WO2009123822A1 - System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network - Google Patents
System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009123822A1 WO2009123822A1 PCT/US2009/036150 US2009036150W WO2009123822A1 WO 2009123822 A1 WO2009123822 A1 WO 2009123822A1 US 2009036150 W US2009036150 W US 2009036150W WO 2009123822 A1 WO2009123822 A1 WO 2009123822A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/14—Relay systems
- H04B7/15—Active relay systems
- H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
- H04B7/18502—Airborne stations
- H04B7/18506—Communications with or from aircraft, i.e. aeronautical mobile service
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/15—Interconnection of switching modules
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/005—Moving wireless networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
- H04W36/08—Reselecting an access point
Definitions
- This invention relates to cellular communications and, in particular, to a system that creates an Internet Protocol based subnet on board an aircraft in an airborne wireless cellular network.
- the aircraft network serves a plurality of subscribers, yet has a link to the ground-based network via a wide bandwidth connection that concurrently serves multiple individual subscribers.
- the management of this wide bandwidth connection to enable the individual identification of aircraft-based subscribers has yet to be addressed in existing wireless networks.
- HLR Home Location Register
- switches packet or circuit
- ancillary equipment such as voice mail and short message servers
- the wireless subscriber should have the ability to originate and receive calls in a unified manner, regardless of their location.
- HLR home cellular service Home Location Register
- VLR Visitor Location Register
- the VLR recognizes that a given roaming wireless subscriber is authorized for a certain feature set and enables the roaming cellular service provider network to transparently offer these features to the wireless subscriber. In this manner, the roaming wireless subscriber retains the same authorized feature set, or "subscriber class", as they had on their home cellular service provider network.
- the aircraft wireless network When wireless subscribers enter the non-terrestrial cellular communication network (that is, they fly in an aircraft as passengers), they encounter a unique environment that traditionally has been disconnected from the terrestrial cellular network, where the wireless network of the aircraft interfaces the subscriber (also termed "passenger” herein) to various services and content.
- the aircraft wireless network therefore, can function as a content filter or can create unique types of content that are directed to the individual passengers who are onboard the aircraft.
- the aircraft network serves a plurality of passengers, it has a link to the ground-based Access Network via a wide bandwidth radio frequency connection that has a single IP address on the ground-based Access Network.
- the wide bandwidth radio frequency connection concurrently carries the communications of multiple individual passengers, but these communications cannot be individually identified by the ground-based Access Network.
- the management of this wide bandwidth connection to enable the individual identification of passengers via the assignment of individual unique IP addresses to each passenger wireless device has yet to be addressed in existing wireless networks.
- Airborne Wireless Cellular Network (termed “Aircraft Mobile IP Address System” herein), which enables the assignment of individual Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to each of the passenger wireless devices, operating in an aircraft and served by an Airborne Wireless Cellular Network (termed “Aircraft Mobile IP Address System” herein), which enables the assignment of individual Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to each of the passenger wireless devices, operating in an aircraft and served by an Airborne Wireless Cellular Network (termed “Aircraft Mobile IP Address System” herein), which enables the assignment of individual Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to each of the passenger wireless devices, operating in an aircraft and served by an
- IP Internet Protocol
- the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System provides wireless communication services to passengers who are located onboard an aircraft by storing data indicative of the individually identified wireless devices that are located onboard the aircraft.
- the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System assigns a single IP address either to each Air-to- Ground Modem in the Air-to-Ground Communications Unit which terminates the radio frequency link which connects the aircraft network to the ground-based Access Network, or the MIP client that executes on the Air-to-Ground Control Processor Unit located behind these Air-to-Ground Modems.
- a third approach is to dispense with the use of a Mobile IP Client and to use Simple IP Addresses and an IP Tunnel to connect the aircraft network to the ground-based Access Network. Such an approach does not change IPCP or other EVDO protocols/messaging but does allow the wireless device individual IP address to be directly visible to the ground-based Access Network.
- the electronic services that are provided to the passenger include Internet, in-flight entertainment services, such as multi-media presentations, as well as destination-based services, which link the passenger's existing travel plans with offers for additional services that are available to the passenger at their nominal destination and their planned travel schedule, and optionally, voice services.
- the passenger thereby is presented with opportunities during their flight to enhance their travel experience, both in-flight and at their destination, by accessing the various services.
- the individual identification of each passenger wireless device simplifies the provision of these services and enables the customization of these services based upon predefined profiles created for the passenger.
