rate was maintained such that glucose was in excess, and dO2 level was essentially zero, until approximately hour 40 of the fermentation. At that time, feed was added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation. As seen in Figure 9e, the extended period of carbon excess and oxygen limitation resulted in higher peak DCW, altered kinetics of canthaxanthin production, and produced a higher final level canthaxanthin - over 3.5% of DCW.

Batch Medium - IL

Glucose 40 g

Yeast Nitrogen Base 8.2 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂Sθ₄

Antifoam 204 5 ml

Feed Medium - IL

Glucose 500 g

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 72 g

KH₂PO₄ 13.5 g

MgSO₄ 5 g

Inositol 70 mg

Thiamine 10 mg

Trace Metal Solution 40 ml

Vitamins Solution 40 ml

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 C Air Flow - 1.4 lpm Agitation - 1150 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% glucose

Example 5E: Reducing levels of certain trace metals enhances carotenoid production in fed-batch fermentation

The reduction of certain trace metals in the fermentation medium resulted in a significant increase in production and intracellular accumulation of β-carotene by a Y. lipolytica strain in fed- batch fermentation. The Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) in the batch medium contains low levels of a number of trace metals. The final concentration of trace elements in YNB batch medium lacking supplements, for YNB used at 4g/L, is shown in Table 70 below. TABLE 70: Concentration of Trace Element Compounds in YNB Batch Medium

Compound Cone. (ug/L)

Boric Acid 1176.47

Copper Sulfate 94.12

Potassium Iodide 235.29

Ferric Chloride 470.59

Manganese Sulfate 941.18

Sodium Moybdate 470.59

Zinc Sulfate 941.18

Additional amounts of trace metals are added as a trace metals solution. The table below outlines conditions for an experiment where each component of the trace metal solution was deleted and compared to the complete solution in IL fed-batch fermentations.

TABLE 71: Trace element deletion

Medium and process parameters are described below. In all fermentations, feeding of the feed medium was initiated at 5 hr at a rate of 4.8 ml/hr and continued until hour 30, at which time the dissolved oxygen level was essentially zero and the feed was stopped. When the dissolved oxygen rose back to 20%, feeding was resumed and feed added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation.

As seen in Figure 9F, the reduction of zinc, and to a lesser extent, manganese or iron, resulted in a significant increase in β-carotene production.

Batch Medium - 500 ml

Soybean Oil 50 ml

Yeast Nitrogen Base 2 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂Sθ₄

Trace Elements Solution (Example 5A) 20 ml

Antifoam 204 0.25 ml

Feed Medium - 500 ml

Glucose 325 g

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 36 g

KH₂PO₄ 2.5 g

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 C Air Flow - 0.7 lpm Agitation - 1000 rpm

Inoculum - 100 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% soybean oil

Example 5F: Production of canthaxanthin by a Y. lipolytica strain in a two-phase, two carbon source fed-batch fermentation

This example demonstrates the advantage of a two phase feeding protocol as described in Example 5D, further enhanced by utilizing two carbon sources in the fermentation. During the first phase of the fermentation, an oil is utilized as the primary carbon source under oxygen limited conditions. Under these conditions, a substantial amount of the cell dry cell weight accumulates as an intracellular lipid body. In the second phase of the fermentation, glucose is fed as the primary carbon source, with feeding controlled to maintain conditions of oxygen excess. Fermentation medium and operational parameters for IL fed-batch fermentations are described below.

Feeding of the feed medium was initiated at 5 hr at a rate of 4.8 ml/hr and continued until hour 30, at which time the dissolved oxygen level was essentially zero and the feed was stopped. When the dissolved oxygen rose back to 20%, feeding was resumed and feed added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation.

Batch Medium - 500 ml

Soybean Oil 50 ml

Yeast Nitrogen Base 2 g w/o Amino Acids and (NH₄)₂SO₄

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 5 g

Trace Elements Solution w/o Zinc (Example 5E) 20 ml

Antifoam 204 0.25 ml

Feed Medium - 500 ml

Glucose 325 g

KH₂PO₄ 2.5 g Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 C Air Flow - 0.7 lpm Agitation - 1000 rpm

Inoculum - 100 ml overnight culture grown in YEP + 5% soybean oil

In Example 5D, the use of a two phase fed-batch fermentation process resulted in increased carotenoid production by a canthaxanthin producing strain. However, a substantial amount of echinenone, an intermediate in the canthaxanthin biosynthetic pathway, also accumulated. The use of a two phase fed-batch fermentation process where an oil is the main carbon source in the first phase for the production of canthaxanthin resulted in essentially all of the carotenoid produced as only canthaxanthin. Table 72 shows results of HPLC analysis of the Y. lipolytica strain grown in a two phase, two carbon source fermentation process with soybean oil and glucose as carbon sources. Greater than 95% of the measured carotenoid HPLC peak was canthaxanthin, with other carotenoid intermediates less than 1.4%.

TABLE 72: HPLC analysis of cells grown in two phase, two carbon source fermentation process

Example 5G: Production of astaxanthin by a Y. lipolvtica strain in a two-phase fed-batch fermentation

This example demonstrates the advantage of a two phase feeding protocol as described in Example 5D, but using an oil as the primary carbon source in both phases of the fermentation. During the first phase of the fermentation, an oil is utilized as the primary carbon source under oxygen limited conditions. Under these conditions, a substantial amount of the cell dry cell weight accumulates as an intracellular lipid body. In the second phase of the fermentation, an oil is fed as the primary carbon source, with feeding controlled to maintain conditions of oxygen excess. Fermentation medium and operational parameters for 1.8 L fed-batch fermentations are described below.

During the first phase of the fermentation, the dissolved oxygen level rapidly decreased to essentially zero as cell biomass accumulates during this growth phase. When the initial amount of oil in the batch medium was consumed, the dissolved level rises in the fermentor. When the dissolved oxygen rose back to 20%, feeding was initiated and feed added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation.

Batch Medium - I L g/L

Soybean Oil 138

Yeast extract 2.5

Soy peptone 5

MgSOzpanhydrous 1.18

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 10

KH₂PO₄ 10.35

Antifoam - Mazu DF204 5

NaCl 0.24

Thiamine HCl 0.001

CuSO₄-5H₂O 0.076

FeCl₃-OH₂O 0.108

MnSO₄-H₂O 0.089

CaCl₂-2H₂O 0.4

Boric acid 0.02

Sodium molybdate 0.08

Feed Medium - 600 ml 2/L

Soybean Oil 552 g

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 C Air Flow - 1.4 lpm Agitation - 950 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight shake flask culture grown in:

Seed Culture Medium g/L

Soy peptone 20 Yeast extract 10 Soybean Oil 23

In this example, the use of a of a two phase fed-batch fermentation process where an oil was the main carbon source in both phases of the fermentation resulted in essentially all of the carotenoid produced being astaxanthin. Table 73 shows results of HPLC analysis of an astaxanthin-producing Y. lipolytica strain (constructed according to the methods described herein) grown in a two phase, soybean oil as carbon source, fermentation process. Greater than 90% of the measured carotenoid HPLC peak was astaxanthin, with other carotenoid intermediates less than 5%.

TABLE 73: HPLC analysis of cells grown in two phase, oil fed-batch fermentation process

Example 5H: Production of β-carotene by a Y. lipolytica strain in a two-phase fed-batch fermentation where an oil is the primary carbon source in both phases.

This example demonstrates the advantage of a two phase feeding protocol as described in Example 5D for β-carotene production by Y. lipolytica, but using an oil as the primary carbon source in both phases of the fermentation. During the first phase of the fermentation, an oil is utilized as the primary carbon source under oxygen limited conditions. Under these conditions, a substantial amount of the cell dry cell weight accumulates as an intracellular lipid body. In the second phase of the fermentation, an oil is fed as the primary carbon source, with feeding controlled to maintain conditions of oxygen excess. Fermentation medium and operational parameters for 1.8 L fed-batch fermentations are described below.

During the first phase of the fermentation, the dissolved oxygen level rapidly decreased to essentially zero as cell biomass accumulated during this growth phase. When the initial amount of oil in the batch medium was consumed, the dissolved level rose in the fermentor. When the dissolved oxygen rose back to 20%, feeding was initiated and feed added to maintain the dO2 at 20% (DO controlled feed) for the remainder of the fermentation.

Batch Medium - 1 L g/L Soybean Oil 138

Yeast extract 2.5

Soy peptone 5

MgSO4-anhydrous 1.18

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 10

KH₂PO₄ 10.35

Antifoam - Mazu DF204 5

NaCl 0.24

Thiamine HCl 0.001

CuSO₄-5H₂O 0.076

FeCl₃-OH₂O 0.108

MnSO₄-H₂O 0.089

CaCl₂-2H₂O 0.4

Boric acid 0.02

Sodium molybdate 0.08

Feed Medium - 600 ml 2/L

Soybean Oil 552 g

Fermentation Parameters: pH 5.5, controlled

Temp - 30 C Air Flow - 1.4 lpm Agitation - 950 rpm

Inoculum - 200 ml overnight shake flask culture grown in:

Seed Culture Medium g/L

Soy peptone 20 Yeast extract 10 Soybean Oil 23

In this example, the growth of Y. lypolytica β-carotene producing strain (constructed according to the methods described herein) in a two phase fed-batch fermentation process where an oil was the main carbon source in both phases of the fermentation resulted in essentially all (> 97%) of the carotenoid produced being β-carotene as determined by HPLC analysis. When compared to the two phase, two carbon source, fermentation process of Example 5D, the use of an oil as the major carbon source in both phases of the fermentation described in this example resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in β-carotene production on a grams of β-carotene per liter of fermentation broth basis. However, the fermentation process run time was increased by approx. 1.7 fold. Example 6: Introduction of heterologous carotene hydroxylase and carotene ketolase genes into Y. lipolvtica strains producing carotenoid for production of astaxanthin.

[0386] For introduction of carotene hydroxylase and carotene ketolase into carotenoid producing Y. lipolytica, pMB4692 and pMB4698 (described as in Example IE and IF above) can be sequentially introduced into MF740 or MF746 (described in Example 2E). For the introduction of pMB4692, the plasmid may be cleaved with Sail or BsrGl to direct integration at the ura3 locus, or with Xbal to promote random integration, selecting for uracil prototrophy. Ura⁺ transformants from MF740 or MF746 harboring pMB4692 are screened for zeaxanthin production in YPD. Zeaxanthin- producing cells are transformed with pMB4698 (which can be cleaved with PpuMi, Sspl or BbvCl to direct integration at the adel locus, or with £coRV to promote random integration) and prototrophic colonies are screened for astaxanthin production.

[0387] Alternatively, the order of plasmid transformation may be reversed wherein pMB4698 is transformed first and transformants are selected for adenine prototrophy. Ade⁺ transformants from MF740 or MF746 harboring pMB4698 are screened for canthaxanthin production. Canthaxanthin-producing MF740 [pMB4698] or MF746 [pMB4698] cells are transformed with pMB4692 and prototrophic colonies are screened for astaxanthin production.

[0388] In another approach, the carotenoid ketolase and carotenoid hydroxylase genes from

P. marcusii can be introduced into a Leu2^" version of MF740 or MF746, in order to convert β- carotene into astaxanthin. P. marcusii genomic DNA is amplified with two primers.

CrtZfwd: 5' CACACCGTCTCAAatgaccaatttcctgatcgtcgtc (SEQ ID NO: 92)

CrtZrev: 5' CACACAGATCtcacgtgcgctcctgcgcc (SEQ ID NO:93), and the resulting fragment is cleaved with BsmBl, modified with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase, and cleaved with BgM. This fragment is inserted into PmH- and ifømHI-cleaved pINA1269 (J. MoI. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2 (2000): 207-216), containing the hp4d promoter, the XPR2 terminator, the selectable LEU2 gene, and sequences necessary for selection and propagation in E. coli. The resulting plasmid "pA" contains sequences encoding carotene hydroxylase from P. marcusii (crtZ gene)(Genbank accession: CAB56060.1) under the control of the hp4d promoter. [0389] "pYEGITEF" is modified by substituting the LIP2 terminator for the XPR2 terminator as follows. pINA1291 is digested with Avrϊl, modified with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase, and cleaved with EcoBl, and the small LIP2t containing fragment is ligated to "pYEGITEF" that has been digested with Sacϊl, modified with T4 DNA polymerase in the presence of dNTP, and cleaved with EcoRl. The resulting plasmid is named "pYEGlTEF-LIP2t" . [0390] In order to amplify the carotenoid ketolase gene, P. marcusii genomic DNA is amplified with two primers.

CrtWfwd: 5' CACACCCTAGGCCatgagcgcacatgccctgc (SEQ ID NO:94)

CrtWrev: 5' CACACAAGCTTtcatgcggtgtcccccttg (SEQ ID NO:95), and the resulting fragment is cleaved with Avrll and Hindlll, and inserted into Avrll- and Hindlll- cleaved "pYEGlTEF-LIP2t". The resulting plasmid, "pBt", contains sequences encoding the carotene ketolase (crt^Fgene)(Genbank accession: CAB56059.1) under the control of the constitutive TEFl promoter.

[0391] In order to combine the two expression cassettes into a single plasmid, "pBt" is cleaved with CIcA, modified with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase, and cleaved with EcoRl, and the crtff-containing fragment is isolated, mixed with the phosphorylated oligonucleotide adaptor pair:

5' AATTCGCGGCCGCT (SEQ ID NO:96) and

5' AGCGGCCGCG (SEQ ID NO:97), cleaved with Notl, and ligated to Nofl-digested "pA". The resulting plasmid, "pABt", contains both the TEFlplcrtWILIP2t cassette and the hp4dlcrtZIXPR2t cassette as well as the selectable LEU2 gene. [0392] "pABt" can be introduced into MF740 or MF746 and transformants selected for leucine prototrophy.

Example 7: Partial inactivation of Y. lipolvtica ERG9 gene encoding squalene synthase results in increased carotenoid production:

[03931 7 A. In order to partially inactivate the ERG9 gene encoding squalene synthase, the neighboring FOL3 gene is disrupted, resulting in a folinic acid requirement. This strain is then transformed with a mutagenized fragment of DNA partially spanning the two genes, and FoI⁺ transformants are screened for decreased squalene synthase activity.

[0394] The following oligonucleotides are synthesized:

PRIMER K 5'-CCTTCTAGTCGTACGTAGTCAGC (SEQ ID NO:98);

PRIMER L 5'-CCACTGATCTAGAATCTCTTTCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 99) and used to amplify a 2.3 kb fragment from Y. lipolytica genomic DNA spanning most of the FOL3 gene, using Pfu polymerase. The resulting fragment is cleaved with Xbal and phosphorylated, then ligated into pBluescriptSK^" that has been cleaved with Kpnl, treated with T4 DNA polymerase

(T4pol) in the presence of dNTPs, and subsequently cleaved with Xbal. The resultant plasmid, designated pBS-fol3, is then cleaved with Acc65l and EcoBl, treated with T4pol as above, and ligated to the 3.4 kb EcoRV-Spel ADEl fragment (treated with T4pol) from pMB4529.

[0395] The resulting plasmid, pBSfol3Δade, can be cleaved with BsPNl and Xbal to liberate a 5.5 kb fragment that is used to transform MF740 or MF746 to adenine prototrophy. Resulting Ade⁺ transformants are screened for a folinic acid requirement, and for homologous integration by PCR analysis.

[0396] Strains that harbor the resultant foBΔADEl allele can be transformed with a 3.5 kb

DNA fragment generated by mutagenic PCR amplification using the primers:

PRIMER M 5'-GGCTCATTGCGCATGCTAACATCG (SEQ ID NO: 100); PRIMER N 5'-CGACGATGCTATGAGCTTCTAGACG (SEQ ID NO: 101), and Y. lipolytica genomic DNA as template. The resulting fragment containing the N-terminal three- quarters of the FOL3 ORF and the C-terminal nine -tenths of the ERG9 ORF is used to transform strains. The resulting FoI⁺ Ade^" transformants are screened for decreased squalene synthase activity by sensitivity to agents such as zaragozic acid, itraconazole, or fluconazole. Additionally, the resulting transformants are screened for increased carotenoid production.

[03971 7B. Alternatively, the PCR fragment produced in 7A could be cloned and altered in such a way as to remove the 3 '-untranslated region of ERG9 gene. Replacement of the fol 3 AADEl disruption by this fragment results in decreased expression of squalene synthase [Schuldiner et al. (2005), Cell 123:507-519][Muhlrad and Parker (1999), RNA 5: 1299-1307], which can be confirmed as in 7A. This approach may also be used in a FoI⁺ Ade^" strain, using the ADEl marker to disrupt the ERG9 3'-UTR.

[03981 1C In still another approach, partially defective ERG9 alleles can be identified in S. cerevisiae using plasmid shuffling techniques [Boeke et al. (1987), Methods Enzymol. 154: 164-175], and using drug sensitivities as a phenotype. Defective genes can be transferred to Y. lipolytica using standard molecular genetic techniques.

Example 8: Treatment of Y. lipolytica strains producing carotenoid with inhibitor of an isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptide results in increased carotenoid production

[0399] Cultures produced in Example 2 are treated with the squalene synthase inhibitor, zaragozic acid (zaragozic acid at 0.5 μM) and monitored for β-carotene production, as described above.

Example 9: Constructing an oleaginous strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[0400] The genes encoding the two subunits of ATP-citrate lyase from N. crassa, the AMP deaminase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the cytosolic malic enzyme from M. circinelloides are overexpressed in S. cerevisiae strains in order to increase the total lipid content. Similar approaches to enhance lipid production could be employed in other host organisms such as Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), using the same, homologous, or functionally similar oleaginic polypeptides.

[0401] Qiagen RNAEasy kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA.) are used to prepare messenger RNA from lyophilized biomass prepared from cultures of N. crassa. Subsequently, RT-PCR is performed in two reactions containing the mRNA template and either of the following primer pairs. acll : lfwd: 5' CACACGGATCCTATAatgccttccgcaacgaccg (SEQ ID NO: 102) lrev: 5' CACACACTAGttaaatttggacctcaacacgaccc (SEQ ID NO: 103) acl2: 2fwd: 5' CACACGGATCCAATATAAatgtctgcgaagagcatcctcg (SEQ ID NO: 104) 2rev: 5' CACACGCATGCttaagcttggaactccaccgcac (SEQ ID NO: 105)

[0402] The resulting fragment from the acll reaction is cleaved with Spel and BamHl, and that from the acl2 reaction is cleaved with BamHl and Sphl, and both are ligated together into YEp24 that has been digested with Nhel and Sphl, creating the plasmid "pl2". The bi-directional GALl-10 promoter is amplified from S. cerevisiae genomic DNA using the primers. gal 10: 5' CACACGGATCCaattttcaaaaattcttactttttttttggatggac (SEQ ID NO: 106) gall : 5' CACACGGATCCttttttctccttgacgttaaagtatagagg, (SEQ ID NO: 107) and the resulting 0.67 kb fragment is cleaved with BamΗI and ligated in either orientation to BamHl- digested "pl2" to create "plgal2" and "p2gall", containing GALl -acll /GAL 10-acl2 and GALlO- acll/GALl-acl2, respectively (Genbank accession: acll: CAB91740.2; acl2: CAB91741.2). [0403] In order to amplify the S. cerevisiae gene encoding AMP deaminase and a promoter suitable for expressing this gene, S. cerevisiae genomic DNA is amplified using two primer pairs in separate reactions: AMDl ORF:

AMDlFWD: 5' CACACGAGCTCAAAAatggacaatcaggctacacagag (SEQ ID NO: 108) AMDlrev: 5' CACACCCTAGGtcacttttcttcaatggttctcttgaaattg (SEQ ID NO:109) GAL7p: gal7prox: 5' CACACGAGCTCggaatattcaactgtttttttttatcatgttgatg (SEQ ID NO: 110) gal7dist: 5' CACACGGAtccttcttgaaaatatgcactctatatcttttag, (SEQ ID NO: 111) and the resulting fragment from the AMDl reaction (2.4 kb) is cleaved with Sad and Avrϊl, and that from the GAL7 reaction (0.7 kb) is cleaved with BamΗI and Sphl, and both are ligated together into YEp 13 that has been digested with Nhel and BamHl, creating the plasmid "pAMPD". This plasmid carries the S. cerevisiae gene, AMDl, encoding AMP deaminase, under the control of the galactose- inducible GAL 7 promoter.

[0404] Messenger RNA is prepared from lyophilized biomass of M. circinelloides , as described above, and the mRNA template is used in a RT-PCR reaction with two primers:

MAEfwd: 5' CACACGCTAGCTACAAAatgttgtcactcaaacgcatagcaac (SEQ ID NO: 112) MAErev: 5' CACACGTCGACttaatgatctcggtatacgagaggaac (SEQ ID NO: 113), and the resulting fragment is cleaved with Nhel and Sail, and ligated to Xbal- and JΛoI-digested pRS413TEF (Mumberg, D. et al. (1995) Gene, 156: 119-122), creating the plasmid "pTEFMAE", which contains sequences encoding the cytosolic NADP⁺-dependant malic enzyme from M. circinelloides (E.C. 1.1.1.40; mce gene; Genbank accession: AY209191) under the control of the constitutive TEFl promoter.

[0405] The plasmids "plgal2", "pAMPD", and "pTEFMAE" are sequentially transformed into a strain of S. cerevisiae to restore prototrophy for uracil ("plgal2"), leucine ("pAMPD"), and histidine ("pTEFMAE") (Guthrie and Fmk Methods in Enzymology 194:1-933, 1991). The resulting transformants are tested for total lipid content following shake flask testing in either synthetic complete (SC) medium lacking uracil, leucine and histidine, as described in Example 3, or in a 2-step fermentation process. In the 2-step process, 1.5 ml of cells from an overnight 2 ml roll tube culture containing SC medium lacking uracil, leucine and histidine are centrifuged, washed in distilled water, and resuspended in 20 ml of a nitrogen- limiting medium suitable for lipid accumulation (30 g/L glucose, 1.5 g/L yeast extract, 0.5 g/L NH₄Cl, 7 g/L KH₂PO₄, 5 g/L Na₂HPO₄- 12H₂O, 1.5 g/L MgSO₄-7H₂O, 0.08 g/L FeCl₃-OH₂O, 0.01 g/L ZnSO₄- 7H₂O, 0.1 g/L CaCl₂-2H₂O, 0.1 mg/L MnSO₄- 5H₂O, 0.1 mg/L CuSO₄-5H₂O, 0.1 mg/L Co(NO₃)₂-6H₂O; pH 5.5 (J Am Oil Chem Soc 70:891-894 (1993)) .

[0406] Intracellular lipid content of the modified and control S. cerevisiae strains is analyzed using the fluorescent probe, Nile Red (J Microbiol Meth (2004) 56:331-338). In brief, cells diluted in buffer are stained with Nile Red, excited at 488 nm, and the fluorescent emission spectra in the wavelength region of 400-700 nm are acquired and compared to the corresponding spectra from cells not stained with Nile Red. To confirm results from the rapid estimation method, the total lipid content is determined by gas chromatographic analysis of the total fatty acids directly transmethylesterified from dried cells, as described (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. (2002) 60:275-80). Non-transformed S. cerevisiae strains produce 6% and 10% total lipid (dry cell weight basis) after growth in YPD and lipid accumulation medium, respectively. Yeast strains expressing the multiple oleaginic polypeptides produce 17% and 25% total lipid following growth in YPD and lipid accumulation medium, respectively.

Example 10: Introduction of heterologous carotene hydroxylase into Y. lipolytica strains producing carotenoid for production of zeaxanthin

[0407] MF578 (tef-carRP tef-carB) was transformed with pMB4692 that had been cleaved with Sail. Several Ura⁺ colonies inferred to contain tef-crtZ by PCR analysis were able to produce zeaxanthin in YPD shake flasks, and in one case, all of the β-carotene was depleted.

Example 11: Regulatory Sequences

[0408] Sequences which consist of, consist essentially of, and comprise the following regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters and terminator sequences, including functional fragments thereof) may be useful to control expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in engineered host cells, and particularly in engineered fungal cells described herein.

