WO2009091503A1 - Method for measuring flicker - Google Patents
Method for measuring flicker Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009091503A1 WO2009091503A1 PCT/US2009/000060 US2009000060W WO2009091503A1 WO 2009091503 A1 WO2009091503 A1 WO 2009091503A1 US 2009000060 W US2009000060 W US 2009000060W WO 2009091503 A1 WO2009091503 A1 WO 2009091503A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- flickering
- frame
- picture
- flicker
- difference
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N17/00—Diagnosis, testing or measuring for television systems or their details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/0002—Inspection of images, e.g. flaw detection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/20—Analysis of motion
- G06T7/254—Analysis of motion involving subtraction of images
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
- G06T2207/10016—Video; Image sequence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
- G06T2207/30—Subject of image; Context of image processing
- G06T2207/30168—Image quality inspection
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
- H04N7/0127—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level by changing the field or frame frequency of the incoming video signal, e.g. frame rate converter
- H04N7/0132—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level by changing the field or frame frequency of the incoming video signal, e.g. frame rate converter the field or frame frequency of the incoming video signal being multiplied by a positive integer, e.g. for flicker reduction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for measuring flicker, and particularly relates to a method that can accurately measure per- frame flickering artifacts.
- Inter-frame flickering is a commonly seen artifact in encoded video signals, especially at periodic I-frames in low or medium bit rate coding, which greatly degrades the overall perceptual quality of the coded video. How to accurately measure the flickering artifact is an important issue in practice.
- Existing flicker metrics are typically rough solutions suitable only for measuring I-frame flickering of the whole sequence to provide a single measure of I-frame flicker that is descriptive of the whole sequence, and fail when measuring a per-frame flickering artifact (that is, they fail to provide a single measure for a given frame).
- Inter-frame flickering is a commonly seen artifact in video coding, as well.
- a good method for measuring flickering would not only prove valuable to evaluate the performance of various de-flickering schemes, but also, perhaps more importantly, such a method can be exploited to develop various encoder optimization techniques to more effectively reduce flickering.
- rate-distortion (RD) optimization is a commonly adopted framework in practice to make encoding decisions over a variety of coding options, for example, macro-block (MB), motion vector, and coding mode, etc.
- Conventional RD optimization only considers the distortion between the reconstructed video and the original video. To reduce flickering, and hence, improve perceptual video coding quality, one can further introduce the flickering distortion in RD optimizations.
- a widely used method to measure flicker is the so-called S metric, which measures the overall I-frame flickering artifact of an entire coded video sequence. It is defined as follows.
- the concerned frames involve all the non-scene-change I-frames in a sequence. That is, frame n denotes a non-scene-change I-frame and frame n-1 is the frame played out before frame n. Note that scene-change I-frames are excluded, as flickering typically only occurs for frames in the same scene. Additionally, / admir', and / admir', denote the original and the reconstructed pixel j of MB i in frame n, respectively.
- M denotes the total number of pixels in a MB
- N sta t ⁇ c _ MB s denotes the total number of static MBs in all the non-scene-change I-frames. Flickering is assumed to occur only on static MBs, which is defined as follows.
- parameter ⁇ could be, for example, 10.
- (1) and (2) can also be defined based on another measure, such as, for example, mean-square- difference (MSD) with parameter ⁇ set to, for example, 500.
- the S metric has been widely used to evaluate the performance of various I-frame de-flickering schemes. However, in practice, via experiments, the S metric is actually a fairly rough model. For example, it is only applicable to measure the overall I-frame flickering of an entire sequence, and fails when applied to generally measure flickering of each single frame. Note that the S metric is intended to be applied to a sequence, as evidenced by the summation in Equation I over a set of I frames. Removing that summation results in a metric that provides a result on a per-frame basis, but that result is not reliable as discussed below.
- pixels could be large (for example, around 100). In this case, small / admir', -//_, , pixels which
- Figure 1 shows the result of applying Equation (1 ) to measure the per-frame flickering artifact (by removing the summation over a set of I-frames).
- Figure 1 shows flickering distortion along the vertical axis 20 versus frame number along the horizontal axis 10 using an existing flickering metric.
- the sequence is the 150 frames CIF sequence "Bus" with 30 f/s, and coded at 300 kb/s with 30 frames per group-of-picture (GOP). All the non-scene-change I-frames are marked out with circles 30, and the rest of the frames are all P-frames. Visually, significant flickering is observed at the indicated I-frames, while little flickering at the P-frames.
- the existing metric fails to truthfully reflect that difference. IOO15
- Another drawback of the existing metric is that the static MBs are MBs at exactly the same location in the two consecutive frames. That is, no motion compensation is involved.
- a method is provided that can accurately measure flicker of each single frame all the time, and outperforms the known techniques.
