WO2009076631A1 - Carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds for metabolic disorders - Google Patents

Carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds for metabolic disorders Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009076631A1
WO2009076631A1 PCT/US2008/086673 US2008086673W WO2009076631A1 WO 2009076631 A1 WO2009076631 A1 WO 2009076631A1 US 2008086673 W US2008086673 W US 2008086673W WO 2009076631 A1 WO2009076631 A1 WO 2009076631A1
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
pyrido
piperidin
indole
compound according
Prior art date
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PCT/US2008/086673
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French (fr)
Inventor
Ihab S. Darwish
Jiaxin Yu
Hui Hong
Rajinder Singh
Sambaiah Thota
Xiang Xu
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Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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Priority to EP08860063.0A priority Critical patent/EP2231666B1/en
Priority to JP2010538205A priority patent/JP5650540B2/en
Priority to ES08860063.0T priority patent/ES2553340T3/en
Priority to CA2707047A priority patent/CA2707047C/en
Publication of WO2009076631A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009076631A1/en
Priority to HK11102634.5A priority patent/HK1148524A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates generally to compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of the compounds and compositions containing them.
  • This disclosure relates more particularly to certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and to methods of treating and preventing metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease using certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds.
  • Adiponectin is a protein hormone exclusively expressed in and secreted from adipose tissue and is the most abundant adipose-specific protein. Adiponectin has been implicated in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels have been demonstrated in some insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and also in patients with coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Adiponectin levels are positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels and insulin stimulated glucose disposal and inversely correlated with adiposity and glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. Thiazolidinedione drugs, which enhance insulin sensitivity through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- ⁇ , increase endogenous adiponectin production in humans.
  • Adiponectin binds its receptors in liver and skeletal muscle and thereby activates the 5 '-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.
  • Adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 are membrane-bound proteins found in skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Being a multi-substrate enzyme, AMPK regulates a variety of metabolic processes, such as glucose transport, glycolysis and lipid metabolism. It acts as a sensor of cellular energy homeostasis and is activated in response to certain hormones and muscle contraction as well as to intracellular metabolic stress signals such as exercise, ischemia, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation.
  • AMPK switches on catabolic pathways (such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis) and switches off ATP-consuming pathways (such as lipogenesis).
  • Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity by directly stimulating glucose uptake in adipocytes and muscle and by increasing fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle, resulting in reduced circulating fatty acid levels and reduced intracellular triglyceride contents.
  • adiponectin decreases glycogen concentration by reducing the activity of glycogen synthase.
  • Adiponectin also plays a protective role against inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  • B represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R 3 and k R 14 ; the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by “b” is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by “a” is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a” is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R 38 )-, -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -; E is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or a single bond; R 1 is H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl
  • each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2
  • T is -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 . 2 R 10 or
  • Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or (C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 ; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 al
  • each R 38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), each R 22 and R 23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
  • compositions include those having at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient; and a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate) described above.
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure includes methods for modulating metabolism in subjects. Accordingly, also disclosed are methods for treating metabolic disorders using the presently disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.
  • B represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R 3 and k R 14 ; the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by “b” is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by “a” is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a” is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R 38 )-, -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -; E is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or a single bond, provided that when "B” is phenyl, J is -O- and D is a carbon, E is not -C(O
  • each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2
  • T is -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 . 2 R 10 or
  • Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 ; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C
  • each R 38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), each R 22 and R 23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
  • J is -O- or -N(R 38 )-.
  • D can be, for example, a carbon (for example, it is CH or C substituted with one of the x R 4 groups when the bond denoted by "a" is absent, or C when the bond denoted by "a” is present).
  • J is -CH 2 -, - CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -, for example, -CH 2 -.
  • D can be, for example, N.
  • R 38 is -H. In other embodiments, R 38 is -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl or propyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), for example acetyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is -C(O)-O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl)-, for example -C(O)-O-t-butyl. In certain embodiments, no alkyl of R 38 is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
  • each R 26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2
  • each R 26 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or two R 26 come together to form oxo.