[0409] Met2 promoter

5'cctctcactttgtgaatcgtgaaacatgaatcttcaagccaagaatgttaggcaggggaagctttctttcagactttttggaattggtcctcttttggac attattgacgatattattattttttccccgtccaatgttgacccttgtaagccattccggttctggagcgcatctcgtctgaaggagtcttcgtgtggctata actacaagcgttgtatggtggatcctatgaccgtctatatagggcaacttttgctcttgttcttccccctccttgagggacgtatggcaatggctatgaca actatcgtagtgagcctctataacccattgaagtacaagtcctccaccttgctgccaaactcgcgagaaaaaaagtccaccaactccgccgggaaat actggagaacacctctaagacgtgggcttctgcacctgtgtggcttgggtctgggttttgcgagctctgagccacaacctaaggacggtgtgattgg gagataagtagtcgttggttttctaatcgcacgtgatatgcaagccacacttataacacaatgaagacaggccgatgaactgcatgtcattgtacaggt gcggagagcaagaaactctggggcggaggtgaaagatgagacaaaaagcctcaggtgcaaggtagggagttgatcaacgtcaaacacaaataa tctaggttgttaggcagctaaacatgtatataactgggctgccaccgagtgttacttgtcattaacgtcgcattttcgcctacacaaaatttgggttactcg ccactacactgctcaaatctttcagctgtgcaacaagctttcaggtcacacatagactcgcataaggacccgggtcatctgttattctccactggtaaac caatagtcctagctgatttgggtacagaagctcactttcacatcttttcatcttcttctacaaccatc (SEQ ID NO:114)

[0410] Met3 promoter

5'atctgtgaggagcccctggcgtcactgtcgactgtgccggcatttctgatggtatttccagccccgcagttctcgagacccccgaacaaatgtgcc acacccttgccaaaatgacgaatacacggcgtcgcggccgggaatcgaactcttggcaccgccacaggagtgaaatttgaaatttgaaatttgaaa aataattcacattttgagtttcaataatatatcgatgaccctcccaaaagacccaagtcgagacgcaaaaaaacacccagacgacatggatgcggtc acgtgaccgcaaaaaccgccccggaaatccgtttgtgacgtgttcaattccatctctatgtttttctgcggtttctacgatgccgcaatggtggccaatg tgcgtttcactgccgtagtggctggaacaagccacagggggtcgtcgggccaatcagacggtccctgacatggttctgcgccctaacccgggaac tctaacccccgtggtggcgcaatcgctgtcttcatgtgctttatctcacgtgacggctggaatctggcagaagacggagtatgtacattttgtcgttggt cacgttatccctaaaacgtggtgtttaaactggtcgaatgcttggcccagaacacaagaagaaaaaaacgagacaacttgatcagtttcaacgccac agcaagcttgtcttcactgtggttggtcttctccacgccacaagcaacacgtacatgtcaattacgtcagggtcttttaagttctgtggcttttgaaccagt tataaagaaccaaccacccttttttcaaagctaatcaagacggggaaattttttttttgatatttttcgaca (SEQ ID NO:115)

[0411] Met6 promoter

5'gatactgcagacggtgcattacttacccgtgtcgactgagagtctacttggtacttggccctgtggctaagcagtatttgagcaacaatgcaatgca gttgctgactcggttccagatccccttgccccgatgtgtggaagcgttgtttttggggcaagggcatgtgggggctgcatcatactgtggctggggcc gttggaagagccgtcggcagcgagcctgagtcgcttctcggggccttattccccccgcctctaggtcagcggcggccgaagtgtcgtactcagctc gcctgtacagtatgacgtgaccgaatagcctctggaaggttggagaagtacagtgcaaaaaaaagttgcaaaatttcattttagcgttcgatccgacg tggcagttggacaatgaatcgatggagacatgatcatgggcagaaatagaaggtctccatgttcaatggcagtaccaattgagcaacagacgggtc gacaggcggcgggcacaccatccgccctccacatggcgcaatcgtcagtgcagcgattcgtactcggattgcatcatgttgcaccgaaagttggg gcccgcacgttggagaggcgaggagccagggttagctttggtggggtcctttgttgtcacgtggcatcagcgaatggcgtcctccaatcagggcc gtcagcgaagtcggcgtgtgatagtgcgtggggagcgaatagagtttctgggggggggcggcccaaaacgtgaaatccgagtacgcatgtaga gtgtaaattgggtgtatagtgacattgtttgactctgaccctgagagtaatatataatgtgtacgtgtccccctccgttggtcttctttttttctcctttctccta accaacacccaaactaatcaatc (SEQ ID NO: 116)

[0412] Met25 promoter

5'aagtcgtattaacataactttccttacatttttttaaagcacgtcactatccacgtgacctagccacgcgataccaagtattcatccataatgacacact catgacgtccggaggacgtcatcatcgtccagtcacgtgccaaggcacatgactaatcataacaccttatgactagcttctgaatcgctacacagttc caattcgcaaataaactcgaaatgacgaaatgccataataaaaatgacgaaactcgagattgagagcagcacatgcactgaagtggtggacaacc agcgtatccggagacacgacggatccagcaccatggaagctggccgaaaaagagatccccagcacattgagcaaccaagtcagctcaattgagt aacatcacacactcagatcgagtctgatggtggtccccttttgttccttcacttgaaaaataattgaaaataacaataacaataaaaataaaaacaaaat aaaaataaaaataaaaataaaaataaaaaaataaaaaaaccttgccgcatttagcgtcagccaccccccgcattgacctgagtacgttggattgacc ccgatcctgcacgtcgagcgtggtcggccaaaaagcgcccgtggctggtgagtcagaaatagcagggttgcaagagagagctgcgcaacgagc aataaacggtgtttttttcgcttctgtgctgcttagagtggagagccgaccctcgccatgctcacgtgaccattcacgtggttgcaaactccaccttagt atagccgtgtccctctcgctacccattatcgcatcgtactccagccacatttttttgttccccgctaaatccggaaccttatctgggtcacgtgaaattgc aatctcgacaggaggttatacttatagagtgagacactccacgcaaggtgttgcaagtcaattgacaccacctcacctcagactaacatccaca

(SEQ ID NO: 117)

[0413] Pox2 promoter

5'gaatctgcccccacattttatctccgcttttgactgtttttctcccccctttcacactctgcttttggctacataaaccccgcaccgtttggaactctgttg gtccggggaagccgccgttaggtgtgtcagatggagagcgccagacgagcagaaccgagggacagcggatcgggggagggctgtcacgtga cgaagggcactgttgacgtggtgaatgtcgcccgttctcacgtgacccgtctcctctatatgtgtatccgcctctttgtttggttttttttctgcttcccccc ccccccccccaccccaatcacatgctcagaaagtagacatctgcatcgtcctgcatgccatcccacaagacgaacaagtgataggccgagagccg aggacgaggtggagtgcacaaggggtaggcgaatggtacgattccgccaagtgagactggcgatcgggagaagggttggtggtcatgggggat agaatttgtacaagtggaaaaaccactacgagtagcggatttgataccacaagtagcagagatatacagcaatggtgggagtgcaagtatcggaat gtactgtacctcctgtactcgtactcgtacggcactcgtagaaacggggcaatacgggggagaagcgatcgcccgtctgttcaatcgccacaagtc cgagtaatgctcgagtatcgaagtcttgtacctccctgtcaatcatggcaccactggtcttgacttgtctattcatactggacaagcgccagagttaagc ttgtagcgaatttcgccctcggacatcaccccatacgacggacacacatgcccgacaaacagcctctcttattgtagctgaaagtatattgaatgtgaa cgtgtacaatatcaggtaccagcgggaggttacggccaaggtgataccggaataaccctggcttggagatggtcggtccattgtactgaagtgtcc gtgtcgtttccgtcactgccccaattggacatgtttgtttttccgatctttcgggcgccctctccttgtctccttgtctgtctcctggactgttgctaccccatt tctttggcctccattggttcctccccgtctttcacgtcgtctatggttgcatggtttcccttatacttttccccacagtcacatgttatggaggggtctagatg gaggcctaattttgacgtgcaaggggcgaattggggcgagaaacacgtcgtggacatggtgcaaggcccgcagggttgattcgacgcttttccgc gaaaaaaacaagtccaaatacccccgtttattctccctcggctctcggtatttcacatgaaaactataacctagactacacgggcaaccttaaccccag agtatacttatataccaaagggatgggtcctcaaaaatcacacaagcaacg (SEQ ID NO: 118)

[0414] Yef3 (Y ALIOE 13277g) promoter

5'cgccattcggttccttccagaccattccagatcaatccacctcttcttatctcaggtgggtgtgctgacatcagaccccgtagcccttctcccagtgg cgaacagcaggcataaaacagggccattgagcagagcaaacaaggtcggtgaaatcgtcgaaaaagtcggaaaacggttgcaagaaattggag cgtcacctgccaccctccaggctctatataaagcattgccccaattgctaacgcttcatatttacacctttggcaccccagtccatccctccaataaaat gtactacatgggacacaacaagagaggatgcgcgcccaaaccctaacctagcacatgcacgatgattctctttgtctgtgaaaaaatttttccaccaa aatttccccattgggatgaaaccctaaccgcaaccaaaagtttttaactatcatcttgtacgtcacggtttccgattcttctcttctctttcatcatcatcactt gtgacc (SEQ ID NO: 119)

[0415] Caml (YALI0C24420g) promoter

5'aactaccataaagtaccgagaaatataggcaattgtacaaattgtccacctccttcacttacattaccgaaccatggccatatcaccaaaatacccc gagtgctaaaacacctccctccaaatgttctcttaccttccaccgaaaaccgatcttattatcccaacgcttgttgtggcttgacgcgccgcacccgctg ggcttgccatttcgataccaatccaagaggaaaagctcatgagaaacaatcggaatatcacgagaacggcctggcgaaccaacaggatatttttga atataattacccctcgaatctagtcatatctatgtctactgtagacttgggcggcatcatgatgtacattattttagcgtctggaaccctaaagttcacgta caatcatgtgacaaacgaggctaaaaaatgtcaatttcgtatattagtgttattacgtggctcacatttccgaatcatctaccaccccccacctaaaaa (SEQ ID NO: 120)

[0416] YALIOD 16467g promoter

SHttttttaattttcatatttattttcatatttattttcatatttattttcatttatttattcatgtatttatttattactttttaagtattttaaactcctcactaaaccgtcga ttgcacaatattaaccttcattacacctgcagcgtggtttttgtggtcgttagccgaagtcttccaacgtgggtataagtaggaacaattgggccgattttt tgagccgtctaaatctctcgactcaattgatctgctgtcgaaaatccggctctctagctccttttccccgtccgctggagctcctcttcattgtgccgttttt ccaacatttaactttgccacccaccaccacccccactaccatcacccactcgatctctgttcgtgtcaccacgactttgtcttctcacacatactctgtttg tgcaccacacattgcgaa (SEQ ID NO: 121)

[0417] Tef4 (YALIOB 12562g) promoter

5'gctacaatagctttattggccctattgagcacgctacaattcggtccagtatgtacaacgtctatgcgcactaacggccatacagtgagttacagca cacccaaaagtaaccctgcctgacctgtctgcctgagacaggaagattaactcttgtagtgaccgagctcgataagactcaagccacacaattttttta tagccttgcttcaagagtcgccaaaatgacattacacaactccacggaccgtcggttccatgtccacacccttggatgggtaagcgctccacgcacg taccacgtgcattgagtttaaccacaaacataggtctgtgtcccagagttaccctgctgcatcagccaagtcttgaaagcaaaatttcttgcacaattttt cctcttcttttcttcactgatcgcagtccaaacacaaaca (SEQ ID NO: 122)

[04181 YALIOD 12903g promoter

5'gcgctctgatccacttgtatggctccaagttcagtgtaccaagtagttggtgatgcagggagggatgtctctatccaccaataatgaactcatgggc gaaattgtttctgttaaacactccaactgtcgttttaaatctcattctctttgcatttggactccattcgcttccgttgggccaatataatccatcgtaacgtac tttagatggaaatttagttacctgctacttgtctcaacaccccaacaggggctgttcgacagaggtaatagagcgtcaatgggttaataaaaacacact gtcgattttcactcattgtctttatgatattacctgttttccgctgttatcaatgccgagcatcgtgttatatcttccaccccaactacttgcatttacttaactat tacctcaactatttacaccccgaattgttacctcccaataagtaactttatttcaaccaatgggacgagagcatctctgagaacatcgatctatctctgtca atattgcccagaatcgttcgaaaaaaaacaccaaaaggtttacagcgccattataaatataaattcgttgtcaattcccccgcaatgtctgttgaaatctc attttgagaccttccaacattaccctctctcccgtctggtcacatgacgtgactgcttcttcccaaaacgaacactcccaactcttcccccccgtcagtg aaaagtatacatccgacctccaaatcttttcttcactcaac (SEQ ID NO: 123)

[0419] Tefl (Y ALI0C0914 Ig) promoter

5'agagacgggttggcggcgtatttgtgtcccaaaaaacagccccaattgccccaattgaccccaaattgacccagtagcgggcccaaccccggc gagagcccccttcaccccacatatcaaacctcccccggttcccacacttgccgttaagggcgtagggtactgcagtctggaatctacgcttgttcaga ctttgtactagtttctttgtctggccatccgggtaacccatgccggacgcaaaatagactactgaaaatttttttgctttgtggttgggactttagccaagg gtataaaagaccaccgtccccgaattacctttcctcttcttttctctctctccttgtcaactcacacccgaaatcgttaagcatttccttctgagtataagaat cattc (SEQ ID NO: 124)

[0420] Fbal (YALI0E26004g) promoter

5'gctgcgctgatctggacaccacagaggttccgagcactttaggttgcaccaaatgtcccaccaggtgcaggcagaaaacgctggaacagcgtg tacagtttgtcttagcaaaaagtgaaggcgctgaggtcgagcagggtggtgtgacttgttatagcctttagagctgcgaaagcgcgtatggatttggc tcatcaggccagattgagggtctgtggacacatgtcatgttagtgtacttcaatcgccccctggatatagccccgacaataggccgtggcctcatttttt tgccttccgcacatttccattgctcggtacccacaccttgcttctcctgcacttgccaaccttaatactggtttacattgaccaacatcttacaagcgggg ggcttgtctagggtatatataaacagtggctctcccaatcggttgccagtctcttttttcctttctttccccacagattcgaaatctaaactacacatc (SEQ ID NO: 125)

[0421] Pox2 terminator

5'gatgaggaatagacaagcgggtatttattgtatgaataaagattatgtattgattgcaaaaaagtgcatttgtagatgtggtttattgtagagagtacg gtatgtactgtacgaacattaggagctacttctacaagtagattttcttaacaagggtgaaatttactaggaagtacatgcatatttcgttagtagaatcac aaaagaaatgtacaagcacgtactacttgtactccacaatgtggagtgggagcaaaaaaattggacgacaccggaatcgaaccggggacctcgc gcatgctaagcgcatgtgataaccaactacaccagacgcccaagaactttcttggtgattatggaatacgtggtctgctatatctcaattttgctgtaatg aatcattagaattaaaaaaaaaaccccatttttgtgtgattgtcggccaagagatggaacaggaagaatacgtgaacaagcgagcacgaatgccata tgctcttctgaacaaccgagtccgaatccgatttgtgggtatcacatgtctcaagtagctgaaatgtatttcgctagaataaaataaatgagattaagaat taaaaatattggaatatattttcctagaatagaaactttggattttttttcggctattacagtctgaactggacaaacggctgactatatataaatattattgg gtctgttttcttgtttatgtcgaaattatctgggttttactactgtgtcgtcgagtatagagtggcctgactggagaaaatgcagtagtatggacagtaggt actgccagccagagaagtttttggaattgatacttgagtcatttttccattccccattccccattccaacacaatcaactgtttctgaacattttccaaaacg cggagatgtatgtcacttggcactgcaagtctcgattcaaaatgcatctctttcagaccaaagtgtcatcagctttgtttggccccaaattaccgcaaat acttgtcgaaattgaagtgcaatacggcctcgtctgccatgaaacctgcctattctcttcaaattggcgtcaggtttcacgtccagcattcctcgcccag acagagttgctatggttgaatcgtgtactgttaatatatgtatgtattatactcgtactacgatatactgttcaatagagtctcttataatcgtacgacgattct gggca (SEQ ID NO: 126)

Example 12: Y. lipolytica oleaginic and isoprenoid biosynthesis genes

[0422] Figure 10 (1OA, 1OB and 10C) is a list of Y. lipolytica genes representing various polypeptides (e.g., oleaginic and isoprenoid biosynthesis peptides) useful in the fungal strains and methods described herein. The Genbank accession number and GI number is given for each polypeptide in addition to oligo pairs which can be used to amplify the coding region for each gene from Y. lipolytica genomic DNA or cDNA. Resulting PCR fragments can be cleaved with restriction enzyme pairs (e.g., depending on what site is present within the oligo sequence, XballMlul or Nhel/Mlul or XballAscl or NhellAscl) and inserted into expression vectors (e.g., fungal expression vectors including Y. lipolytica expression vectors such as MB4629 and MB4691 described herein). [0423] The DNA and proteins they encode of the Y. lipolytica genes represented in Figure 10 are as follows (intron sequence is underlined):

[0424] YALI0F30481g

DNA: atgtcgcaaccccagaacgttggaatcaaagccctcgagatctacgtgccttctcgaattgtcaaccaggctgagctcgagaagcacgacggtgtc gctgctggcaagtacaccattggtcttggtcagaccaacatggcctttgtcgacgacagagaggacatctattcctttgccctgaccgccgtctctcg actgctcaagaacaacaacatcgaccctgcatctattggtcgaatcgaggttggtactgaaacccttctggacaagtccaagtccgtcaagtctgtgc tcatgcagctctttggcgagaacagcaacattgagggtgtggacaacgtcaacgcctgctacggaggaaccaacgccctgttcaacgctatcaact gggttgagggtcgatcttgggacggccgaaacgccatcgtcgttgccggtgacattgccctctacgcaaagggcgctgcccgacccaccggagg tgccggctgtgttgccatgctcattggccccgacgctcccctggttcttgacaacgtccacggatcttacttcgagcatgcctacgatttctacaagcct gatctgacctccgagtacccctatgttgatggccactactccctgacctgttacacaaaggccctcgacaaggcctacgctgcctacaacgcccgag ccgagaaggtcggtctgttcaaggactccgacaagaagggtgctgaccgatttgactactctgccttccacgtgcccacctgcaagcttgtcaccaa gtcttacgctcgacttctctacaacgactacctcaacgacaagagcctgtacgagggccaggtccccgaggaggttgctgccgtctcctacgatgc ctctctcaccgacaagaccgtcgagaagaccttccttggtattgccaaggctcagtccgccgagcgaatggctccttctctccagggacccaccaa caccggtaacatgtacaccgcctctgtgtacgcttctctcatctctctgctgacttttgtccccgctgagcagctgcagggcaagcgaatctctctcttct cttacggatctggtcttgcttccactcttttctctctgaccgtcaagggagacatttctcccatcgtcaaggcctgcgacttcaaggctaagctcgatgac cgatccaccgagactcccgtcgactacgaggctgccaccgatctccgagagaaggcccacctcaagaagaactttgagccccagggagacatca agcacatcaagtctggcgtctactacctcaccaacatcgatgacatgttccgacgaaagtacgagatcaagcagtag (SEQ ID NO: 127)

Protein:

Msqpqnvgikaleiyvpsrivnqaelekhdgvaagkytiglgqtnmafvddrediysfaltavsrllknnnidpasigrievgtetlldksksvk svlmqlfgensniegvdnvnacyggtnalrhainwvegrswdgrnaiwagdialyakgaarptggagcvamligpdaplvldnvhgsyfe haydrykpdltseypyvdghysltcytkaldkayaaynaraekvglflcdsdkkgadrfdysafhvptcklvtksyarllyndylndkslyegq vpeevaavsydasltdktvektflgiakaqsaermapslqgptntgnmytasvyaslislltfvpaeqlqgkrislfsygsglastlfsltvkgdisp ivkacdflcaklddrstetpvdyeaatdlrekahlkknfepqgdikhiksgvyyltniddmtrrkyeikq (SEQ ID NO: 128)

[0425] YALIOBl 6038g

DNA: atggactacatcatttcggcgccaggcaaagtgattctatttggtgaacatgccgctgtgtttggtaagcctgcgattgcagcagccatcgacttgcga acatacctgcttgtcgaaaccacaacatccgacaccccgacagtcacgttggagtttccagacatccacttgaacttcaaggtccaggtggacaagc tggcatctctcacagcccagaccaaggccgaccatctcaattggtcgactcccaaaactctggataagcacattttcgacagcttgtctagcttggcg cttctggaagaacctgggctcactaaggtccagcaggccgctgttgtgtcgttcttgtacctctacatccacctatgtcccccttctgtgtgcgaagatt catcaaactgggtagttcgatcaacgctgcctatcggcgcgggcctgggctcttccgcatccatttgtgtctgtttggctgcaggtcttctggttctcaa cggccagctgagcattgaccaggcaagagatttcaagtccctgaccgagaagcagctgtctctggtggacgactggtccttcgtcggtgaaatgtg cattcacggcaacccgtcgggcatcgacaatgctgtggctactcagggaggtgctctgttgttccagcgacctaacaaccgagtccctcttgttgac attcccgagatgaagctgctgcttaccaatacgaagcatcctcgatctaccgcagacctggttggtggagtcggagttctcactaaagagtttggctc catcatggatcccatcatgacttcagtaggcgagatttccaaccaggccatggagatcatttctagaggcaagaagatggtggaccagtctaaccttg agattgagcagggtatcttgcctcaacccacctctgaggatgcctgcaacgtgatggaagatggagctactcttcaaaagttgagagatatcggttcg gaaatgcagcatctagtgagaatcaatcacggcctgcttatcgctatgggtgtttcccacccgaagctcgaaatcattcgaactgcctccattgtccac aacctgggtgagaccaagctcactggtgctggaggaggaggttgcgccatcactctagtcacttctaaagacaagactgcgacccagctggagga aaatgtcattgctttcacagaggagatggctacccatggcttcgaggtgcacgagactactattggtgccagaggagttggtatgtgcattgaccatc cctctctcaagactgttgaagccttcaagaaggtggagcgggcggatctcaaaaacatcggtccctggacccattag (SEQ ID NO: 129)

Protein: mdyiisapgkvilfgehaavfgkpaiaaaidlrtyllvetttsdtptvtlerpdihlnflcvqvdklasltaqtkadhlnwstpktldkhifdslsslall eepgltkvqqaavvsflylyihlcppsvcedssnwvvrstlpigaglgssasicvclaagllvlngqlsidqardflcsltekqlslvddwsfVgem cihgnpsgidnavatqggallfqφnnrvplvdipemkllltntkhprstadlvggvgvltkefgsimdpimtsvgeisnqameiisrgkkmv dqsnleieqgilpqptsedacnvmedgatlqklrdigsemqhlvrinhglliamgvshpkleiirtasivhnlgetkltgaggggcaitlvtskdk tatqleenviafteemathgfevhettigargvgmcidhpslktveaflckveradlknigpwth (SEQ ID NO: 130)

[0426] YALI0E06193g

DNA: atgaccacctattcggctccgggaaaggccctcctttgcggcggttatttggttattgatccggcgtattcagcatacgtcgtgggcctctcggcgcgt atttacgcgacagtttcggcttccgaggcctccaccacctctgtccatgtcgtctctccgcagtttgacaagggtgaatggacctacaactacacgaa cggccagctgacggccatcggacacaacccatttgctcacgcggccgtcaacaccgttctgcattacgttcctcctcgaaacctccacatcaacatc agcatcaaaagtgacaacgcgtaccactcgcaaattgacagcacgcagagaggccagtttgcataccacaaaaaggcgatccacgaggtgccta aaacgggcctcggtagctccgctgctcttaccaccgttcttgtggcagctttgctcaagtcatacggcattgatcccttgcataacacccacctcgttca caacctgtcccaggttgcacactgctcggcacagaagaagattgggtctggatttgacgtggcttcggccgtttgtggctctctagtctatagacgttt cccggcggagtccgtgaacatggtcattgcagctgaagggacctccgaatacggggctctgttgagaactaccgttaatcaaaagtggaaggtga ctctggaaccatccttcttgccgccgggaatcagcctgcttatgggagacgtccagggaggatctgagactccaggtatggtggccaaggtgatgg catggcgaaaagcaaagccccgagaagccgagatggtgtggagagatctcaacgctgccaacatgctcatggtcaagttgttcaacgacctgcgc aagctctctctcactaacaacgaggcctacgaacaacttttggccgaggctgctcctctcaacgctctaaagatgataatgttgcagaaccctctcgg agaactagcacgatgcattatcactattcgaaagcatctcaagaagatgacacgggagactggtgctgctattgagccggatgagcagtctgcattg ctcaacaagtgcaacacttatagtggagtcattggaggtgttgtgcctggagcaggaggctacgatgctatttctcttctggtgatcagctctacggtg aacaatgtcaagcgagagagccagggagtccaatggatggagctcaaggaggagaacgagggtctgcggctcgagaaggggttcaagtag (SEQ ID NO: 131)

Protein: mttysapgkallcggylvidpaysayvvglsariyatvsaseasttsvhwspqfdkgewtynytngqltaighnpfahaavntvlhyvpprnl hinisiksdnayhsqidstqrgqfayhkkaihevpktglgssaalttvlvaallksygidplhnthlvhnlsqvahcsaqkkigsgfdvasavcgs lvyrrfpaesvnmviaaegtseygallrtt\τiqkwkvtlepsflppgisllmgdvqggsetpgmvakvmawrkakpreaemvwrdlnaan mlmvklfndlrklsltnneayeqllaeaaplnalkmimlqnplgelarciitirkhlkkmtretgaaiepdeqsallnkcntysgviggvvpgag gydaisllvisstvnnvkresqgvqwmelkeeneglrlekgfk (SEQ ID NO: 132)

[0427] YALI0F05632g

DNA: atgatccaccaggcctccaccaccgctccggtgaacattgcgacactcaagtactggggcaagcgagaccctgctctcaatctgcccactaacaac tccatctccgtgactttgtcgcaggatgatctgcggaccctcaccacagcctcgtgttcccctgatttcacccaggacgagctgtggctcaatggcaa gcaggaggacgtgagcggcaaacgtctggttgcgtgtttccgagagctgcgggctctgcgacacaaaatggaggactccgactcttctctgcctaa gctggccgatcagaagctcaagatcgtgtccgagaacaacttccccaccgccgctggtctcgcctcatcggctgctggctttgccgccctgatccg agccgttgcaaatctctacgagctccaggagacccccgagcagctgtccattgtggctcgacagggctctggatccgcctgtcgatctctctacgga ggctacgtggcatgggaaatgggcaccgagtctgacggaagcgactcgcgagcggtccagatcgccaccgccgaccactggcccgagatgcg agccgccatcctcgttgtctctgccgacaagaaggacacgtcgtccactaccggtatgcaggtgactgtgcacacttctcccctcttcaaggagcga gtcaccactgtggttcccgagcggtttgcccagatgaagaagtcgattctggaccgagacttccccacctttgccgagctcaccatgcgagactcaa accagttccacgccacctgtctggactcgtatcctcccattttctacctcaacgacgtgtcgcgagcctccattcgggtagttgaggccatcaacaag gctgccggagccaccattgccgcctacacctttgatgctggacccaactgtgtcatctactacgaggacaagaacgaggagctggttctgggtgct ctcaaggccattctgggccgtgtggagggatgggagaagcaccagtctgtggacgccaagaagattgatgttgacgagcggtgggagtccgagc tggccaacggaattcagcgggtgatccttaccaaggttggaggagatcccgtgaagaccgctgagtcgcttatcaacgaggatggttctctgaaga acagcaagtag (SEQ ID NO: 133)

Protein: mihqasttapvniatlkywgkrdpalnlptnnsisvtlsqddlrtlttascspdftqdelwlngkqedvsgkrlvacrrelralrhkmedsdsslpk ladqklkivsenntptaaglassaagfaaliravanlyelqetpeqlsivarqgsgsacrslyggyvawemgtesdgsdsravqiatadhwpem raail\ΥsadkJcdtssttgmqvtvhtsplflcervtt\ΥperfaqmkJcsildrdφtfaeltmrdsnqfhatcldsyppirylndvsrasirvveain kaagatiaaytfdagpncviyyedkneelvlgalkailgrvegwekhqsvdakkidvderweselangiqrviltkvggdpvktaeslinedg slknsk (SEQ ID NO: 134)

[0428] YALI0F04015g

DNA:

Atgacgacgtcttacagcgacaaaatcaagagtatcagcgtgagctctgtggctcagcagtttcctgaggtggcgccgattgcggacgtgtccaag gctagccggcccagcacggagtcgtcggactcgtcggccaagctatttgatggccacgacgaggagcagatcaagctgatggacgagatctgtg tggtgctggactgggacgacaagccgattggcggcgcgtccaaaaagtgctgtcatctgatggacaacatcaacgacggactggtgcatcgggc cttttccgtgttcatgttcaacgaccgcggtgagctgcttctgcagcagcgggcggcggaaaaaatcacctttgccaacatgtggaccaacacgtgc tgctcgcatcctctggcggtgcccagcgagatgggcgggctggatctggagtcccggatccagggcgccaaaaacgccgcggtccggaagctt gagcacgagctgggaatcgaccccaaggccgttccggcagacaagttccatttcctcacccggatccactacgccgcgccctcctcgggcccctg gggcgagcacgagattgactacattctgtttgtccggggcgaccccgagctcaaggtggtggccaacgaggtccgcgataccgtgtgggtgtcgc agcagggactcaaggacatgatggccgatcccaagctggttttcaccccttggttccggctcatttgtgagcaggcgctgtttccctggtgggacca gttggacaatctgcccgcgggcgatgacgagattcggcggtggatcaagtag (SEQ ID NO: 135)

