WO2009081046A1 - Matériau composite constitué par une matrice métallique dans laquelle sont réparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatées lamellaires synthétiques - Google Patents
Matériau composite constitué par une matrice métallique dans laquelle sont réparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatées lamellaires synthétiques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009081046A1 WO2009081046A1 PCT/FR2008/052351 FR2008052351W WO2009081046A1 WO 2009081046 A1 WO2009081046 A1 WO 2009081046A1 FR 2008052351 W FR2008052351 W FR 2008052351W WO 2009081046 A1 WO2009081046 A1 WO 2009081046A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nanoparticles
- synthetic
- composite material
- germano
- silico
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 258
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims description 61
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 81
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 174
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 106
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 94
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 94
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 79
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 70
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 60
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 47
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 35
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 28
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 21
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 9
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 silicon ions Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 4
- FNIHDXPFFIOGKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;dioxido(oxo)germane Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Ge]([O-])=O FNIHDXPFFIOGKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910020630 Co Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000080590 Niso Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005280 amorphization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910003849 O-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003872 O—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002808 Si–O–Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBWRJSSJWDOUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromium(ii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cr]Cl XBWRJSSJWDOUSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 2
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940099607 manganese chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012688 phosphorus precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 0 CC*(C)=***C*N Chemical compound CC*(C)=***C*N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008310 Si—Ge Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QXZUUHYBWMWJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Co].[Ni] QXZUUHYBWMWJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005619 boric acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001669 calcium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005829 chemical entities Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019219 chocolate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N germane Chemical group [GeH4] QUZPNFFHZPRKJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012907 honey Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002082 metal nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel zinc Chemical compound [Ni].[Zn] QELJHCBNGDEXLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OFNHPGDEEMZPFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanylidynenickel Chemical compound [P].[Ni] OFNHPGDEEMZPFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical compound [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052683 pyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008521 reorganization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical class NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
- C25D15/02—Combined electrolytic and electrophoretic processes with charged materials
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composite material, its use as a lubricating metal coating, and a method for its preparation.
- a so-called “electroless” coding process on a substrate is a process of incorporating particles during the process of growth of a catalyzed oxidation-reduction metal or alloy.
- An electrochemical coding method involves incorporating particles during the process of growing a metal or alloy onto a substrate to be coated from an electrolyte in an electrolysis cell.
- a PTFE lubricant coating in a nickel-based metal matrix by an "electroless” process from a suspension of PTFE in a nickel precursor solution is known by X. Hu, et al. (Plating and surface fmishing, March 1997). But coatings of this nature are not stable, the PTFE being destroyed at temperatures above 300 ° C.
- the development of antifriction deposits of NiP incorporating mineral nanoparticles of fullerene-WS 2 by an "electroless” process is described in particular by WX Chen, et al, Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2002].
- NiP-B 4 C lubricating coatings [Cf. JP Ge, et al., Plating and surface fmishing, October 1998].
- Ni-1 bnj coatings are described by M. Pushpavanam, et al., [(Metal Finishing, June 1995)] and composite coatings of nickel loaded into MoS 2 are described by Yu-Chi Chang, et al. , [Electrochimica Acta, vol. 43, Issues 3-4, 1998, p. 315-324]. In both cases, the coatings can be obtained electrochemically. However, boron nitrides have very low chemical resistance in acidic and basic medium.
- WO 2004/063428 describes a composite material comprising a metal matrix in which natural talc particles having an average dimension of less than 15 ⁇ m are distributed and carrying on their surface a compound derived from cellulose, fixed by replacing all or part of the hydroxyl groups, so as to impart hydrophilic properties to the talc (which is naturally strongly hydrophobic), allowing the formation of a suspension without precaution in an aqueous medium forming an electrolyte.
- the modified natural talc particles are in the general form of flakes having hydrophilic zones located essentially at the level of the peripheral edges of the particles, the main faces of these particles retaining hydrophobic properties. Consequently, during the elaboration of the composite material by electrolytic deposition (chemical or electrochemical), the talc particles spontaneously orient themselves mainly with their main faces extending in directions normal to the surface of the substrate to be coated. This orientation is unfavorable vis-à-vis the desired lubrication properties for which it would be desirable on the contrary that the sheets are oriented mainly parallel to the surface of the substrate.
- the particle size (fineness and particle size distribution of the powder particles) of a natural talc essentially depends on the mechanical grinding techniques and equipment used. From a natural talc, the powders obtained by mechanical grinding generally have a particle size of the order of a few micrometers to a few hundred micrometers.
- the finest natural lamellar talc particles that can be obtained have an average size that is always greater than 1 micron, and have a poorly controlled particle size distribution, often polymodal, non-symmetrical, and high dispersion.
- the composite material includes particles of natural talc of relatively large size, in any case of the same order of magnitude or greater than that of metal grains that form as electroplating progresses. These relatively large talc particles significantly affect the growth of the metal deposition and the oxidation-reduction and / or electrochemical phenomena that occur during deposition.
- natural talc compositions are not 100% pure. Indeed, there is currently no split solid composition of natural talc that is 100% pure; the particles of natural talc do not all respond to the chemical formula Si 4 Mg 3 O 10 (OH) 2 , which is thus very theoretical.
- the degree of purity (absence of mineralogical association with other minerals such as calcite, chlorite, pyrite, ...) and the nature of the impurities (contents more or less important in Fe, Al, F, and traces of Mn, Ti, Cr, Ni, Ca, Na and / or K) of a natural talc is a function of the original deposit.
- the object of the invention is to provide a composite material capable of forming a lubricating metal coating, which exhibits the properties of surface state, homogeneity, hardness and wear resistance conventionally required for mechanical parts. in contact and displacement relative to each other in a mechanical assembly, and lubricating properties stable at high temperatures, for example of the order of 800 0 C, and without requiring a break-in step.
- the invention aims to provide such a composite material whose mechanical properties are essentially those of the metal matrix that composes it, but with a coefficient of dynamic friction and a coefficient of friction under restrained movements greatly reduced.
- the invention aims to propose such a composite material in which tribological properties are improved (friction coefficients, wear rate %) but in which the other mechanical properties (strengths, moduli of elasticity, hardness, ...) are preserved, and correspond at least substantially to those of its metallic matrix. This is why the present invention relates to a composite material, its use as a self-lubricating coating of a substrate, and a process for its preparation.
- the invention therefore relates to a composite material comprising a metal matrix in which lamellar phyllosilicate mineral particles are distributed, characterized in that the lamellar phyllosilicate mineral particles are particles, called synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles, synthetic lamellar synthetic silico / germano-metallic minerals. hydrophilic having a mean size of between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the composite material according to the invention consists of a metal matrix in which are distributed synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles which are lamellar and hydrophilic.
- the synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles of a composite material according to the invention can be the subject of different variants, since they are hydrophilic lamellar and compatible with its production process.
- the nanoparticles are in fact embedded in the metallic grains of the metal matrix and do not significantly impair the quality and homogeneity of this metal matrix.
- the inventors have in particular succeeded in obtaining synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles which exhibit these properties, and remain stable up to high temperatures, typically of the order of 700 ° C. to 800 ° C., and which can be obtained with a particle size distribution. monodisperse and unimodal. These synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles are therefore particularly suitable for forming a composite material according to the invention suitable for use as a lubricating metal coating.
- a composite material according to the invention comprises, as nanoparticles synthetic phyllosilicates, nanoparticles, called synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles, of formula - (Si x Ge 1- ⁇ ) 4 M 3 O 10 (OH) 2 - in which:
- M denotes at least one divalent metal and having the formula Mgyw C °y (2) Z n ⁇ ) C-Uy (4) Mriy (5) Fe ⁇ N1 ⁇ 7 ; C ⁇ y (8) ; each y (i) being a
- y (i) refers to the ratio [number of octahedral sites occupied by a metal cation (i) considered] / [total number of octahedral sites].
- x corresponds to the following ratio: number of tetrahedral sites occupied by the cations Si + total number of tetrahedral sites
- a first process for the preparation of such synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles according to the invention is characterized by a hydrothermal treatment of a silico / germano-metallic gel of formula - (Si x Ge I- x ) 4 M 3 On, n H 2 O -, in the liquid state. Preparation of the gel
- an initial coprecipitate is formed by a reaction between a solution of sodium metasilicate with a solution of magnesium chloride (or nickel).