  • the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent.
  • the dotted line denoted by “b” is a single bond; in one such embodiment, the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond (thereby forming a double bond between D and the adjacent carbon).
  • E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2
  • X 1 and X 2 are independently a carbon (for example, CH or C substituted with one of the w R 3 groups) or N, and k is 0.
  • E is -C(O)-.
  • one of X 1 and X 2 is N and the other is a carbon.
  • both X 1 and X 2 are a carbon.
  • Floating bonds indicate attachment on any carbon of the ring system.
  • the J moiety is on one ring of the ring system
  • the E moiety is on the other ring of the naphthalene
  • any R 3 groups can be on either ring of the fused ring system.
  • R 39 is H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl).
  • E is -C(O)-.
  • one R 14 can be substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • R 14 is selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • R 14 is selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • R 14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano, unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
  • R 14 is H or methyl; in others, R 14 is halo (e.g., Cl). In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • T is
  • Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- in which each carbon of the (C0-C3 alkyl) is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 , in which each R 16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10
  • each R 16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 - 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and two R 16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C
  • each R 16 is -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 - 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and two R 16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and
  • Q has at most one R 16 or an oxo substituted thereon.
  • Q can be, for example, an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
  • Q is a (Ci-C 3 alkyl) having as its only substitution a single oxo group.
  • Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
  • Q is a single bond.
  • the number of substituents on the ring system denoted by "A", y, is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • y is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, such as 1.
  • y is not zero and at least one R 5 is halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 or -C(O)-Hca wherein the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and wherein no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl
  • each R 5 is -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9
  • y is 0.
  • the ring system denoted by "A” is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
  • the ring system denoted by “A” is an aryl or a heteroaryl.
  • the ring system denoted by “A” can be, for example, a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl.
  • Q is a -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R 16 .
  • Q can be a -(C1-C3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
  • Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
  • the ring system denoted by "A" is a phenyl.
  • y is 1 and R 5 is attached to the phenyl in the para position relative to Q.
  • y is 1 and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and in which no (C 0 -C 4 alkyl) or (Ci-C 4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • R 5 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
  • the moiety is a 3,4-dihalophenyl.
  • the ring system denoted by “A” is a heteroaryl.
  • the ring system denoted by “A” is a pyridyl, a thienyl, or a furanyl.
  • Q is a -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R 16 .
  • Q can be a -(Ci-C 3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
  • Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
  • the compound has structural formula (II):
  • R 38 is not H.
  • R 38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl. In another embodiment, R 38 can be acetyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is H. [0028] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (III):
  • R 38 is not H.
  • R 38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl.
  • R 38 can be acetyl.
  • R 38 is H.
  • the compound has structural formula (IV):
  • the sum of p and q is 2 or 3.
  • the sum of p and q is 2 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 1).
  • the sum of p and q is 3 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 2).
  • the compound has structural formula (VI):
  • the compound has structural formula (VII):
  • X 1 and X 2 are N and the other is a carbon, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is a carbon.
  • X 1 is a carbon
  • X 2 is N.
  • the compound has structural formula (X):
  • the compound has structural formula (XI): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
  • one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • n is 1 or 2.
  • n is 2.
  • n is 1.
  • the compound has the structural formula (XII):
  • J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (IV).
  • J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (V).
  • the compound has structural formula (XVII): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (VII).
  • the compound has structural formula (XVIII):
  • the compound has structural formula (XX): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (X).
  • one R , 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R . 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • R 1 is -H. In other embodiments, R 1 is (C 1 -C 4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
  • R 2 is -Hca.
  • R 2 is an optionally-substituted monocyclic heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is not an oxo-substituted heterocycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is not tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl moiety or a tetrahydrothiophene S ⁇ S-dioxide moiety.