Protein: mttsysdkiksisvssvaqqrpevapiadvskasrpstessdssaklfdghdeeqiklmdeicvvldwddkpiggaskkcchlmdnindglv hrafsvnnfndrgelllqqraaekitfanmwtntccshplavpsemggldlesriqgaknaavrklehelgidpkavpadkfhfltrihyaapss gpwgeheidyilfVrgdpelkvvanevrdtvwvsqqglkdmmadpklvftpwrrliceqalfpwwdqldnlpagddeirrwik (SEQ ID NO: 136)

[0429] YALI0E05753 DNA: atgtccaaggcgaaattcgaaagcgtgttcccccgaatctccgaggagctggtgcagctgctgcgagacgagggtctgccccaggatgccgtgc agtggttttccgactcacttcagtacaactgtgtgggtggaaagctcaaccgaggcctgtctgtggtcgacacctaccagctactgaccggcaagaa ggagctcgatgacgaggagtactaccgactcgcgctgctcggctggctgattgagctgctgcaggcgtttttcctcgtgtcggacgacattatggat gagtccaagacccgacgaggccagccctgctggtacctcaagcccaaggtcggcatgattgccatcaacgatgctttcatgctagagagtggcat ctacattctgcttaagaagcatttccgacaggagaagtactacattgaccttgtcgagctgttccacgacatttcgttcaagaccgagctgggccagct ggtggatcttctgactgcccccgaggatgaggttgatctcaaccggttctctctggacaagcactcctttattgtgcgatacaagactgcttactactcc ttctacctgcccgttgttctagccatgtacgtggccggcattaccaaccccaaggacctgcagcaggccatggatgtgctgatccctctcggagagt acttccaggtccaggacgactaccttgacaactttggagaccccgagttcattggtaagatcggcaccgacatccaggacaacaagtgctcctggct cgttaacaaagcccttcagaaggccacccccgagcagcgacagatcctcgaggacaactacggcgtcaaggacaagtccaaggagctcgtcatc aagaaactgtatgatgacatgaagattgagcaggactaccttgactacgaggaggaggttgttggcgacatcaagaagaagatcgagcaggttga cgagagccgaggcttcaagaaggaggtgctcaacgctttcctcgccaagatttacaagcgacagaagtag (SEQ ID NO: 137)

Protein: mskakfesvrpriseelvqllrdeglpqdavqwfsdslqyncvggklnrglsvvdtyqlltgkkelddeeyyrlallgwliellqafflvsddim desktrrgqpcwylkpkvgmiaindafmlesgiyillkkhrrqekyyidlvelfhdisflctelgqlvdlltapedevdlnrfsldkhsfivrykta yysrylpwlamyvagitnpkdlqqamdvliplgeyfqvqddyldnfgdpefigkigtdiqdnkcswlvnkalqkatpeqrqilednygvk dkskelvikklyddmkieqdyldyeeevvgdikkkieqvdesrgflckevlnaflakiykrqk (SEQ ID NO: 138)

[0430] YALIOE 18634g

DNA: atgttacgactacgaaccatgcgacccacacagaccagcgtcagggcggcgcttgggcccaccgccgcggcccgaaacatgtcctcctccagc ccctccagcttcgaatactcgtcctacgtcaagggcacgcgggaaatcggccaccgaaaggcgcccacaacccgtctgtcggttgagggcccca tctacgtgggcttcgacggcattcgtcttctcaacctgccgcatctcaacaagggctcgggattccccctcaacgagcgacgggaattcagactcag tggtcttctgccctctgccgaagccaccctggaggaacaggtcgaccgagcataccaacaattcaaaaagtgtggcactcccttagccaaaaacgg gttctgcacctcgctcaagttccaaaacgaggtgctctactacgccctgctgctcaagcacgttaaggaggtcttccccatcatctatacaccgactca gggagaagccattgaacagtactcgcggctgttccggcggcccgaaggctgcttcctcgacatcaccagtccctacgacgtggaggagcgtctg ggagcgtttggagaccatgacgacattgactacattgtcgtgactgactccgagggtattctcggaattggagaccaaggagtgggcggtattggta tttccatcgccaagctggctctcatgactctatgtgctggagtcaacccctcacgagtcattcctgtggttctggatacgggaaccaacaaccaggag ctgctgcacgaccccctgtatctcggccgacgaatgccccgagtgcgaggaaagcagtacgacgacttcatcgacaactttgtgcagtctgcccga aggctgtatcccaaggcggtgatccatttcgaggactttgggctcgctaacgcacacaagatcctcgacaagtatcgaccggagatcccctgcttca acgacgacatccagggcactggagccgtcactttggcctccatcacggccgctctcaaggtgctgggcaaaaatatcacagatactcgaattctcgt gtacggagctggttcggccggcatgggtattgctgaacaggtctatgataacctggttgcccagggtctcgacgacaagactgcgcgacaaaacat ctttctcatggaccgaccgggtctactgaccaccgcacttaccgacgagcagatgagcgacgtgcagaagccgtttgccaaggacaaggccaatt acgagggagtggacaccaagactctggagcacgtggttgctgccgtcaagccccatattctcattggatgttccactcagcccggcgcctttaacga gaaggtcgtcaaggagatgctcaaacacacccctcgacccatcattctccctctttccaaccccacacgtcttcatgaggctgtccctgcagatctgt acaagtggaccgacggcaaggctctggttgccaccggctcgccctttgacccagtcaacggcaaggagacgtctgagaacaataactgctttgtttt ccccggaatcgggctgggagccattctgtctcgatcaaagctcatcaccaacaccatgattgctgctgccatcgagtgcctcgccgaacaggcccc cattctcaagaaccacgacgagggagtacttcccgacgtagctctcatccagatcatttcggcccgggtggccactgccgtggttcttcaggccaag gctgagggcctagccactgtcgaggaagagctcaagcccggcaccaaggaacatgtgcagattcccgacaactttgacgagtgtctcgcctgggt cgagactcagatgtggcggcccgtctaccggcctctcatccatgtgcgggattacgactag (SEQ ID NO: 139)

Protein: mlrlrtmφtqtsvraalgptaaarnmsssspssfeyssyvkgtreighrkapttrlsvegpiyvgfdgirllnlphlnkgsgrplnerrefrlsgllp saeatleeqvdrayqqflckcgtplakngfctslkfqnevlyyalllkhvkevrpiiytptqgeaieqysrlfrrpegcflditspydveerlgafgdh ddidyivvtdsegilgigdqgvggigisiaklalmtlcagvnpsrvipwldtgtnnqellhdplylgrrmprvrgkqyddfidnfVqsarrlyp kavihfedfglanahkildkyφeipcrhddiqgtgavtlasitaalkvlgknitdtrilvygagsagmgiaeqvydnlvaqglddktarqniflm drpgllttaltdeqmsdvqkpfakdkanyegvdtktlehvvaavkphiligcstqpgarhekvvkemlkhtprpiilplsnptrlheavpadly kwtdgkalvatgspfdpvngketsennncfvrpgiglgailsrsklitntmiaaaieclaeqapilknhdegvlpdvaliqiisarvatavvlqak aeglatveeelkpgtkehvqipdnfdeclawvetqmwrpvyrplihvrdyd (SEQ ID NO: 140)

[0431] YALIOEl 1495g

DNA: atgccgcagcaagcaatggatatcaagggcaaggccaagtctgtgcccatgcccgaagaagacgacctggactcgcattttgtgggtcccatctct ccccgacctcacggagcagacgagattgctggctacgtgggctgcgaagacgacgaagacgagcttgaagaactgggaatgctgggccgatct gcgtccacccacttctcttacgcggaagaacgccacctcatcgaggttgatgccaagtacagagctcttcatggccatctgcctcatcagcactctca gagtcccgtgtccagatcttcgtcatttgtgcgggccgaaatgaaccacccccctcccccaccctccagccacacccaccaacagccagaggacg atgacgcatcttccactcgatctcgatcgtcgtctcgagcttctggacgcaagttcaacagaaacagaaccaagtctggatcttcgctgagcaagggt ctccagcagctcaacatgaccggatcgctcgaagaagagccctacgagagcgatgacgatgcccgactatctgcggaagacgacattgtctatga tgctacccagaaagacacctgcaagcccatatctcctactctcaaacgcacccgcaccaaggacgacatgaagaacatgtccatcaacgacgtca aaatcaccaccaccacagaagatcctcttgtggcccaggagctgtccatgatgttcgaaaaggtgcagtactgccgagacctccgagacaagtacc aaaccgtgtcgctacagaaggacggagacaaccccaaggatgacaagacacactggaaaatttaccccgagcctccaccaccctcctggcacga gaccgaaaagcgattccgaggctcgtccaaaaaggagcaccaaaagaaagacccgacaatggatgaattcaaattcgaggactgcgaaatcccc ggacccaacgacatggtcttcaagcgagatcctacctgtgtctatcaggtctatgaggatgaaagctctctcaacgaaaataagccgtttgttgccatc ccctcaatccgagattactacatggatctggaggatctcattgtggcttcgtctgacggacctgccaagtcttttgctttccgacgactgcaatatctag aagccaagtggaacctctactacctgctcaacgagtacacggagacaaccgagtccaagaccaacccccatcgagacttttacaacgtacgaaag gtcgacacccacgttcaccactctgcctgcatgaaccagaagcatctgctgcgattcatcaaatacaagatgaagaactgccctgatgaagttgtcat ccaccgagacggtcgggagctgacactctcccaggtgtttgagtcacttaacttgactgcctacgacctgtctatcgatacccttgatatgcatgctca caaggactcgttccatcgatttgacaagttcaacctcaagtacaaccctgtcggtgagtctcgactgcgagaaatcttcctaaagaccgacaactaca tccagggtcgatacctagctgagatcacaaaggaggtgttccaggatctcgagaactcgaagtaccagatggcggagtaccgtatttccatctacg gtcggtccaaggacgagtgggacaagctggctgcctgggtgctggacaacaaactgttttcgcccaatgttcggtggttgatccaggtgcctcgact gtacgacatttacaagaaggctggtctggttaacacctttgccgacattgtgcagaacgtctttgagcctcttttcgaggtcaccaaggatcccagtac ccatcccaagctgcacgtgttcctgcagcgagttgtgggctttgactctgtcgatgacgagtcgaagctggaccgacgtttccaccgaaagttccca actgcagcatactgggacagcgcacagaaccctccctactcgtactggcagtactatctatacgccaacatggcctccatcaacacctggagacag cgtttgggctataatacttttgagttgcgaccccatgctggagaggctggtgacccagagcatcttctgtgcacttatctggttgctcagggtatcaacc acggtattctgttgcgaaaggtgcccttcattcagtacctttactacctggaccagatccccattgccatgtctcctgtgtccaacaatgcgctgttcctc acgttcgacaagaaccccttctactcatacttcaagcggggtctcaacgtgtccttgtcatcggatgatcctctgcagtttgcttacactaaggaggctc tgattgaggagtactctgtggctgcgctcatttacaagctttccaacgtggatatgtgtgagcttgctcgaaactcggtactgcaatctggctttgagcg aatcatcaaggagcattggatcggcgaaaactacgagatccatggccccgagggcaacaccatccagaagacaaacgtgcccaatgtgcgtctg gccttccgagacgagactttgacccacgagcttgctctggtggacaagtacaccaatcttgaggagtttgagcggctgcatggttaa (SEQ ID

NO: 141)

Protein: mpqqamdikgkaksvpmpeeddldshfVgpisprphgadeiagyvgceddedeleelgmlgrsasthfsyaeerhlievdakyralhghl phqhsqspvsrsssfVraemnhpppppsshthqqpedddasstrsrsssrasgrkrhrnrtksgsslskglqqlnmtgsleeepyesdddarls aeddivydatqkdtckpisptlkrtrtkddmknmsindvkittttedplvaqelsmmfekvqycrdlrdkyqtvslqkdgdnpkddkthwki ypeppppswhetekrrrgsskJcehqkJcdptmdeflcfedceipgpndmvflcrdptcvyqvyedesslnenkpfVaipsirdyymdledliv assdgpaksfafrrlqyleakwnlyyllneytettesktnphrdrynvrkvdthvhhsacmnqkhllrfikykmkncpdevvihrdgreltlsq vfeslnltaydlsidtldmhahkdsfhrfdkfnlkynpvgesrlreiflktdnyiqgrylaeitkevfqdlenskyqmaeyrisiygrskdewdkl aawvldriklfspnvrwliqvprlydiykJcagl\τitfadivqnvfeplfevtkdpsthpklhvflqrvvgfdsvddeskldrrfhrkrptaaywd saqnppysywqyylyanmasintwrqrlgyntfelrphageagdpehllctylvaqginhgillrkvpfiqylyyldqipiamspvsnnalflt fdknprysyflcrglnvslssddplqfaytkealieeysvaaliyklsnvdmcelarnsvlqsgferiikehwigenyeihgpegntiqktnvpnv rlafrdetlthelalvdkytnleeferlhg (SEQ ID NO: 142)

[0432] YALIOD 16753g

DNA: atgttccgaacccgagttaccggctccaccctgcgatccttctccacctccgctgcccgacagcacaaggttgtcgtccttggcgccaacggaggc attggccagcccctgtctctgctgctcaagctcaacaagaacgtgaccgacctcggtctgtacgatctgcgaggcgcccccggcgttgctgccgat gtctcccacatccccaccaactccaccgtggccggctactctcccgacaacaacggcattgccgaggccctcaagggcgccaagctggtgctgat ccccgccggtgtcccccgaaagcccggcatgacccgagacgatctgttcaacaccaacgcctccattgtgcgagacctggccaaggccgtcggt gagcacgcccccgacgcctttgtcggagtcattgctaaccccgtcaactccaccgtccccattgtcgccgaggtgctcaagtccaagggcaagtac gaccccaagaagctcttcggtgtcaccaccctcgacgtcatccgagccgagcgattcgtctcccagctcgagcacaccaaccccaccaaggagta cttccccgttgttggcggccactccggtgtcaccattgtccccctcgtgtcccagtccgaccaccccgacattgccggtgaggctcgagacaagctt gtccaccgaatccagtttggcggtgacgaggttgtcaaggccaaggacggtgccggatccgccaccctttccatggcccaggctgccgcccgatt cgccgactctctcctccgaggtgtcaacggcgagaaggacgttgttgagcccactttcgtcgactctcctctgttcaagggtgagggcatcgacttct tctccaccaaggtcactcttggccctaacggtgttgaggagatccaccccatcggaaaggtcaacgagtacgaggagaagctcatcgaggctgcc aaggccgatctcaagaagaacattgagaagggtgtcaactttgtcaagcagaacccttaa (SEQ ID NO: 143)

Protein: mforvtgstlrsfstsaarqhkvvvlganggigqplslllklnknvtdlglydlrgapgvaadvshiptnstvagyspdnngiaealkgaklvlip agvprkpgmtrddlfetnasivrdlakavgehapdafvgvianpvnstvpivaevlkskgkydpkklfgvttldviraerfvsqlehtnptkey φvvgghsgvtivplvsqsdhpdiageardklvhriqfggdevvkakdgagsatlsmaqaaarfadsllrgvngekdvveptfVdsplfkgeg idffstkvtlgpngveeihpigkvneyeeklieaakadlkkniekgvnfvkqnp (SEQ ID NO: 144)

[0433] YALIOD 16247g

DNA: atgacacaaacgcacaatctgttttcgccaatcaaagtgggctcttcggagctccagaaccggatcgttctcgcacccttgactcgaaccagagctct gcccggaaacgtgccctcggatcttgccacagagtactacgcacaaagagcagcatctccaggcactctcctcatcaccgaggccacatacatctc ccccggatctgctggagtgcccattccaggagacggaatcgttccgggcatctggagtgacgagcagctcgaagcatggaaaaaggtgttcaag gccgtgcacgaccgaggatccaaaatctacgtccagctgtgggacattggacgtgtcgcatggtaccacaagctgcaggaactgggcaactactt ccctacaggcccctcagctatccccatgaagggagaggagagcgagcatctcaaggctctgactcactgggagatcaagggcaaggtggccctc tacgtcaacgctgccaagaacgccattgccgcaggcgctgatggcgtcgagatccactcggccaacggctaccttcccgacacatttctgagaag cgcctccaaccaacgaacagacgaatatggaggaagcatcgagaaccgggcccgattctcgctggagattgtcgacgctatcaccgaggccatt ggagcagacaaaaccgccatccgtctgtctccctggtccactttccaggacattgaggtgaatgacaccgagacccccgcacagttcacatacctg tttgagcagctgcagaagcgagccgacgagggaaagcagctggcctacgtgcatgtagttgagccccgactgtttggtccccccgagccctggg ccaccaatgagcctttcagaaaaatttggaagggtaacttcattagagcaggtggatacgatagagagactgctcttgaggatgcagacaagtcaga caacaccctgattgcctttggtcgagacttcattgccaatcctgatctcgtccaacgcctcaagaataacgagcctttggccaagtacgacagaacaa ccttctacgttccaggtgccaagggctacactgattaccctgcgtacaagatgtaa (SEQ ID NO: 145)

Protein: mtqthnlfspikvgsselqnrivlapltrtralpgnvpsdlateyyaqraaspgtlliteatyispgsagvpipgdgivpgiwsdeqleawkkvflc avhdrgskiyvqlwdigrvawyhklqelgnyrptgpsaipmkgeesehlkalthweikgkvalyvnaaknaiaagadgveihsangylpdt flrsasnqrtdeyggsienrarfsleivdaiteaigadktairlspwstfqdievndtetpaqftylfeqlqkradegkqlayvhweprlfgppep watnepfrkiwkgnfiraggydretaledadksdntliafgrdfianpdlvqrlknneplakydrttryvpgakgytdypaykm (SEQ ID NO: 146)

[0434] YALIOA 15972g

DNA: atggaagccaaccccgaagtccagaccgatatcatcacgctgacccggttcattctgcaggaacagaacaaggtgggcgcgtcgtccgcaatccc caccggagacttcactctgctgctcaactcgctgcagtttgccttcaagttcattgcccacaacatccgacgatcgaccctggtcaacctgattggcct gtcgggaaccgccaactccaccggcgacgaccagaagaagctggacgtgatcggagacgagatcttcatcaacgccatgaaggcctccggtaa ggtcaagctggtggtgtccgaggagcaggaggacctcattgtgtttgagggcgacggccgatacgccgtggtctgcgaccccatcgacggatcct ccaacctcgacgccggcgtctccgtcggcaccattttcggcgtctacaagctccccgagggctcctccggatccatcaaggacgtgctccgaccc ggaaaggagatggttgccgccggctacaccatgtacggtgcctccgccaacctggtgctgtccaccggaaacggctgcaacggcttcactctcga tgaccctctgggagagttcatcctgacccaccccgatctcaagctccccgatctgcgatccatctactccgtcaacgagggtaactcctccctgtggt ccgacaacgtcaaggactacttcaaggccctcaagttccccgaggacggctccaagccctactcggcccgatacattggctccatggtcgccgac gtgcaccgaaccattctctacggaggtatgtttgcctaccccgccgactccaagtccaagaagggcaagctccgacttttgtacgagggtttccccat ggcctacatcattgagcaggccggcggtcttgccatcaacgacaacggcgagcgaatcctcgatctggtccccaccgagatccacgagcgatcc ggcgtctggctgggctccaagggcgagattgagaaggccaagaagtaccttctgaaatga (SEQ ID NO: 147)

Protein: meanpevqtdiitltrfilqeqnkvgassaiptgdftlllnslqfaflcfiahnirrstlvnliglsgtanstgddqkkldvigdeifinamkasgkvkl vvseeqedlivfegdgryavvcdpidgssnldagvsvgtifgvyklpegssgsikdvlrpgkemvaagytmygasanlvlstgngcngftld dplgefilthpdlklpdlrsiysvnegnsslwsdnvkdyflcalkrpedgskpysaryigsmvadvhrtilyggmfaypadskskkgklrllye grpmayiieqagglaindngerildlvpteihersgvwlgskgeiekakkyllk (SEQ ID NO: 148)

[0435] YALIOE 11099g

DNA: atgcgactcactctgccccgacttaacgccgcctacattgtaggagccgcccgaactcctgtcggcaagttcaacggagccctcaagtccgtgtctg ccattgacctcggtatcaccgctgccaaggccgctgtccagcgatccaaggtccccgccgaccagattgacgagtttctgtttggccaggtgctgac cgccaactccggccaggcccccgcccgacaggtggttatcaagggtggtttccccgagtccgtcgaggccaccaccatcaacaaggtgtgctctt ccggcctcaagaccgtggctctggctgcccaggccatcaaggccggcgaccgaaacgttatcgtggccggtggaatggagtccatgtccaacac cccctactactccggtcgaggtcttgttttcggcaaccagaagctcgaggactccatcgtcaaggacggtctctgggacccctacaacaacatccac atgggcaactgctgcgagaacaccaacaagcgagacggcatcacccgagagcagcaggacgagtacgccatcgagtcctaccgacgggccaa cgagtccatcaagaacggcgccttcaaggatgagattgtccccgttgagatcaagacccgaaagggcaccgtgactgtctccgaggacgaggag cccaagggagccaacgccgagaagctcaagggcctcaagcctgtctttgacaagcagggctccgtcactgccggtaacgcctcccccatcaacg atggtgcttctgccgttgtcgttgcctctggcaccaaggccaaggagctcggtacccccgtgctcgccaagattgtctcttacgcagacgccgccac cgcccccattgactttaccattgctccctctctggccattcccgccgccctcaagaaggctggccttaccaaggacgacattgccctctgggagatca acgaggccttctccggtgtcgctctcgccaacctcatgcgactcggaattgacaagtccaaggtcaacgtcaagggtggagctgttgctctcggcc accccattggtgcctccggtaaccgaatctttgtgactttggtcaacgccctcaaggagggcgagtacggagttgccgccatctgcaacggtggag gagcttccaccgccatcgtcatcaagaaggtctcttctgtcgagtag (SEQ ID NO: 149)

Protein: mrltlprlnaayivgaartpvgkrhgalksvsaidlgitaakaavqrskvpadqideflfgqvltansgqaparqvvikggrpesveattinkvcs sglktvalaaqaikagdrnvivaggmesmsntpyysgrglvfgnqkledsivkdglwdpynnihmgnccentnkrdgitreqqdeyaiesy rranesikngaflcdeivpveiktrkgtvtvsedeepkganaeklkglkpvfdkqgsvtagnaspindgasavvvasgtkakelgtpvlakivsy adaatapidftiapslaipaalkkagltkddialweineafsgvalanlmrlgidkskvnvkggavalghpigasgnrifvtlvnalkegeygva aicngggastaivikkvssve (SEQ ID NO: 150)

[0436] YALI0E34793g

DNA: atgtctgccaacgagaacatctcccgattcgacgcccctgtgggcaaggagcaccccgcctacgagctcttccataaccacacacgatctttcgtct atggtctccagcctcgagcctgccagggtatgctggacttcgacttcatctgtaagcgagagaacccctccgtggccggtgtcatctatcccttcggc ggccagttcgtcaccaagatgtactggggcaccaaggagactcttctccctgtctaccagcaggtcgagaaggccgctgccaagcaccccgaggt cgatgtcgtggtcaactttgcctcctctcgatccgtctactcctctaccatggagctgctcgagtacccccagttccgaaccatcgccattattgccgag ggtgtccccgagcgacgagcccgagagatcctccacaaggcccagaagaagggtgtgaccatcattggtcccgctaccgtcggaggtatcaagc ccggttgcttcaaggttggaaacaccggaggtatgatggacaacattgtcgcctccaagctctaccgacccggctccgttgcctacgtctccaagtc cggaggaatgtccaacgagctgaacaacattatctctcacaccaccgacggtgtctacgagggtattgctattggtggtgaccgataccctggtact accttcattgaccatatcctgcgatacgaggccgaccccaagtgtaagatcatcgtcctccttggtgaggttggtggtgttgaggagtaccgagtcat cgaggctgttaagaacggccagatcaagaagcccatcgtcgcttgggccattggtacttgtgcctccatgttcaagactgaggttcagttcggccac gccggctccatggccaactccgacctggagactgccaaggctaagaacgccgccatgaagtctgctggcttctacgtccccgataccttcgagga catgcccgaggtccttgccgagctctacgagaagatggtcgccaagggcgagctgtctcgaatctctgagcctgaggtccccaagatccccattga ctactcttgggcccaggagcttggtcttatccgaaagcccgctgctttcatctccactatttccgatgaccgaggccaggagcttctgtacgctggcat gcccatttccgaggttttcaaggaggacattggtatcggcggtgtcatgtctctgctgtggttccgacgacgactccccgactacgcctccaagtttctt gagatggttctcatgcttactgctgaccacggtcccgccgtatccggtgccatgaacaccattatcaccacccgagctggtaaggatctcatttcttcc ctggttgctggtctcctgaccattggtacccgattcggaggtgctcttgacggtgctgccaccgagttcaccactgcctacgacaagggtctgtcccc ccgacagttcgttgataccatgcgaaagcagaacaagctgattcctggtattggccatcgagtcaagtctcgaaacaaccccgatttccgagtcgag cttgtcaaggactttgttaagaagaacttcccctccacccagctgctcgactacgcccttgctgtcgaggaggtcaccacctccaagaaggacaacc tgattctgaacgttgacggtgctattgctgtttcttttgtcgatctcatgcgatcttgcggtgcctttactgtggaggagactgaggactacctcaagaac ggtgttctcaacggtctgttcgttctcggtcgatccattggtctcattgcccaccatctcgatcagaagcgactcaagaccggtctgtaccgacatcctt gggacgatatcacctacctggttggccaggaggctatccagaagaagcgagtcgagatcagcgccggcgacgtttccaaggccaagactcgatc atag (SEQ ID NO: 151)

Protein: msanenisrfdapvgkehpayelfhnhtrsfvyglqpracqgmldfdfickrenpsvagviypfggqfVtkmywgtketllpvyqqvekaa akhpevdvvvnfassrsvysstmelleypqrrtiaiiaegvperrareilhkaqkkgvtiigpatvggikpgcflcvgntggmmdnivasklyr pgsvayvsksggmsnelnniishttdgvyegiaiggdrypgttfidhilryeadpkckiivllgevggveeyrvieavkngqikkpivawaigt casmflctevqfghagsmansdletakaknaamksagryvpdtfedmpevlaelyekmvakgelsrisepevpkipidyswaqelglirkp aafistisddrgqellyagmpisevflcedigiggvmsllwfrrrlpdyaskflemvlmltadhgpavsgamntiittragkdlisslvaglltigtrf ggaldgaatefttaydkglsprqfVdtmrkqnklipgighrvksrnnpdfrvelvkdfVkJcntpstqlldyalaveevttskkdnlilnvdgaia vsfVdlmrscgaftveetedylkngvlnglfvlgrsigliahhldqkrlktglyrhpwdditylvgqeaiqkkrveisagdvskaktrs (SEQ