- Figure 1 illustrates, in block diagram form, the overall architecture of a composite air-to-ground network that interconnects an Air Subsystem with a Ground- Based Access Network;
- Figure 2 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of a typical embodiment of a typical aircraft-based network for wireless devices as embodied in a multi-passenger commercial aircraft;
- Figures 3A and 3B illustrate, in block diagram form, the architecture of a typical EVDO cellular network for IP data only service and for IP data and voice services, respectively;
- Figure 4 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses within the EVDO Network;
- Figure 5 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses outside of the EVDO Network using a Mobile IP tunnel;
- Figure 6 illustrates typical addressing used in the system of Figure 5;
- Figure 7 illustrates the transfer of an IP Tunnel between Air-to-Ground Modems with the change in typical addressing used in the system of Figure 6;
- Figure 8 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses outside of the EVDO Network using IP tunnels.
- Figure 1 illustrates, in block diagram form, the overall architecture of the non- terrestrial cellular communication network, which includes an Air-To-Ground Network 2 (Inner Network) that interconnects the two elements of an Outer Network, comprising an Air Subsystem 3 and Ground Subsystem 1.
- This diagram illustrates the basic concepts of the non-terrestrial cellular communication network and, for the purpose of simplicity of illustration, does not comprise all of the elements found in a typical non- terrestrial cellular communication network.
- the fundamental elements disclosed in Figure 1 provide a teaching of the interrelationship of the various elements which are
- 504840 used to implement a non-terrestrial cellular communication network to provide content to passenger wireless devices which are located in an aircraft.
- the overall concept illustrated in Figure 1 is the provision of an "Inner Network” that connects the two segments of the "Outer Network", comprising the Air Subsystem 3 and the Ground Subsystem 1. This is accomplished by the Air-To-Ground Network 2 transmitting both the passenger communication traffic (comprising voice and/or other data) and control information and feature set data between the Air Subsystem 3 and the Ground Subsystem 1 thereby to enable the passenger wireless devices that are located in the aircraft to receive services in the aircraft.
- the Air-To-Ground Network 2 transmitting both the passenger communication traffic (comprising voice and/or other data) and control information and feature set data between the Air Subsystem 3 and the Ground Subsystem 1 thereby to enable the passenger wireless devices that are located in the aircraft to receive services in the aircraft.
- the "Air Subsystem” is the communications environment that is implemented in the aircraft, and these communications can be based on various technologies including, but not limited to: wired, wireless, optical, acoustic (ultrasonic), and the like.
- An example of such a network is disclosed in US Patent No. 6,788,935, titled “Aircraft- Based Network For Wireless Subscriber Stations”.
- the preferred embodiment for the Air Subsystem 3 is the use of wireless technology and for the wireless technology to be native to the passenger wireless devices that passengers and crew carry on the aircraft.
- a laptop computer can communicate via a WiFi or WiMax wireless mode (or via a wired connection, such as a LAN), or a PDA could communicate telephony voice traffic via VoIP (Voice over IP).
- a hand-held cell phone that uses the GSM protocol communicates via GSM when inside the aircraft to the Air Subsystem.
- a CDMA cell phone would use CDMA
- an analog AMPS phone would use analog AMPS when inside the aircraft to the Air Subsystem 3.
- the connection states could be packet -switched or circuit -switched or both.
- the objective on the Air Subsystem 3 is to enable seamless and ubiquitous access to the Air Subsystem 3 for the passenger wireless devices that are carried by passengers and crew, regardless of the technology used by these wireless devices.
- the Air Subsystem 3 also provides the mechanism to manage the provision of services to the passenger wireless devices that are operating in the aircraft cabin.
- This management includes not only providing the passenger traffic connectivity but also the availability of non-terrestrial specific feature sets which each passenger is authorized to receive. These features include in-flight entertainment services, such as multi-media presentations, as well as destination-based services which link the passenger's existing travel plans with offers for additional services that are available to the passenger at their nominal destination and their planned travel schedule. The passenger thereby is presented with opportunities during their flight to enhance their travel experience, both in-flight and at their destination.
- the passenger wireless devices 101 used in the aircraft can be identical to those used on the cellular/PCS ground-based communication network; however, these passenger wireless devices 101 are pre-registered with the carrier serving the aircraft, and/or users have PIN numbers for authentication.
- an antenna interconnects the passenger wireless devices 101 with the in-cabin Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) 1 1 1 -1 14, which are typically pico-cells with BSC/MSC functions integrated. BTS/BSC/MSC modules are added for each air-interface technology supported.
- BTS Base Transceiver Stations
- the Switch/Router 122 acts as the bridging function (for media/content and signaling to a limited extent) between the Air Subsystem 3 and the ground-based Access Network 1 , since the Switch/Router 122 places a call using the Modem 123 to the ground-based Access Network 1 via the Air-To-Ground Network 2.