  • R 2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidinyl), -(optionally-substituted pyrrolidinyl),
  • R 2 can be -(optionally substituted piperidinyl) or -(optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl). In one embodiment, R 2 is -(optionally substituted piperidinyl). In another embodiment, R 2 is
  • R 2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidin-3-yl), -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl), -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl) or -(optionally-substituted azepan-4-yl).
  • R 2 is -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl).
  • R 2 is -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl).
  • R 2 is substituted at its 1 -position with -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Het, for example -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Het.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted benzyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with a benzyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group; or with a pyridinylmethyl optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group.
  • the benzyl or pyridinylmethyl can be substituted with an electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • an electron withdrawing group
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzyl or an unsubstituted phenyl.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted pyridinylmethyl, an optionally substituted furanylmethyl, an optionally substituted thienylmethyl, an optionally substituted oxazolylmethyl, or an optionally substituted imidazolylmethyl.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety can be substituted with an unsubstituted pyridinylmethyl, an unsubstituted furanylmethyl, an unsubstituted thienylmethyl, an unsubstituted oxazolylmethyl, or an unsubstituted imidazolylmethyl.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety can be substituted with an pyridinylmethyl, furanylmethyl, thienylmethyl, oxazolylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -L-Ar or -L-Het, in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Het.
  • L is -C(O)-NR 9 -, such as -C(O)-NH-.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-O(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -C(O)-Het, -C(O)-Ar, -S(O) 2 -Het, -S(O) 2 -Ar or -S(O) 2 -O(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C 0 -Cs alkyl)- Ar or -(C 0 -Cs alkyl)-Het.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-Het or -C(O)-Ar; in another embodiment, it is substituted at its 1 -position with -S(O) 2 -Het or -S(O) 2 -Ar.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally- substituted benzoyl (e.g., substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above); or with an optionally-substituted nicotinyl, isonicotinyl or picolinyl (e.g., optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above).
  • an optionally- substituted benzoyl e.g., substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above
  • an optionally-substituted nicotinyl, isonicotinyl or picolinyl e.g., optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above.
  • the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzoyl; or an unsubstituted nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl or picolinoyl.
  • R 2 is -Cak-N(R 9 )-G-R 22 , as described above.
  • R 2 has the structure , in which c is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and each R 21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and
  • each R 21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substitute
  • each R 21 is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alky
  • each R 22 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • each R 23 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
  • R 2 is -(C 2 -Cg alkyl)-N(R 9 )-R 24 in which one or two carbons of the (C 2 -Cs alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O- or -N(R 9 )- and R 24 is -R 23 , -GR 23 or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 6 alkyl).
  • the (C 2 -Cs alkyl) is unsubstituted and no carbon is replaced by -O- or -N(R 9 )-.
  • R 2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -N(R 9 )-R 24 ; -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-N(R 9 )-R 24 ; or -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -C(O)-N(R 9 )-R 24 .
  • R 9 is H.
  • R 24 is Ar or Het.
  • R 24 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • the (C 2 -C 8 alkyl) is a (C 2 -C 5 alkyl).
  • the number of substituents on benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbons of the ring system represented by "B", w is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • w is 0, 1 or 2.
  • w is 0.
  • w is at least 1, and at least one R is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(Co-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • At least one R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).
  • an R is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • each R 3 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).
  • w is at least one, and at least one R 3 is -NR 8 R 9 .
  • w is 1.
  • R 3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • w is at least one, and at least one R 3 is -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Y 1 -(d-C 3 alkyl)-Y 2 -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl), in which each of Y 1 and Y 2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR 9 -.
  • w is 1.
  • R 3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • R 3 is -CH 2 -N(CH 3 )-CH 2 -C(O)-OCH 3 .
  • the number of substituents on non- benzo, non-pyrido, non-pyrazino carbons, k is 0, 1 or 2.
  • k is 1.
  • k is 0.