ID NO: 152)

[0437] YALI0D24431g

DNA: atgtcagcgaaatccattcacgaggccgacggcaaggccctgctcgcacactttctgtccaaggcgcccgtgtgggccgagcagcagcccatca acacgtttgaaatgggcacacccaagctggcgtctctgacgttcgaggacggcgtggcccccgagcagatcttcgccgccgctgaaaagacctac ccctggctgctggagtccggcgccaagtttgtggccaagcccgaccagctcatcaagcgacgaggcaaggccggcctgctggtactcaacaagt cgtgggaggagtgcaagccctggatcgccgagcgggccgccaagcccatcaacgtggagggcattgacggagtgctgcgaacgttcctggtcg agccctttgtgccccacgaccagaagcacgagtactacatcaacatccactccgtgcgagagggcgactggatcctcttctaccacgagggagga gtcgacgtcggcgacgtggacgccaaggccgccaagatcctcatccccgttgacattgagaacgagtacccctccaacgccacgctcaccaagg agctgctggcacacgtgcccgaggaccagcaccagaccctgctcgacttcatcaaccggctctacgccgtctacgtcgatctgcagtttacgtatct ggagatcaaccccctggtcgtgatccccaccgcccagggcgtcgaggtccactacctggatcttgccggcaagctcgaccagaccgcagagtttg agtgcggccccaagtgggctgctgcgcggtcccccgccgctctgggccaggtcgtcaccattgacgccggctccaccaaggtgtccatcgacgc cggccccgccatggtcttccccgctcctttcggtcgagagctgtccaaggaggaggcgtacattgcggagctcgattccaagaccggagcttctct gaagctgactgttctcaatgccaagggccgaatctggacccttgtggctggtggaggagcctccgtcgtctacgccgacgccattgcgtctgccgg ctttgctgacgagctcgccaactacggcgagtactctggcgctcccaacgagacccagacctacgagtacgccaaaaccgtactggatctcatgac ccggggcgacgctcaccccgagggcaaggtactgttcattggcggaggaatcgccaacttcacccaggttggatccaccttcaagggcatcatcc gggccttccgggactaccagtcttctctgcacaaccacaaggtgaagatttacgtgcgacgaggcggtcccaactggcaggagggtctgcggttg atcaagtcggctggcgacgagctgaatctgcccatggagatttacggccccgacatgcacgtgtcgggtattgttcctttggctctgcttggaaagcg gcccaagaatgtcaagccttttggcaccggaccttctactgaggcttccactcctctcggagtttaa (SEQ ID NO: 153)

Protein:

MsaksiheadgkallahflskapvwaeqqpintfemgtpklasltfedgvapeqifaaaektypwllesgakfVakpdqlikrrgkagllvlnk sweeckpwiaeraakpinvegidgvlrtflvepfvphdqkheyyinihsvregdwilryheggvdvgdvdakaakilipvdieneypsnatl tkellahvpedqhqtlldfinrlyavyvdlqftyleinplvviptaqgvevhyldlagkldqtaefecgpkwaaarspaalgqwtidagstkvsi dagpamvtpapfgrelskeeayiaeldsktgaslkltvlnakgriwtlvagggaswyadaiasagfadelanygeysgapnetqtyeyaktvl dlmtrgdahpegkvlfigggianftqvgstflcgiirafrdyqsslhnhkvkiyvrrggpnwqeglrliksagdelnlpmeiygpdmhvsgivp lallgkrpknvkpfgtgpsteastplgv (SEQ ID NO: 154)

[0438] YALI0E14190g

DNA: atggttattatgtgtgtgggacctcagcacacgcatcatcccaacacagggtgcagtatatatagacagacgtgttccttcgcaccgttcttcacatatc aaaacactaacaaattcaaaagtgagtatcatggtgggagtcaattgattgctcggggagttgaacaggcaacaatggcatgcacagggccagtga aggcagactgcagtcgctgcacatggatcgtggttctgaggcgttgctatcaaaagggtcaattacctcacgaaacacagctggatgttgtgcaatc gtcaattgaaaaacccgacacaatgcaagatctctttgcgcgcattgccatcgctgttgccatcgctgtcgccatcgccaatgccgctgcggattatta tccctaccttgttccccgcttccgcacaaccggcgatgtctttgtatcatgaactctcgaaactaactcagtggttaaagctgtcgttgccggagccgct ggtggtattggccagcccctttctcttctcctcaaactctctccttacgtgaccgagcttgctctctacgatgtcgtcaactcccccggtgttgccgctga cctctcccacatctccaccaaggctaaggtcactggctacctccccaaggatgacggtctcaagaacgctctgaccggcgccaacattgtcgttatc cccgccggtatcccccgaaagcccggtatgacccgagacgatctgttcaagatcaacgctggtatcgtccgagatctcgtcaccggtgtcgcccag tacgcccctgacgcctttgtgctcatcatctccaaccccgtcaactctaccgtccctattgctgccgaggtcctcaagaagcacaacgtcttcaaccct aagaagctcttcggtgtcaccacccttgacgttgtccgagcccagaccttcaccgccgctgttgttggcgagtctgaccccaccaagctcaacatcc ccgtcgttggtggccactccggagacaccattgtccctctcctgtctctgaccaagcctaaggtcgagatccccgccgacaagctcgacgacctcgt caagcgaatccagtttggtggtgacgaggttgtccaggctaaggacggtcttggatccgctaccctctccatggcccaggctggtttccgatttgccg aggctgtcctcaagggtgccgctggtgagaagggcatcatcgagcccgcctacatctaccttgacggtattgatggcacctccgacatcaagcgag aggtcggtgtcgccttcttctctgtccctgtcgagttcggccctgagggtgccgctaaggcttacaacatccttcccgaggccaacgactacgagaa gaagcttctcaaggtctccatcgacggtctttacggcaacattgccaagggcgaggagttcattgttaaccctcctcctgccaagtaa (SEQ ID

NO: 155)

Protein: vvkavvagaaggigqplslllklspyvtelalydvvnspgvaadlshistkakvtgylpkddglknaltganivvipagiprkpgmtrddlflcin agivrdlvtgvaqyapdafVliisnpvnstvpiaaevlkkhnvthpkklfgvttldvvraqtftaavvgesdptklnipvvgghsgdtivpllsltk pkveipadklddlvkriqfggdevvqakdglgsatlsmaqagfrfaeavlkgaagekgiiepayiyldgidgtsdikrevgvaffsvpvefgpe gaakaynilpeandyekkllkvsidglygniakgeefivnpppak (SEQ ID NO: 156)

[0439] YALI0E22649g

DNA: atgactggcaccttacccaagttcggcgacggaaccaccattgtggttcttggagcctccggcgacctcgctaagaagaagaccgtgagtattgaa ccagactgaggtcaattgaagagtaggagagtctgagaacattcgacggacctgattgtgctctggaccactcaattgactcgttgagagccccaat gggtcttggctagccgagtcgttgacttgttgacttgttgagcccagaacccccaacttttgccaccatacaccgccatcaccatgacacccagatgt gcgtgcgtatgtgagagtcaattgttccgtggcaaggcacagcttattccaccgtgttccttgcacaggtggtctttacgctctcccactctatccgagc aataaaagcggaaaaacagcagcaagtcccaacagacttctgctccgaataaggcgtctagcaagtgtgcccaaaactcaattcaaaaatgtcaga aacctgatatcaacccgtcttcaaaagctaaccccagttccccgccctcttcggcctttaccgaaacggcctgctgcccaaaaatgttgaaatcatcg gctacgcacggtcgaaaatgactcaggaggagtaccacgagcgaatcagccactacttcaagacccccgacgaccagtccaaggagcaggcca agaagttccttgagaacacctgctacgtccagggcccttacgacggtgccgagggctaccagcgactgaatgaaaagattgaggagtttgagaag aagaagcccgagccccactaccgtcttttctacctggctctgccccccagcgtcttccttgaggctgccaacggtctgaagaagtatgtctaccccg gcgagggcaaggcccgaatcatcatcgagaagccctttggccacgacctggcctcgtcacgagagctccaggacggccttgctcctctctggaa ggagtctgagatcttccgaatcgaccactacctcggaaaggagatggtcaagaacctcaacattctgcgatttggcaaccagttcctgtccgccgtgt gggacaagaacaccatttccaacgtccagatctccttcaaggagccctttggcactgagggccgaggtggatacttcaacgacattggaatcatcc gagacgttattcagaaccatctgttgcaggttctgtccattctagccatggagcgacccgtcactttcggcgccgaggacattcgagatgagaaggtc aaggtgctccgatgtgtcgacattctcaacattgacgacgtcattctcggccagtacggcccctctgaagacggaaagaagcccggatacaccgat gacgatggcgttcccgatgactcccgagctgtgacctttgctgctctccatctccagatccacaacgacagatgggagggtgttcctttcatcctccg agccggtaaggctctggacgagggcaaggtcgagatccgagtgcagttccgagacgtgaccaagggcgttgtggaccatctgcctcgaaatgag ctcgtcatccgaatccagccctccgagtccatctacatgaagatgaactccaagctgcctggccttactgccaagaacattgtcaccgacctggatct gacctacaaccgacgatactcggacgtgcgaatccctgaggcttacgagtctctcattctggactgcctcaagggtgaccacaccaactttgtgcga aacgacgagctggacatttcctggaagattttcaccgatctgctgcacaagattgacgaggacaagagcattgtgcccgagaagtacgcctacggc tctcgtggccccgagcgactcaagcagtggctccgagaccgaggctacgtgcgaaacggcaccgagctgtaccaatggcctgtcaccaagggct cctcgtga (SEQ ID NO: 157)

Protein: mtgtlpkfgdgttivvlgasgdlakkktφalfglyrngllpknveiigyarskmtqeeyherishyflctpddqskeqakkflentcyvqgpyd gaegyqrlnekieefekJdcpephyrlrylalppsvfleaanglkkyvypgegkariiiekpfghdlassrelqdglaplwkeseirridhylgke mvknlnilrfgnqflsavwdkntisnvqisflcepfgtegrggyrhdigiirdviqnhllqvlsilamerpvtfgaedirdekvkvlrcvdilnidd vilgqygpsedgkkpgytdddgvpddsravtfaalhlqihndrwegvpfilragkaldegkveirvqrrdvtkgvvdhlprnelviriqpsesi ymkmnsklpgltaknivtdldltynrrysdvripeayeslildclkgdhtnfvrndeldiswkiftdllhkidedksivpekyaygsrgperlkq wlrdrgyvmgtelyqwpvtkgss (SEQ ID NO: 158)

[0440] YALIOB 15598g

DNA: atgactgacacttcaaacatcaagtgagtattgccgcacacaattgcaatcaccgccgggctctacctcctcagctctcgacgtcaatgggccagca gccgccatttgaccccaattacactggttgtgtaaaaccctcaaccacaatcgcttatgctcaccacagactacgacttaaccaagtcatgtcacaggt caaagtaaagtcagcgcaacaccccctcaatctcaacacacttttgctaactcaggcctgtcgctgacattgccctcatcggtctcgccgtcatgggc cagaacctgatcctcaacatggccgaccacggtaagtatcaattgactcaagacgcaccagcaagatacagagcatacccagcaatcgctcctctg ataatcgccattgtaacactacgttggttagattgatctaaggtcgttgctggttccatgcacttccacttgctcatatgaagggagtcaaactctattttg atagtgtcctctcccatccccgaaatgtcgcattgttgctaacaataggctacgaggttgttgcctacaaccgaaccacctccaaggtcgaccacttcc tcgagaacgaggccaagggtgagtatccgtccagctatgctgtttacagccattgaccccaccttcccccacaattgctacgtcaccattaaaaaaca aaattaccggtatcggcaagctagactttcatgcaacctacgcagggtaacaagttgagtttcagccgtgcaccttacaggaaaaccagtcatacgc cgaggcagtgtgaaagcgaaagcacacagcctacggtgattgattgcatttttttgacataggagggaaacacgtgacatggcaagtgcccaacac gaatactaacaaacaggaaagtccattattggtgctcactctatcaaggagctgtgtgctctgctgaagcgaccccgacgaatcattctgctcgttaag gccggtgctgctgtcgattctttcatcgaacagctcctgccctatctcgataagggtgatatcatcattgacggtggtaactcccacttccccgactcca accgacgatacgaggagcttaacgagaagggaatcctctttgttggttccggtgtttccggcggtgaggagggtgcccgatacggtccctccatcat gcccggtggaaacaaggaggcctggccccacattaagaagattttccaggacatctctgctaaggctgatggtgagccctgctgtgactgggtcgg tgacgctggtgccggccactttgtcaagatggttcacaacggtattgagtatggtgacatgcagcttatctgcgaggcttacgacctcatgaagcgag gtgctggtttcaccaatgaggagattggagacgttttcgccaagtggaacaacggtatcctcgactccttcctcattgagatcacccgagacatcttca agtacgacgacggctctggaactcctctcgttgagaagatctccgacactgctggccagaagggtactggaaagtggaccgctatcaacgctcttg accttggtatgcccgtcaccctgatcggtgaggccgtcttcgctcgatgcctttctgccctcaagcaggagcgtgtccgagcttccaaggttcttgatg gccccgagcccgtcaagttcactggtgacaagaaggagtttgtcgaccagctcgagcaggccctttacgcctccaagatcatctcttacgcccagg gtttcatgcttatccgagaggccgccaagacctacggctgggagctcaacaacgccggtattgccctcatgtggcgaggtggttgcatcatccgatc cgtcttccttgctgacatcaccaaggcttaccgacaggaccccaacctcgagaacctgctgttcaacgacttcttcaagaacgccatctccaaggcc aacccctcttggcgagctaccgtggccaaggctgtcacctggggtgttcccactcccgcctttgcctcggctctggctttctacgacggttaccgatct gccaagctccccgctaacctgctccaggcccagcgagactacttcggcgcccacacctaccagctcctcgatggtgatggaaagtggatccacac caactggaccggccgaggtggtgaggtttcttcttccacttacgatgcttaa (SEQ ID NO: 159)

Protein: mtdtsnikpvadialigla\τngqnlilnmadhgyevvaynrttskvdhfleneakgksiigahsikelcallkrprriillvkagaavdsfieqll pyldkgdiiidggnshφdsnrryeelnekgilfVgsgvsggeegarygpsimpggnkeawphikkifqdisakadgepccdwvgdagag hfVkmvhngieygdmqliceaydlmkrgagftneeigdvfakwnngildsflieitrdiflcyddgsgtplvekisdtagqkgtgkwtainald lgmpvtligeavfarclsalkqervraskvldgpepvkftgdkkefvdqleqalyaskiisyaqgfinlireaaktygwelnnagialmwrggci irsvfladitkayrqdpnlenllfiidfflcnaiskanpswratvakavtwgvptpafasalafydgyrsaklpanllqaqrdyfgahtyqlldgdgk wihtnwtgrggevssstyda (SEQ ID NO: 160)

[0441] YALI0D06303g

DNA: atgctcaaccttagaaccgcccttcgagctgtgcgacccgtcactctggtgagtatctcggagcccgggacggctaccaacacacaagcaagatg caacagaaaccggactttttaaatgcggattgcggaaaatttgcatggcggcaacgactcggagaaggagcgggacaattgcaatggcaggatgc cattgacgaactgagggtgatgagagaccgggcctccgatgacgtggtggtgacgacagcccggctggtgttgccgggactgtctctgaaaagc aatttctctatctccggtctcaacagactccccttctctagctcaattggcattgtcttcagaaggtgtcttagtggtatccccattgttatcttcttttcccca atgtcaatgtcaatgtcaatggctccgacctctttcacattaacacggcgcaaacacagataccacggaaccgactcaaacaaatccaaagagacg cagcggaataattggcatcaacgaacgatttgggatactctggcgagaatgccgaaatatttcgcttgtcttgttgtttctcttgagtgagttgtttgtgaa gtcgtttggaagaaggttcccaatgtcacaaaccataccaactcgttacagccagcttgtaatcccccacctcttcaatacatactaacgcagacccg atcctacgccacttccgtggcctctttcaccggccagaagaactccaacggcaagtacactgtgtctctgattgagggagacggtatcggaaccga gatctccaaggctgtcaaggacatctaccatgccgccaaggtccccatcgactgggaggttgtcgacgtcacccccactctggtcaacggcaaga ccaccatccccgacagcgccattgagtccatcaaccgaaacaaggttgccctcaagggtcccctcgccacccccatcggtaagggccacgtttcc atgaacctgactctgcgacgaaccttcaacctgttcgccaacgtccgaccttgcaagtccgtcgtgggctacaagaccccttacgagaacgtcgac accctgctcatccgagagaacactgagggtgagtactccggtatcgagcacaccgtcgtccccggtgtcgttcagtccatcaagctgatcacccga gaggcttccgagcgagtcatccggtacgcttacgagtacgccctgtcccgaggcatgaagaaggtccttgttgtccacaaggcctctattatgaagg tctccgatggtcttttccttgaggttgctcgagagctcgccaaggagtacccctccattgacctttccgtcgagctgatcgacaacacctgtctgcgaat ggtccaggaccccgctctctaccgagatgtcgtcatggtcatgcccaacctttacggtgacattctgtccgatcttgcctccggtcttatcggtggtctt ggtctgaccccctccggtaacatgggtgacgaggtctccatcttcgaggccgtccacggatccgctcccgacattgctggcaagggtcttgctaac cccactgctctgctgctctcctccgtgatgatgctgcgacacatgggtctcaacgacaacgccaccaacatcgagcaggccgtctttggcaccattg cttccggccccgagaaccgaaccaaggatcttaagggtaccgccaccacttctcactttgctgagcagattatcaagcgactcaagtag (SEQ

ID NO: 161)

Protein: mlnlrtalravrpvtltrsyatsvasftgqknsngkytvsliegdgigteiskavkdiyhaakvpidwevvdvtptlvngkttipdsaiesinrnkv alkgplatpigkghvsmnltlrrtfnlfanvrpcksvvgyktpyenvdtllirentegeysgiehtvvpgvvqsiklitreaserviryayeyalsrg mkJcvlvvhkasimkvsdglflevarelakeypsidlsvelidntclrmvqdpalyrdvvmvmpnlygdilsdlasgligglgltpsgnmgde vsifeavhgsapdiagkglanptalllssvmmlrhmglndnatnieqavfgtiasgpenrtkdlkgtattshfaeqiikrlk (SEQ ID NO: 162)

Example 13. Determination of lipid levels of Y. lipolvtica

13 A. Determination of lipid levels of Y. lipolytica in various growth conditions of varying carbon to nitrogen ratios.

[0442] Shake flask testing was conducted using carbon to nitrogen (CfH) ratios of 160, 80,

60, 40, 30, 20, and 10 with yeast nitrogen base being the base medium providing vitamins, trace elements and salts. Ammonium sulfate (which contains 21% nitrogen) was used as the nitrogen source and glucose (which contains 40% carbon) was used as the carbon source at a concentration of 30 g/L. The concentrations of ammonium sulfate corresponding to these ratios are: 0.36, 0.71, 0.95, 1.43, 1.91, 2.86, and 4.6 g/L, respectively. Uracil was supplemented at 0.2mM. As controls, strains were also grown in yeast extract-peptone with 50 g/L of glucose (media in which lipids do not accumulate at high levels) and yeast extract-peptone with 5% olive oil (v/v) (media in which lipids accumulate at high levels). [0443] Strain MF760 ( 10- 14 ml of culture) was harvested after 4 days of growth at 30⁰C, during which time the cultures were shaking at 250 rpm. Following harvesting, cells were washed three times with water, with the exception of the oil-grown cells which were washed three times in 0.5% BSA and one time with water before lipid extractions. Lipids were extracted as described in Folch J, Lees, M, and Stanley, G.H.S. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-509, 1957. In brief, cell pellets were resuspended in 6 ml of water. A 1 ml aliquot was transferred to a pre -weighed tube with a hole on the lid, spun down and the cell pellet lyophilized overnight to determine the dry cell weight. The remaining 5 ml were placed in a 15 ml Falcon tube and spun down. Cell pellets were frozen at -20⁰C until extractions were performed.

[0444] Two to three volumes of a Zymo lyase solution (2 mg/ml Zymo lyase IOOT in IM

Sorbitol, 50 mM EDTA and 0.01% β-mercaptoethanol) was added to each cell pellet and placed at 37°C with constant agiatation for 1 hr. Two volumes of cubic zirconia beads were added to each tube and vortexed for 15-20 min. Samples were viewed under a microscope to ensure cell breakage before continuing with extractions. After cell breakage was complete, 6 ml of extraction solvent was added (a 2: 1 mix of chloroform and methanol) and mixed. The mixture was spun down for 5 min at 3000 rpm and the organic layer was transferred to a clean tube. NaCl was added to the remaining aqueous layer to make it a 0.29% NaCl solution. 6 ml of extraction solvent was added and mixed, and the mixture was spun down for 5 min. The organic layers were pooled and filtered through a 0.2 μm filter to get rid of any cell debris. The extract was washed with 0.2 volumes of 0.29 % NaCl solution and another 6 ml of extraction solvent added and mixed. Mixtures were spun and the organic layer was placed in a pre-weighed glass vial, the solvent was evaporated under a flow on nitrogen and the vial was weighed again to determine the weight of the lipid extracted. The dry cell weight is used to determine the percentage of lipid per dry cell weight. The lipid accumulation results are in the Table 48 below:

Table 48. Lipid accumulation under various carbon:nitrogen ratio growth conditions

Other nitrogen sources tested were proline (12 % nitrogen), sodium glutamate (7% nitrogen), soy acid hydrolysate (12% nitrogen), and yeast extract-peptone (26.8% nitrogen). All nitrogen sources tested at C/N ratios of 80 (with glucose as a carbon source), had significantly larger lipid bodies than at C/N ratios of 10 (also with glucose as a carbon source).

[0445] Strains MF858 and MF921 (Examples 2F and 2H) were harvested after 4 days of growth at 30⁰C (3% glucose was used as the carbon source). Cells were washed three times with water and lipids extracted as described above. Lipid accumulation data for soy hydrolysate, yeast extract-peptone and yeast nitrogen base, used as a control, are listed in Table 49 below.

Table 49. Lipid accumulation under different carbon and nitrogen conditions with various nitrogen sources

13b. Determination of lipid levels under high carbon and phosphate or magnesium limiting conditions.

[0446] To test whether other nutrient limitations, under high carbon conditions, will allow for higher lipid accumulation, phosphate or magnesium limiting conditions were tested. For phosphate limiting conditions, yeast nitrogen base medium without phosphate was prepared. Shake flask testing was performed using carbon to phosphate ratios ranging from 5376 down to 42. This range corresponds to 7.8 mg/L up to 1 g/L, respectively, and the latter concentration corresponds to that commonly used in yeast nitrogen base medium. Glucose, at 30 g/L, was used at the carbon source. Potassium phosphate monobasic (containing 28.7 % phosphate) was used as the phosphate source. [0447] For magnesium limiting conditions, yeast nitrogen base medium without magnesium was prepared. Shake flask testing was conducted using carbon to magnesium ratios ranging from 31360 down to 245. This range corresponds to 0.375 mg/L up to 0.5 g/L, and the latter magnesium concentration corresponds to that commonly used in yeast nitrogen base. Glucose, at 30 g/L, was used as the carbon source. Magnesium sulfate (containing 9.8% magnesium) was used as the magnesium source.

[0448] Strains MF858 and MF921 were harvested after 4 days of growth at 30⁰C, during which time the cultures were shaking at 250 rpm. Cells were washed three times with water before lipid extraction. Lipids were extracted as described above. Lipid accumulation data is listed in Table 50 below:

Table 50. Lipid accumulation in phosphate or magnesium limiting growth conditions

Example 14. Effect of Temperature on carotenoid production.

[0449] MF740 was transformed with pMB4719 with Sail, and a Ura⁺ colony was designated

ML878. MF740 was transformed with pMB4629 cleaved with Sail, an Ade⁺ colony was designated ML857, and subsequently transformed with pMB4719 cleaved with Sail, to create ML836. ML878 and ML836 were grown for 4 days in YPD at 20⁰C, 24°C, and 28°C, and carotenoids were extracted and analyzed by HPLC. β-carotene or zeaxanthin yield (% dry cell weight) at 20⁰C was chosen as a standard against which yields at other temperatures were compared. In addition, the ratio of zeaxanthin/carotenoid (% dry cell weight) was calculated for each temperature. Whereas the β- carotene levels fell with decreasing temperatures, the ratio of zeaxanthin to β-carotene increased with lower temperatures (Table 51). Table 51. Effect of Temperature on carotenoid production

^*β-carotene yield is calculated as %DCW β-carotene at 20 ⁰C divided by %DCW β-carotene at each temperature

** Zeaxanthin yield is calculated as %DCW zeaxanthin at 20 ⁰C divided by %DCW zeaxanthin at each temperature

*** Zeaxanthin/β-carotene ratio is calculated as %DCW zeaxanthin divided by %DCW β-carotene

Example 15: Construction of a recyclable URA3 marker plasmid pMB 5082

[0450] To create a selectively excisable ("recyclable") URA3 marker, an 860 bp Spel-Sacl

(blunt ended with T4 DNA ligase) fragment (containing the URA3 promoter and the first 121 nucleotides of the URA3 gene) from plasmid pMB4691 was inserted into the Spel-Notl sites of plasmid pMB4534 to create pMB5055.

[0451] The URA3 promoter was excised from pMB5055 as an 878bp fragment by Xbal-Spel digest, and was ligated into J3?αl-cleaved pMB4691. Orientation of the promoter was verified by restriction digest. The resulting plasmid, designated pMB5082, contained the URA3 promoter both upstream of the URA3 gene and downstream of its terminator. This cassette, once integrated into the Yarrowia genome, permits excision of the URA3 marker by homologous recombination between the two copies of the URA3 promoter. Colonies containing the excision may be selected on 5-FOA.

Example 16: Effects of mutations in the transcriptional regulator, SPT8 on carotenoid production

[0452] Y. lipolytica strain ML 1018 was isolated by plasmid insertion mutagenesis. ML 1018 was darker in hue, shiny, exclusively yeast- form rather than partial mycelial morphology and exhibited increased carotenoid levels when compared to its sibling transformants. Sequence analysis identified the site of MLlOl 8 plasmid insertion between base pairs 701 and 702 of the SPT8 coding sequence. Experiments were undertaken to examine carotenoid levels in a targeted SPT8 disruption strain.