- Switch/Router 122 converts the individual traffic and signaling channels from the base stations to/from an aggregate data stream and transmits/receives the aggregate data streams over the Air-to-Ground Network 2 which maintains continuous service as the aircraft travels.
- the Modem 123 includes radio transmission equipment and antenna systems to communicate with ground-based transceivers in the ground-based portion of the Air-to- Ground Network 2.
- the individual traffic channels assigned on the Air-to-Ground Network 2 are activated based upon the traffic demand to be supported from the aircraft.
- the Air-to-Ground Network 2 shown in Figure 1 is clearly one that is based on wireless communications (radio frequency or optical) between the Ground
- This radio frequency connection takes on the form of a cellular topology where typically more than one cell describes the geographic footprint or coverage area of the composite Air-To- Ground Network 2.
- the air-to ground connection carries both passenger communications traffic and native network signaling traffic.
- the Air-to-Ground Network 2 transports all traffic to/from the aircraft in a single, aggregated communication channel.
- This "single pipe" has distinct advantages in terms of managing hard and soft handoffs as the aircraft transitions between one ground-based cell to the next. This approach also takes advantage of newer, higher speed wireless cellular technologies.
- the Air-To-Ground Network 2 could be achieved through a wireless satellite connection where radio frequency links are established between the aircraft and a satellite and between the satellite and the Ground Subsystem 1 , respectively.
- These satellites could be geosynchronous (appears to be stationary from an earth reference point) or moving, as is the case for Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
- Examples of satellites include, but are not limited to: Geosynchronous Ku Band satellites, DBS satellites (Direct Broadcast Satellite), the Iridium system, the Globalstar system, and the Inmarsat system.
- the link typically is unidirectional, that is, from the satellite to the receiving platform, in this case an aircraft.
- a link transmitting unidirectionally from the aircraft is needed to make the communication bidirectional.
- This link could be satellite or ground-based wireless in nature as previously described.
- other means for communicating to an aircraft include broad or wide area links such as HF (High Frequency) radio and more unique systems such as troposcatter architectures.
- HF High Frequency
- the Air-To-Ground Network 2 can be viewed as the conduit through which the passenger communications traffic, as well as the control and network feature set data, is transported between the Ground Subsystem 1 and the Air Subsystem 3.
- the Air-To-Ground Network 2 can be implemented as a single radio frequency link or multiple radio frequency links, with a portion of the signals being routed over different types of links, such as the Air-To-Ground Link and the Satellite Link.
- the radio frequency design for the Air-To-Ground Modem typically uses multiple modems, where one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 1 ) operates with a Vertical signal polarization and one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 2) operates with a Horizontal signal polarization, and as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems, that Air-To-Ground Modem becomes dormant or active.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems are not assigned an IP address, but there is a Mobile IP Client on the Air-To-Ground
- This Mobile IP Client is configured with a Home Address and registers with a corresponding Foreign Address/Home Address to associate a Home Address with Air- To-Ground Modemi or Air-To-Ground Modem2 on the Public Data Switched Network/Foreign Address.
- the Home Address to Care of Address (subnet address) association does not change, since the Care of Address is the Public Data Switched Network IP address and managed in the Public Data Switched Network.
- the Mobile IP Client on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit requires information from the Air-To- Ground Modem to update Mobile IP bindings on Foreign Address/Home Address.
- the Mobile IP Client must receive Air-To-Ground Modemi and Air-To-Ground Modem 2 Assigned IP (this is the Care of Address for the Mobile IP Client).
- the Mobile IP Client shall have configured/known Home Address and Home Agent Server Address. This configuration can run multiple Mobile IP Clients and tunnels on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems are each assigned an IP address and the Mobile IP Client resides on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit.
- This Mobile IP Client is configured with a Home Address, and a corresponding Care of Address is associated with Air-To-Ground Modemi or Air-To- Ground Modem2 in the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit.
- the Mobile IP Client on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit is connected via a Mobile IP Tunnel to the
- the traffic is switched between the two Air-To-Ground Modems as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems are each assigned an IP address, and Simple IP Addresses are managed on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit. Multiple IP Tunnels connect the Air-To-Ground Control
- the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit performs the tunnel endpoint functions and uses a Public Address for these IP Tunnels.
- the traffic is switched between the two Air-To-Ground Modems as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems.