  • each R 14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0
  • each R 14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)
  • Each R 14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl) or unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
  • halo e.g., -Cl or -F
  • cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) e.g., methyl or ethyl
  • unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like.
  • the number of substituents on the azacycloalkyl ring, x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
  • x is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • x can be 0, or can be 1 or 2.
  • two R 4 groups combine to form an oxo.
  • the oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R 4 groups combine to form an oxo.
  • each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN,
  • each R 4 is -(C r C 3 alkyl), -(C r C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXII):
  • each R 15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl),
  • Q is a single bond.
  • Q is -CH 2 -.
  • Q is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
  • G is -CH 2 -.
  • G is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
  • G is -CH(CHs)-.
  • G is -C(O)-NH-.
  • Q is a single bond and G is -CH 2 - or -C(O)-.
  • the ring system denoted by "A” is aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the ring system denoted by "A” is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above.
  • R 17 is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above.
  • the ring system denoted by "A", R 17 or both are not substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
  • the azacycloalkyl to which -G-R 17 is bound is a piperidinyl; in other embodiments, it is a pyrrolidinyl.
  • v is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, v is 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example, v can be 0, or can be 1 or 2.
  • two R 15 groups combine to form an oxo.
  • the oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha relative to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R 15 groups combine to form an oxo.
  • each R 15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 15 is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R
  • one R 15 is -C(O)NR 9 R 7 , which can be bound, for example, at a position alpha relative to the piperidine nitrogen, or at the position linked to the -N(R 1 )-.
  • R 17 is an unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the R 17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(C r C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6
  • the R 17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
  • R 17 is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca.
  • R 17 can be substituted with, for example, one such substituent, or two such substituents.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIII): 17
  • R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cyclo
  • R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl
  • R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVI):
  • R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cyclo
  • R 27 and R 29 are both H.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVII):
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVIII):
  • R 25 is selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group; and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII
  • R 25 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , trifiuoromethyl, difiuoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIX): in which G is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or -C(O)-NH- and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII).
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXX):
  • R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl
  • R 27 and R 29 are both H.
  • the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXI):
  • R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or
  • R 27 and R 29 are both H.
  • the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXII):
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXV):
  • J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -)
  • G, v, R 15 and R 17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (V).
  • R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVI):
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVIII): (XXXVIII) in which one of X 1 and X 2 is N, and the other is a carbon; G, v, R 15 and R 17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (VIII).
  • R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
  • X 1 is N and X 2 is a carbon.
  • X 1 is a carbon
  • X 2 is N.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXIX):
  • R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
  • one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • R 14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
  • R 14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
  • no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLI):
  • R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
  • one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • R 14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
  • R 14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
  • no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
  • the moiety has the structure , in which G is -CH 2 -,
  • G is -CH 2 -.
  • G is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
  • G is -C(O)-NH-.
  • R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl,
  • the compounds can be present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures, or in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
  • R 17 moiety has the structure , in which R 27 is selected from H,
  • -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl
  • w is 1, and R 3 is -NR 8 R 9 .
  • R 3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • w is 1, and R 3 is -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Y 1 -(Ci-C 3 alkyl)-Y 2 -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl), in which each of Y 1 and Y 2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR 9 -.
  • R 3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • each R 27 is selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -
  • At least one R 5 moiety is a haloalkyl group, and in exemplary embodiments of these formulae
  • the moiety is /?-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLIV):
  • R 18 is H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 5 and R 38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII), and R 18 and R 19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
  • T and R 2 can be defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (XLIV)-(XLIX).
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (L):
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LI):
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LII):
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -O-(C r C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -O-(C r C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIII):
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII);
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -O-(C r C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -O-(C r C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIV):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LV):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVI):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVII):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVIII):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 Hs, -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIX):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-H
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LX):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXI):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXII):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIII):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 al
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIV):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXV):
  • R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVI):
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 Hs, -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVII):
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII);
  • R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R > 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C3H7 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII); R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alky
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
  • R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , - C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII);
  • R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)
  • R 12 and R 13 are not H.