- a highly hydrated silicometallic gel is obtained, of gelatinous consistency and having the chemical formula: If 4 Mg 3 ⁇ n, 11 ⁇ 2 O (or Si 4 Ni 3 ⁇ n, 11 ⁇ 2 O).
- a series of centrifugation and washing with distilled water makes it possible to rid this silicometallic gel of the NaCl formed at the end of the coprecipitation reaction.
- the starting silico / germano-metallic gel which is directly subjected to the hydrothermal treatment, is in the form of a highly hydrated substance having a gelatinous consistency.
- This gel by its thixotropic behavior, can be made liquid by simple mechanical agitation.
- the starting silico / germano-metallic gel is prepared by a coprecipitation reaction between:
- a liquid composition comprising at least one saline solution chosen from: a solution of sodium metasilicate (Na 2 OSiO 2 ) and a solution of sodium metagermanate (Na 2 OGeO 2 ); the respective amounts of these two solutions being chosen to obtain a liquid composition having the following molar concentration ratios:
- a solution of metal chloride (s) comprising at least one divalent metal chloride chosen from: magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), cobalt chloride ( CoCl 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), copper chloride (CuCl 2 ), manganese chloride (MnCl 2 ), iron chloride (FeCl 2 ), chromium chloride (CrCl 2 ); with a molar concentration ratio for each of said metal chlorides, such as:
- an acidic metal chloride composition (MCI 2 , nH 2 O) is prepared by dissolving in a volume of water an appropriate amount of a composition of hygroscopic crystals of at least one metal chloride selected from: chloride magnesium (MgCl 2 ), nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), copper chloride (CuCl 2 ), manganese chloride (MnCl 2) ), iron chloride (FeCl 2 ), chromium chloride (CrCl 2 ); then add hydrochloric acid (HCl),
- a liquid composition is prepared by dissolving in a suitable volume of water an amount of at least one salt chosen from: sodium metasilicate and sodium metagermanate,
- the two aqueous compositions are mixed in selected proportions (stoichiometry of a talc (Si-Ge) 4 / M 3 ) to cause the formation of a coprecipitation gel.
- the amounts of the various reagents are chosen so that Na + and Cl "at the end of the co-precipitation reaction are present in equimolar amounts.
- the saline solution (Na +, CT) thus formed can be eliminated simply by making a liquid / solid separation.
- the silico / germano-metallic gel is recovered, for example by centrifugation or filtration, to undergo a hydrothermal treatment according to the invention.
- this coprecipitation gel at the same time it is freed of Na + and Cl " ions which are particularly harmful for good crystallization of the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles.
- at least one washing thereof is carried out with distilled water, in particular to rid it of all the Na + and Cl " ions of reaction. osmosis water, or simply with tap water.
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out for a period of time and with a temperature of between 300 ° C. and
- a complementary addition of water may be envisaged to prevent the calcination of the solid fraction (the starting gel, the final product, any intermediate products) .
- the need for this addition of water and the minimum amount of water to be added to avoid calcination depend essentially on the degree of hydration of the initial gel, the treatment temperature and the duration of this treatment.
- the duration of the hydro-thermal treatment which can go from one day to several days, has a great influence notably on the crystallinity of the synthetic mineral finally obtained.
- a hydrothermal treatment carried out at relatively high temperatures leads to the formation of synthetic mineral particles having structural characteristics (in particular lamellarity, crystallinity) very similar to those of natural talcs, and excellent thermal stability; and secondly, this first preparation method, in particular as a function of the choice of the temperature, makes it possible to extremely simple way of to synthesize synthetic, stable and pure silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles, of very precise and predictable size and crystalline characteristics.
- the hydrothermal treatment of said silico / germano-metallic gel is carried out by means of an autoclave.
- an autoclave made of steel with an internal lining made of titanium or stainless steel is used.
- the autoclave with said silico / germano-metallic gel, is added an amount of water (preferably distilled water) at least sufficient to create, inside this autoclave brought to the temperature of treatment, a saturated vapor atmosphere.
- water preferably distilled water
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a controlled pressure of the order of 16 bars.
- the hydro-thermal treatment is carried out with a liquefied silico / germano-metallic gel having a liquid / solid ratio of the order of 0.83; the amount of liquid being expressed in cm 3 , and the amount of solid, in grams.
- a liquefied silico / germano-metallic gel having a liquid / solid ratio of the order of 0.83; the amount of liquid being expressed in cm 3 , and the amount of solid, in grams.
- the hydrothermal treatment is carried out with stirring.
- stirring for this purpose, one can for example have a magnetic bar inside the autoclave.
- a composition is obtained in the form of a colloidal solution containing said synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles.
- These synthetic mineral nanoparticles, in solution in water can be in an individualized state with respect to each other.
- the particle size of these elementary nanoparticles may vary between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m, depending on the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment applied, temperature chosen between 300 0 C and 500 0 C.
- the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment is less than 400 0 C.
- a colloidal composition is recovered.
- this colloidal composition is used directly to incorporate it into a composite material according to the invention, in particular in the context of a process for the electrolytic deposition on a substrate of a coating constituted by such a composite material.
- said colloidal composition is subjected to a drying step followed by a mechanical grinding step to obtain a talcose composition comprising perfectly individualized silico / germano-metallic metal nanoparticles.
- the possible aggregates contained in the composition are thus reduced to individualized elementary nanoparticles.
- this mechanical grinding step does not have the effect of reducing the size of the nanoparticles, but only to disaggregate any aggregates resulting from the preparation process. It does not in any way harm the lamellarity and crystallinity of the nanoparticles.
- the particle size distribution of these elementary synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles obtained is substantially unimodal and monodisperse.
- the drying can be carried out by means of an oven; for example, at a temperature of the order of 60 ° C., for at least one to two days.
- the grinding is advantageously carried out mechanically; for example with a mortar, preferably agate to avoid any risk of contamination of the talcose composition.
- the hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of the order of 300 ° C., for example for a period of the order of 3 days.
- a temperature of the order of 300 ° C. for example for a period of the order of 3 days.
- elementary synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles whose granulometry is between 20 nm and 100 nm.
- this first preparation method makes it possible to obtain compositions of synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles which all have the same chemical entity. As it happens, it comes to nanoparticles silico / synthetic germanium and metal of formula (Si x Gei -x) M3 ⁇ io 4 (OH) 2 as indicated above.
- Si and Ge refer to silicon ions and / or germanium ions occupy the tetrahedral sites of the crystal lattice.
- M symbolizes the divalent metal cations of the octahedral sites (for example Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ and / or Cr 2+ ).
- this first preparation method makes it possible to obtain, as synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles, mineral nanoparticles corresponding to the chemical formula Si 4 Mg 3 ⁇ 10 (OH) 2 . It is then nanoparticles which can be qualified as "synthetic talcose nanoparticles", of chemical structure identical to that of a natural talc, but which are lamellar, crystalline, pure, of monodisperse and unimodal granulometry with an average size which can be between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the diffractogram corresponding to these synthetic talcose nanoparticles has a characteristic diffraction peak located at a distance of the order of 9.40-9.70 ⁇ , and corresponding to a plane ( 001).
- the corresponding diffraction peak is located at a distance of the order of 9.35 ⁇ .
- the synthetic talcose nanoparticles jointly have a good quality crystallinity and an extremely fine particle size, which can be between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- particles of such a fineness can be obtained with a "amorphization" (reduction of crystallinity) severe product.
- this amorphization is reflected in particular by a decrease in the intensity of the characteristic diffraction peaks, which are in particular the peaks located at: 9.35 ⁇ for the plane (001), 4.55 ⁇ for the plane (020), 3.14 ⁇ for plane (003), and 1.52 ⁇ for plane (060).
- said first preparation method is generalizable to all gels containing silicon / germanium and metal which correspond to the chemical formula (Si x Gei -x) 4 M 3 ⁇ n, n'H 2 ⁇ .
- the first preparation process thus allows the synthesis of compositions comprising nanoparticles silico / Germano synthetic metal of formula (Si x Gei -x) M3 ⁇ io 4 (OH) 2, which also share with natural talcs major structural similarities.