- the Ground Subsystem 1 consists of Edge Router 140 which connects the voice traffic of the Air-To-Ground Network 2 with traditional cellular communication network elements, including a Base Station Controller 141 and its associated Mobile Switching Center 142 with its Visited Location Register, Home Location Register to interconnect the voice traffic to the Public Switched Telephone Network 144, and other such functionalities.
- the Base Station Controller 141 is connected to the Internet 147 via Public Switched Data Network 143 for call completions.
- Edge Router 124 also provides interconnection of the data traffic to the Internet 147, Public Switched Telephone Network 144 via Voice Over IP Server 146, and other such functionalities. These include the Authentication Server, Operating Subsystems, CALEA, and BSS servers 145.
- the communications between the passenger wireless devices 101 located in an aircraft and the Ground Subsystem 1 of the ground-based communication network are transported via the Air Subsystem 3 and the Air-To-Ground Network 2 to the ground-based Base Station Controllers 141 of the non-terrestrial cellular communication network.
- the enhanced functionality described below and provided by the Air Subsystem 3, the Air-To-Ground Network 2, and the ground-based Base Station Controllers 141 renders the provision of services to the passenger wireless devices 101 located in an aircraft transparent to the passengers.
- the Radio Access Network supports communications from multiple aircraft and may employ a single omnidirectional signal, or may employ multiple spatial sectors which may be defined in terms
- Aircraft networks hand over the Point-to-Point communication links between Radio Access Networks (RAN) in different locations (different Ground Subsystems 1 ), in order to maintain continuity of service on Air-to- Ground Network 2.
- RAN Radio Access Networks
- Handovers may be hard or soft, or may be a combination of hard and soft on the air-ground and ground-air links.
- the Mobile Switching Center provides mobility management for all airborne systems and provides handover management between ground stations as an airborne system moves between the service areas of adjoining Ground Subsystems 1.
- the Base Station Controller interfaces all traffic to/from the Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS).
- the Packet Data Serving Node controls assignment of capacity of each of the Base Transceiver Subsystems (BTS) among the airborne systems within their respective service areas.
- Figure 2 illustrates the architecture of a typical aircraft-based network for passenger wireless devices as embodied in a multi-passenger commercial aircraft 200.
- This system comprises a plurality of elements used to implement a communication backbone that is used to enable wireless communication for a plurality of wireless communication devices of diverse nature.
- the aircraft-based network for passenger wireless devices comprises a Local Area Network 206 that includes a radio frequency communication system 201 that uses a spread spectrum paradigm and having a short range of operation.
- This network 206 supports both circuit-switched and packet- switched connections from passenger wireless devices 221-224 and interconnects the communications of these passenger wireless devices 221-224 via a gateway transceiver or transceivers 210 to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 126 and other destinations, such as the Internet 127 or Public Data Switched Network
- PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
- the wireless passengers thereby retain their single number identity as if they were directly connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network 126.
- the passenger wireless devices 221-224 include a diversity of communication devices, such as laptop computers 221 , cellular telephones 222, MP3 music players (not shown), Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) (not shown), WiFi-based devices 223, WiMax-based devices 224, and the like, and for simplicity of description are all collectively termed
- the basic elements of the aircraft-based network for passenger wireless devices comprises at least one antenna 205 or means of coupling electromagnetic energy to/from the Air Subsystem 3 located within the aircraft 200 which serves to communicate with the plurality of passenger wireless devices 221-224 located within the aircraft 200.
- the at least one antenna 205 is connected to a wireless controller 201 that encompasses a plurality of elements that serve to regulate the wireless communications with the plurality of passenger wireless devices 221 -224.
- the wireless controller 201 includes at least one low power radio frequency transceiver 202 for providing a circuit switched communication space using a wireless communication paradigm, such as PCS, CDMA, or GSM, for example.
- the wireless controller 201 includes a low power radio frequency transceiver 203 for providing a data-based packet -switched communication space using a wireless communication paradigm, such as WiFi (which could also convey packet -switched Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)).
- a wireless communication paradigm such as WiFi (which could also convey packet -switched Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)).
- the wireless controller 201 includes a power control segment 204 that serves to regulate the power output of the plurality of passenger wireless devices. It also serves, by RF noise or jamming apparatus, to prevent In-Cabin passenger wireless devices from directly and errantly accessing the ground network when in a non- terrestrial mode.
- the ultra-low airborne transmit power levels feature represents a control by the Power Control element 204 of the wireless controller 201 of the aircraft- based network for passenger wireless devices to regulate the output signal power produced by the passenger wireless devices 221-224 to minimize the likelihood of receipt of a cellular signal by ground-based cell sites or ground-based wireless devices.
- the wireless controller 201 is connected via a backbone network 206 to a plurality of other elements which serve to provide services to the passenger wireless devices 221-224.