  • the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
  • no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H5, -C3H7 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
  • the compound has the structural formula (XXII), in which the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and in which the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl (i.e., the ring to which -G-R 17 is bound) is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
  • the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
  • the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
  • the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R 17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
  • the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
  • hydrophobic moiety can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format: #INCLUDE
  • the electron acceptor can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format:
  • the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R 17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
  • the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
  • the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 3 A, and a vector score greater than 0.2.
  • the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.5 A, and a vector score greater than 0.4.
  • the computed lowenergy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.2 A, and a vector score greater than 0.5.
  • a centerpoint of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is the average position of the constituent atoms of the ring (i.e., excluding any substituents) as positioned in the low energy three-dimensional conformer.
  • the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is the average position of its ring carbon and nitrogen atom(s).
  • the centerpoint of a phenyl ring is the average position of its six ring carbons. Centerpoints are calculated only on single rings; multi-ring systems have multiple centerpoints, one for each ring.
  • a benzofuran would have two centerpoints, one calculated as the average position of the six carbon rings making up the fused benzene subunit, and the other calculated as the average position of the four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom making up the fused furan subunit.
  • Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be calculated using the Phase software package version 3.0, available from Schr ⁇ dinger LLC.
  • Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be generated by a torsion search procedure under OPLS 2005 force field with a distance dependent dielectric constant.
  • the low energy conformer should be translated and rotated so that the the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), and so that the root mean square deviation of the rest of the listed features with respect to the given points is minimized.
  • Q is -CH 2 -, as described above, and G is -CH 2 -, as described above.
  • the ring system denoted by "A” is a phenyl
  • the ring system denoted by “B” is a phenyl
  • J is -N(R 38 )-
  • D is a carbon
  • the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond
  • the dotted line denoted by "b” is a single bond, as described above.
  • Examples of compounds according to structural formula (I) include those listed in Table 1. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described below, for example using procedures analogous to those described below in the Examples. Table 1
  • chemical moieties are defined and referred to throughout primarily as univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.). Nevertheless, such terms are also used to convey corresponding multivalent moieties under the appropriate structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art.
  • an "alkyl” moiety can refer to a monovalent radical (e.g.
  • a bivalent linking moiety can be "alkyl,” in which case those skilled in the art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g., -CH 2 -CH 2 -), which is equivalent to the term “alkylene.”
  • alkyl a divalent radical
  • aryl a divalent moiety that is required and is stated as being “aryl”
  • All atoms are understood to have their normal number of valences for bond formation (i.e., 4 for carbon, 3 for N, 2 for O, and 2, 4, or 6 for S, depending on the oxidation state of the S).
  • Nitrogens in the presently disclosed compounds can be hypervalent, e.g., an N-oxide or tetrasubstituted ammonium salt.
  • a moiety may be defined, for example, as (A) a - B-, wherein a is 0 or 1. In such instances, when a is 0 the moiety is B- and when a is 1 the moiety is A-B-.
  • alkyl includes alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups of a designed number of carbon atoms, desirably from 1 to about 12 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 1 and 12).
  • C m -C n alkyl means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms (i.e., inclusive of m and n).
  • C m -C n alkyl means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms.
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl is an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms.
  • Alkyl and alkyl groups may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkylene group).
  • a divalent radical i.e., an alkylene group.
  • the group is simply a single covalent bond if it is a divalent radical or is a hydrogen atom if it is a monovalent radical.
  • the moiety "-(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar" signifies connection of an optionally substituted aryl through a single bond or an alkylene bridge having from 1 to 6 carbons.
  • alkyl examples include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 3-hexenyl and propargyl. If the number of carbon atoms is not specified, the subject "alkyl” or “alkyl” moiety has from 1 to 12 carbons.
  • haloalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, e.g. F, Cl, Br and I.
  • fluoroalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • fluoroalkyl include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and the like.
  • each haloalkyl is a fluoroalkyl.
  • aryl represents an aromatic carbocyclic ring system having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) which is optionally fused to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings.
  • Aryl includes ring systems having multiple condensed rings and in which at least one is aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl). Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, tetralinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl and
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in an aromatic ring.
  • the heteroaryl may be fused to one or more cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings.
  • heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzo[l,4]oxazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl,
  • each heteroaryl is selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl-TV-oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, pyrimidinyl TV-oxide, pyridazinyl TV-oxide, pyrazinyl TV-oxide, imidazolyl TV-oxide, isoxazolyl TV-oxide, oxazolyl TV-oxide, thiazolyl TV- oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, oxadiazolyl TV-oxide, thiadiazolyl TV-oxide
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl.
  • the heteroaryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted", can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as described below.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom that is preferably selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein said heteroatom is in a non-aromatic ring.
  • the heterocycloalkyl may be saturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkenyl).
  • the heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and/or phenyl rings.
  • the heterocycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl (in each case also “quinuclidinyl” or a quinuclidine derivative), azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S-oxide, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperazinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(lH)-yl, iso
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin- 2(lH)-yl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, ⁇ -butyrolactonyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted tetrahydrofuranyl), ⁇ -butryolactamyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted pyrrolidine), pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, imidazolidonyl, isoindolindionyl, piperazinonyl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally
  • cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system, which may be saturated (i.e., a cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a cycloalkenyl).
  • the cycloalkyl ring optionally fused to or otherwise attached (e.g., bridged systems) to other cycloalkyl rings.
  • Preferred cycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring. More preferred cycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl,tetrahydronaphthyl and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
  • the cycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted", may be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups.
  • oxa means a divalent oxygen radical in a chain, sometimes designated as -O-.
  • electron withdrawing group means a group that withdraws electron density from the structure to which it is attached than would a similarly-attached hydrogen atom.
  • electron withdrawing groups can be selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 fiuoroalkyl), -0-(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O- (C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)- ⁇ ca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
  • substituted when used to modify a specified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below.
  • Each R 72 is independently hydrogen, (Ci-C 6 alkyl) or (Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl); each R 82 is independently R 72 or alternatively, two R 82 S, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have -H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl substitution.
  • Each M + may independently be, for example, an alkali ion, such as K + , Na + , Li + ; an ammonium ion, such as + N(R 60 ) 4 ; or an alkaline earth ion, such as [Ca 2+ ]o.s, [Mg 2+ ]o.s, or [Ba 2+ ]o.s ("subscript 0.5 means e.g.
  • -NR 80 R 80 is meant to include -NH 2 , -NH-alkyl, JV-pyrrolidinyl, jV-piperazinyl, 4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl and iV-morpholinyl.
  • Substituent groups for hydrogens on unsaturated carbon atoms in "substituted" alkene, alkyne, aryl and heteroaryl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , halo, -0 " M + , -OR 70 , -SR 70 , -S ⁇ M + , -NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF 3 , -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO 2 , -N 3 , -SO 2 R 70 , -SO 3 M + , -SO 3 R 70 , -OSO 2 R 70 , -OSO 3 M + , -OSO 3 R 70 , -PO 3 "2 (M + ) 2 , -P(O)(OR 70 )O M + , -P(O)(OR 70 ) 2 , -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -
  • Substituent groups for hydrogens on nitrogen atoms in "substituted" heteroalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , -0 " M + , -OR 70 , -SR 70 , -S M + , -NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF 3 , -CN, -NO, -NO 2 , -S(O) 2 R 70 , -S(O) 2 O M + , -S(O) 2 OR 70 , -OS(O) 2 R 70 , -OS(O) 2 O M + , -OS(O) 2 OR 70 , -P(O)(O " ) 2 (M + ) 2 , -P(O)(OR 70 )O " M + , -P(O)(OR 70 XOR 70 ), -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -C(C(S
  • a group that is substituted has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent.