- each sheet has a crystalline structure composed of a layer of octahedra (occupied by divalent metal ions: Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ and / or Ni + ) interposed between two layers of inverted tetrahedra (occupied by Si 4+ and / or Ge 4+ ions).
- divalent metal ions Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ and / or Ni +
- the first preparation method thus makes it possible to obtain compositions similar to a talc composition, for example compositions so-called “germanifers”, that is to say compositions comprising nanoparticles of crystalline structure reminiscent of that of talc, but in which the Si 4+ cations tetrahedral sites are at least partly substituted by Ge 4+ cations.
- they may be so-called “derivative” or “functionalized” compositions, for example when the magnesium ions of the octahedral sites, in variable proportions, are replaced by other divalent cations in order to obtain nanoparticles at the same time.
- physical properties, in particular optical and / or electrical properties improved with respect to nanoparticles of natural talc.
- the infrared analyzes also make it possible to distinguish the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles thus obtained, not only with respect to natural talcs but also with respect to other known phyllosilicates, such as by example kerolites, stevensites, smectites.
- Synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles are characterized by their crystalline and lamellar structure whose X-ray diffraction analysis makes it possible to obtain a diffractogram having the characteristic diffraction peaks mentioned above.
- the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles obtained and incorporated in a composite material according to the invention have a diffraction peak of the plane (001) located at a distance of the order of 9.55-9.65 ⁇ .
- Synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles also have the particularity of being able to present more or less sustained color tints, which depend on the nature of the divalent metal cations (Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 2+ ) and their proportion in the crystal lattice.
- divalent metal cations Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cr 2+
- the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles are of a deep green or a pale green, when the Ni cations are preferred, at least in part, to the Mg + cations (of a conventional talc) to occupy the octahedral sites of the crystalline lattice.
- the octahedral lattices of the crystal lattice are, at least in part, occupied by cations:
- the talcose compositions are of a more or less pronounced rosé
- the talcose compositions are more or less pronounced blue, - Mn + , the talcose compositions are chocolate-colored,
- the talcose compositions have a color varying between gray and rust
- the talcose compositions are white,
- talcose compositions have a color ranging from green to blue.
- the first preparation method thus makes it possible to obtain colored synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles despite their great fineness.
- a composite material according to the invention can therefore be colored while retaining the properties mentioned above. Also, on the same principle of replacing the cations
- the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles may differ significantly of natural talc particles, in terms of their electrical and / or thermal conductance properties.
- synthetic rubber nanoparticles as mentioned above and capable of being incorporated in a composite material according to the invention as synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles may be prepared according to a second preparation method.
- a kerolite composition is subjected to a dry heat treatment at a pressure less than 5 bar, for a period (for example ranging from a few hours to several days) and with a processing temperature greater than 300 0 C.
- the duration and the temperature of the anhydrous heat treatment are chosen so as to obtain particles of thermally stable synthetic talc and of formula Si 4 Mg 3 O 10 (OH) 2 .
- This second preparation method results from the essential and surprising observation that an anhydrous heat treatment, carried out at a temperature of at least greater than 300 ° C., makes it extremely easy to convert a keratin composition into a composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles. this composition being stable and pure, very precisely defined and predictable characteristics.
- anhydrous heat treatment has the effect of inducing a progressive reorganization of the "pseudo-crystalline and hydrated" lamellar structure of a kerolite by reducing the lattice defects, and the relaxation water molecules trapped in the interfoliar spaces.
- Anhydrous heat treatment carried out at 300 ° C. effectively makes it possible to induce significant modifications on the structure of kerolites (modifications detectable in particular by infrared and X-ray diffraction analysis methods) capable of leading to the production of nanoparticles. synthetic talcums.
- the anhydrous heat treatment is thus carried out at a temperature of the order of 500-550 ° C. At such a temperature, synthetic talcose nanoparticles are obtained in about 5 hours.
- the treatment time is greater than 5 hours.
- the anhydrous heat treatment is carried out in the ambient air, inside a crucible, for example, ceramic or any other material adapted to the treatment temperature.
- anhydrous heat treatment Directly after an anhydrous heat treatment, recovering a raw substance, solid white color and corresponding to more or less coarse aggregates formed of elemental synthetic talcose nanoparticles, aggregated to each other.
- a mechanical grinding is provided at the end of the anhydrous heat treatment to loosen these aggregates into individualized elementary synthetic talcose nanoparticles and thus obtain a powdery composition.
- the dimensional distribution of these elemental synthetic talcose nanoparticles is substantially unimodal and monodisperse.
- a kerolite composition previously prepared from a silicometallic gel of chemical formula Si 4 Mg 3 O 1 ⁇ n 1 H 2 O is used, by means of a suitable hydrothermal treatment.
- the second preparation method also comprises and advantageously a preliminary step in which a kerolite composition is prepared, which will subsequently be subjected to an anhydrous heat treatment as previously stated.
- said kerolite composition is prepared from a silicometallic gel of formula Si 4 Mg 3 O 11 , nH 2 O, which has been subjected to a hydrothermal treatment at a pressure of saturating water, with a temperature of between 100.degree. 0 C and 24O 0 C, for a period of a day to a few months.
- the choice of parameters, in particular temperature and duration, of said hydrothermal treatment allows some control over the particle size of the particles of synthetic talc that will ultimately be obtained.
- the synthetic talcose nanoparticles that will ultimately be obtained will have a particle size ranging from 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m, with a substantially unimodal and monodisperse particle size distribution.
- the silicometallic gel is prepared by coprecipitation, as indicated above with reference to the first preparation process, according to the reaction:
- n 'and (m-n' + 1) being positive integers.
- the kerolite composition directly from the hydrothermal treatment of said silicometallic gel is dried and ground to obtain a pulverulent composition before subjecting it to said anhydrous heat treatment.
- the drying can be performed by means of an oven; for example, at a temperature of the order of 60 ° C., for at least one to two days.
- the grinding is advantageously carried out mechanically; for example with a mortar, preferably agate to avoid any risk of contamination of the composition of keratites.
- synthetic talcose nanoparticles obtained according to the second preparation method are characterized by an X-ray diffraction analysis which leads to a diffractogram having the following characteristic diffraction peaks:
- the diffraction peak corresponding to the (001) plane is located at a distance of the order of 9.40-9.43 ⁇ .
- the second preparation method makes it possible to obtain synthetic talcose nanoparticles which have a particle size of less than 500 nm, in particular between 20 nm and 100 nm. These synthetic talcose nanoparticles also have a substantially unimodal and monodisperse granulometric distribution.
- a composite material according to the invention comprises, as synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles, synthetic lamellar phyllosilicate mineral nanoparticles, called TOT-TOT swelling inter-laminate nanoparticles, formed of an interstratification between: at least one non-swelling mineral phase formed by a stack of elementary layers of phyllogermanosilicate 2/1 type and chemical formula - (Si x Gei -x) M3 ⁇ io 4 (OH) 2 -, and
- At least one swelling mineral phase formed of a stack of elementary sheets of 2/1 phyllogermanosilicate type and at least one interfoliary space between two consecutive elementary sheets; said swelling mineral phase having the chemical formula
- M denotes at least one divalent metal and having the formula; each y (i) representing a number
- x being a real number of the interval [0; 1], - ⁇ and ⁇ 'relating respectively to the cationic deficit of the elementary sheets of the swelling phase, and to the cations present in the inter-linear space (s),
- Si and Ge refer to the silicon ions and / or germanium ions that occupy the tetrahedral sites of the crystal lattice.
- M symbolizes the divalent metal cations of the octahedral sites (for example Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ and / or Cr 2+ ).
- Smectites are the most diverse group of 2/1 clay minerals. In view of their structure, they are called type T. O. T. (tetrahedron octahedron tetrahedron) swelling.
- the octahedral layer of the smectites is formed by two planes of ions O 2 " and OH " (in the molar proportion O 2 VOH " of 2: 1).
- This middle layer comes from two-dimensional networks of tetrahedra, one of whose vertices is occupied by an oxygen of the octahedral layer, while the other three are by oxygen substantially coplanar.
- tetrahedral sites are generally occupied by Si 4+ or Al 3+ ions, and octahedral sites are usually occupied by Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Al 3+ and / or Fe 3 cations. + .