- These other elements can include an Aircraft Interface 209 (which includes the "Ai r-To-G round Communications Unit” and the "Ai r-To-G round Control Processor Unit") for providing management, switching, routing, and aggregation functions for the communication transmissions of the passenger wireless devices.
- a data acquisition element 207 serves to interface with a plurality of flight system sensors 21 1-214 and a Global Positioning System element 216 to collect data from a plurality of sources as described below.
- pilot communication devices such as the display 217 and headset 218, are connected to this backbone network 206 either via a wired connection or a wireless connection.
- a gateway transceiver(s) 210 is used to interconnect the Aircraft Interface 209 to an antenna 215 to enable signals to be transmitted from the aircraft- based network for passenger wireless devices 221-224 to transceivers located on the ground. Included in these components is a communications router function to forward the communication signals to the proper destinations. Thus, signals that are destined for passengers on the aircraft are routed to these individuals, while signals routed to passengers located, for example, on the ground are routed to the Ground Subsystem.
- Aircraft antenna patterns that typically minimize nadir (Earth directed) effective radiated power (ERP) may be used in the implementation of the antenna(s) 215 on the aircraft to serve the aircraft-based network for passenger wireless devices 221-224.
- the passenger access to electronic communications typically is regulated via a passenger's wireless device registration process, where each electronic device must be identified, authenticated, and authorized to receive service. Since the aircraft is a self-contained environment with respect to the wireless communications between the passenger wireless devices and the airborne wireless network extant in the aircraft, all communications are regulated by the network controller. Thus, when a passenger activates their passenger's wireless device, a communication session is initiated between the passenger's wireless device and the network controller to identify the type of device the passenger is using and, thus, its
- a "splash screen" is delivered to the passenger on their wireless device to announce entry into the wireless network portal.
- the network controller transmits a set of login displays to the passenger's wireless device to enable the passenger to identify themselves and validate their identity (if the passenger's wireless device is not equipped to automatically perform these tasks via a smart client which automatically logs the passenger into the network).
- the passenger's wireless device is provided with a unique electronic identification (IP address), and the network can respond to the passenger's wireless device without further administrative overhead.
- the authentication process may include the use of security processes, such as a password, scan of a passenger immutable characteristic (fingerprint, retina scan, etc.), and the like.
- the passenger can access the free standard electronic services that are available from the network or customized electronic services for the particular passenger.
- the screens that are presented to the passengers can be customized to present the branding of the airline on which the passenger is traveling.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate, in block diagram form, the architecture of a typical EVDO cellular network for IP data only service and for IP data and voice services, respectively, and which are used to illustrate the architecture and operation of the present Aircraft Mobile IP Address System.
- CDMA2000 is a hybrid 2.5G/3G technology of mobile telecommunications that uses CDMA (code division multiple access) to send digital radio, voice, data, and signaling data between wireless devices and cell sites.
- the architecture and operation of the CDMA2000 cellular network is standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2).
- 3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
- I xRTT and EV-DO
- CDMA2000 is considered a third generation (3G) technology when the EV-DO Access Network is used.
- the CDMA 2000 cellular network (also termed “Access Network” herein) comprises three major parts: the core network (CN), the Radio Access Network (RAN), and the wireless device (MS).
- the core network (CN) is further decomposed in two parts, one interfacing to external networks such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the other interfacing to an IP based network such as the Internet 31 1 and/or private data networks 312.
- PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
- IP based network such as the Internet 31 1 and/or private data networks 312.
- the wireless device MS terminates the radio path on the user side of the cellular network and enables subscribers to access network services over the interface Um implemented to interconnect the wireless device (MS) with the Access Network 300.
- BTS Base Transceiver System
- BTS Transceiver System
- BSC Base Station Controller
- BTS Base Transceiver Systems
- PCF Packet Control Function
- the wireless device (MS) functions as a mobile IP client.
- the wireless device (MS) interacts with the Access Network 300 to obtain appropriate radio resources for the exchange of packets and keeps track of the status of radio resources (e.g., active, stand-by, dormant).
- the wireless device (MS) accepts buffer packets from the Base Transceiver System (BTS) when radio resources are not in place or are insufficient to support the flow to the Access Network 300.
- BTS Base Transceiver System
- the wireless device (MS) Upon power-up, the wireless device (MS) automatically registers with the Home Location Register (HLR) in the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) in order to:
- HLR Home Location Register
- MSC Mobile Switching Center
- HLR Home Location Register
- MSC Serving Mobile Switching Center
- the wireless device After successfully registering with the Home Location Register (HLR), the wireless device (MS) is ready to place voice and data calls.