[0453] A 2.5 kb fragment containing the SPT8 gene (YALI0E23804g) with its endogenous promoter and terminator was amplified from genomic DNA isolated from Y. lipolytica strain NRRL Y-1095 using primers: MO5651 (S'-CACAAACTAGTGTCAGGAATATGAAACCAGG-S'XSEQ ID NO: 163) and MO5652 (5'- CACAAACTAGTGCATGTGATAGGAAGGAGGA-S'XSEQ ID NO: 164). Plasmid pMB5083 was constructed by phosphorylating the 2.5 kb SPT8 fragment with T4 polynucleotide kinase and ligating the phosphorylated fragment with desphosphorylated, EcoKW- digested pBluescriptSK-.

[0454] A 3.4 kb fragment containing the TEFl promoter, XPR terminator, and a recyclable

URA3 marker was isolated from plasmid pMB5082 by Acc65l and Xbal (subsequently made blunt with Klenow) digestion. This fragment was cloned into the BsiWl and Smal sites of pMB5083 to create pMB5086. BamHl-Xbal digestion of pMB5086 yields a 5.6 kb Y. lipolytica SPT8 disruption fragment containing the TEFl promoter and XPR terminators followed by a recyclable URA3 marker between base pairs 752 and 753 of the SPT8 coding sequence (SPT8::URA3 disruption cassette). [0455] A 3.6 kb fragment containing the XPR terminator and ADEl gene was excised from plasmid pMB4629 by Mlul and EcoKW digest and subsequently cloned into Mlul-Pmll-άigcstcά pMB5086. The resulting plasmid, pMB5124, contains a 5.8 kb BamHl-Xbal SPT8 disruption cassette similar to that in pMB5086, with the distinction that the recyclable URA3 marker is replaced with a non-recyclable ADEl marker (SPT8::ADE1 disruption cassette).

[0456] Y. lipolytica strains MF740 and MF746 (both adel ura3) are transformed with a 5.8 kb BamFTl-Xbal fragment from pMB5124 (spt8r. ADEl). spt8 disruptants are distinguished from ectopic integrants by colony morphology, as spt8 strains are shinier, darker in hue, and less mycelial than SPT8 strains. Correct integration may be assayed by PCR or by Southern blotting. Carotenoid yield is assayed in spt8 disrupted and SPT8⁺ strains by harvesting carotenoids after a four-day fermentation in YPD shake flasks at 30⁰C.

Example 17: Construction plasmid pMB4844 encoding a chimeric β-carotene hvdroxylase-ketolase (crtZW)

[0457] A β-carotene hydroxylase: β-carotene ketolase chimera is constructed as follows.

First, a 0.5 kb fragment containing crtZ from Erythrobacter litoralis is amplified from pMB4715, a plasmid containing a copy of the crtZ gene, using primers MO4814: 5'- CACAACGTCTCTCTAGACACAAAAATGAGCT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 165) and MO4816: 5'- CACAACGTCTCAGCCGGCACCTGCTCCCATAGAATCTCG-S' (SEQ ID NO: 166) and the resulting fragment is digested with Xbal and BsmBl. Similarly, a 0.8 kb fragment containing crtW from Parvularcula bermudensis is amplified from pMB4731, a plasmid containing a copy of the crtW gene, with primers MO5060: 5'-

CACAAGAAGACAACGGCGCAGGAGCCATGGACCCTACCGGAGACG-S' (SEQ ID NO: 167) and MO5061 : 5'-CACAAGAAGACAACGCGTTTAAGGGCCGGTTCTCTTTC-S ' (SEQ ID NO: 168) and the resulting fragment is digested with Bbsl and Mlul. The digested fragments containing the crtZ and crt W genes are then ligated in a three-piece reaction into Nhel-Mlul cleaved vector pMB4691 to create pMB4844. Sequence analysis confirms the creation of an in- frame fusion oicrtZ and crt W placed under control of the TEFl promoter and the XPR terminator. The chimeric sequence is designated crtZW. The amino acid sequence of crtZW is: [0458] mswwaialivfgavvgmeffawfahkyimhgwgwswhrdhhephdntlekndlfavvfgsvaallfvigalwsd plwwaavgitlygviytlvhdglvhqrywrwtpkrgyakrlvqahrlhhatvgkeggvsfgfvfardpaklkaelkqqreqglavvrdsmg agagagamdptgdvtasprpqttipvrqalwglslagaiiaawvfmhigfvffapldpivlalapviillqswlsvglfiishdaihgslapgrpa mramgrlcmtlyagfdfdrmaaahhrhhrspgtaadpdfsvdspdφlpwfgaffrryfgwrpfltvnavvftywlvlganpvnivlfygv pallsagqlfyfgtflphrherqgfadhhrarsvrspymlslvtcyhfggyhhehhlfphepwwrlpqrggwerdrrkrtgp (SEQ ID NO: 169)

Example 18: pH effects on total carotenoid yield and hvdroxylation of beta-carotene

[0459] The effect of altering pH on total carotenoid yield and relative amount of individual carotenoids was investigated. Strain MLlOl 1 (MF740 transformed with multiple integrated copies of the X. autotrophicus crtZ gene) which accumulates a mixture of carotenoids comprising beta- carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin was fermented under the following parameters.

• Batch medium: YPD

• Temperature setpoint: 30⁰C

• Initial volume: 210 ml

• Vessel volume: 400 ml

• Agitation rate: 1000 rpm

• Feed: 40% glucose

• Feed rate: 2 ml / hour, starting at 24th hour after inoculation

[0460] Four separate fermentor units were setup and the pH was controlled as follows:

• Unit l : pH 5.5

• Unit 2: pH 7.0

• Unit 3: pH 7.0 at inoculation, continuously rising to a setpoint of pH 8.0 at 48 hours (change of 0.02 I pH units/hour)

• Unit 4: pH 7.0 at inoculation, continuously rising to a setpoint of pH 9.0 at 48 hours (change of 0.042 pH units/hour

[0461] Additionally, the glucose feed of unit 4 was halted at 64 hours (see below). Figure

12a depicts accumulation of total carotenoid (absorbance units per unit dry cell weight) throughout the fermentation. Excluding the last timepoint, units 1 and 2 accumulated similar amounts of carotenoid throughout the run. This result, consistent with previous experiments, suggests that varying the pH in the range of 5.5-7.0 does not affect total carotenoid yield. During this same period, fermentor unit 3 accumulated more carotenoid than units 1 and 2, suggesting setting pH to be within the range of 7.0-8.0 improves the rate of carotenoid biosynthesis. In unit 4, carbon dioxide evolution (indicating metabolic activity) and carotenoid accumulation started to fall precipitiously when the unit reached pH 8.3 at approxmately 31 hours (Figure 12d), suggesting toxicity due to high pH. The feed to this unit was therefore stopped at 64 hours. Together, these results suggest that carotenoid yield may be maximized by maintaining pH within the range 7.0-8.0, while pH levels below or above this range were ineffective or toxic, respectively.

[0462] Figure 12b depicts accumulation of zeaxanthin (absorbance units per dry cell weight;

AU) over the course of the fermentation. As seen in Figure 12b, zeaxanthin accumulation improves with increasing pH. Unit 4, at highest pH, shows superior zeaxanthin accumulation compared to all other units until hour 64, when its feed was terminated. Likewise, unit 3, maintained at pH 8.0 after hour 48, shows significantly improved zeaxanthin accumulation over units 1 and 2, maintained at pH 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. These results indicate that hydroxylation of beta carotene to zeaxanthin is favored by higher pH.

[0463] Figure 12c depicts the fraction of carotenoid as zeaxanthin (AU zeaxanthin / AU total carotenoid) throughout the course of the fermentation. Unit 3 hydroxy lated a greater fraction of beta- carotene than units 1 and 2, in addition to producing more total carotenoid (Figure 12a) and more total zeaxanthin (Figure 12b). This result demonstrates that at pH 8.0, zeaxanthin accumulation outpaced the global increase in carotenoid biosynthesis also seen at this pH

[0464] As seen in Figure 12e, biomass accumulated fastest in unit 3 and remained above all other units until the hundred-thirtieth or so hour of fermentation. This unit similarly was the most metabolically active, as shown by its increased rate of carbon dioxide evolution compared to the other units over the same time period (Figure 12d). The subsequent decline in biomass in this unit may be attributed to accelerated metabolism of carbon stored as intracellular oil, relative to the other three units. Thus, it appears that the pH range of 7.0-8.0 enables Yarrowia lipolytica both to accumulate biomass and metabolize stored carbon at rates faster than it is able at lower pH. [0465] Together, these results indicate that total biomass accumulation, percentage of biomass representing carotenoid accumulation, and the hydroxylation of beta-carotene to zeaxanthin may be manipulated by maintaining fermentation pH in the approximate range of 7.0-8.0. Moreover, these results suggest that within this same range, an optimum pH may be selected at which to maximize production of both non-oxygenated carotenoids and xanthophylls (e.g., hydroxylation of β- carotene to zeaxanthin and total carotenoid production). Example 19: Lycopene epsilon cyclase sequences

[0466] The DNA and proteins they encode of the certain lycopene epsilon cyclase sequences are provided below. Corresponding Genbank Accession and GI numbers are found in Table 23.

[0467] Ostreococcus lucimarinus sequence XP OO 1422490

DNA

ATGAAGGATGATCGCGAATGGATTGCGTTTCAACAGCGCAAGGTGTTTAGTGAGCAAAA

GCAAATCAAAGAGTACCTCAGTGCTTTGAACGACCGCGACAAGGTCGACGTTCTCGTTGT

CGGTGCGGGCCCCGCAGGTCTGGCGATCGCAGCGGAGACGGCGAAGAAGGGTCTTTCTG

TTGGTCTCGTCGCACCAGACACCCCGTTCGTGAACAACTACGGAGTATGGCTCGACGAGT

TCAAAGATCTAGGGCTCGAACACTGCTTGCTTCATAAGTATGACGACGCATTGGTTTGGT

TCGATGATTCTGATCCTGCGAGTGGAACTGAACTCGGTCGACCTTACGGTCAAGTGTGCC

GCAGGCGTCTTCGCGACCATTTGTTGAAGGAGTGCGCGGCGGCTGGCGTCAAGTATTTAC

CAGGCCTGGTAGATTTTGTGCGTCACGGTGACGTCGAAAAGAACGAGTTAGCCGAAGCA

AACAGAGGCCAGCAATTCACGTTGAATTCGCGTCTCGTCGTTGCCGGCACCGGTCACAAC

CGCGACATGCTCAGCTACGAAGAGGGTGCGCCGCCGGGCTGGCAGACTGCGTATGGCGT

TGAGGTGCGCATTCCGAACCACGGTTTTCCCGTGAACAAGGCCGTGTTCATGGATTTTCG

TCAAAGCGATCCGGAGGCGATGAAAGAGGAACAAGACGAGGGCGTTTGGCGCGTGCCG

TCTTTCCTTTACGTGTTACCCGTGGACAAGGATGTGGTGTTCGTCGAGGAGACGTGCCTC

GTCGCGCGCGTACAAGTGCCGTTCGATGAACTCAAACGGCGATTGTATCGTCGTATGAAG

CGGATGGGTATGGAAATCGTCGAAGAAGACATCTTGGAAGTCGAGGCGAGTTGGATTCC

ACTGGGCGGTACCCCGCCGGTTGCCCCGCAACGCACCATCGCGTACGGTGCAGCAGCCG

GCATGGTCCACCCTGCGTCTGGCTACTCCGTCGTAAACAGTATTAGCAAAGCTCCGCGTG

TTGCGACGGCCATGGCCGAAGGCTTGAAGGAGGGTGGCGAGATTGAGGCGAGCCGAAG

AGCGTGGGAAATCCTTTGGGGTGCGGAGCCACGAAGACAAATCGGTTTCTACCAGTTCG

GTATGGAGCTTCTCATGTCGCTTCGCATCGAGCAGATGCGCAACTTCTTTAGTACCTTCTT

TGCGCTTCCAACAAATCTGAGCAGAGGATTTTTGGGTAACAGATTGTCGAGCTCAGAGTT

GATCATGTTTGCTCTCACTACGTTCGCAATTGGTAACAACGAACTTCGTGGGTTGTTGCTC

GCTCACCTGGTTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 170)

[0468] Protein

MKDDREWIAFQQRKVFSEQKQIKEYLSALNDRDKVDVLVVGAGPAGLAIAAETAKKGLSVG

LVAPDTPFVNNYGVWLDEFKDLGLEHCLLHKYDDALVWFDDSDPASGTELGRPYGQVCRR

RLRDHLLKECAAAGVKYLPGLVDFVRHGDVEKNELAEANRGQQFTLNSRLVVAGTGHNRD

MLSYEEGAPPGWQTAYGVEVRIPNHGFPVNKAVFMDFRQSDPEAMKEEQDEGVWRVPSFL

YVLPVDKDVVFVEETCLVARVQVPFDELKRRLYRRMKRMGMEIVEEDILEVEAS WIPLGGTP PVAPQRTIAYGAAAGMVHPASGYSVVNSISKAPRVATAMAEGLKEGGEIEASRRAWEILWG AEPRRQIGFYQFGMELLMSLRIEQMRNFFSTFFALPTNLSRGFLGNRLSSSELIMFALTTFAIGN NELRGLLLAHLVS (SEQ ID NO: 171)

[0469] lycopene epsilon cyclase (Diospyros kaki) sequence BAE94036

DNA

ACTACGGCGTATGGGAGGATGAATTTAGAGATCTTGGACTTGAAAGGTGTATTGAACAT

GTTTGGAGAGACACAATTGTATATCTTGATGACAATGATCCCATTCTGATTGGTCGTGCT

TATGGACGAGTTAGTCGTCACTTGCTCCACGAGGAGCTATTAAGAAGGTGTGTGGAGTCA

GGTGTTTCATATTTGAGCTCAAAAGTGGAAAGAATTATTGAAACTACGAATGGGCAGAG

TCTCATAGAGTGCGGAACTGATGTTGTTGTCCCATGCAGGCTTGCTACTGTTGCTTCGGG

AGCAGCTTCTGGGAAACTTTTGAAGTTTGAGGTGGGAGGACCCAGAGTTTCTGTTCAAAC

AGCTTATGGTGTGGAGGTTGAGGTGGAAAACAATCCATATGACCCCAACTTGATGGTTTT

CATGGATTACAGAGACTATGCCAAACAAAAAGTTCAGCCTTTGGAAGCACAATATCCAA

CATTTCTTTATGCCATGCCTATGTCCCCTACAAGAGTCTTCTTTGAGGAAACTTGTTTGGC

TTCAAAGGATGCCATGCCTTTTGATCTATTAAAGAGGAAACTCATGGACAGATTAGAGAC

AATGGGAGTCCATGTTCTAAAAACGTATGAGGAGGAATGGTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 172)

[0470] Protein

YGVWEDEFRDLGLERCIEHVWRDTIVYLDDNDPILIGRAYGRVSRHLLHEELLRRCVESGVS YLSSKVERIIETTNGQSLIECGTD VVVPCRLATVASGAASGKLLKFEVGGPRVSVQTAYGVEV EVENNPYDPNLMVFMDYRDYAKQKVQPLEAQYPTFLYAMPMSPTRVFFEETCLASKDAMP FDLLKRKLMDRLETMGVHVLKTYEEEWS (SEQ ID NO: 173)

Example 20: Construction of a lutein producing strain

[0471] The following sequence, optimized for Y. lipolytica codon bias and encoding a putative lycopene epsilon cyclase from Ostreococcus lucimarinus CCE9901, is synthesized de novo:

TTCTAGAACAAAATGAAGGACGACCGAGAGTGGATCGCCTTCCAGCAGCGAAAGGTGTT

CTCTGAGCAGAAGCAGATCAAGGAGTACCTGTCTGCCCTGAACGACCGAGACAAGGTGG

ACGTGCTGGTGGTGGGCGCCGGCCCCGCCGGCCTGGCCATCGCCGCCGAGACCGCCAAG

AAGGGCCTGTCTGTGGGCCTGGTGGCCCCCGACACCCCCTTCGTGAACAACTACGGCGTG

TGGCTGGACGAGTTCAAGGACCTGGGCCTGGAGCACTGTCTGCTGCACAAGTACGACGA

CGCCCTGGTGTGGTTCGACGACTCTGACCCCGCCTCTGGCACCGAGCTGGGCCGACCCTA

CGGCCAGGTGTGTCGACGACGACTGCGAGACCACCTGCTGAAGGAGTGTGCCGCCGCCG

GCGTGAAGTACCTGCCCGGCCTGGTGGACTTCGTGCGACACGGCGACGTGGAGAAGAAC

GAGCTGGCCGAGGCCAACCGAGGCCAGCAGTTCACCCTGAACTCTCGACTGGTGGTGGC

CGGCACCGGCCACAACCGAGACATGCTGTCTTACGAGGAGGGCGCCCCCCCCGGCTGGC

AGACCGCCTACGGCGTGGAGGTGCGAATCCCCAACCACGGCTTCCCCGTGAACAAGGCC

GTGTTCATGGACTTCCGACAGTCTGACCCCGAGGCCATGAAGGAGGAGCAGGACGAGGG

CGTGTGGCGAGTGCCCTCTTTCCTGTACGTGCTGCCCGTGGACAAGGACGTGGTGTTCGT

GGAGGAGACCTGTCTGGTGGCCCGAGTGCAGGTGCCCTTCGACGAGCTGAAGCGACGAC TGTACCGACGAATGAAGCGAATGGGCATGGAGATCGTGGAGGAGGACATCCTGGAGGTG

GAGGCCTCTTGGATCCCCCTGGGCGGCACCCCCCCCGTGGCCCCCCAGCGAACCATCGCC

TACGGCGCCGCCGCCGGCATGGTGCACCCCGCCTCTGGCTACTCTGTGGTGAACTCTATC

TCTAAGGCCCCCCGAGTGGCCACCGCCATGGCCGAGGGCCTGAAGGAGGGCGGCGAGAT

CGAGGCCTCTCGACGAGCCTGGGAGATCCTGTGGGGCGCCGAGCCCCGACGACAGATCG

GCTTCTACCAGTTCGGCATGGAGCTGCTGATGTCTCTGCGAATCGAGCAGATGCGAAACT

TCTTCTCTACCTTCTTCGCCCTGCCCACCAACCTGTCTCGAGGCTTCCTGGGCAACCGACT

GTCTTCTTCTGAGCTGATCATGTTCGCCCTGACCACCTTCGCCATCGGCAACAACGAGCT

GCGAGGCCTGCTGCTGGCCCACCTGGTGTCTTAAACGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 174)

[0472] This fragment, liberated with Xbal and Mlul, is cloned into Nhel-anά M/wI-cleaved pMB5082 to produce pEpCyOsl.

[0473] A second putative lycopene epsilon cyclase from Ostreococcus lucimαrinus

CCE9901 is similarly codon-optimized and synthesized de novo:

TTCTAGAACAAAATGCGAGCCCGACGAGCCCCCGCCGCCCGAGTGACCCGAGCCATCCG

AGCCCGAGGCGACGCCGGCACCCGAGCCCGAGACGTGGCCCCCGGCGCCACCCGACGAG

GCGCCTCTGCCACCCCCCGAGCCACCCGACGACCCTCTGCCCGAGAGACCCGACCCGAG

CTGTACGGCCTGGACGCCTCTTGGGACCCCCTGACCTCTGGCGACCGACGAGAGTCTGAG

GAGTCTCGAACCCCCCTGCCCGAGACCCTGCCCAACGTGCGATGGGGCACCTCTGCCTCT

GAGGCCTACGACCTGGTGATCGTGGGCTGTGGCCCCGCCGGCCTGACCGCCGCCGACGA

GGCCTCTAAGCGAGGCCTGCGAGTGGCCCTGATGGACCCCTCTCCCCTGGCCCCCTGGAT

GAACAACTACGGCGTGTGGTGTGACGAGTTCAAGTCTCTGGGCTTCGACGACTGTTACCG

AGCCGTGTGGAACAAGGCCCGAGTGATCATCGACGACGGCGACGCCGACGGCAAGATGC

TGGACCGAGCCTACGCCCAGGTGGACCGAAAGAAGCTGAAGCAGAAGCTGATCGCCCGA

TCTGTGACCCAGGGCGTGGAGTTCGGCATCGCCGCCGTGGACTCTTGTGACAACTCTGAC

CCCAACCACTCTGTGGTGACCCTGTCTGACGGCCGAAAGGTGTACGCCAAGATGGTGCTG

GACGCCACCGGCCACTCTCGAAAGCTGGTGGACTTCGACCGAGACTTCACCCCCGGCTAC

CAGGCCGCCTTCGGCATCGTGTGTACCGTGGAGAAGCACGACTTCCCCCTGGACACCATG

CTGTTCATGGACTGGCGAGACGAGCACCTGTCTCCCGAGTTCAAGCGAGCCAACGACCG

ACTGCCCACCTTCCTGTACGCCATGCCCTTCTCTGAGACCGAGGTGTTCCTGGAGGAGAC

CTCTCTGGTGGCCCGACCCGGCCTGGAGTTCGACGACCTGAAGCTGAAGCTGAAGGAGC

GACTGGACTACCTGGGCGTGAAGGTGACCAAGGTGCACGAGGAGGAGTACTGTCTGATC

CCCATGGGCGGCGTGCTGCCCACCTTCCCCCAGCGAACCCTGGGCATCGGCGGCACCGCC

GGCATGGTGCACCCCTCTACCGGCTTCATGGTGGCCAAGACCATGCTGTGTGTGCGAACC

CTGGTGGGCACCCTGGACGAGGCCCTGAAGGCCGGCAAGCGAGGCGACATCACCGGCGC

CCTGGAGGCCGCCGAGGCCGCCCAGATGAACAACGGCAAGTTCGACGCCGACGCCACCG

CCGCCCTGGTGTGGAACTCTATCTGGCCCGAGAACGACCTGCGAATGCGAACCTTCATGT

GTTTCGGCATGGAGACCCTGATGCAGCTGGACATCGACGGCACCCGACAGTTCTTCGACA

CCTTCTTCGACCTGCCCAAGGACGTGTGGGCCGGCTTCCTGTCTTGGCGAATCCAGCCCG

TGGGCCTGCTGTCTCTGGGCGTGAACCTGTTCGCCCTGTTCTCTAACTACATGCGAGTGA

ACTTCGTGAAGTCTGCCCTGCCCTTCATGGGCTCTTTCTTCGCCAACTAAACGCGT (SEQ

ID NO: 175)

[0474] This fragment, liberated with Xbαl and Mlul, is cloned into Nhel-anά MM-cleaved pMB5082 to produce pEpCyOs2.

[0475] The following sequence, optimized for Y. lipolyticα codon bias and encoding a putative carotene epsilon hydroxylase from Ostreococcus tαuri, is synthesized de novo:

TTCTAGAACAAAATGAAGGACGGCCAGGACGAGGACTCTGACGAGATCTGGGGCGGCCA GCGACACGCCTCTGAGATGAAGACCCCCACCCGACGAAAGGCCCGAACCAAGGCCGAGC GAGAGGCCTCTGCCGCCTCTTACGAGTGGTCTGCCTGGGCCTCTTCTTGTGGCGTGATCTC

TGTGGCCATCACCGCCACCTACTTCCGAATCCTGCGAGAGGTGGACGTGAACGGCGGCG

TGTTCCCCGTGGCCGAGCTGGTGGCCCAGCTGGCCCTGATCGCCGGCGCCGCCGTGGGCA

TGGAGTTCTACGCCCGATACGCCCACAAGCACCTGTGGCACGGCTCTTGGTGGACCATGT

CTAACAAGTACCGACAGGAGTGGAACCGACCCATCTGGCTGCTGCACGAGTCTCACCAC

CTGCCCCGAGAGGGCGCCTTCGAGGCCAACGACGTGTTCGCCCTGATGAACGGCGTGCC

CGCCTTCGCCCTGTGTGCCTTCGGCTTCTTCACCCCCGGCGTGTTCGGCGGCCTGTGTTTC

GGCGCCGGCCTGGGCATCACCCTGTTCGGCATCGCCTACATGTACGTGCACGACGGCCTG

GTGCACAAGCGATTCCCCACCGGCCCCCTGGGCAAGCTGCCCGTGATGCGACGAATCGC

CGCCGGCCACACCATCCACCACACCGAGGCCTTCGAGGGCGTGCCCTGGGGCCTGTTCCT

GGGCATCCAGGAGCTGGCCGCCGTGCCCGGCGGCCTGGAGGAGCTGGAGAAGGTGGTGA

TCGCCGCCGAGCGAAAGGAGAAGCGAGACGAGCTGGAGCTGGCCCGACGAGCCTCTGTG

GGCCTGGTGACCGAGGGCGCCCACATCCCCTCTATGAAGGAGGCCCCCCAGTGTAAGCT

GCCCGAGGACCCCTAAACGCGT (SEQ ID NO: 176)

[0476] This fragment, liberated with Xbal and Mlul, is cloned into Nhel-anά M/wI-cleaved pMB5082 to produce pEpHyOsl.

[0477] The 1.9 kb Kpnl-Sαcl TEFlp-crtZ fragment from pMB4837 (Example 10) is cloned into Kpnl- and Sαcl-cleaved pMB5082 to create pCrtZ-Ub.

[0478] A strain expressing cαrRP, cαrB, GGS, and HMGl_trunc and auxotrophic for urα3

(MF946; Example 2F) is transformed successively, in any order, with the URA3 plasmids pEpCyOsl (or pEpCyOs2), pEpHyOsl, and pCrtZ-Ub, with the recycling of the urα3 marker between each step, as described in Example 15. Such a strain is expected to produce >1 mg/g DCW lutein. This strain may be further modified by transformation with pMB4789 (erg9[F3 l71]-3'lJTR::URA3), as described in Example 2H.

The following tables are referenced throughout the description. Each reference and information designated by each of the Genbank Accession and GI numbers are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The order of genes, polypeptides and sequences presented in the tables is not indicative of their relative importance and/or suitability to any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

Table 7. Examples of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase polypeptides.

Table 10. Examples of mevalonate kinase polypeptides.

Table 11. Examples of phosphomevalonate kinase polypeptides.

Table 12. Examples of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase polypeptides.

Table 15. Examples of GGPP synthase polypeptides.

Table 16. Examples of squalene synthetase polypeptides.

Table 17a. Examples of phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptides.