- a small proportion of the octahedral and / or tetrahedral sites are unoccupied and are responsible for the cationic deficit of the crystal lattice forming the elementary sheets.
- Smectites are also characterized by the presence of interfoliary spaces between the elemental layers that contain water and cations and form the swelling phase of the mineral.
- these interfoliary cations are generally Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and / or Na + ions.
- This particular structure gives the smectites the particularity of being able to easily form lamellar complexes with water and with many organic molecules, such as glycerol and ethylene glycol, which are inserted in the interfoliar space. Also, the interfoliar cations are weakly related to the rest of the network and are therefore likely to be exchanged with other cations, with more or less ease. We are talking about the cationic exchange capacity of the mineral.
- the aforementioned swelling OTs are mineral nanoparticles of cationic exchange structure and capacity reminiscent of those of natural smectites, but whose structural characteristics, such as crystallinity and ratio - swelling phase / non-swelling mineral phase -, in view of the particular parameters applied during of their preparation, can be predictable and / or relatively well defined.
- These swelling TOT-TOT interstratified nanoparticles are even more hydrophilic than the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles, have an even greater accessible surface, favoring the dispersion in the suspension of precursors of the metal matrix during the formation of the composite material. as described below, and the adsorption of nanoparticles on metal grains during metal growth, without hindering this metal growth.
- THIRD PROCESS OF PREPARATION Said swelling TOT-TOT interstratified nanoparticles are prepared according to a third preparation process characterized in that a hydrothermal treatment of a silico / germano-metallic gel of chemical formula - (Si x Ge I.
- ⁇ M 3 is, n'H 2 ⁇ - in the liquid state
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out for a time and at a temperature comprised between 15O 0 C and 300 0 C, chosen depending on the desired structural characteristics for said nanoparticles TOT-TOT interstratified swelling to be prepared
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a controlled pressure of the order of 16 bar and with stirring, for a given temperature and duration of hydrothermal treatment
- a complementary addition of water is carried out silico / germano-silicate gel so as to adjust the water / solid ratio representative of the silico / germano-metallic gel reaction mixture process, depending on the volume ratio - mineral phase swelling / non-swelling mineral phase - desired for the nanoparticles TOT TOT blowing to prepare.
- the starting silico / germano-metallic product which is directly subjected to the hydrothermal treatment, is in the form of a gel, that is to say a highly hydrated substance having a consistency gelatinous.
- This gel has a thixotropic behavior and is made liquid by simple agitation mechanical.
- the starting silico / germano-metallic gel is advantageously prepared by a coprecipitation reaction as described above with reference to the first preparation process.
- the additional addition of water also makes it possible to prevent the calcination of the solid fraction (the starting gel, the final product, any intermediate products).
- the need for this addition of water and the minimum amount of water to be added to avoid calcination depend essentially on the degree of hydration of the initial gel, the treatment temperature and the duration of this treatment. Nevertheless, the water / solid proportion chosen to perform the hydrothermal treatment is not insignificant, it influences some of the physicochemical and structural properties of inter-laminate nanoparticles T. O. T. -T. O. inflating T. which will be obtained in the end.
- this proportion has a significant influence on the crystallinity of the product and on the proportion - swelling mineral phase / non-swelling mineral phase - and thus in fine especially on the cation exchange capacity of the product obtained, as well as on the capacity of it to be loaded into various molecules and substances.
- the duration of the hydro-thermal treatment which can go from one day to several days, has a great influence notably on the crystallinity of the synthetic mineral finally obtained.
- the hydrothermal treatment of said silico / germano-metallic gel is carried out by means of an autoclave.
- an autoclave steel liner polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®), titanium or stainless steel is used.
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of the order of 22O 0 C, for a duration of the order of 15 days.
- said hydrothermal treatment is carried out at a temperature of the order of 300 ° C., for a duration of the order of 5 hours.
- a synthetic mineral composition is obtained in the form of a colloidal solution containing said nanoparticles of interflatifying TOT-TOT swelling.
- These synthetic mineral nanoparticles, in solution in water can be found either in a more or less individualized state relative to each other, or are organized into more or less coarse aggregates formed of elementary nanoparticles of inter-laminate TOT-TOT swelling, aggregated to each other.
- a colloidal composition is recovered that can be used as it is, or alternatively subjected to a drying step followed by a mechanical grinding step, as indicated above. with reference to the first preparation method, to obtain a solid composition comprising individual TOT-TOT interstratified nanoparticles.
- compositions obtained by the third method of preparation Among the interlaminated nanoparticle compositions
- TOT-TOT swelling that can be obtained by this third preparation process and used in a composite material according to the invention include, by way of particular example, synthetic talc-stevensite interlayer compositions in which the mineral nanoparticles form an interstratification between: a stack of talc sheets, of formula - Si 4 Mg 3 ⁇ 10 (OH) 2 -, which forms the non-swelling mineral phase, and
- the third preparation method allows to obtain nanoparticles compositions TOT-TOT interstratified interlayers of compositions analogous to a talc-stevensite interstratified composition, for example, so-called "germaniferous" compositions, in which at least a part of the Si 4+ cations of the tetrahedral sites is substituted with Ge cations. 4+.
- these analyzes made it possible to establish the influence of the representative water / solid ratio of the silico / germano-metallic gel reaction mixture on the proportion of the swelling phase in the prepared synthetic mineral. For a given temperature and a given hydrothermal treatment time, the higher the ratio, the less the part corresponding to the swelling phase.
- the synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles of a composite material according to the invention are chosen from the group consisting of:
- the invention also extends to a composite material characterized in that said synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles are obtained by a preparation process selected from the first preparation method, the second preparation method and the third preparation method mentioned above.
- the composite material comprises a volume proportion of synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles of less than 20% (and greater than 0%).
- the synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles are distributed individually and dispersed within the metal matrix, more particularly within the grains of the metal matrix.
- the metal matrix consists of a metal chosen from Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu, W, Mo, Zn, Au, Ag, Pt, Sn, by an intermetallic compound or an alloy of several metals selected from the above-mentioned metals, or an alloy of one or more of said metals with a metalloid.
- the metal matrix may consist of a metal selected from the abovementioned metals, alone, or in the form of intermetallic compound, or in the form of an alloy of several metals, or in the form of an alloy with a metalloid.
- Composite materials whose matrix is nickel, a metal alloy of nickel with other metals, or a nickel alloy with a metalloid (for example NiP) are particularly interesting.
- a coating constituted by a composite material according to the invention may be deposited electrolytically on the substrate to be treated.
- the method of depositing on a substrate a coating constituted by the composite material according to the invention consists in performing an electrolytic deposition using a solution of precursors of the metal matrix of the coating. It is characterized in that the precursor solution further contains synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles.
- the invention extends to a method of depositing on a substrate a coating constituted by a composite material comprising a metal matrix in which lamellar phyllosilicate mineral particles are distributed, characterized in that it consists in carrying out an electrolytic deposition using a precursor solution of the metal matrix of the coating which furthermore contains nanoparticles, called phyllosilicate nanoparticles hydrophilic synthetic synthetic silico / germano-metallic minerals having a mean dimension of between 10 nm and 1 ⁇ m.
- the deposition process is carried out chemically, by contacting the surface of the substrate to be coated with the solution containing the precursors of the metal matrix, the synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles, and a compound acting as a catalyst for the oxidation reduction of the precursors of the metal matrix of the coating.
- said catalyst is deposited beforehand on the substrate.
- the deposition method is implemented electrochemically in an electrochemical cell in which said substrate to be coated constitutes the cathode and the electrolyte is a precursor solution of the metal matrix of the coating further containing the synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles.
- the anode of the electrochemical cell is constituted by the metal forming the matrix or an insoluble anode.
- the precursors of the metal matrix are chosen from ionic compounds, complexed or non-complexed, reducible in solution by chemical means or by addition of electrons.
- ionic compounds such as chlorides, sulphates and sulphamates, as well as complexes such as citrates and acetates.
- the precursor solution further contains one or more compounds for adjusting the pH to the desired value, as well as the modified talc particles.
- the electrolyte is a solution containing at least one nickel salt selected from nickel sulfate and nickel chloride, a pH regulating agent and a supporting electrolyte.
- a particularly preferred pH regulator is boric acid; at pH 4.5, it forms a complex with nickel by releasing H + and thus balances the reduction of H + ions at the cathode.
- sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and sodium bromide may be mentioned.
- an electrolyte containing at least one nickel salt chosen from nickel sulphate and chloride, a pH-regulating agent, a phosphorus precursor and a supporting electrolyte H 3 PO 3 is advantageously chosen phosphorus precursor.
- the pH regulator may be chosen from H 3 PO 4 and H 3 BO 3 , H 3 PO 4 being particularly preferred.
- a supporting electrolyte mention may be made, for example, of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and sodium bromide.
- a coating comprising a zinc-nickel matrix is deposited electrochemically, it is possible to use basic or acidic electrolytes containing at least one nickel salt chosen from nickel sulphate and chloride, at least one zinc oxide or one zinc salt such as zinc chloride, a complexing agent of the amine type and a supporting electrolyte such as for example KCl.
- the process is carried out under the usual conditions of electrochemical deposition.
- the duration of the electrolysis depends in particular on the desired thickness for the coating.
- the temperature in the electrochemical cell is advantageously between 0 ° C. and 9 ° C. and the current density applied to the cell is between 0.1 and 10 A. dm " .
- anode is of the soluble anode type, constituted by the metal to be deposited.
- a proportion of synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles is used such that the volume proportion of these synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles in the coating obtained is less than 20% (and of course greater than 0%).
- the substrate may be constituted by an intrinsically conductive material (for example a metal or an alloy) used in solid state or in the form of a coating on any support.
- the substrate may further consist of an insulating or semiconductor material (for example a polymer or a ceramic) whose surface to be treated has been rendered conductive by a preliminary metallization step.
- the mechanical properties of the composite coatings were tested with a pion-disk tribometer in which the pin (which constitutes the antagonist body) is a 100C6 steel ball having a hardness of 1000 Hv.
- the pin which constitutes the antagonist body
- the adhesion of nickel to the steel is manifested by a high coefficient of friction and a high wear rate of the steel ball.
- the disc used consists of a composite material comprising a nickel matrix and synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles according to the invention, the coefficient of friction and the wear rate are greatly reduced.
- the invention also relates to a composite material, a substrate, a lubricating coating and a deposition process characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or below.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a coating formed of a composite material according to the state of the art
- FIG. 2 shows three absorption spectra recorded in the mid-infrared, corresponding to three different synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticle compositions that may be incorporated in a composite material according to the invention
- FIG. 3 corresponds to an enlargement of previous spectra at the area between 3850 cm- 1 and 3500 cm- 1 ,
- FIG. 4 shows the area between 6000 cm -1 to 8000 cm -1 of three absorption spectra recorded in the near infrared, corresponding to the three compositions of FIG. 1
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show the X-ray diffractograms corresponding to the three compositions of FIG. 2, and to a fourth particular composition of synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles,
- FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c represent scanning electron micrographs of a composition of synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles that can be incorporated in a composite material according to the invention
- FIGS. 8 and 9 correspond to micrographs taken in transmission electron microscopy, illustrating the nanometric size and the substantially unimodal and monodisperse distribution, of synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles of three particular compositions,
- FIG. 10 shows the diffractograms corresponding to the X-ray diffraction analysis performed on four nanoparticle compositions of T.O.T. Blowing O. T., prepared according to the third preparation method with different water / solid proportions, during the hydrothermal treatment,
- FIGS. 11a to 11d are X-ray diffraction analyzes carried out on ethylene glycol and calcium saturated oriented slides, prepared with the four preceding compositions of interlayer nanoparticles T.O. T. -T. O. swelling,
- FIG. 12 shows three absorption spectra recorded in the mid-infrared, which correspond to three inter-laminate nanoparticle compositions T.O.T. O. T. particular swelling,
- FIGS. 13a and 13b correspond to enlargements of the spectra of FIG. 1, made at the level of particular zones,
- FIG. 14 corresponds to absorption spectra recorded in the near infrared, illustrating the conversion by an anhydrous heat treatment of a swelling TOT-TOT inter-laminate nanoparticle composition according to the invention into a composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles
- FIG. 15 shows three diffractograms corresponding to the X-ray diffraction analysis of the mineral compositions of FIGS. 12, 13a, 13b and 14, and confirms the observations thereof,
- FIGS. 16 and 17 are diagrammatic representations which respectively illustrate the crystalline organization of synthetic nanoparticles obtained after conversion by an anhydrous thermal treatment of nanoparticles of interlaminar T.O. T. -T. O. blowing T. obtained according to the third method of preparation, and the crystalline organization of nanoparticles interstratified T. O. T. -T. Blowing O. T. obtained according to the third method of preparation, - Figure 18 shows three absorption spectra recorded in the middle infrared, and corresponding to three mineral compositions of particular synthetic talcose nanoparticles,
- FIGS. 19a and 19b correspond to enlargements of the spectra of FIG. 18, at the level of particular zones;
- FIG. 20 shows three absorption spectra recorded in the near infrared, corresponding to these three mineral compositions of synthetic talcose nanoparticles,
- FIG. 21 shows the diffractograms corresponding to the X-ray diffraction analysis performed on three other mineral compositions of particular synthetic talcose nanoparticles
- FIG. 22 shows the comparative diffractograms between a composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles prepared according to the second preparation method, and a sample of natural talc, also of nanometric size, but obtained by intensive mechanical grinding
- FIG. 23 is a diagram. illustrating a coating formed of a composite material according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 represents a coating formed of a composite material according to WO 2004/063428 comprising particles 2 of modified natural talc incorporated in a metal matrix formed of grains 3, this metal matrix being deposited on a substrate 4.
- the particles 2 extend substantially in a direction normal to the surface of the substrate 4, and the The size of these particles 2 is of the same order of magnitude as the size of the metallic grains 3. Consequently, the particles 2 of natural talc are interposed between the grains, impede the growth of the metal grains during the deposition, and extend into protrusion at the free surface of the coating, causing a high roughness of the latter after the deposition step.
- the incorporation of natural talc induces that of impurities.
- a silico / germano-metallic gel is prepared by coprecipitation according to the following reaction equation:
- This coprecipitation reaction makes it possible to obtain a hydrous silico / germano-metallic gel having the stoichiometry of a natural talc (4 Si / Ge for 3 M). It is implemented from:
- the preparation of the silico / germano-metallic gel is carried out according to the following protocol: 1. the hydrochloric acid solutions and the metal chloride solution (or metals) are mixed,
- This gel exhibits a thixotropic behavior, that is to say that it goes from a viscous state to a liquid state when it is agitated, then returns to its initial state after a certain rest period.
- the silico / germano-metallic gel as previously obtained is subjected to a hydrothermal treatment, at a temperature of 300 ° C. to 500 ° C. To do this:
- the gel in liquefied form, is placed in a reactor / autoclave; optionally the liquid / solid ratio is adjusted to a value of the order of 0.83 (the quantity of liquid being expressed in cm 3 , and the amount of solid, in grams), 2. the reactor / autoclave is placed at a temperature of inside an oven, at the reaction temperature (established between 300 0 C and 500 0 C), throughout the duration of the treatment.
- the inventors have been able to observe that the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment depended on the particle size of the particles. The lower this temperature, the smaller the synthesized particles (of the order of 10 nanometers at 300 0 C, up to 1 micrometer for a temperature of the order of 500 0 C). Also, the inventors were able to note that the duration of the treatment depended essentially on the crystallinity and the thermal stability of the synthesized particles.
- the hydrothermal treatment should be of sufficient duration to allow conversion of the initial gelatinous mass into a crystallized solid material and thermally stable.
- the silico / germano-metallic gel gradually loses its gelatinous consistency to adopt a particulate crystalline structure whose crystallinity increases with time. This gradual crystallization of the material can be observed by an X-ray diffraction analysis, and is reflected on the corresponding diffractograms by the appearance of characteristic peaks which are refined and intensified throughout the treatment.
- a colloidal synthetic composition comprising pure crystalline synthetic lamellar phyllosilicate (silico / germano-metallic) nanoparticles suspended in water.
- a subsequent treatment in particular:
- the contents of the reactor are filtered to recover the solid phase
- the solid composition is dried in an oven at 60 ° C., for 1 day,
- the solid composition is ground with an agate mortar.