- the method can be generally applied for accurate perceptual quality evaluation and development of effective flicker reduction schemes.
- the method for measuring flicker first determines an original value based on a difference between pixel values in corresponding locations in a first picture and a second picture.
- a reconstructed value is determined, based on a difference between pixel values in corresponding locations in a reconstruction from an encoding of the first picture and a reconstruction from an encoding of the second picture.
- a determination is made to include a comparison value, which is determined on a difference between the reconstructed value and the original value, in a measurement of flicker between the first picture and the second picture.
- Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the flickering distortion against frame number when using a well-known flickering metric
- Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the flickering distortion against frame number when using a proposed flickering metric without motion compensation
- 0020 Figure 3 is a flow diagram of the proposed per- frame flickering distortion metric.
- a method to measure flicker that accurately measures a per- frame flickering artifact, and renders better measuring performance than the existing S metric.
- the provided method accurately measures flickering of a frame, all the time. That is, the method accurately measures flickering on a frame basis (indeed, the method accurately measures flickering on a macro-block basis).
- the proposed reliable method can be generally applied for accurate perceptual quality evaluation or the development of effective flicker reduction techniques.
- N MBS is the total number of static MBs in a given frame
- mv denotes the motion vector (MV) of the MB
- MB i+mv of frame n-1 represents the motion compensation reference for MB i of frame n.
- 00261 Similar to the existing method, S metric, besides absolute difference, the proposed method can also be based on other distortion measures, for example, squared difference. [0027
- the existing method, S metric includes measurement over a series of frames.
- ⁇ f n -u actually serves as a just-noticeable-difference (JND) threshold on flickering, below which it is assumed that no flickering will be perceived.
- JND just-noticeable-difference
- Figure 2 shows the per-frame flickering measurement result for the same sequence and coding settings as in Figure 1.
- Figure 2 shows flicker distortion along the vertical axis 20 versus frame number along the horizontal axis 10 using the flickering metric according to the invention. Again, the non-scene-change I frames are indicated with circles 30.
- Figure 2 clearly shows that the proposed method properly detects the fact that at I-frames the flickering artifact is significantly more intense than at P-frames.
- Figure 2 shows an example of the measurement performed without motion compensation.
- the definition of static MBs also involves a certain degree of motion compensation, to account for the flickering artifact at completely static or low motion MBs. This will lead to more accurate flickering modeling performance.
- a static MB is defined as a MB with:
- MAD n , (mv) — ⁇ / ⁇ admir;, - C,, +m , ⁇ ⁇
- Motion estimation is typically conducted over a limited search range (for example, within 3 pixels). Beyond that range, it is assumed that flickering will be all masked out by the high motion.
- a sub-pixel MV search will generally yield much more accurate results than a full-pixel search, and hence, is generally more preferable in practice.
- the proposed method provides superior performance to the existing method, the S metric. Using motion compensation further improves the modeling accuracy, although it does so generally at the price of increased computation complexity. Therefore, in practice, one can decide whether to use motion compensation or not based on the capability of the actual system. That is, one can determine for any given implementation whether or not the additional computation complexity is affordable and/or justified by the increased accuracy. [0035J Due to the superior performance, the proposed method to measure flicker can be applied to develop effective flickering reduction techniques. For example, the method provides an accurate pixel-based metric calculation and so accurately measures flickering of each individual MB (as well as frame).
- the proposed method for measuring flicker can be integrated into the widely adopted RD optimization framework to optimize various coding parameters, such as, for example, MVs, quantization parameters, or MB coding modes, etc.
- the existing flickering metric has been shown not to have enough modeling accuracy at a frame level, and so does have enough modeling accuracy at the MB level either., and therefore is not well-suited to integration into standard RD optimization frameworks.
- Figure 3 represents a calculation flowchart one embodiment of the proposed method for measuring flicker distortion per frame.
- the current frame n and the previous frame n-1 is retrieved from the original input video and the reconstructed video represented in block 1 10, wherein a per frame distortion metric D F iJ cker _ F ⁇ n is represented in block 120.
- motion estimation is conducted, which is represented in block 14O 1 over a limited search range (i.e. within 3 pixels). This is followed by decision block 145. Beyond that range, it is assumed that flickering will be all masked out by the high motion.
- a sub-pixel estimation is performed to find the best motion vector MV with minimum mean-absolute-difference MAD of the macro block MB.
- the MAD is below a just-noticeable-difference (JND) threshold on flickering, then no flickering will be perceived consistent with block 160. However, if MAD is larger than the threshold, then a per-pixel flickering artifact is calculated block 150.