- HLR Home Location Register
- These may take either of two forms, Circuit-Switched Data (CSD) or Packet-Switched Data (PSD), depending on the wireless device's own compliance (or lack thereof) with the IS-2000 standard.
- CSD Circuit-Switched Data
- PSD Packet-Switched Data
- Wireless devices must comply with IS-2000 standards to initiate a packet data session using the Access Network 300.
- Wireless devices which have only IS-95 capabilities are limited to Circuit -Switched Data transmitted via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), while IS-2000 terminals can select either the Packet - Switched Data or Circuit -Switched Data.
- Parameters forwarded by the wireless device (MS) over the air link (AL) to the Access Network 300 determine the type of service requested.
- PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- IP address assignment for each wireless device can be provided by either the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) or a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server via a Home Agent (HA).
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- the Radio Access Network (RAN)
- the Radio Access Network is the wireless device's entry point for communicating either data or voice content. It consists of:
- the air link (AL);
- BTS Base Transceiver Subsystem
- the Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS);
- the Radio Access Network has a number of responsibilities that impact the network's delivery of packet services in particular.
- the Radio Access Network must map the mobile client identifier reference to a unique link layer identifier used to communicate with the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN), validate the wireless device for access service, and maintain the established transmission links.
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- the Base Transceiver Subsystem controls the activities of the air link
- A and acts as the interface between the Access Network 300 and the wireless device (MS).
- Radio Frequency resources such as frequency assignments, sector separation, and transmit power control are managed at the Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS).
- BTS Base Transceiver Subsystem
- BSC Base Station Controller
- the Base Station Controller routes voice- and circuit-switched data messages between the cell sites and the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). It also bears responsibility for mobility management: it controls and directs handoffs from one cell site to another as needed.
- the Packet Control Function routes IP packet data between the mobile station (MS) within the cell sites and the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN). During packet data sessions, it assigns available supplemental channels as needed to comply with the services requested by the wireless device (MS) and paid for by the subscribers.
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- the Packet Data Serving Node is the gateway from the Radio Access Network (RAN) into the public and/or private packet networks.
- RAN Radio Access Network
- the Packet Data Serving Node acts as a standalone Network Access Server (NAS); in a mobile IP network, it can be configured as a Home Agent (HA) or a
- the Packet Data Serving Node implements the following activities:
- BTS Base Station Subsystem
- BSC Base Station Controller
- PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
- IP address for the subscriber (either from an internal pool or through a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server or through an Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server);
- DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
- HA Home Agent
- AAA Authentication, Authorization, And Accounting
- the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server is used to authenticate and authorize subscribers for network access and to store subscriber usage statistics for billing and invoicing.
- the Home Agent supports seamless data roaming into other networks that support IxRTT.
- the Home Agent provides an anchor IP address for the mobile system and forwards any mobile-bound traffic to the appropriate network for delivery to the handset. It also maintains user registration, redirects packets to the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN), and (optionally) tunnels securely to the Packet
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- PDSN Data Serving Node 17 504840 Data Serving Node (PDSN).
- HA Home Agent
- AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
- the wireless device sends an Origination Message over the Access Channel to the Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
- BSS Base Station Subsystem
- the Base Station Subsystem acknowledges the receipt of the Origination Message, returning a Base Station
- the Base Station Subsystem constructs a CM Service Request message and sends the message to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). 4.
- the Mobile Switching Center sends an Assignment
- BSS Base Station Subsystem
- MSC Mobile Switching Center
- BSS Base Station Subsystem
- the Packet Control Function recognizes that no A10 connection associated with this wireless device (MS) is available and selects a Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) for this data call.
- the A10 connection is a term defined by the standards bodies and refers to an Interface between Base Station
- BSC Base Station Controller
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- the Packet Control Function sends an A1 1- Registration Request message to the selected Packet Data Serving Node
- A1 1 -Registration Request is validated, and the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) accepts the connection by returning an A1 1- Registration Reply message.
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- PCF Packet Control Function
- A1 1 references signaling exchanged between the Base Station Controller (BSC) and the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN).
- the Base Station Subsystem sends an Assignment Complete message to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
- MSC Mobile Switching Center
- the mobile system and the Packet Data Serving Node establish the link layer (PPP) connection and then perform the Mobile IP registration procedures over the link layer (PPP) connection.
- PPP Packet Data Serving Node
- the mobile system can send/receive data via GRE framing over the A10 connection.
- the Packet Control Function (PCF) periodically sends an A1 1 -Registration Request message for refreshing registration for the A10 connection.