ZP 002705 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Rhodospirillum rubrum]

ZP 002771 COG1232: Protoporphyrinogen oxidase [Burkholderia fungorum LB400]

ZP 002892 hypothetical protein Mmc 102002317 [Magnetococcus sp. MC-I]

ZP 002916 COG3349: Uncharacterized conserved protein [Thermobifida fusca]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Methanosarcina barkeri

ZP 002963 str. fusaro]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Novosphingobium

ZP 003022 aromaticivorans DSM 12444]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Novosphingobium

ZP 003036 aromaticivorans DSM 12444]

ZP 003107 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Cytophaga hutchinsonii]

ZP 003202 COG1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Oenococcus oeni PSU-I]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Trichodesmium

ZP 003258 erythraeum IMSlOl]

ZP 003268 COG3349: Uncharacterized conserved protein [Trichodesmium erythraeum IMSlOl]

ZP 003269 COG3349: Uncharacterized conserved protein [Trichodesmium erythraeum IMSlOl]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Trichodesmium

ZP 003276 erythraeum IMSlOl]

COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Trichodesmium

ZP 003283 erythraeum IMSlOl]

COG1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Exiguobacterium sp. 255-

ZP 003557 J5]

ZP 003559 COG3349: Uncharacterized conserved protein [Chloroflexus aurantiacus]

ZP 003565 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Chloroflexus aurantiacus]

ZP 003577 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Chloroflexus aurantiacus]

ZP 003593 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Chloroflexus aurantiacus]

ZP 003595 COG 1233: Phytoene dehydrogenase and related proteins [Chloroflexus aurantiacus]

ZP 003685 carotenoid isomerase, putative [Campylobacter lari RM2100]

Table 17b. Examples of phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptides.

Table 18. Examples of phytoene synthase and lycopene cyclase polypeptides.

Table 20. Examples of carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptides.

Table 21. Examples of astaxanthin synthase polypeptides and putative astaxanthin synthase ol e tides.

Table 22. Exam )les of carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase polypeptides.

Table 23. Examples of lycopene cyclase polypeptides, beta and epsilon subunits.

Table 29: Examples of Prenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptides

Table 30: Examples of PHB-Polyprenyltransferase polypeptides

Table 31. Examples of soluble transhydrogenase polypeptides.

Table 34. Examples of pox2 polypeptides.

Table 35. Examples of poxla polypeptides.

Table 36. Examples of pox4 polypeptides.

Table 37. Examples of poxl polypeptides.

Table 38. Examples of pox3 polypeptides.

Table 39. Examples of pox5 polypeptides.

Table 40. Examples of triglyceride lipase (tg!4) polypeptides.

Table 41. Examples of triglyceride lipase (tg!3) polypeptides.

Table 42. Examples of acyl-coA-cholesterol polypeptides.

Table 43. Examples of phospholipid-diacylglycerol polypeptides.

Table 53. Examples of squalene epoxidase polypeptides

Table 54. Examples of ERGl polypeptides.

Table 55. Examples of ERG7 polypeptides.

Table 56. Examples of ERG6 polypeptides.

Table 57. Examples of ERG5 polypeptides.

Table 58. Examples of ERG3 polypeptides.

Table 59. Examples of ERG2 polypeptides.

Table 60. Exam les of ERG3-like polypeptides.

Table 61. Examples of ERG27 polypeptides.

Table 62. Examples of ERG26 polypeptides.

Table 63. Examples of ERG25 polypeptides.

Table 64. Examples of ERG24 polypeptides.

Table 65. Examples of ERGIl polypeptides.

ERG4/ERG24 ergosterol biosynthesis protein family protein

35 XP 638613 66809779 [Dictyostelium discoideum AX4]

Table 67. Examples of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase polypeptides.

Table 68. Exam les of beta-carotene retinol dehydrogenase polypeptides.

Table 69. Genes Comprising the SAGA Complex.

Equivalents

[0001] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the disclosure described herein. The scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the following claims:

Claims

1. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one carotenoid, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, which parental fungus both is not oleaginous and does not accumulate the carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not produce.

2. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β- cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ- carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

3. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one carotenoid, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia or is a species selected from the group consisting of:

Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica

wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

4. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β- cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ- carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of:

Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia or is of a species selected from the group consisting of:

5. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Saccharomyces, Xanthophyllomyces (Phqffϊa), and Yarrowia

6. The recombinant fungus of claim 5 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of the genus Saccharomyces genus.

7. The recombinant fungus of claim 5 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of the genus Xanthophyllomyces (Phqffϊa).

8. The recombinant fungus of claim 5 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of the genus Yarrowia.

9. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica.

10. The recombinant fungus of claim 9 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Candida utilis.

11. The recombinant fungus of claim 9 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

12. The recombinant fungus of claim 9 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma).

13. The recombinant fungus of claim 9 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

14. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Aspergillus, Candida, Cunninghamella, Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Pichia (Hansenula), Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichoderma, and Trichosporon.

15. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Pichia pastoris, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichoderma reesei, and Trichosporon pullans.

16. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Puccinia, and Pythium.

17. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Cercospora nicotianae, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, and Trichosporon cutaneum.

18. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Botrytis, Cryptococcus, and Sclerotium.

19. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Botrytis cinerea, Cryptococcus curvatus, Sclerotium rolfsii.

20. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the recombinant fungus grows as a single cell.

21. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -4 wherein the recombinant fungus is a yeast.

22. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1, 3, or 5-21 wherein the carotenoid is carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of adonirubin, astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, and combinations thereof.

23. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-21 wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of adonirubin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene and combinations thereof.

24. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 wherein the carotenoid is β-carotene.

25. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 wherein the carotenoid is predominantly β-carotene.

26. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of: canthaxanthin, echinenone, and β-cryptoxanthin.

27. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is zeaxanthin

28. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is lutein.

29. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is astaxanthin.

30. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is phytoene.

31. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is phytofluene.

32. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is adonirubin.

33. The recombinant fungus of claim 22 or 23 wherein the carotenoid is adonixanthin.

34. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-33 wherein the parental fungus is oleaginous.

35. The recombinant fungus of 1-33 wherein the parental fungus is not oleaginous.

36. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-35 wherein the parental fungus does not naturally produce the at least one carotenoid.

37. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-35 wherein the parental fungus naturally produces the at least one carotenoid.

38. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-37 wherein the parental fungus does not naturally produce at least one carotenoid.

39. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-37 wherein the parental fungus naturally produces at least one carotenoid.

40. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-39 wherein the recombinant fungus grows as a single cell.

41. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-39 wherein the recombinant fungus is a yeast.

42. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-41 wherein the recombinant fungus contains at least one oleaginic modification.

43. The recombinant fungus of claim 42 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification confers oleaginy upon the fungus.

44. The fungus of claim 42 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification alters oleaginicity of the fungus.

45. The recombinant fungus of claim 42 wherein the recombinant fungus further comprises at least one carotenogenic modification wherein the carotenogenic modification confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

46. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 42-45 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification increases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide.

47. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 42-45 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification decreases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide.

48. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 42-45 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification increases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of at least one other oleaginic polypeptide.

49. The recombinant fungus of claim 46 or 47, wherein the at least one oleaginic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide, pyruvate decarboxylase polypeptide, isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide, ATP-citrate lyase polypeptide, malic enzyme polypeptide, AMP deaminase polypeptide, malate dehydrogenase polypeptide, glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase polypeptide, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polypeptide, fructose 1 , 6 bisphosphatase polypeptide, NADH kinase polypeptide, transhydrogenase polypeptide, acyl- CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase polypeptide, triglyceride lipase polypeptide, acyl- coenzyme A oxidase polypeptide and combinations thereof.

50. The recombinant fungus of claim 46 or 47 wherein the least one oleaginic polypeptide is at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide in any one of Tables 1 through 6 or 31-47.

51. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 46-48, wherein the at least one oleaginic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide in the fungus.

52. The recombinant fungus of claim 51, wherein the at least one oleaginic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous gene encoding the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide.

53. The recombinant fungus of claim 51, wherein the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide comprises an animal polypeptide, a mammalian polypeptide, an insect polypeptide, a plant polypeptide, a fungal polypeptide, a yeast polypeptide, an algal polypeptide, a bacterial polypeptide, a cyanobacterial polypeptide, an archaebacterial polypeptide, or a protozoal polypeptide.

54. The recombinant fungus of claim 51, wherein the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide comprises at least two heterologous oleaginic polypeptides.

55. The recombinant fungus of claim 54, wherein the at least two heterologous oleaginic polypeptides are from a single source organism.

56. The recombinant fungus of claim 54, wherein the at least two heterologous oleaginic polypeptides are from at least two different source organisms.

57. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-41 wherein the fungus contains at least one carotenogenic modification.

58. The recombinant fungus of claim 57 wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight.

59. The recombinant fungus of claim 57 wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification confers to the fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

60. The recombinant fungus of claim 57 wherein the recombinant fungus further comprises at least one oleaginic modification wherein the oleaginic modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus or confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy.

61. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 57-60, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

62. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 57-60, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one carotenoid such that total carotenoid production by the recombinant fungus occurs at a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

63. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 57-62, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification increases expression or activity of a carotenogenic polypeptide.

64. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 57-62, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification decreases expression or activity of a carotenogenic polypeptide.

65. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 57-62, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification increases expression or activity of at least one carotenogenic polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of at least one other carotenogenic polypeptide.

66. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 63-65, wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous carotenogenic polypeptide.

67. The recombinant fungus of claim 66 wherein the at least one carotenogenic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous gene encoding the at least one heterologous carotenogenic polypeptide.

68. The recombinant fungus of claim 63 or 64, wherein the carotenogenic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, and combinations thereof.

69. The recombinant fungus of claim 68 wherein the isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase polypeptide, HMG-CoA synthase polypeptide, HMG-CoA reductase polypeptide, mevalonate kinase polypeptide, phosphomevalonate kinase polypeptide, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase polypeptide, IPP isomerase polypeptide, FPP synthase polypeptide, and GGPP synthase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

70. The recombinant fungus of claim 68, wherein the carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of: phytoene synthase polypeptide, phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide, lycopene cyclase polypeptide, carotenoid ketolase polypeptide, carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, astaxanthin synthase polypeptide, carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide, carotenoid glucosyltransferase polypeptide, lycopene cyclase (beta and epsilon subunits) polypeptides, and acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

71. The recombinant fungus of claim 68, wherein the isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of squalene synthase polypeptide, prenyldiphosphate synthase and PHB polyprenyltransferase, and combinations thereof.

72. The recombinant fungus of claim 68, wherein the carotenogenic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of any of the polypeptides of any one of Tables 7-25, Table 29, and Table 30, and combinations thereof.

73. The recombinant fungus of claim 66, wherein the at least one heterologous carotenogenic polypeptide comprises an animal polypeptide, a mammalian polypeptide, an insect polypeptide, a plant polypeptide, a fungal polypeptide, a yeast polypeptide, an algal polypeptide, a bacterial polypeptide, cyanobacterial polypeptide, an archaebacterial polypeptide, or a protozoal polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

74. The recombinant fungus of claim 66, wherein the at least one heterologous carotenogenic polypeptide comprises at least two heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides.

75. The recombinant fungus of claim 74, wherein the at least two heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides are from a single source organism.

76. The recombinant fungus of claim 74, wherein the at least two heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides are from at least two different source organisms.

77. A recombinant fungus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the fungus accumulates the produced at least one carotenoid to a level selected from the group consisting of: above about 1%, above about 2%, above about 3%, above about 5%, and above about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

78. A recombinant fungus according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the fungus accumulates lipid in the form of cytoplasmic bodies.

79. The recombinant fungus of claim 78 wherein the at least one carotenoid accumulates in the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

80. A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of an oleaginic modification, a carotenogenic modification, and combinations thereof, such that the strain accumulates from 1% to 15% of its dry cell weight as at least one carotenoid.

81. The strain of claim 80 further characterized in that it accumulates from 20% to 50% of its dry cell weight as lipid.

82. The strain of claim 81, wherein the strain accumulates from 20% to 50% of its dry cell weight as lipid in the form of cytoplasmic oil bodies.

83. The strain of claim 80, wherein the strain comprises a carotenogenic modification selected from the group consisting of: a. expression of a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of a truncated endogenous HMG CoA reductase polypeptide that lacks the N-terminal membrane spanning domain, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, FPP synthase, and GGPP synthase; b. expression of a heterologous polypeptide selected from the group consisting of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase, and combinations thereof; c. decreased expression or activity of an endogenous polypeptide selected from the group consisting of squalene synthase polypeptide prenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptide and PHB polyprenyltransferase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

84. The strain of any one of claims 80-83, wherein the strain accumulates 1-15% of its dry cell weight as β-carotene.

85. The strain of claim 80, wherein the strain comprises a carotenogenic modification selected from the group consisting of: a. expression of a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of a truncated endogenous HMG CoA reductase polypeptide that lacks the N-terminal membrane spanning domain, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA synthase, FPP synthase, and GGPP synthase; b. expression of a heterologous polypeptide selected from the group consisting of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase, carotenoid ketolase, carotenoid hydroxylase, astaxanthin synthase, carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase, lycopene cyclase (beta and epsilon subunits), carotenoid glucosyltransferase, acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acyltransferase, and combinations thereof; c. decreased expression or activity of an endogenous polypepetide selected from the group consisting of squalene synthase polypeptide prenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptide and PHB polyprenyltransferase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

86. The strain of any one of claims 80-83 or 85, wherein the strain accumulates 1-15% of its dry cell weight as astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β- cryptoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene and combinations thereof.

87. A method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of the preceding claims under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of cultivating comprising cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the carotenoid accumulates to a level above at least about 1% of the dry cell weight of the fungus.

89. The method of claim 87 or 88, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the fungus accumulates lipid bodies to a level above about 20% of its dry cell weight.

90. The method of any one of claims 87-89, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β- cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α- cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

91. The method of any one of claims 87-90, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions of excess carbon and limiting non-carbon nutrient.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and combinations thereof.

93. The method of claim 91 wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient comprises nitrogen.

94. The method of claim 93 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is within the range selected from the group consisting of about 200: 1, 150: 1, 125: 1, 100: 1, 95: 1, 90: 1, 85: 1, 80: 1, 75: 1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 6-: l, 55: 1, 50: 1, 45: 1, 40: 1, 35: 1, 30: 1, 25: 1, 20: 1, 15:1, and 10: l.v

95. The method of claim 93 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is less than about 10: 1.

96. The method of any one of claims 87-95, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the step of cultivating comprises modulating feed rate to maintain a specific level of dissolved oxygen.

98. The method of any one of claims 87-97, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions between a pH of 7.0 and 8.0.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein production of the carotenoid is increased relative to carotenoid production that would be observed if the fungus were grown under a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

100. The method of claim 98 or 99, wherein the produced carotenoid is hydroxylated, and wherein the carotenoid is hydoxylated to a greater extent than would be observed if the fungus were grown under at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

101. The method of claim 98, wherein the step of cultivating comprises increasing the pH during the course of cultivation.

102. The method of 101, wherein the pH is increased at a rate of about 0.021 pH units/hour.

103. The method of 101, wherein the pH is increased at a rate of about 0.042 pH units/hour.

104. The method of any one of claims 101-103, wherein production of the carotenoid is increased relative to carotenoid production that would be observed if the fungus were grown under at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

105. The method of any one of claims 101-103, wherein the produced carotenoid is hydroxylated, and wherein the carotenoid is hydroxylated to a greater extent than would be observed if the fungus were grown under at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

106. The method of claim 100 or 105, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises beta-carotene and the hydroxylated carotenoid comprises zeaxanthin.

107. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of cultivating comprises a first phase of growing under conditions of excess carbon and limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing under conditions of excess oxygen and limiting carbon.

108. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of isolating comprises homogenizing cells and subjecting them to extraction.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, supercritical fluids, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils, and combinations thereof.

110. The method of claim 109, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

113. The method of claim 109, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

114. The method of claim 113, wherein the produced carotenoid is a xanthophyll.

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the xanthophyll comprises canthaxanthin, echinenone, or both.

116. The method of claim 109, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with one or more vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

117. The method of claim 109, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

118. The method of claim 109, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

119. The method of claim 118, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

120. The method of claim 118, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

121. The method of any one of claims 119 or 120, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

122. The method of claim 108, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the cells to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by mechanical disruption.

124. The method of claim 123, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the cells to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K-25K, or 20- 25K pound-force per square inch (psi).

126. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid in the cell accumulates in lipid bodies.

127. The method of claim 126, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

128. The method of claim 126, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and C18 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

129. The method of claim 128, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

130. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of isolating comprises fractionating the cultivation medium to obtain at least one carotenoid-enriched fraction.

131. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow accumulation of the carotenoid in cytoplasmic oil bodies; and the step of isolating comprises isolating oil derived from the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

132. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene and combinations thereof.

133. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

134. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of canthaxanthin, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, and combinations thereof.

135. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid comprises zeaxanthin or lutein.

136. The method of claim 87, wherein the carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

137. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the carotenoid.

138. The method of claim 137, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the carotenoid until it is at least about 5-fold more concentrated.

139. The method of any one of claims 87-138, further comprising a step of chemically modifying the carotenoid.

140. The method of claim 139, wherein the step of chemically modifying comprises esterifying or de-esterifying the carotenoid.

141. The method of any one of claims 87-138, further comprising a step of combining the carotenoid with one or more other agents in a composition.

142. The method of claim 141, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the carotenoid with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of binders, fillers, and combinations thereof.

143. The method of claim 141, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the carotenoid with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

144. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces β -carotene, the strain containing one or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a Y. lipolytica GGPP synthase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; c. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide d. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; e. increased expression or activity of an FPP synthase polypeptide; f. increased expression or activity of an IPP isomerase polypeptide; g. increased expression or activity of an HMG synthase polypeptide; h. increased expression or activity of a mevalonate kinase polypeptide; i. increased expression or activity of a phosphomevalonate kinase polypeptide; j. increased expression or activity of a mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylate polypeptide; k. increased expression or activity of a malic enzyme polypeptide;

1. increased expression or activity of a malate dehydrogenase polypeptide; m. increased expression or activity of an AMP deaminase polypeptide; n. increased expression or activity of a glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase polypeptide; o. increased expression or activity of a malate dehydrogenase homolog2 polypeptide; p. increased expression or activity of a GND 1 -6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polypeptide; q. increased expression or activity of a isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide; r. increased expression or activity of a IDH2-isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide; s. increased expression or activity of a fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase polypeptide; t. increased expression or activity of a ErglO-acetoacetyl CoA thiolase polypeptide; u. increased expression or activity of a ATP citrate lyase subunit 2 polypeptide; v. increased expression or activity of a ATP citrate lyase subunit 1 polypeptide; w. decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide; x. decreased expression or activity of a prenyldiphosphate synthase polypeptide; or y. decreased expression or activity of a PHB polyprenyltransferase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

145. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, wherein the one or more carotenogenic modifications is selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a Y. lipolytica GGPP synthase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of an FPP synthase polypeptide; c. increased expression or activity of an HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; d. decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide; e. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; f. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

146. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-145, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

147. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-146, wherein the FPP synthase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

148. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, wherein the one or more carotenogenic modifications is selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide, b. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

149. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, wherein one of the one or more the carotenogenic modifications consists of increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase polypeptide.

150. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, wherein one of the one or more the carotenogenic modifications consists of increased expression or activity of a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide.

151. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 150, further comprising a second carotenogenic modification comprising increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase polypeptide.

152. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-151, wherein the truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide is a Yarrowia polypeptide.

153. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 152, wherein the truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide is a Yarrowia lipolytica polypeptide.

154. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-151, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a Yarrowia polypeptide.

155. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 154, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a Yarrowia lipolytica polypeptide.

156. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, further comprising a second carotenogenic modification selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide, or b. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

157. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-156, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor.

158. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 157, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Mucor circinelloides.

159. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-156, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor or Neurospora.

160. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 159, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Mucor circinelloides or Neurospora crassa.

161. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-160, wherein the strain produces β-carotene.

162. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 161, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

163. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 161, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

164. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 161, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

165. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 161, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 5.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

166. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, further comprising a second carotenogenic modification of increased expression or activity of a carotenoid ketolase polypeptide, and wherein the strain produces a compound selected from the group consisting of echinenone, canthaxanthin, and combinations thereof.

167. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 166, wherein the strain produces echinenone.

168. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 167, wherein the produced echinenone accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

169. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 167, wherein the produced echinenone accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

170. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 166, wherein the strain produces canthaxanthin.

171. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 170, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

172. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 170, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.5% of the dry weight of the cells.

173. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 170, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.5% of the dry weight of the cells.

174. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, further comprising a second carotenogenic modification comprising increased expression or activity of a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, and wherein the strain produces zeaxanthin.

175. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 174, wherein the produced zeaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

176. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 144, further comprising: a second carotenogenic modification comprising increased expression or activity of a carotenoid ketolase polypeptide; and a third carotenogenic modification comprising increased expression or activity of a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, and wherein the strain produces astaxanthin.

177. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 176, wherein the produced astaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 0.1% of the dry weight of the cells.

178. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 176, wherein the produced astaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

179. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 166-176, wherein the carotenoid ketolase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of a genus selected from the group consisting of Parvularcula, and Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1.

180. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 179, wherein the carotenoid ketolase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Parvularcula bermudensis.

181. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 179, wherein the carotenoid ketolase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1.

182. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 174-175 or 179-181 wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of a genus selected from the group consisting of Erythrobacter, Novosphingobium, Parvularcula, Xanthobacter, Sphingopyxis, Chlamydomonas, Robiginitalea, and Pseudomonas.

183. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Erythrobacter litoralis.

184. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Novosphingobium aromaticivorans.

185. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Parvularcula bermudensis.

186. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Xanthobacter autotrophicus .

187. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Sphingopyxis alaskensis.

188. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of a claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii.

189. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of a claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Erythrobacter longus.

190. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of a claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Robiginitalea biformata.

191. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of a claim 182, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Pseudomonas putida.

192. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 144-191, wherein a carotenoid produced by the strain accumulates in lipid bodies.

193. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 192, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of: astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, and combinations thereof.

194. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 192, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

195. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 192, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

196. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 195, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

197. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 192-196, wherein the carotenoid is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

198. A method of preparing a food or feed additive or a dietary supplement containing a carotenoid, the method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 1-79, the strain of claims 80-86 or the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claims 144-197 under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid; b. isolating the carotenoid; and c. combining the isolated carotenoid with one or more other food or feed additive components.

199. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one retinolic compound, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, which parental fungus both is not oleaginous and does not accumulate the retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not produce.

200. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one retinolic compound selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

201. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one retinolic compound, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia or is a species selected from the group consisting of:

Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

202. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one retinolic compound selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof, and can accumulate the produced retinolic compound to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of:

wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

203. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica.

204. The recombinant fungus of claim 203 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Candida utilis.

205. The recombinant fungus of claim 203 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

206. The recombinant fungus of claim 203 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma).

207. The recombinant fungus of claim 203 wherein the recombinant fungus of the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

208. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Aspergillus, Candida, Cunninghamella, Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Pichia (Hansenula), Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichoderma, and Trichosporon.

209. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Pichia pastoris, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichoderma reesei, and Trichosporon pullans.

210. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Cercospora, Fusarium (Gibberella), Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Puccinia, and Pythium.

211. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Cercospora nicotianae, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, and Trichosporon cutaneum.

212. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of : Botrytis, Cryptococcus, and Sclerotium

213. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Botrytis cinerea, Cryptococcus curvatus, Sclerotium rolfsii.

214. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus grows as a single cell.

215. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-202 wherein the recombinant fungus is a yeast.

216. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-215 wherein the retinolic compound is retinol.

217. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-215 wherein the retinolic compound is retinal.

218. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-215 wherein the retinolic compound is retinoic acid.

219. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-215 wherein the retinolic compound is retinyl palmitate.

220. The recombinant fungus of 199-219 wherein the parental fungus is oleaginous.

221. The recombinant fungus of 199-219 wherein the parental fungus is not oleaginous.

222. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-221 wherein the parental fungus does not naturally produce the at least one retinolic compound.

223. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-221 wherein the recombinant fungus grows as a single cell.

224. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-221 wherein the recombinant fungus is a yeast.

225. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-224 wherein the recombinant fungus contains at least one oleaginic modification.

226. The recombinant fungus of claim 225 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification confers oleaginy upon the fungus.

227. The fungus of claim 225 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification alters oleaginicity of the fungus.

228. The recombinant fungus of claim 225 wherein the recombinant fungus further comprises at least one retinologenic modification wherein the retinologenic modification confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

229. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 225-228 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification increases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide.

230. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 225-228 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification decreases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide.

231. The recombinant fungus of c any one of claims 225-228 wherein the at least one oleaginic modification increases expression or activity of at least one oleaginic polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of at least one other oleaginic polypeptide.

232. The recombinant fungus of claim 229 or 230, wherein the at least one oleaginic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide, pyruvate decarboxylase polypeptide, isocitrate dehydrogenase polypeptide, ATP-citrate lyase polypeptide, malic enzyme polypeptide, AMP deaminase polypeptide, malate dehydrogenase polypeptide, glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase polypeptide, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polypeptide, fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase polypeptide, NADH kinase polypeptide, transhydrogenase polypeptide, acyl- CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase polypeptide, triglyceride lipase polypeptide, acyl- coenzyme A oxidase polypeptide and combinations thereof.

233. The recombinant fungus of claim 229 or 230 wherein the least one oleaginic polypeptide is at least one polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a polypeptide in any one of Tables 1 through 6 or 31-47.

234. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 229-231 , wherein the at least one oleaginic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide in the fungus.

235. The recombinant fungus of claim 234, wherein the at least one oleaginic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous gene encoding the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide.

236. The recombinant fungus of claim 234, wherein the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide comprises an animal polypeptide, a mammalian polypeptide, an insect polypeptide, a plant polypeptide, a fungal polypeptide, a yeast polypeptide, an algal polypeptide, a bacterial polypeptide, a cyanobacterial polypeptide, an archaebacterial polypeptide, or a protozoal polypeptide.

237. The recombinant fungus of claim 234, wherein the at least one heterologous oleaginic polypeptide comprises at least two heterologous oleaginic polypeptides.

238. The recombinant fungus of claim 237, wherein the at least two heterologous oleaginic are from the same source organism.

239. The recombinant fungus of claim 237, wherein the at least two heterologous oleaginic polypeptides are from at least two different source organisms.

240. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-239 wherein the fungus contains at least one retinologenic modification.

241. The recombinant fungus of claim 240 wherein the at least one retinologenic modification confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight.

242. The recombinant fungus of claim 240 wherein the at least one retinologenic modification confers to the fungus the ability to produce at least one retinolic compound which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

243. The recombinant fungus of claim 240 wherein the recombinant fungus further comprises at least one oleaginic modification wherein the oleaginic modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus or confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy.

244. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 240-243, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one retinolic compound to a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

245. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 240-243, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one retinolic compound such that total retinolic compound production by the recombinant fungus occurs at a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

246. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 240-244, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification increases expression or activity of a retinologenic polypeptide.

247. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 240-244, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification decreases expression or activity of a retinologenic polypeptide.

248. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 240-244, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification increases expression or activity of at least one retinologenic polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of at least one other retinologenic polypeptide.

249. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 246-248, wherein the at least one retinologenic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous retinologenic polypeptide.

250. The recombinant fungus of claim 249 wherein the at least one retinologenic modification comprises expression of at least one heterologous gene encoding the at least one heterologous retinologenic polypeptide.

251. The recombinant fungus of claim 246 or 247, wherein the retinologenic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of: retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides, isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides, and combinations thereof.

252. The recombinant fungus of claim 251 wherein the isoprenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase polypeptide, HMG-CoA synthase polypeptide, HMG-CoA reductase polypeptide, mevalonate kinase polypeptide, phosphomevalonate kinase polypeptide, mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase polypeptide, IPP isomerase polypeptide, FPP synthase polypeptide, and GGPP synthase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

253. The recombinant fungus of claim 251, wherein the carotenoid biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of: phytoene synthase polypeptide, phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide, lycopene cyclase polypeptide, carotenoid ketolase polypeptide, carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, astaxanthin synthase polypeptide, carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide, carotenoid glucosyltransferase polypeptide, lycopene cyclase (beta and epsilon subunits) polypeptides, and acyl CoA:diacyglycerol acy transferase polypeptide, and combinations thereof.

254. The recombinant fungus of claim 251 , wherein the isoprenoid biosynthesis competitor polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of squalene synthase polypeptide, prenyldiphosphate synthase and PHB polyprenyltransferase, and combinations thereof.

255. The recombinant fungus of claim 251, wherein the carotenogenic polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of any of the polypeptides of any one of Tables 7-25, Table 29, and Table 30, and combinations thereof.

256. The recombinant fungus of claim 251 , wherein the retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase polypetides, retinol dehydrogenase polypeptides, and combinations thereof.

257. The recombinant fungus of claim 256, wherein the retinolic compound biosynthesis polypeptides are selected from the group consisting of any of the polypeptides of any one of Table 67 or 68, and combinations thereof.

258. The recombinant fungus of claim 249, wherein the at least one heterologous retinologenic polypeptide comprises an animal polypeptide, a mammalian polypeptide, an insect polypeptide, a plant polypeptide, a fungal polypeptide, a yeast polypeptide, an algal polypeptide, a bacterial polypeptide, cyanobacterial polypeptide, an archaebacterial polypeptide, or a protozoal polypeptide.

259. The recombinant fungus of claim 249, wherein the at least one heterologous retinologenic polypeptide comprises at least two heterologous carotenogenic polypeptides.

260. The recombinant fungus of claim 259, wherein the at least two heterologous retinologenic polypeptides are from a single source organism.

261. The recombinant fungus of claim 259, wherein the at least two heterologous retinologenic polypeptides are from at least two different source organisms.

262. A recombinant fungus according to any one of claims 199-261 wherein the fungus accumulates the produced at least one retinolic compound to a level selected from the group consisting of: above about 1%, above about 2%, above about 3%, above about 5%, and above about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

263. A recombinant fungus according to any one of claims 199-262 characterized in that the fungus accumulates lipid in the form of cytoplasmic bodies.

264. The recombinant fungus of claim 263 wherein the at least one retinolic compound accumulates in the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

265. A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising one or more modifications selected from the group consisting of an oleaginic modification, a retinologenic modification, and combinations thereof, such that the strain accumulates from 1% to 15% of its dry cell weight as at least one retinolic compound.

266. The strain of claim 265 further characterized in that it accumulates from 20% to 50% of its dry cell weight as lipid.

267. The strain of claim 266, wherein the strain accumulates from 20% to 50% of its dry cell weight as lipid in the form of cytoplasmic oil bodies.

268. The strain of claim 265, wherein the strain comprises a retinologenic modification selected from the group consisting of: expression of a polypeptide selected from a group consisting of a beta- carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase, a retinol dehydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

269. The strain of any one of claims 265-268, wherein the strain accumulates 1-15% of its dry cell weight as retinol.

270. The strain of any one of claims 265-268, wherein the strain accumulates 1-15% of its dry cell weight as retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof.

271. A method of producing a retinolic compound, the method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 199-264 or the strain of any one of claims 265-270 under conditions that allow production of the retinolic compound; b. and isolating the produced retinolic compound.

272. The method of claim 271 , wherein the step of cultivating comprising cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the retinolic compound accumulates to a level above at least about 1% of the dry cell weight of the fungus.

273. The method of claim 271 or 272, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the fungus accumulates lipid bodies to a level above about 20% of its dry cell weight.

274. The method of any one of claims 271-273, wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

275. The method of any one of claims 271-274, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions of excess carbon and limiting non-carbon nutrient.

276. The method of claim 275, wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and combinations thereof.

277. The method of claim 275 wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient comprises nitrogen.

278. The method of claim 277 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is within the range selected from the group consisting of about 200: 1, 150:1, 125: 1, 100: 1, 95: 1, 90: 1, 85:1, 80: 1, 75: 1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 6- : 1, 55:1, 50: 1, 45: 1, 40:1, 35: 1, 30: 1, 25:1, 20: 1, 15: 1, and 10: 1.

279. The method of claim 277 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is less than about 10: 1.

280. The method of any one of claims 271-279, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

281. The method of any one of claims 271-280, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions between a pH of 7.0 and 8.0.

282. The method of claim 281, wherein the step of cultivating comprises increasing the pH during the course of cultivation.

283. The method of 281 or 282, wherein the pH is increased at a rate of about 0.021 pH units/hour.

284. The method of 281 or 282, wherein the pH is increased at a rate of about 0.042 pH units/hour.

285. The method of any one of claims 281-284, wherein production of the retinolic compound is increased relative to retinolic compound production that would be observed if the fungus were grown under at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

286. The method of any one of claims 281-284, wherein the produced retinolic compound is hydroxylated, and wherein the retinolic compound is hydoxylated to a greater extent than would be observed if the fungus were grown under at a pH below 7.0 or above 8.0.

287. The method of claim 271, wherein the step of cultivating comprises modulating feed rate to maintain a specific level of dissolved oxygen.

288. The method of claim 271, wherein the step of cultivating comprises a first phase of growing under conditions of excess carbon and limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing under conditions of excess oxygen and limiting carbon.

289. The method of claim 271, wherein the step of isolating comprises homogenizing cells and subjecting them to extraction.

290. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, supercritical fluids, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils, and combinations thereof.

291. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

292. The method of claim 291, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

293. The method of claim 292, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

294. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

295. The method of any one of claims 271-294, wherein the produced retinolic compound is retinol.

296. The method of any one of claims 271-294, wherein the produced retinolic compound is retinyl palmitate.

297. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

298. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

299. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

300. The method of claim 299, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

301. The method of claim 299, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

302. The method of claim 300 or 301, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

303. The method of claim 289, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the cells to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

304. The method of claim 303, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by mechanical disruption.

305. The method of claim 304, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the cells to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

306. The method of claim 305, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K- 25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

307. The method of claim 289, wherein the retinolic compound in the cell accumulates in lipid bodies.

308. The method of claim 307, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

309. The method of claim 307, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and C18 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

310. The method of claim 309, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

311. The method of claim 271 , wherein the step of isolating comprises fractionating the cultivation medium to obtain at least one carotenoid-enriched fraction.

312. The method of claim 271, wherein: the step of cultivating comprises cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow accumulation of the carotenoid in cytoplasmic oil bodies; and the step of isolating comprises isolating oil derived from the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

313. The method of claim 271, wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

314. The method of claim 271 , wherein the retinolic compound comprises retinol.

315. The method of claim 271 , wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the retinolic compound.

316. The method of claim 315, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the retinolic compound until it is at least about 5-fold more concentrated.

317. The method of any one of claims 271-316, further comprising a step of chemically modifying the retinolic compound.

318. The method of claim 317, wherein the step of chemically modifying comprises esterifying or de-esterifying the retinolic compound.

319. The method of any one of claims 271-316, further comprising a step of combining the retinolic compound with one or more other agents in a composition.

320. The method of claim 319, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the retinolic compound with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of binders, fillers, and combinations thereof.

321. The method of claim 319, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the retinolic compound with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

322. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces a retinolic compound, the strain containing one or more retinologenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of a retinol dehydrogenase polypeptide; c. and combinations thereof.

323. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 322, wherein the produced retinolic compound accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

324. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 322, wherein the produced retinolic compound accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

325. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 322, wherein the produced retinolic compound accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

326. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 322, wherein the produced retinolic compound accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 5.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

327. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 322-326, wherein the retinolic compound produced by the strain accumulates in lipid bodies.

328. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 327, wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

329. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 327, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

330. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 327, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

331. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 330, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

332. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 322-331, wherein the retinolic compound is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

333. A method of preparing a food or feed additive or a dietary supplement containing a retinolic compound, the method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 199-264, the strain of claims 265-270 or the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claims 322-332 under conditions that allow production of the retinolic compound; b. isolating the retinolic compound; and c. combining the isolated retinolic compound with one or more other food or feed additive components.

334. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain containing a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide.

335. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 334, wherein the HMG CoA reductase polypeptide is a Yarrowia polypeptide.

336. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 334 or 335, wherein the HMG CoA reductase polypeptide is a Yarrowia lipolytica polypeptide.

337. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 334-336, further comprising a second HMG CoA reductase polypeptide from a second organism.

338. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain having increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase gene.

339. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 338, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a Yarrowia polypeptide.

340. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 338 or 339, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a Yarrowia lipolytica polypeptide.

341. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 338-340, further comprising a second GGPP synthase polypeptide from a second organism.

342. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain having decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide.

343. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 342, wherein the squalene synthase polypeptide is an endogenous squalene synthase polypeptide.

344. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 342 or 343, wherein the squalene synthase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism selected from the group consisting of: Neurospora crassa, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor circinelloides, Rhotorula glutinis, Candida utilis, Mortierella alpina, and Yarrowia lipolytica.

345. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 342-344, further comprising a truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a Yarrowia HMG CoA reductase polypeptide and a Yarrowia lipolytica HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; and optionally comprising a second HMG CoA reductase polypeptide from a second organism.

346. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain containing a heterologous phytoene dehydrogenase (carB) polypeptide and a heterologous phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase (carRP) polypeptide.

347. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 334-344, further containing: a heterologous phytoene dehydrogenase (carB) polypeptide; and a heterologous phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase (carRP) polypeptide, wherein the strain produces β -carotene.

348. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor.

349. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Mucor circinelloides.

350. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, further comprising a second phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide from a second organism.

351. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor.

352. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Mucor circinelloides.

353. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 347-352, further comprising a second phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide from a second organism.

354. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

355. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

356. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

357. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, wherein the produced β-carotene accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 5.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

358. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 347-357, wherein the produced β- carotene accumulates in lipid bodies.

359. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 358, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

360. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 358, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

361. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 360, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

362. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 354-360, wherein the β-carotene is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

363. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, further comprising a heterologous carotenoid ketolase polypeptide, such that the strain produces echinenone.

364. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 363, wherein the produced echinenone accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

365. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 363, wherein the produced echinenone accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

366. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 363-365, wherein the produced echinenone accumulates in lipid bodies.

367. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 366, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

368. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 366, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

369. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 368, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

370. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 363-369, wherein the echinenone is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

371. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, further comprising a heterologous carotenoid ketolase polypeptide, such that the strain produces canthaxanthin.

372. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 371, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

373. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 371, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.5% of the dry weight of the cells.

374. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 371, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.5% of the dry weight of the cells.

375. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 371-374, wherein the produced canthaxanthin accumulates in lipid bodies.

376. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 374, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

377. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 374, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

378. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 377, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

379. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 371-378, wherein the canthaxanthin is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

380. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 363 or 371, further comprising a heterologous carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, such that the strain produces astaxanthin.

381. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 380, wherein the produced astaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

382. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 380-381, wherein the produced astaxanthin accumulates in lipid bodies.

383. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 382, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

384. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 382, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

385. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 384, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

386. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 380-385, wherein the astaxanthin is characterized by a characterized by negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

387. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 347, further comprising a heterologous carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide, such that the strain produces zeaxanthin.

388. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 387, wherein the produced zeaxanthin accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

389. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 387-388, wherein the produced zeaxanthin accumulates in lipid bodies.

390. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 389, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

391. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 389, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

392. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 391, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

393. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 387-392, wherein the zeaxanthin is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

394. A composition comprising: lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; and intact fungal cells.

395. A composition comprising: lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; and intact fungal cells.

396. The composition of claim 394 or 395, wherein not more than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the composition is intact fungal cells.

397. The composition of claim 394 or 395, wherein not more than about 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the composition is water soluble cell components.

398. The composition of claim 394, wherein the carotenoid comprises at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher of the composition.

399. The composition of claim 395, wherein the retinolic compound comprises at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher of the composition.

400. The composition of claim 394 or 395, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof

401. The composition of claim 394 or 395 wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

402. The composition of claim 401 wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of . C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

403. The composition of any one of claims 394, 396-398, or 400-402 wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of: antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε- carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ- carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

404. The composition of any one of claims 394, 396-398, or 400-402 wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of: astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, and combinations thereof.

405. The composition of claim 404, wherein the carotenoid is β-carotene.

406. The composition of claim 404, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of canthaxanthin, echinenone, and combinations thereof.

407. The composition of claim 404, wherein the carotenoid is zeaxanthin or lutein.

408. The composition of claim 404, wherein the carotenoid is astaxanthin.

409. The composition of any one of claims 395-397 or 399-402 wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

410. The composition of 409, wherein the retinolic compound is retinol.

411. The composition of 409, wherein the retinolic compound is retinal.

412. The composition of 409, wherein the retinolic compound is retinoic acid.

413. The composition of any one of claims 394-412, wherein the fungal cell is selected from the group consisting of: Yarrowia, Sacchaomyces, Phaffi, Candida, and combinations thereof.

414. The composition of claim 413, wherein the fungal cell is Yarrowia lipolytica.

415. The composition of claim 413, wherein the fungal cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

416. The composition of claim 413, wherein the fungal cell is Phaffia rhodozyma.

417. The composition of claim 413, wherein the fungal cell is Candida utilis.

418. A composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; intact fungal cells; and a binder or filler.

419. The composition of any one of claims 394, 396-398, 400-408, or 413-418 wherein the at least one carotenoid compound is characterized by a characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005- 0.5%.

420. A composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one carotenoid compound; intact fungal cells; and one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

421. The composition of any one of claims 418-420, wherein the composition is dried.

422. The composition of claim 422, formulated as a feedstuff.

423. A composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; intact fungal cells; and a binder or filler.

424. The composition of any one of claims 395-397, 399-402, or 409-417 wherein the at least one retinolic compound is characterized by a characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005- 0.5%.

425. A composition comprising: an oil suspension comprising: lipid bodies; at least one retinolic compound; intact fungal cells; and one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

426. The composition of any one of claims 423-425, wherein the composition is dried.

427. The composition of claim 426, formulated as a feedstuff.

428. The composition of any one of claims 394-427 wherein the fungal cells are selected from group chosen from Y. lipolytica, C. utilis, and S. cerevisiae.

429. An isolated carotenoid composition, prepared by a method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 1-79, the strain of any one of claims 80-86 or or the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claims 144-197 under conditions that allow production of a carotenoid; and b. isolating the produced carotenoid.

430. The composition of claim 429, wherein the fungus is selected from a genus of the group consisting of: Yarrowia, Saccharomyces, Phaffia, and Candida.

431. The composition of claim 430, wherein the fungus is Yarrowia lipolytica.

432. The composition of claim 430, wherein the fungus is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

433. The composition of claim 430, wherein the fungus is Phaffia rhodozyma.

434. The composition of claim 430, wherein the fungus is Candida utilis.

435. The composition of claim 429, wherein the step of cultivating comprising cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the carotenoid accumulates to a level above at least about 1% of the dry cell weight of the fungus.

436. The composition of any one of claims 429-435, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the fungus accumulates lipid bodies to a level above about 20% of its dry cell weight.

437. The composition of any one of claims 429-436, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3 -hydroxy echinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

438. The composition of any one of claims 429-437, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions of excess carbon and limiting non-carbon nutrient.

439. The composition of claim 438, wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and combinations thereof.

440. The composition of claim 438 wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient comprises nitrogen.

441. The composition of claim 440 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is within the range selected from the group consisting of about 200:1, 150:1, 125: 1, 100:1, 95:1, 90: 1, 85: 1, 80: 1, 75:1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 6-: l, 55: 1, 50:1, 45: 1, 40: 1, 35:1, 30: 1, 25: 1, 20:1, 15: 1, and 10: 1.

442. The composition of claim 440 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is less than about 10: 1.

443. The composition of any one of claims 429-442, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

444. The composition of claim 443, wherein the step of cultivating comprises modulating feed rate to maintain a specific level of dissolved oxygen.

445. The composition of claim 429, wherein the step of cultivating comprises a first phase of growing under conditions of excess carbon and limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing under conditions of excess oxygen and limiting carbon.

446. The composition of claim 429, wherein the step of isolating comprises homogenizing cells and subjecting them to extraction.

447. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

448. The composition of claim 447, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

449. The composition of claim 448, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

450. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

451. The composition of claim 429-450, wherein the produced carotenoid is a xanthophyll.

452. The composition of claim 451, wherein the xanthophyll comprises canthaxanthin, echinenone, or both.

453. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

454. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

455. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

456. The composition of claim 455, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

457. The composition of claim 455, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

458. The composition of claim 456 or 457, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

459. The composition of claim 446, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the fungus by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the host cell to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

460. The composition of claim 459, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the fungus by mechanical disruption.

461. The composition of claim 460, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the fungus to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

462. The composition of claim 461, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K-25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

463. The composition of any one of claims 429-462, wherein the carotenoid accumulates in a lipid body.

464. The composition of claim 463, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

465. The composition of claim 463, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

466. The composition of claim 465, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

467. The composition of claim 429, wherein the step of isolating comprises substantially separating the fungus from the cultivation medium to obtain at least one carotenoid-enriched fraction.

468. The composition of claim 429, wherein: the step of cultivating comprises cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow accumulation of the carotenoid in cytoplasmic oil bodies; and the step of isolating comprises isolating oil derived from the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

469. The composition of claim 429, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin and combinations thereof.

470. The composition of claim 469, wherein the carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

471. The composition of claim 469, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of canthaxanthin, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, and combinations thereof.

472. The composition of claim 469, wherein the carotenoid comprises zeaxanthin or lutein.

473. The composition of claim 469, wherein the carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

474. The composition of claim 429, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the carotenoid.

475. The composition of claim 474, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the carotenoid until it is at least about 5-fold more concentrated.

476. The composition of claim 429 or any one of claims 474-475, further comprising a step of chemically modifying the carotenoid.

477. The composition of claim 476, wherein the step of chemically modifying comprises esterifying or de-esterifying the carotenoid.

478. The composition of claim 429 or any one of claims 474-475, further comprising a step of combining the carotenoid with one or more other agents in a composition.

479. The composition of claim 478, wherein the step of combining comprises combing the carotenoid with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of binders, fillers, and combinations thereof.

480. The composition of claim 478, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the carotenoid with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

481. The composition of any one of claims 429-480, further comprising one or more binders or fillers.

482. The composition of any one of claims 429-480, further comprising one or more chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, etc., and combinations thereof.

483. The composition of any one of claims 429-482 wherein the composition is formulated as a feedstuff.

484. An isolated retinolic compound composition, prepared by a method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 221 -264,the strain of any one of claims 265-270, or the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claims 322-332 under conditions that allow production of a retinolic compound; and b. isolating the produced retinolic compound.

485. The composition of claim 484, wherein the fungus is selected from a genus of the group consisting of: Yarrowia, Saccharomyces, Phqffϊa, and Candida.

486. The composition of claim 485, wherein the fungus is Yarrowia lipolytica.

487. The composition of claim 485, wherein the fungus is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

488. The composition of claim 485, wherein the fungus is Phaffia rhodozyma.

489. The composition of claim 485, wherein the fungus is Candida utilis.

490. The composition of claim 484, wherein the step of cultivating comprising cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the retinolic compound accumulates to a level above at least about 1% of the dry cell weight of the fungus.

491. The composition of any one of claims 484-490, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the fungus accumulates lipid bodies to a level above about 20% of its dry cell weight.

492. The composition of any one of claims 484-491, wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and combinations thereof.

493. The composition of any one of claims 484-492, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions of excess carbon and limiting non-carbon nutrient.

494. The composition of claim 493, wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and combinations thereof.

495. The composition of claim 493 wherein the limiting non-carbon nutrient comprises nitrogen.

496. The composition of claim 493 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is within the range selected from the group consisting of about 200:1, 150:1, 125: 1, 100:1, 95:1, 90: 1, 85: 1, 80: 1, 75:1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 6-: l, 55: 1, 50:1, 45: 1, 40: 1, 35:1, 30: 1, 25: 1, 20:1, 15: 1, and 10: 1.

497. The composition of claim 493 wherein the carbon:nitrogen ratio is less than about 10: 1.

498. The composition of claims 484-497, wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

499. The composition of claim 498, wherein the step of cultivating comprises modulating feed rate to maintain a specific level of dissolved oxygen.

500. The composition of claim 484, wherein the step of cultivating comprises a first phase of growing under conditions of excess carbon and limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing under conditions of excess oxygen and limiting carbon.

501. The composition of claim 484, wherein the step of isolating comprises homogenizing cells and subjecting them extraction.

502. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

503. The composition of claim 502, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

504. The composition of claim 503, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

505. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

506. The composition of claim 505, wherein the produced carotenoid is a xanthophyll.

507. The composition of claim 506, wherein the xanthophyll comprises canthaxanthin, echinenone, or both.

508. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

509. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

510. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

511. The composition of claim 510, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

512. The composition of claim 510, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

513. The composition of claim 510, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

514. The composition of claim 501, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the fungus by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the host cell to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

515. The composition of claim 514, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the fungus by mechanical disruption.

516. The composition of claim 515, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the fungusl to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

517. The composition of claim 516, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K-25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

518. The composition of claim 501 , wherein the retinolic compound accumulates in a lipid body.

519. The composition of claim 518, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

520. The composition of claim 518, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

521. The composition of claim 518, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

522. The composition of claim 484, wherein the step of isolating comprises substantially separating the fungus from the cultivation medium to obtain at least one retinolic compound-enriched fraction.

523. The composition of claim 484, wherein: the step of cultivating comprises cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow accumulation of the retinolic compound in cytoplasmic oil bodies; and the step of isolating comprises isolating oil derived from the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

524. The composition of claim 484, wherein the retinolic compound comprises retinol.

525. The composition of claim 484, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the retinolic compound.

526. The composition of claim 525, wherein the step of isolating comprises concentrating the retinolic compound until it is at least about 5-fold more concentrated.

527. The composition of claim 484 or any one of claims 525-526, further comprises a step of chemically modifying the retinolic compound.

528. The composition of claim 527, wherein the step of chemically modifying comprises esterifying or de-esterifying the retinolic compound.

529. The composition of claim 484 or any one of claims 525-526, further comprising a step of combining the retinolic compound with one or more other agents in a composition.

530. The composition of claim 529, wherein the step of combining comprises combing the retinolic compound with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of binders, fillers, and combinations thereof.

531. The composition of claim 529, wherein the step of combining comprises combining the retinolic compound with one or more other agents selected from the group consisting of chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, and combinations thereof.

532. The composition of any one of claims 484-531 , further comprising one or more binders or fillers.

533. The composition of any one of claims 484-531, further comprising one or more chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, etc., and combinations thereof.

534. The composition of any one of claims 484-533 wherein the composition is formulated as a feedstuff.

535. A feedstuff comprising : a carotenoid in lipid bodies; wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin and combinations thereof.

536. The feedstuff of claim 535, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

537. The feedstuff of claim 535, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

538. The feedstuff of claim 537, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

539. The feedstuff of any one of claims 535-538, wherein the carotenoid is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%- 0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

540. A feedstuff comprising: a retinolic compound in lipid bodies; wherein the retinolic compound is selected from the group consisting of retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

541. The feedstuff of claim 540, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

542. The feedstuff of claim 540, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

543. The feedstuff of claim 542, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

544. The feedstuff of any one of claims 540-543, wherein the reinolic compound is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

545. A carotenoid composition comprising: a Y. lipolytica cell containing at least 1% carotenoids by weight.

546. A carotenoid composition comprising: Y lipolytica lipid bodies; and at least one carotenoid compound, where the at least one carotenoid compound is present at a level that is at least 1% by weight of the lipid bodies.

547. The carotenoid composition of either claim 545 or claim 546, comprising a carotenoid compound selected from the group consisting of: antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ- carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ- carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8- didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β- isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto- rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3- hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

548. The carotenoid composition of either claim 545 or claim 546, comprising a carotenoid compound selected from the group consisting of: astaxanthin, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin, and combinations thereof.

549. The carotenoid composition of claim 548 wherein the carotenoid is β-carotene.

550. The carotenoid composition of claim 548, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of canthaxanthin, echinenone, β-cryptoxanthin and combinations thereof.

551. The carotenoid composition of claim 548, wherein the carotenoid is zeaxanthin or lutein.

552. The carotenoid composition of claim 548, wherein the carotenoid is astaxanthin.

553. The carotenoid composition of any one of claims 545-552, further comprising one or more binders or fillers.

554. The carotenoid composition of any one of claims 545-552, further comprising one or more chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, etc., and combinations thereof.

555. The carotenoid composition of any one of claims 545-554, wherein the composition is formulated as a feedstuff.

556. A retinolic compound composition comprising: a Y. lipolytica cell containing at least 1% carotenoids by weight.

557. A retinolic compound composition comprising: Y lipolytica lipid bodies; and at least one retinolic compound, where the at least one retinolic compound is present at a level that is at least 1% by weight of the lipid bodies.

558. The retinolic compound composition of either claim 556 or claim 557, comprising a retinolic compound selected from the group consisting of: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.

559. The retinolic compound composition of any one of claims 556-558, further comprising one or more binders or fillers.

560. The retinolic compound composition of any one of claims 556-558, further comprising one or more chelating agents, pigments, salts, surfactants, moisturizers, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, emollients, fragrances, preservatives, etc., and combinations thereof.

561. The retinolic compound composition of any one of claims 556-560, wherein the composition is formulated as a feedstuff.

562. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one small molecule lipophilic agent selected from the group consisting of retinolic compounds, carotenoids, ubiquinone, vitamin K, vitamin E, squalene, lanosterol, zymosterol, ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3), and combinations thereof and can accumulate the produced small molecule lipophilic agent to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one small molecule lipophilic agent to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one small molecule lipophilic agent which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

563. A recombinant fungus characterized by: a. the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight; and b. the recombinant fungus produces at least one small molecule lipophilic agent characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%, and combinations thereof and can accumulate the produced small molecule lipophilic agent to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least one modification as compared with a parental fungus, the at least one modification being selected from the group consisting of retinologenic modifications, carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof, and wherein the at least one modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one small molecule lipophilic agent to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one small molecule lipophilic agent which the parental fungus does not naturally produce.