- the decision branch blocks 150, 160 are followed by the end of the macro block 170 . This would be performed on a MB by MB basis, as well as a frame by frame basis, across the entire set of frames. Therefore, the proposed method can accurately measure flicker at one or more of (1 ) a pixel level (blocks 100- 120), (2), an MB level (blocks 130-170), and (3) a frame level (blocks 180-200), across an entire video sequence.
- (1 ) a pixel level blocks 100- 120
- an MB level blocks 130-170
- a frame level blocks 180-200
- An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware.
- the methods may be implemented in, for example, an apparatus such as, for example, a computer or other processing device. Additionally, the methods may be implemented by instructions being performed by a processing device or other apparatus, and such instructions may be stored on a computer readable medium such as, for example, a CD, or other computer readable storage device, or an integrated circuit. Further, a computer readable medium may store the data values produced by an implementation.
- implementations may also produce a signal formatted to carry information that may be, for example, stored or transmitted.
- the information may include, for example, instructions for performing a method, or data produced by one of the described implementations.
- implementations may be implemented in one or more of an encoder, a pre-processor to an encoder, a decoder, or a post-processor to a decoder.
- a method is provided that measures 1-frame flicker that masks, from a distortion calculation, a difference in corresponding pixels in adjacent reconstructed pictures (or frames) if the difference is not greater than a corresponding difference in the underlying target images. Further, motion estimation is used to determine which pixels correspond to each other.
- implementations may also produce a signal formatted for communicating the measurement of 1-frame flicker.
- a device such as, for example, an encoder, a decoder, a pre-processor, or a post-processor
- a device such as, for example, a computer readable medium
- a measure of I-frame flicker according to an implementation described in this disclosure, or for storing a set of instructions for measuring I-frame flicker according to one or more of the implementations described in this disclosure.
- a signal is considered that is formatted in such a way to include information relating to a measure of I-frame flicker, as described in this disclosure.
- the signal may be an electromagnetic wave or a baseband signal, wherein the information includes one or more of residue data, motion vector data, and reference indicator data.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
- Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
- Picture Signal Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/735,411 US8755613B2 (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Method for measuring flicker |
EP09701698A EP2232883B1 (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Method for measuring flicker |
JP2010543118A JP5250638B2 (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Flicker measurement method |
BRPI0907258-6A BRPI0907258A2 (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Oscillation measurement method |
CN2009801025569A CN101933334B (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Method for measuring flicker |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US1150708P | 2008-01-17 | 2008-01-17 | |
US61/011,507 | 2008-01-17 |
Publications (1)
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WO2009091503A1 true WO2009091503A1 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
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PCT/US2009/000060 WO2009091503A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-01-07 | Method for measuring flicker |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US8755613B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2232883B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5250638B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101933334B (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0907258A2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009091503A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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WO2013030833A1 (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-07 | I.C.V.T. Ltd. | Controlling a video content system |
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EP2536143B1 (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2015-01-14 | Axis AB | Method and a digital video encoder system for encoding digital video data |
KR20140096340A (en) * | 2011-12-09 | 2014-08-05 | 텔레호낙티에볼라게트 엘엠 에릭슨(피유비엘) | Method and apparatus for detecting quality defects in a video bitstream |
CN105721874B (en) * | 2016-02-05 | 2019-05-17 | 南京云岩信息科技有限公司 | Flicker reduction method in a kind of frame of parallel efficient video coding |
TWI680675B (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2019-12-21 | 聯發科技股份有限公司 | Image processing device and associated image processing method |
KR102501659B1 (en) * | 2018-10-02 | 2023-02-21 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Flicker quantification system and method of driving the same |
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2009
- 2009-01-07 EP EP09701698A patent/EP2232883B1/en active Active
- 2009-01-07 CN CN2009801025569A patent/CN101933334B/en active Active
- 2009-01-07 BR BRPI0907258-6A patent/BRPI0907258A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-01-07 JP JP2010543118A patent/JP5250638B2/en active Active
- 2009-01-07 WO PCT/US2009/000060 patent/WO2009091503A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-01-07 US US12/735,411 patent/US8755613B2/en active Active
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Cited By (7)
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WO2013030833A1 (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-07 | I.C.V.T. Ltd. | Controlling a video content system |
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US9491464B2 (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2016-11-08 | Beamr Imaging Ltd | Controlling a video content system by computing a frame quality score |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2232883B1 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
JP2011510560A (en) | 2011-03-31 |
JP5250638B2 (en) | 2013-07-31 |
US8755613B2 (en) | 2014-06-17 |
EP2232883A4 (en) | 2011-03-30 |
US20110052084A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
CN101933334B (en) | 2012-10-03 |
CN101933334A (en) | 2010-12-29 |
EP2232883A1 (en) | 2010-09-29 |
BRPI0907258A2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
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