- the Packet Data Serving Node For a validated A1 1 -Registration Request, the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) returns an A1 1 -Registration Reply message. Both the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) and the Packet Control Function (PCF) update the A10 connection binding record.
- PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
- PCF Packet Control Function
- the packet -switched voice received from the wireless device is forwarded from the Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) to the Media Gateway (MGW) where it is converted to circuit -switched voice and delivered to the Public
- PTSN Switched Telephone Network
- PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
- MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
- SGW Signaling Gateway
- FIG 4 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses within the EVDO Network described above.
- the Public Data Switched Network 401 is connected via the radio frequency links of a plurality of Cells 421 , 422 to the Air-to-Ground Communications Unit 402 (part of the Aircraft Interface 209 of Figure 2) and then to the Air-to-Ground Control Processing Unit 403 (part of the Aircraft Interface 209 of Figure 2).
- the Air-to-Ground Communications Unit 402 includes a plurality of Air-to-Ground Modems 41 1 , 412 for terminating the radio frequency links maintained by Cells 421 , 422.
- the Air-to-Ground Communications Unit 402 also includes a Mobile IP Client 413.
- the radio frequency design for the Air-To-Ground Modem typically uses multiple modems, where one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to- Ground Modem 41 1 ) operates with a Vertical signal polarization and one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 412) operates with a Horizontal signal polarization; and as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems, that Air-To- Ground Modem becomes dormant or active.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems 41 1 , 412 are not assigned an IP address, but the Mobile IP Client 413 on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 402 is assigned a single IP address with a Foreign Agent 416 on the Public Data Switched Network 401.
- This Mobile IP Client 413 is configured with a Home Address 414 and registers with a corresponding Foreign Agent 416/Home Address 414 to associate a Home Address with Air-To-Ground Modem41 1 or Air-To-Ground Modem 412 on the Public Data Switched Network 401 .
- the Home Address 414 to Care of Address 415 (subnet address) association does not change, since the Care of Address 415 is the Public Data Switched Network 401 IP address and is managed in the Public Data Switched Network 401 .
- the Mobile IP Client 413 on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 402 requires information from the Air-To-Ground Modems 41 1 ,
- the Mobile IP Client 413 must receive both of the Air-To-Ground Modem 41 1 and Air-To- Ground Modem 412 Assigned IP addresses (this is the Care of Address for the Mobile IP Client 413).
- the Mobile IP Client 413 shall have configured/known Home Address 414 and Home Agent Server Address 419. This configuration can run multiple Mobile IP Clients and tunnels on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 402.
- FIG. 5 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses outside of the EVDO Network using a Mobile IP tunnel.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems 51 1 , 512 are each assigned an IP address
- the Mobile IP Client 513 resides on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 503.
- This Mobile IP Client 513 is configured with a Home Address 514, and corresponding Care of Addresses 515, 516 are associated with Air-To-Ground Modem 51 1 and Air-To-Ground Modem 512, respectively, in the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 502.
- the Mobile IP Client 513 on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 503 is connected via a Mobile IP Tunnel 514 to the Public Data Switched Network 501.
- the radio frequency design for the Air-To-Ground Modem typically uses multiple modems, where one Air-To-Ground Modem (Ai r-to-G round Modem 51 1 ) operates with a Vertical signal polarization, and one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 512) operates with a Horizontal signal polarization; and as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems, that Air-To- Ground Modem becomes dormant or active.
- This implementation uses a Mobile IP Client 513 on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 503 and no Foreign Agent since the Care of Addresses 515, 516 are configured on the Mobile IP Client 513, which is beyond the Home Address 514 and Home Agent Server 519 address.
- the single Mobile IP Client 513 registers with Home Agent 504 and can utilize the Care of Addresses 515, 516 of either Air-To-Ground Modem 51 1 or Air-To-Ground Modem 512.
- the Home Agent 504 has a Mobile IP tunnel 504 to Care of Address 1 (515) on Air-To-Ground Modem 51 1 or Care of Address 2 (516) on Air-To- Ground Modem 512.
- the Mobile IP Client 513 on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 503 requires information from the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 502 to
- the Mobile IP Client 513 must receive the IP addresses assigned by the Air-To-Ground Modem 51 1 and the Air-To- Ground Modem 512 (this is the Care of Address 515, 516 for the Mobile IP Client 513.
- the Mobile IP Client 513 has configured/known Home Address 514 and Home Agent Server Address 519.
- Figure 6 illustrates typical addressing used in the system of Figure 5
- Figure 7 illustrates the transfer of an IP Tunnel between Air-to-Ground Modems with the resulting change in typical addressing that is illustrated in Figure 6.