- FIGS. 2 to 4 present the results of analyzes carried out respectively in mid-infrared and near-infrared, on the following three synthetic compositions: a composition of synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles of formula Si 4 Mg 3 ⁇ 10 (OH) 2 prepared according to the first preparation method (with an octahedral cation, Mg), with a hydrothermal treatment of 300 ° C. for 3 days (in the figures, this composition is referenced: PS Mg 300 ° C.),
- composition of synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles of formula Si 4 Ni 3 O 10 (OH) 2 prepared according to the first preparation method (with for octahedral cation, Ni), with a hydrothermal treatment of 300 ° C. for 3 days (in the figures, this composition is referenced: PS Ni 300 ° C.),
- composition of synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles of formula Si 4 (C 0 0 , 5 N 10 , 5 ) 3 O 10 (OH) 2 prepared according to the first preparation method (with octahedral cations, Co + Ni in equimolar proportions) ), with a hydrothermal treatment of 300 0 C for 3 days (in the figures, this composition is referenced: PS Co Ni 300 0 C).
- RX diffractograms were recorded on an XPERT-MPD (PanAnalytical) device.
- Measurement step 2 ⁇ is 0.01 ° with an accumulation time of 2 sec / step.
- the acceleration voltage is 40 kV, the intensity of 55 mA.
- the Bragg relation giving equi structural distance is:
- FIG. 5 presents the results of analyzes carried out on the same three compositions as previously cited: - Si 4 Mg 3 O 0 (OH) 2 , referenced: PS Mg 300 0 C
- FIG. 6 presents an X-ray diffractogram of an articulated nanoparticle composition of formula Ge 4 Fe 3 O 1 O (OH) 2 prepared in accordance with the first preparation method.
- the synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles obtained differ from a natural talc in that they are hydrophilic, which is visually observed by a simple contact of the nanoparticles with water.
- FIG. 7a, 7b and 7c relate to the observation of a composition of synthetic silico / germano-metallic nanoparticles (phyllosilicate), which can be qualified as synthetic talcose nanoparticles, prepared with a hydrothermal treatment of 300 ° C., a duration of 3 days, of formula Si 4 Mg3 ⁇ io (OH) 2 .
- FIG. 8 relates to the observation of a composition of synthetic silico-metallic nanoparticles prepared with a hydrothermal treatment of 300 ° C., of a duration of 3 days, of formula Si 4 Ni 3 ⁇ 10 (OH) 2 .
- the nanoparticles are perfectly lamellar, pure, and that the particle size of the elementary nanoparticles varies between 20 nm and 100 nm.
- FIG. 9 relates to the observation of a composition of synthetic silico-metallic nanoparticles of formula Si 4 Mg 3 ⁇ 0 (OH) 2 , obtained after a hydrothermal treatment of 400 ° C., lasting for 30 days.
- the silico / germano-metallic gel as previously obtained is subjected to a hydrothermal treatment, at a temperature of 150 ° C. to 300 ° C.
- the gel in liquefied form, is placed in a reactor (40 ml); optionally the water / solid ratio is adjusted, in particular to avoid calcination of the solid fraction); in order to avoid any problem of leakage of the reactor, it is filled to 2/3 of its volume,
- the reactor is placed inside an oven, at the reaction temperature (set between 150 ° C. and 300 ° C.), throughout the duration of the treatment.
- the silico / germano-metallic gel gradually loses its initial consistency to become a particulate solid composition whose crystallinity increases with time. This gradual crystallization of the material can be observed by X-ray diffraction analysis and, on the corresponding diffractograms, results in the appearance of characteristic peaks which are refined and intensified throughout the treatment.
- colloidal composition comprising inter-laminate nanoparticles T.O.T.-T.O.T. swelling, in solution in water.
- colloidal composition obtained directly, or, alternatively, to carry out the following post-treatment:
- nanoparticles of inter-laminate T.O.T. O. T. inflating type are provided.
- compositions of interstratified nanoparticles TOT-TOT swelling are compositions of TOT-TOT interbedded nanoparticles swelling talc-stevensite type prepared with a hydrothermal treatment at 22O 0 C, at 16 bar and for 21 days. These four compositions are distinguished from each other by the water / solid proportions which were used during the hydrothermal treatment of silicometallic gels - Si 4 Mg 3 ⁇ , n'H 2 ⁇ -.
- compositions are designated R100, R50, R25 and R10 with reference to the water / solid proportion used (the quantity of water being expressed in liters and the amount of solid in kg).
- composition R100 30 ml of water per 300 mg of solid (solid fraction of the gel), composition R50: 20 ml of water per 400 mg of solid,
- composition R25 20 ml of water per 800 mg of solid
- composition RIO 10 ml of water per 1000 mg of solid.
- Figure 1 shows the results of X-ray diffraction analyzes obtained with the four preceding compositions.
- the diffractograms were recorded on a device
- Measurement step 2 ⁇ is 0.01 ° with an accumulation time of 2 sec / step.
- the acceleration voltage is 40 kV, and the intensity of
- the X-ray diffractograms have, in the (020), (003) and (060) planes, diffraction peaks whose positions are very close to those of the characteristic diffraction peaks of a natural talc:
- the position of the corresponding diffraction peaks is situated at a distance varying between 9.71 ⁇ and 10.32 ⁇ . This distance differs significantly from 9.35 ⁇ representative of the plane (001) of a natural talc.
- This offset of the peak corresponding to the plane (001) as well as the presence of a peak pointed at a distance of the order of 14-15 ⁇ , in particular at 14.6 ⁇ reflects an interstratification of the non-swelling talcous mineral phase, with another mineral phase, the stevensite, which forms the swelling mineral phase. This is confirmed, on the one hand, by the finding that the greater the relative amount of stevensite in the mineral particles, the higher the diffraction peak of the (001) plane shifts towards the small diffraction angles.
- the pellet is resuspended in 1N CaCl 2 solution; the mixture is vortexed for about 30 seconds, then allowed to stand for about 12 hours,
- the pellet is washed with osmosis water: after addition of the osmosis water, the mixture is vortexed and ultrasonized for 10 seconds, then allowed to stand for about 1 hour before being centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 15 minutes to remove the supernatant; this washing is repeated 5 times,
- the pellet which corresponds to a saturated calcium product, is taken up in osmosis water, the mixture is vortexed for 30 seconds and ultrasonicated for 10 seconds, 7. the solution thus prepared is taken with a pipette and put it on a glass slide, 8. Once the slide is dried, ethylene glycol is sprayed onto it and allowed to act for 5 minutes; this blade is now saturated with calcium and ethylene glycol and is ready for analysis.
- Figures l ia to Hd show the X-ray diffractograms obtained. Table 1 below summarizes the data.
- FIG. 12 presents the results of analyzes carried out in medium-infrared transmission on:
- composition of inter laminate nanoparticles TOT-TOT talc stevensite prepared according to the general hydrothermal treatment protocol of the third preparation method described above, in the following particular conditions: the hydrothermal treatment is carried out at 22O 0 VS for 24 hours, with a ratio of distilled water to gel of 0.83 (200 g of pulverulent composition per 166 cm 3 of water),
- a first composition of nanoparticles composed of synthetic talcose (Ts 300 0 C-5h) obtained from the composition of nanoparticles of TOT-TOT swelling talc-stevensite (Its) above and with an anhydrous heat treatment of 300 ° C. C, for a period of 5 hours
- a second composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles (Ts 500 0 C - 5h) obtained from the composition of nanoparticles of TOT-TOT swelling talc-stévensite (Its) preceding and with a anhydrous heat treatment of 500 ° C. for a period of 5 hours.
- the acquisition of the infrared spectra was carried out with a NICOLET 510-FTIR spectrometer over a range of 4000 to 400 cm -1 .
- FIGS. 13a and 13b show enlargements of the zones in which the vibration bands at 3678 cm -1 , at 1018 cm -1 and at 669 cm -1 are located .
- the treated mineral composition acquires a crystallinity and a degree of hydration that are very comparable to those of a natural talc in a relatively short time (as early as 5 hours). about treatment).
- Figure 15 presents the results of analyzes performed on:
- Ts 55O 0 C synthetic talcose nanoparticles obtained from the above TOT-TOT swellant talc-stevensite inter-laminate nanoparticle composition and with an anhydrous heat treatment of 55O 0 C, for a period of 5 hours.