564. A genetically modified Y. lipolytica comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

565. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 564, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

566. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 565, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

567. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 565, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

568. A genetically modified Candida utilis comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

569. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 568, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

570. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 569, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

571. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 569, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

572. A genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

573. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 572, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

574. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 573, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

575. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 573, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

576. A genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA thiolase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA synthase, increased activity or expression of HMG-CoA reductase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of phosphomevalonate kinase, increased activity or expression of mevalonate PP decarboxylase, decreased activity or expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, increased activity or expression of IPP isomerase, increased activity or expression of GPP synthase, increased activity or expression of FPP synthase, increased activity or expression of squalene synthase, decreased activity or expression of squalene synthase, increased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, decreased activity or expression of GGPP synthase, increased activity or expression of glucose-6 -phosphate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased activity or expression of fructose 1 , 6 bisphosphatase, increased activity or expression of NADH kinase, increased activity or expression of transhydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

577. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 576, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

578. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 577, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

579. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 577, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

580. A method comprising steps of: a. cultivating a host cell selected form the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1-79, the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 334-393 or claims 144-197, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86, the recombinant fungus of claim 562 or claim 563, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified Candida utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of any one of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any one of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

581. The method of claim 580 wherein the produced carotenoid is β-carotene

582. The method of claim 580 wherein the produced carotenoid it astaxanthin.

583. The method of claim 580 wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with an organic or a non-organic solvent.

584. The method of claim 580 wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, supercritical fluids, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils, and combinations thereof.

585. The method of claim 584, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

586. The method of claim 585, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

587. The method of claim 586, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

588. The method of claim 584, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

589. The method of any one of claims 580-588, wherein the produced carotenoid is a xanthophyll.

590. The method of claim 589, wherein the xanthophyll comprises canthaxanthin, echinenone, or both.

591. The method of claim 584, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

592. The method of claim 584, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

593. The method of claim 584, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

594. The method of claim 593, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

595. The method of claim 593, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

596. The method of claim 594 or 595, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

597. The method of claim 580, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the host cell by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the host cell to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

598. The method of claim 597, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the host cell by mechanical disruption.

599. The method of claim 598, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the host cell to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

600. The method of claim 599, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K- 25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

601. The method of claim 580 wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of limiting nutrient, where the limiting nutrient is selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, or combinations thereof.

602. The method of claim 601 wherein the limiting nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, or combinations thereof, and carbon is in excess.

603. The method of claim 601 wherein the limiting nutrient is carbon.

604. The method of claim 601 wherein the limiting nutrient is phosphate and phosphate addition is controlled so that production of canthazanthin as compared with echinenone is altered.

605. The method of any one of claims 580-604 wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions where at least one environmental parameter is controlled for at least a portion of the cultivating.

606. The method of claim 605 wherein the controlled environmental parameter is selected from the group consisting of amount of a particular nutrient, pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, timing of feeds, content of feeds, and combinations thereof.

607. The method of any one of claims 580-606 wherein at least one environmental parameter is not controlled during at least a portion of the cultivating.

608. The method of claim 607 wherein the controlled environmental parameter is selected from the group consisting of amount of a particular nutrient, pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, timing of feeds, content of feeds, and combinations thereof.

609. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20-40 degrees.

610. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20-30 degrees.

611. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30 ⁰C or above.

612. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4-7.5.,

613. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4-6.5.

614. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 3.5-7.

615. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 3.5-4

616. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH, 4-4.5.

617. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4.5-5.

618. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 5-5.5.

619. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 5.5-6.

620. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 6-6.5.

621. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 6.5-7.

622. The method of claim any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at a pH of about pH 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 or above.

623. The method of any one of claims 580-622 wherein temperature is varied during the culture period.

624. The method of any one of claims 580-622 wherein pH is varied during the culture period.

625. The method of claim 623 or claim 624 wherein the variation is gradual.

626. The method of claim 623 or claim 624 wherein the variation is stepwise.

627. The method of claim 623 or claim 624 wherein the variation is sometimes gradual and sometimes stepwise.

628. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 5-30%.

629. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 5-20%

630. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 10-25%.

631. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 10-30%.

632. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 15-25%

633. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 15-30%.

634. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration of about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, or more.

635. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration above about 20%.

636. The method of any one of claims 580-608 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about pH 5.5 and at a temperature between about 28-30 ⁰C.

637. The method of claim 636 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration above about 20%.

638. The method of any one of claims 580-637 wherein the step of isolating comprises crystallizing the carotenoid.

639. The method of claim 638 wherein the step of isolating comprises collecting crystals.

640. The method of claim 639 wherein the step of collecting comprises filtering or centrifuging or both.

641. The method of any one of claims 580-640 further comprising formulating the isolated carotenoid.

642. The method of claim 641 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a cold-water dispersible powder.

643. The method of claim 641 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a suspension of crystals in oil.

644. The method of claim 643 wherein the oil is vegetable oil.

645. The method of claim 643 or 644 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a 5%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

646. The method of claim 643 or 644 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a l%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

647. The method of claim 643 or 644 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a 10%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

648. A genetically modified Y. lipolytica comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase, increased expression or activity of retinol dehydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

649. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 648, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

650. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 649, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

651. The genetically modified Y. lipolytica of claim 649, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

652. A genetically modified Candida utilis comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase, increased expression or activity of retinol dehydrogenase,, and combinations thereof.

653. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 652, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

654. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 653, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

655. The genetically modified Candida utilis of claim 653, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

656. A genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase, increased expression or activity of retinol dehydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

657. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 656, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

658. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 657, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

659. The genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of claim 657, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

660. A genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) comprising an altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes when compared to an unmodified strain, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is selected from the group consisting of: increased activity or expression of beta-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase, increased expression or activity of retinol dehydrogenase, and combinations thereof.

661. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 660, wherein the altered activity or expression of one or more enzymes is caused by an overexpression of one or more endogenous genes.

662. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 661, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by altered regulation of an endogenous gene, increased copy number of an endogenous gene, or both.

663. The genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of claim 661, wherein the overexpression of one or more endogenous genes is caused by expression of a heterologous gene.

664. A method comprising steps of: a. cultivating a host cell selected form the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 199-264, the engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 322-332, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 265-270, the recombinant fungus of claim 562 or claim 563, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 648-651, the genetically modified Candida utilis of any one of claims 652-655, the genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae of any one of claim 656-659, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any one of claim 660-663, under conditions that allow production of the retinolic compound; b. and isolating the produced retinolic compound.

665. The method of claim 664 wherein the produced retinolic compound is retinol.

666. The method of claim 664 wherein the produced retinolic compound it retinal

667. The method of claim 664 wherein the produced retinolic compound it retinoic acid.

668. The method of claim 664 wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with an organic or a non-organic solvent.

669. The method of claim 664 wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, supercritical fluids, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils, and combinations thereof.

670. The method of claim 669, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

671. The method of claim 670, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

672. The method of claim 671, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

673. The method of claim 669, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

674. The method of claim 673, wherein the produced retinolic compound is a retinol.

675. The method of claim 669, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

676. The method of claim 669, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

677. The method of claim 669, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

678. The method of claim 677, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of alcohol and hexane.

679. The method of claim 677, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

680. The method of claim 678 or 679, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

681. The method of claim 664, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the host cell by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the host cell to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

682. The method of claim 681, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the host cell by mechanical disruption.

683. The method of claim 682, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the host cell to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

684. The method of claim 683, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K- 25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

685. The method of claim 664 wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions of limiting nutrient, where the limiting nutrient is selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, or combinations thereof.

686. The method of claim 685 wherein the limiting nutrient is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, or combinations thereof, and carbon is in excess.

687. The method of claim 685 wherein the limiting nutrient is carbon.

The method of any one of claims 664-687 wherein the step of cultivating comprises growing under conditions where at least one environmental parameter is controlled for at least a portion of the cultivating.

689. The method of claim 688 wherein the controlled environmental parameter is selected from the group consisting of amount of a particular nutrient, pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, timing of feeds, content of feeds, and combinations thereof.

690. The method of any one of claims 664-689 wherein at least one environmental parameter is not controlled during at least a portion of the cultivating.

691. The method of claim 690 wherein the controlled environmental parameter is selected from the group consisting of amount of a particular nutrient, pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, timing of feeds, content of feeds, and combinations thereof.

692. The method of claim any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20-40 degrees.

693. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20-30 degrees.

694. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5, 22, 22.5, 23, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27, 27.5, 28, 28.5, 29, 29.5, 30 ⁰C or above.

695. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4-7.5.,

696. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4-6.5.

697. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 3.5-7.

698. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 3.5-4

699. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH, 4-4.5.

700. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 4.5-5.

701. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 5-5.5.

702. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 5.5-6.

703. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 6-6.5.

704. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating within a pH range of about pH 6.5-7.

705. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at a pH of about pH 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5 or above.

706. The method of any one of claims 664-705 wherein temperature is varied during the culture period.

707. The method of any one of claims 664-705 wherein pH is varied during the culture period.

708. The method of claim 706 or claim 707 wherein the variation is gradual.

709. The method of claim 706 or claim 707 wherein the variation is stepwise.

710. The method of claim 706 or claim 707 wherein the variation is sometimes gradual and sometimes stepwise.

711. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 5-30%.

712. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 5-20%

713. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 10-25%.

714. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 10-30%.

715. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 15-25%

716. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration within the rage of about 15-30%.

717. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration of about 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, or more.

718. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration above about 20%.

719. The method of any one of claims 664-691 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at about pH 5.5 and at a temperature between about 28-30 ⁰C.

720. The method of claim 719 wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating at an oxygen concentration above about 20%.

721. The method of any one of claims 664-720 wherein the step of isolating comprises crystallizing the retinolic compound.

722. The method of claim 721 wherein the step of isolating comprises collecting crystals.

723. The method of claim 722 wherein the step of collecting comprises filtering or centrifuging or both.

724. The method of any one of claims 664-723 further comprising formulating the isolated retinolic compound.

725. The method of claim 724 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a cold-water dispersible powder.

726. The method of claim 724 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a suspension of crystals in oil.

727. The method of claim 726 wherein the oil is vegetable oil.

728. The method of claim 726 or 727 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a 5%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

729. The method of claim 726 or 727 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a l%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

730. The method of claim 726 or 727 wherein the step of formulating comprises preparing as a 10%-30% w/w suspension of crystals in oil.

731. A recombinant fungus wherein the fungus produces at least one carotenoid, and can accumulate the produced carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least a first modification as compared with a parental fungus, wherein the mutation comprises a mutation in one or more genes that encode proteins comprising a SAGA complex.

732. The recombinant fungus of claim 731, wherein the recombinant fungus is oleaginous in that it can accumulate lipid to at least about 20% of its dry cell weight.

733. The recombinant fungus of claim 731 or 732, wherein the parental fungus both is not oleaginous and does not accumulate the carotenoid to at least about 1% of its dry cell weight; and wherein the recombinant fungus comprises at least a second modification as compared with a parental fungus, the second modification selected from the group consisting of: carotenogenic modifications, oleaginic modifications, and combinations thereof; wherein the second modification alters oleaginicity of the recombinant fungus, confers to the recombinant fungus oleaginy, confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1% of its dry cell weight, or confers to the recombinant fungus the ability to produce at least one carotenoid which the parental fungus does not produce.

734. The recombinant fungus of claim 731-733, wherein the at least one carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α- cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

735. The recombinant fungus of claim 731-734, wherein the at least one carotenoid comprises β- carotene.

736. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 731 -735, wherein the recombinant fungus is a member of a genus selected from the group consisting of:

Aspergillus, Blakeslea, Botrytis, Candida, Cercospora, Cryptococcus, Cunninghamella, Fusarium (Gibberella), Kluyveromyces, Lipomyces, Mortierella, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phycomyces, Pichia (Hansenula), Puccinia, Pythium, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Sclerotium, Trichoderma, Trichosporon, Xanthophyllomyces (Phaffia), and Yarrowia; or is a species selected from the group consisting of:

Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Blakeslea trispora, Botrytis cinerea, Candida japonica, Candida pulcherrima, Candida revkaufi, Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Cercospora nicotianae, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium fujikuroi (Gibberella zeae), Kluyveromyces lactis, Lipomyces starkeyi, Lipomyces lipoferus, Mortierella alpina, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella vinacea, Mucor circinelloides, Neurospora crassa, Phycomyces blakesleanus, Pichia pastoris, Puccinia distincta, Pythium irregulare, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula graminis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula pinicola, Rhodotorula gracilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon pullans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica.

737. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 731 -736 wherein the recombinant fungus is a species selected from the group consisting of: Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma), and Yarrowia lipolytica.

738. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 731-737, wherein the first modification comprises a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of: spt3, spt7, spt8, spt20, ada2, ada3, gcn5, adal, sptl5, and combinations thereof.

739. The recombinant fungus of claim 738, wherein the first modification comprises a mutation in the SPT8 gene.

740. The recombinant fungus of claim 739, wherein the first modification reducesSPT8 expression, Spt8 activity, or both.

741. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 732-740, wherein the first modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one carotenoid to a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of th fractionating the cultivation medium e recombinant fungus.

742. The recombinant fungus of any one of claims 732-741 , wherein the first modification confers the ability to the recombinant fungus to produce the at least one carotenoid such that total carotenoid production by the recombinant fungus occurs at a level selected from the group consisting of at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, and at least about 10% of the dry cell weight of the recombinant fungus.

743. A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica comprising a mutation in one or more genes that encode proteins comprising a SAGA complex

744. The strain of claim 743, wherein the mutation comprises a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of: spt3, spt7, spt8, spt20, ada2, ada3, gcn5, adal, sptl5, and combinations thereof.

745. The strain of claim 744, wherein the first modification comprises a mutation in the SPT8 gene.

746. The strain of claim 745, wherein the first modification reduces SPT8 expression, Spt# activity, or both.

747. The strain of any one of claims 743-746, wherein the strain accumulates from 1% to 15% of its dry cell weight as at least one carotenoid.

748. The strain of claim 747, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3 -hydroxy echinenone, 3'- hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

749. The strain of claim 748, wherein the carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

750. A method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising steps of: a. cultivating the fungus of any one of claims 731-742 or the strain of claims 743-749 under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

751. The method of claim 750, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the carotenoid accumulates to a level above at least about 1% of the dry cell weight of the fungus or strain.

752. The method of claim 750 or 751, wherein the step of cultivating comprises cultivating under conditions and for a time sufficient that the fungus or strain accumulates lipid bodies to a level above about 20% of its dry cell weight.

753. The method of any one of claims claim 750-752, wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ-carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3- hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ-carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α- cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β-isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto-rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

754. The method of claim 753, wherein the carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

755. The method any one of claims claim 750-754, wherein the step of isolating comprises homogenizing the fungus or strain and subjecting it to extraction.

756. The method of claim 755, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetone, supercritical fluids, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, carbon dioxide, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, octane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexane, isobutyl acetate, methyl ketone, ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, benzene, propylene glycol, vegetable oils, and combinations thereof.

757. The method of claim 756, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a supercritical fluid.

758. The method of claim 757, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises a fluid selected from the group consisting of: carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, ethane, propylene, methane, ethylene, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

759. The method of claim 758, wherein the supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide.

760. The method of claim 756, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with propylene glycol.

761. The method of claim 760, wherein the produced carotenoid is a xanthophyll.

762. The method of claim 761, wherein the xanthophyll comprises canthaxanthin, echinenone, or both.

763. The method of claim 756, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with vegetable oils selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, and combinations thereof.

764. The method of claim 756, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of hexane and ethyl acetate.

765. The method of claim 756, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of a polar and non-polar solvent.

766. The method of claim 765, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and hexane.

767. The method of claim 765, wherein the step of isolating comprises extracting with a combination of an alcohol and ethyl acetate.

768. The method of claim 766 or 767, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and combinations thereof.

769. The method of claim 750, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by a process selected from the group consisting of: mechanical disruption, enzymatic disruption, chemical disruption, subjecting the cells to a reducting agent, high pressure homogenization/shearing, changing pH, and combinations thereof.

770. The method of claim 769, wherein the step of isolating comprises disrupting the cells by mechanical disruption.

771. The method of claim 770, wherein mechanical disruption is achieved by subjecting the cells to a bead mill/mashing at high pressure.

772. The method of claim 771, wherein wherein extraction takes place at 25K, 10K-30K, 15K- 25K, or 20-25K pound- force per square inch (psi).

773. The method of any one of claims 750-772, wherein the carotenoid in the cell accumulates in a lipid body.

774. The method of claim 773, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

775. The method of claim 773, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and C18 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

776. The method of claim 775, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18: l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

777. The method of claim any one of claims 750-776, wherein the step of isolating comprises fractionating the cultivation medium to obtain at least one carotenoid- enriched fraction.

778. The method of claim any one of claims 750-776, wherein: the step of cultivating comprises cultivating the fungus under conditions that allow accumulation of the carotenoid in cytoplasmic oil bodies; and the step of isolating comprises isolating oil derived from the cytoplasmic oil bodies.

779. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces lutein, the strain containing one or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of an HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; c. decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide; d. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; e. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide; f. increased expression or activity of an lycopene epsilon cyclase polypeptide; g. increased expression or activity of an carotene epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide; h. increased expression or activity of a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

780. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces lutein, the strain containing one or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide; c. increased expression or activity of an lycopene epsilon cyclase polypeptide; d. increased expression or activity of an carotene epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide; e. increased expression or activity of a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

781. An engineered Y. lipolytica strain that produces lutein, the strain containing the carotenogenic modifications: a. increased expression or activity of a phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of a phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide; c. increased expression or activity of an lycopene epsilon cyclase polypeptide; d. increased expression or activity of an carotene epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide; e. increased expression or activity of a carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

782. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 780 or 781, further comprising one or more carotenogenic modifications selected from the group consisting of: a. increased expression or activity of a GGPP synthase polypeptide; b. increased expression or activity of an HMG CoA reductase polypeptide; c. decreased expression or activity of a squalene synthase polypeptide; and combinations thereof.

783. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-782, wherein the produced lutein accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 1.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

784. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-782, wherein the produced lutein accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 2.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

785. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-782, wherein the produced lutein accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 3.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

786. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-782, wherein the produced lutein accumulates to levels that are greater than at least about 5.0% of the dry weight of the cells.

787. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-786, wherein lutein produced by the strain accumulates in lipid bodies.

788. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 797, wherein the lipid bodies are characterized by major components selected from the group consisting of triacylglycerols, ergosteryl esters, other steryl esters, free ergosterol, phospholipids, and combinations thereof.

789. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 787, wherein the lipid bodies comprise fatty acids, which fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of Cl 6 and Cl 8 fatty acids, and combinations thereof.

790. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of claim 789, wherein the fatty acids are selected from the group consisting of C16:0, C16: l, C18:0, C18:l, C18:2 and combinations thereof.

791. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-790, wherein the lutein is characterized by a negligible solubility in water and solubility in oil within the range of about <0.001% - 0.2%; 0.004%-0.15%; 0.005-0.1%; or 0.005-0.5%.

792. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-791, wherein the GGPP synthase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

793. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-792, wherein the truncated HMG CoA reductase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Yarrowia lipolytica.

794. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-793, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor.

795. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-793, wherein the phytoene dehydrogenase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Mucor circinelloides.

796. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-795, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of the genus Mucor or Neurospora.

797. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-795, wherein the phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the organism Mucor circinelloides or Neurospora crass a.

798. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 119-191, wherein the lycopene epsilon cyclase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Ostreococcus lucimarinus.

799. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-799, wherein the carotene epsilon hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from the species Ostreococcus tauri.

800. The engineered Y. lipolytica strain of any one of claims 779-799, wherein the carotenoid hydroxylase polypeptide is a polypeptide from an organism of a genus selected from the group consisting of Erythrobacter, Novosphingobium, Parvularcula, Xanthobacter, Sphingopyxis, Chlamydomonas, Robiginitalea, and Pseudomonas.

801. A method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

802. The method of claim 801, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

803. The method of claim 801, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

804. The method of any of claims 801-803, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ- carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ- carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8- didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β- isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto- rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3- hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

805. The method of claim 804, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

806. A method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises a first phase of growing cells in medium comprising a first carbon source, wherein the first carbon source comprises an oil, followed by a second phase of growing cells in medium comprising a second carbon source; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

807. The method of claim 806, wherein the first carbon source comprises soybean oil.

808. The method of claim 806 or 807, wherein the first phase comprises growing cells under conditions of limiting oxygen.

809. The method of any of claims 806-808, wherein the second carbon source comprises glucose.

810. The method of any of claims 806-809, wherein the second phase comprises growing cells under conditions of excess oxygen.

811. The method of any of claims 806-810, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting.

812. The method of claim 811, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

813. The method of claim 811, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

814. The method of any of claims 806-813, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ- carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ- carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8- didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β- isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto- rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3- hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

815. The method of claim 814, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

816. The method of claim 814, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises canthaxanthin.

817. The method of claim 814, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

818. An isolated carotenoid composition produced by a method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of a carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting; and b. isolating the produced carotenoid.

819. The composition of claim 818, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

820. The composition of claim 818, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

821. The composition of any of claims 818-820, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ- carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ- carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8- didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β- isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto- rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3- hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

822. The composition of claim 821, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

823. An isolated carotenoid composition produced by a method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises a first phase of growing cells in medium comprising a first carbon source, wherein the first carbon source comprises an oil, followed by a second phase of growing cells in medium comprising a second carbon source; b. and isolating the produced carotenoid.

824. The composition of claim 823, wherein the first carbon source comprises soybean oil.

825. The composition of claim 823 or 824, wherein the first phase comprises growing cells under conditions of limiting oxygen.

826. The composition of any of claims 823-825, wherein the second carbon source comprises glucose.

827. The composition of any of claims 823-826, wherein the second phase comprises growing cells under conditions of excess oxygen.

828. The composition of any of claims 823-827, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting.

829. The composition of claim 823, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

830. The composition of claim 829, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

831. The composition of any of claims 823-830, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of antheraxanthin, adonirubin, adonixanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsorubrin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, β,ψ-carotene, δ- carotene, ε-carotene, echinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, γ-carotene, ψ- carotene, 4-keto- γ-carotene, ζ-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, deoxyflexixanthin, diatoxanthin, 7,8- didehydroastaxanthin, didehydrolycopene, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, isorenieratene, β- isorenieratene, lactucaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, myxobactone, neoxanthin, neurosporene, hydroxyneurosporene, peridinin, phytoene, phytofluene, rhodopin, rhodopin glucoside, 4-keto- rubixanthin, siphonaxanthin, spheroidene, spheroidenone, spirilloxanthin, torulene, 4-keto-torulene, 3- hydroxy-4-keto-torulene, uriolide, uriolide acetate, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin-β-diglucoside, zeaxanthin, a C30 carotenoid, and combinations thereof.

832. The composition of claim 831, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

833. The composition of claim 831, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises canthaxanthin.

834. The composition of claim 831, wherein the produced carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

835. A method of cultivating cells, the method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises a first phase of growing cells, wherein a primary source of carbon in the first phase is soybean oil, and wherein the first phase comprises conditions of limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing cells, wherein a primary source of carbon in the second phase is glucose, and wherein the second phase comprises conditions of excess oxygen.

836. The method of claim 835, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which zinc is limiting.

837. The method of claim 836 or 836, wherein the second phase comprises growing cells under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

838. The method of any of claims 836-837, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which the pH is below 7.0.

839. An engineered yeast or fungus strain, wherein the strain produces at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, or 10% of its dry weight when grown by a method, the method comprising: cultivating cells of the strain under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting.

840. The strain of claim 839, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

841. The strain of claim 839, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

842. An engineered yeast or fungus strain, wherein the strain produces at least one carotenoid to a level at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, or 10% of its dry weight when grown by a method, the method comprising: cultivating cells of the strain under conditions that allow production of the carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises a first phase of growing cells in medium comprising a first carbon source, wherein the first carbon source comprises an oil, followed by a second phase of growing cells in medium comprising a second carbon source.

843. The strain of claim 842, wherein the first carbon source comprises soybean oil.

844. The strain of claim 842 or 843, wherein the first phase comprises growing cells under conditions of limiting oxygen.

845. The strain of any of claims 842-844, wherein the second carbon source comprises glucose.

846. The strain of any of claims 842-845, wherein the second phase comprises growing cells under conditions of excess oxygen.

847. The strain of any of claims 842-846, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which one or more trace metals is limiting.

848. The strain of claim 847, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises zinc.

849. The strain of claim 847, wherein the limiting trace metal comprises manganese, iron, or a combination thereof.

850. The strain of any of claims 839-849, wherein the at least one carotenoid comprises β- carotene.

851. The strain of any of claims 839-849, wherein the at least one carotenoid comprises canthaxanthin.

852. The strain of any of claims 839-849, wherein the at least one carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

853. A method of cultivating cells, the method comprising: a. cultivating host cells of a fungus or strain selected from the group consisting of: the recombinant fungus of any one of claims 1 -79, claims 562-563, or claims 731 -742, the strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 80-86 or claims 743-749, the engineered strain of Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 144-197, claims 334-393, or claims 779-800, the genetically modified Y. lipolytica of any one of claims 564-567, the genetically modified C. utilis of any one of claims 568-571, the genetically modified S. cerevisiae of any of claims 572-575, and the genetically modified Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) of any of claims 576-579, under conditions that allow production of a carotenoid, wherein the cultivating comprises a first phase of growing cells, wherein a primary source of carbon in the first phase is an oil, and wherein the first phase comprises conditions of limiting oxygen, followed by a second phase of growing cells, wherein a primary source of carbon in the second phase is an oil, and wherein the second phase comprises conditions of excess oxygen.

854. The method of claim 853 wherein the primary source of carbon in the first phase and the primary source of carbon in the second phase are different oils.

855. The method of claim 853 wherein the primary source of carbon in the first phase and the primary source of carbon in the second phase are the same oil.

856. The method of claim 855 where the oil is soybean oil.

857. The method of any of claims 853-856, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which zinc is limiting.

858. The method of claim 853-857, wherein the second phase comprises growing cells under conditions of controlled dissolved oxygen concentration.

859. The method of any of claims 853-858, wherein the cultivating comprises growing cells under conditions in which the pH is below 7.0.

860. A method of producing a carotenoid, the method comprising cultivating cells according to any of claims 853-859.

861. The method of claim 860 further comprising isolating the produced carotenoid.

862. The method of claim 861 wherein the carotenoid comprises β-carotene.

863. The method of claim 861 wherein the carotenoid comprises astaxanthin.

864. The method of claim 861 wherein the carotenoid comprises canthaxanthin.