- DIP HA.A
- FIG. 8 illustrates, in block diagram form, the architecture of an implementation of the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System which provides mobile IP addresses outside of the EVDO Network using IP tunnels.
- the Air-To-Ground Modems 81 1 , 812 are each assigned an IP address, and Simple IP Addresses are managed on the Air-To-Ground Communications Unit 802.
- Multiple IP Tunnels 805, 806 connect the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 803 to a Router 804 in the ground-based Access Network.
- the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 803 performs the tunnel endpoint functions and uses a Public Address 813 for these IP Tunnels 805, 806.
- the traffic is switched between the two Air-To- Ground Modems 81 1 , 812 as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To- Ground Modems 81 1 , 812.
- Air-To-Ground Modems 81 1 , 812 are traffic modems where both connect and attempt to establish sessions/connections.
- Each Air-To-Ground Modem 81 1 , 812 has a Simple IP address assigned to it, which is routable within the Aircraft Network.
- the radio frequency design for the Air- To-Ground Modem typically uses multiple modems, where one Air-To-Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 81 1 ) operates with a Vertical signal polarization, and one Air-To- Ground Modem (Air-to-Ground Modem 812) operates with a Horizontal signal polarization; and as signal strength is lost/gained on the individual Air-To-Ground Modems, that Air-To-Ground Modem becomes dormant or active.
- Air-To-Ground Modem 81 1 operates with a Vertical signal polarization
- Air-To-Ground Modem 812 Air-To- Ground Modem
- the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 802 performs Tunnel Endpoint Functions as defined in the industry standards documents and requires that a Tunnel Endpoint Public Address 813 be configured on the Tunnel Endpoint Client 807 executing on the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 803.
- the Air-To-Ground Control Processor Unit 803 can tunnel data over Air-To-Ground Modem 81 1 and/or Air- To-Ground Modem 812, based on Air-To-Ground Modem performance data (SINR, Sector Loading, etc.).
- SINR Air-To-Ground Modem performance data
- Sector Loading Sector Loading, etc.
- the Router 804 performs the Tunnel Endpoint 808 functions.
- a Server 808 can be implemented in the Core Network of Figures 3A and 3B to implement the Tunnel Endpoint functions.
- the Server 808 is in the Core Network, and the Client 807 is on the Air-To- Ground Control Processor Unit 803.
- the IP data transmitted over this link appears no different with respect to application content from IP data not transmitted over this link.
- the Client 807 processes packets just prior to transmission and is the first to process packets upon reception such that the tunneling protocol is transparent to higher level software.
- the WiFi Client IP Address maintained after passing through the Tunnel(s) is transparent multiple IP tunneling. All fragmentation and reassembly of data are easily handled because the TCP sessions are terminated at the Client 807 and Server 808. Only data passes through the tunnel, and the packet boundaries used within the packets transmitted through the tunnel have no relationship to the original TCP/IP packetization. Therefore, TCP/IP fragmentation between the WiFi client and Client 807 is completely isolated from the TCP/IP connection between the Sever 808
- Data may be fragmented between the Server 808 and origin server, and this fragmentation has no effect on the TCP connection between the Client 807 and the WiFi client.
- the Aircraft Mobile IP Address System enables the assignment of individual Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to each of the passenger wireless devices, operating in an aircraft and served by an airborne wireless cellular network, thereby to enable delivery of wireless services to the individually identified wireless devices.
- IP Internet Protocol
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (6)
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RU2010144495/08A RU2509444C2 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in airborne wireless cellular network |
CN200980118268.2A CN102037744B (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network |
CA2720142A CA2720142C (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network |
AU2009232230A AU2009232230B2 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network |
EP09727854.3A EP2260649B1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network |
AP2010005437A AP2010005437A0 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-03-05 | System for managing mobile internet protocol addresses in an airborne wireless cellular network. |
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AU2009232230A1 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
AU2009232230B2 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
CA2720142C (en) | 2016-07-19 |
RU2509444C2 (en) | 2014-03-10 |
RU2010144495A (en) | 2012-05-10 |
EP2260649B1 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
CA2720142A1 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
US10200111B2 (en) | 2019-02-05 |
CN102037744B (en) | 2014-01-29 |
CN102037744A (en) | 2011-04-27 |
US8995993B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
US20140334379A1 (en) | 2014-11-13 |
AP2010005437A0 (en) | 2010-10-31 |
US20180019803A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 |
US20080182573A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
EP2260649A1 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
EP2260649A4 (en) | 2013-01-16 |
US9813144B2 (en) | 2017-11-07 |
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