- the characteristic peaks of talc intensify with an anhydrous heat treatment both at 55O 0 C and 300 0 C, and this intensity increases with the duration of treatment. After only 5 hours of an anhydrous heat treatment of 55O 0 C, the characteristic diffraction peaks of talc are refined. In particular, the diffraction peak of the (001) plane changes from a position at 9.64 ⁇ to 9.50 ⁇ ; it is very close to the value of 9.35 ⁇ characteristic of a natural talc.
- This difference in values may reflect a very small size of the nanoparticles (nanometric size) and / or a slight residual hydration of the synthetic talcose nanoparticles, which increases the inter-reticular distance d (001) due to the presence of the intercalated water molecules. between the sheets corresponding to the talc structure.
- this hydration is less and less pronounced with a longer duration of anhydrous heat treatment.
- a measurement of the width at mid-height of the peaks of the planes (001), (020), (003) and (060) shows the evolution of the crystallinity and confirms that, for a treatment temperature greater than 300 ° C., the more the synthesis time increases, the more the crystallinity of the synthetic talcose nanoparticles improves (the width at half height decreases with the treatment time).
- the X-ray diffractograms shown in FIG. 15 also show the presence of the diffraction peaks characteristic of sodium chloride (NaCl). The presence of these peaks indicates an insufficient washing and rinsing of the silicometallic gel, prior to the hydrothermal treatment. In this case, the three compositions analyzed were prepared with only one wash cycle of the silicometallic gel.
- FIGS 16 and 17 which show schematically the crystalline structure, synthetic talcose nanoparticles and nanoparticles of TOT-TOT swelling inter-laminate talc-stevensite obtained, have a microscopic organization superimposed elementary sheets 1.
- Each sheet 1 has a crystalline structure composed of a layer of octahedra 4 occupied by divalent metal cations, in this case Mg 2+ .
- Each of these octahedral layers is interposed between two layers of tetrahedrons 3.
- the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles of inter-laminate T.O. T.-T. O. T. swelling talc-stevensite is characterized by the presence of metal cation gaps at certain octahedral sites of the elementary sheets 1. These cationic vacancies explain the low crystallinity observed especially on X-ray diffractograms.
- the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles of inter-laminate T.O. T.-T. O. T. swelling talc-stevensite is also characterized by an irregular stacking of elementary sheets 1 and the presence of interfoliary spaces 2 at which water molecules and hydrated cations infiltrate. These cations infiltrated into the interfoliar spaces 2 make it possible to compensate for the loss of charge due to the cationic gaps in the mineral phase.
- the crystalline edifice thus remains in a relatively neutral state.
- interfoliar cations are weakly related to the rest of the network and are therefore likely to be exchanged by other cations. Also, the interfoliar spaces 2 are more or less expansible. Within these interfoliar spaces, various substances can be introduced.
- the synthetic talcose nanoparticles are prepared according to the second preparation method which consists of an anhydrous heat treatment of a keratin composition.
- This anhydrous heat treatment is carried out at low pressure, less than 5 bar (for example, at atmospheric pressure) and at a temperature greater than 300 ° C.
- This anhydrous heat treatment makes it possible to convert a kerolite into perfectly crystallized synthetic talcose nanoparticles and thermally stable.
- the particle size of these synthetic talcose nanoparticles can be determined and adjusted according to the characteristics of the starting kerolite, and the process for preparing this kerolite. 1 / - Preparation of the silicometallic gel
- the silicometallic gel is prepared by a coprecipitation reaction according to the following equation:
- This coprecipitation reaction makes it possible to obtain a hydrated silicometallic gel having the stoichiometry of talc (4 Si per 3 Mg). It is carried out starting from: 1. an aqueous solution of penta-hydrated sodium metasilicate, prepared by diluting 0.1 mole of sodium metasilicate in 250 cm -3 of distilled water, 2. a solution of sodium chloride, magnesium, prepared by diluting 0.075 mole of magnesium chloride (in the form of hygroscopic crystals) in 50 cm "3 of distilled water, and 3. 50 cm" 3 N hydrochloric acid.
- the gel is washed with water, for example with distilled water, osmosis or simply with tap water (at least two cycles of washing / centrifugation).
- the silicometallic aggregates obtained are milled with an agate mortar until a homogeneous powder is obtained. This pulverulent silicometallic composition is then subjected to a hydrothermal treatment to obtain a kerolite composition. To do this :
- the powdered silicometallic composition is placed in a reactor (autoclave) with distilled water in a liquid / solid ratio of 0.83 (for example 200 g of pulverulent composition per 166 cm 3 of water),
- the reactor is placed in an oven at a temperature of the order of 22O 0 C and for a processing time of one day or more,
- the previously prepared kerolite composition is then subjected to an anhydrous heat treatment. To do this, it is placed in a platinum crucible and is heated. It is also possible to use a ceramic crucible, or any other material adapted to the treatment temperature. The heating of said composition is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
- Figure 18 presents the results of analyzes carried out in medium-infrared on:
- a kerolite composition prepared according to the method previously described; a first composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles
- Ts 500 0 C - 5h A second composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles obtained from the previous kerolites composition and with an anhydrous heat treatment of 500 0 C, for a period of 5 hours.
- the acquisition of the infrared spectra was carried out with a Nicolet 510-FTIR spectrometer over a range of 4000 to 400 cm -1 .
- Figures 19a and 19b show enlargements of the areas where localized vibration bands at 3678 cm- 1 , 1018 cm- 1 and 669 cm- 1 . Measurements have also been carried out in diffuse reflection in the near infrared in order to visualize the vibration of the Mg 3 -OH bond pointed at 7185 cm -1
- Figure 20 shows an enlargement of the zone between 6000 cm -1 to 8000 cm- 1
- the preceding analyzes confirm that an anhydrous heat treatment, in particular at 300 0 C or 500 0 C, makes it possible to transform a composition of kerolites into a composition of synthetic talcose nanoparticles. Nevertheless, with an anhydrous heat treatment carried out at a temperature of the order of 300 ° C. only, obtaining a degree of hydration similar to that of a natural talc is long. On the other hand, with an anhydrous heat treatment at a temperature of the order of 500 ° C., the treated mineral composition acquires a crystallinity and a degree of hydration that are very comparable to those of a natural talc in a relatively short time (as early as 5 hours). about treatment).
- Figure 21 presents the results of analyzes carried out on: a composition of synthetic kerolites (Ker.) prepared according to the coprecipitation method described above,
- Ts 55O 0 C synthetic talcose nanoparticles obtained from the preceding kerolites composition and with an anhydrous heat treatment of 55O 0 C, for a period of 5 hours.
- Measurement step 2 ⁇ is 0.01 ° with an accumulation time of 2 sec / step.
- the acceleration voltage is 40 kV, the intensity of 55 mA.
- the Bragg relation giving the structural equidistance is These analyzes confirm what has been observed in infrared spectroscopy.
- the characteristic peaks of the talc structure intensify with an anhydrous heat treatment both at 55O 0 C and 300 0 C, and this intensity increases with the duration of treatment.
- the diffraction peaks characteristic of the talc structure are refined.
- the diffraction peak corresponding to the (001) plane passes from a position at 9.64 ⁇ to 9.50 ⁇ ; it is very close to the value of 9.35 ⁇ characteristic of a natural talc.
- This difference in values reflects a very slight residual hydration of the synthetic talcose nanoparticles and / or a very small size of the nanoparticles (nanometric size).
- the hydration is less and less pronounced when the duration of the anhydrous heat treatment increases.
- a measurement of the width at mid-height of the peaks of the planes (001), (020), (003) and (060) shows the evolution of the crystallinity and confirms that, for a treatment temperature greater than 300 ° C., plus the synthesis time increases, the crystallinity of the nanoparticles improves (the width at half height decreases with the treatment time).
- the diffractograms presented in FIG. 21 also show the presence of the diffraction peaks characteristic of sodium chloride (NaCl). The presence of these peaks indicates an insufficient washing and rinsing of the silicometallic gel, prior to the hydrothermal treatment. In this case, the three compositions analyzed were prepared with only one wash cycle of the silicometallic gel.
- FIG. 22 presents, for comparison, an X-ray diffractogram of a sample of synthetic talcose nanoparticles (Talc synth.), Of nanometric size, between 20 and 100 nm, and of a sample of natural talc (Talc nat.) according to the state of the art mechanically milled until particles having a particle size of about 70-120 nm are obtained.
- Natural talc (nanoscale talc) is also differentiated from synthetic talcose nanoparticles (Talc synth.) By a much lower intensity of these diffraction peaks.
- the synthetic talcose nanoparticles and the synthetic keratin nanoparticles have a microscopic organization in superimposed elementary sheets, similar to that shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, the number of which varies from a few units to a few tens of units.
- the crystalline structure of the elementary sheets is constituted by the association of two tetrahedral layers located on either side of an octahedral layer.
- the octahedral layer is formed of two planes of ions O 2 " and OH " (in the molar ratio O VOH " of 2: 1).
- On both sides of this median layer come three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra one of whose vertices is occupied by an oxygen common to the tetrahedral layer and the octahedral layer, while the other three are occupied by substantially coplanar oxygens belonging to a tetrahedral layer.
- the tetrahedral cavities are occupied by Si 4+ ions and the octahedral cavities are occupied by the Mg + cations.
- the crystal lattice of synthetic keratin nanoparticles has gaps; a small proportion of the octahedral sites are not occupied. This results in a cationic deficit.
- This cationic deficit is largely filled by the presence of cations, called compensating cations, which occupy the interfoliar spaces.
- compensating cations which occupy the interfoliar spaces.
- EXAMPLE 4 Nickel-Based Composite Coating
- the synthetic nanoparticles obtained in Examples 1 to 3 are hydrophilic lamellar synthetic phyllosilicate nanoparticles which can be used to produce a lubricating composite coating by electrolytic deposition comprising a metal matrix in which these nanoparticles are dispersed.
- Example 4 the coating was prepared in an electrochemical cell constituted by a nickel anode 4 cm 4 and a 1.762 cm copper cathode "on which the deposit is made.
- the electrochemical cell contains an electrolyte having a pH of 4.5 and the following composition:
- the deposition is carried out by maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of 55 0 C at a current density of 2.5 A.dm 2, for a period of h30.
- the structure of the coating obtained is shown schematically in FIG. 23.
- the composite material forming the coating comprises metal grains in which are incorporated Synthetic talcose nanoparticles 6. These nanoparticles, which are much smaller than the average size of the metallic grains, do not modify the surface state of the coating and in no way interfere with the production of the metallic deposit.
- the deposition is carried out while maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of 80 ° C. for a period of 45 minutes.
- the deposition is carried out by maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of 55 ° C. under a current density of 5 A.dm -2 for a period of 12 minutes.
- a composite coating according to the invention can be produced by electrolytic deposition of the chemical type.
- the coating is prepared in a cell containing a 1.8 cm steel substrate pre-coated with a 1 micron nickel layer.
- the cell contains an electrolyte having a pH of 4.5 and the following composition:
- EXAMPLE 8 Ni-Co-Based Composite Coatings
- the coatings were prepared in an electrochemical cell similar to that used in Example 4, with an electrolyte having the following composition: Co (CH 3 CO 2 ), n H 2 O 10 gl "1
- Nickel-cobalt matrix composite coatings were prepared from synthetic talcose nanoparticles prepared according to the first preparation method as described in Example 1.
- the hydrothermal treatment conditions were as follows: 300 ° C., 90 ⁇ 10 5 Pa, with a duration of 6 hours or 15 days. It has been shown that the presence of nanoparticles dispersed in the electrolyte causes an affinity and a modification of the micro structure of the electrochemical deposits.
- Deposits made from suspensions comprising synthetic talcose nanoparticles directly removed from the reactor without drying step and then dispersed in the electrolyte make it possible to obtain a smoother coating and interesting tribological properties, incorporating synthetic talcose nanoparticles dispersed between the granules, clearly visible under the TEM microscope (x40000) for particle concentrations 2.5 times lower than in the case of milled dried synthetic talcose nanoparticle powders.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2709983A CA2709983C (fr) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | Materiau composite constitue par une matrice metallique dans laquelle sont reparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatees lamellaires synthetiques |
ES08865682T ES2396361T3 (es) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | Material compuesto constituido por una matriz metálica en la cual están repartidas nanopartículas filosilicatadas laminares sintéticas |
EP08865682A EP2235237B8 (fr) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | Matériau composite constitué par une matrice métallique dans laquelle sont réparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatées lamellaires synthétiques |
JP2010538867A JP5738596B2 (ja) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | 合成層状フィロケイ酸ナノ粒子が分配された金属マトリックスから構成される複合材料 |
US12/809,672 US8466095B2 (en) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | Composite material consisting of a metal matrix in which synthetic lamellar phyllosilicated nanoparticles are distributed |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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FR0708875A FR2925529B1 (fr) | 2007-12-19 | 2007-12-19 | Materiau composite constitue par une matrice metallique dans laquelle sont reparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatees lamellaires synthetiques |
FR07.08875 | 2007-12-19 |
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WO2009081046A1 true WO2009081046A1 (fr) | 2009-07-02 |
WO2009081046A9 WO2009081046A9 (fr) | 2010-06-24 |
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PCT/FR2008/052351 WO2009081046A1 (fr) | 2007-12-19 | 2008-12-18 | Matériau composite constitué par une matrice métallique dans laquelle sont réparties des nanoparticules phyllosilicatées lamellaires synthétiques |
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US (1) | US8466095B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2235237B8 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5738596B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2709983C (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2396361T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2925529B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2009081046A1 (fr) |
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EP2471841B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-10 | 2014-07-30 | Takemoto Yushi Kabushiki Kaisha | Particules organiques de silicone, procédé pour la production de particules organiques de silicone et composition cosmétique, composition de résine et composition de revêtement contenant les particules organiques de silicone |
FR3028751B1 (fr) | 2014-11-24 | 2018-01-05 | L'oreal | Phyllosilicate synthetique sous forme de poudre a titre d'agent matifiant et/ou homogeneisant d'application |
FR3028753B1 (fr) | 2014-11-24 | 2018-01-05 | L'oreal | Gel aqueux ou hydroalcoolique de phyllosilicates synthetiques a titre d'agent viscosant, matifiant et/ou homogeneisant d'application |
US11167375B2 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2021-11-09 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Additive manufacturing processes and additively manufactured products |
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WO2004063428A2 (fr) * | 2002-12-09 | 2004-07-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Materiau composite constitue par une matrice metallique et du talc. |
WO2004108815A2 (fr) * | 2003-06-11 | 2004-12-16 | Solvay Engineered Polymers, Inc. | Nanocomposites ionomeres et articles fabriques a partir de ceux-ci |
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JPS5436578B2 (fr) * | 1973-10-05 | 1979-11-09 | ||
JPS52150343A (en) * | 1976-06-10 | 1977-12-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Process for producing surfaceetreated steel sheet with lamellar silicic acid highhmolecular compound coatings |
FR2903682B1 (fr) * | 2006-07-17 | 2008-10-31 | Luzenac Europ Sas Soc Par Acti | Procede de preparation d'une composition de talc synthetique a partir d'une composition de kerolites. |
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WO2004063428A2 (fr) * | 2002-12-09 | 2004-07-29 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Materiau composite constitue par une matrice metallique et du talc. |
WO2004108815A2 (fr) * | 2003-06-11 | 2004-12-16 | Solvay Engineered Polymers, Inc. | Nanocomposites ionomeres et articles fabriques a partir de ceux-ci |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP5738596B2 (ja) | 2015-06-24 |
CA2709983C (fr) | 2014-08-05 |
CA2709983A1 (fr) | 2009-07-02 |
WO2009081046A9 (fr) | 2010-06-24 |
US20110015102A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
EP2235237B8 (fr) | 2012-07-25 |
JP2011510164A (ja) | 2011-03-31 |
EP2235237A1 (fr) | 2010-10-06 |
FR2925529A1 (fr) | 2009-06-26 |
FR2925529B1 (fr) | 2010-01-22 |
US8466095B2 (en) | 2013-06-18 |
EP2235237B1 (fr) | 2012-06-20 |
ES2396361T3 (es) | 2013-02-21 |
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