  • compositions disclosed herein can also be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts or “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof refer to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases. If the compound is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids.
  • Such salts may be, for example, acid addition salts of at least one of the following acids: benzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, ⁇ -glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, phosphoric acid, propanoic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid (d, 1, or dl), tosic acid (toluenesulfonic acid), valeric acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, carbonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid (mucic acid), D-glucuronic acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, hippuric acid, isethi
  • prodrug refers to a derivative of an active compound (drug) that requires a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release the active drug.
  • Prodrugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active drug.
  • Prodrugs are typically obtained by masking a functional group in the drug believed to be in part required for activity with a progroup (defined below) to form a promoiety which undergoes a transformation, such as cleavage, under the specified conditions of use to release the functional group, and hence the active drug.
  • the cleavage of the promoiety can proceed spontaneously, such as by way of a hydrolysis reaction, or it can be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature.
  • the agent can be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or it can be supplied exogenously.
  • progroups, as well as the resultant promoieties, suitable for masking functional groups in the active drugs to yield prodrugs are well-known in the art.
  • a hydroxyl functional group can be masked as a sulfonate, ester or carbonate promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the hydroxyl group.
  • An amino functional group can be masked as an amide, carbamate, imine, urea, phosphenyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the amino group.
  • a carboxyl group can be masked as an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide promoiety, which can be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
  • ester including silyl esters and thioesters
  • amide or hydrazide promoiety which can be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can also be provided as iV-oxides.
  • the presently disclosed compounds, salts, prodrugs and JV-oxides can be provided, for example, in solvate or hydrate form.
  • Compounds can be assayed for binding to a membrane-bound adiponectin receptor by performing a competitive binding assay with adiponectin.
  • HEK 293 cellular membrane is coated onto a COSTAR 384 plate, which is then blocked with 1% casein.
  • Polyhistidine-tagged globular adiponectin and a candidate compound is incubated with the membrane in HEPES buffer. Unbound ligands are washed away and the degree of binding of the adiponectin is determined using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti- polyhistidine.
  • Compounds that compete with adiponectin binding to the membrane ⁇ i.e., give a reduced signal compared to a control performed without a candidate compound) can be chosen as hits and further screened using the below-described functional assays to identify adiponectin receptor agonists.
  • An in-cell western assay can be performed to demonstrate the activation of AMPK in human liver cells by globular adiponectin using glutathione S-transferase (GST).
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • AMPK activity can be measured by the relative concentration of phosphorylated acetyl Co-A carboxylase, which is one of the products of AMPK.
  • An increase in pACC correlates with an increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
  • the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be administered, for example, orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
  • parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like.
  • compositions can be made using the presently disclosed compounds.
  • a pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and compound as described above with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX).
  • one or more compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be present in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients, and, if desired, other active ingredients.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any suitable method for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients can be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • the tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. In some cases such coatings can be prepared by suitable techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules, wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Formulations for oral use can also be presented as lozenges.
  • Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients can be suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
  • a dispersing or wetting agent for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.
  • compositions can also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
  • the oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring, and coloring agents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above.
  • the sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
  • Compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • Compounds of structural formula (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
  • adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be made using procedures familiar to the person of ordinary skill in the art and as described herein.
  • compounds of structural formulae (II)-(III) can be prepared according to Scheme 1 , below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
  • hydroxynaphthoic acid 1 is coupled with a protected (e.g. benzyl) 4-aminopiperidine 2 to form JV-piperidin-4-yl naphthamide 3, which is coupled with 4-hydroxypiperidine 4, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, to form Compound 65 of Table 1.
  • a protected (e.g. benzyl) 4-aminopiperidine 2 is coupled with 4-hydroxypiperidine 4, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, to form Compound 65 of Table 1.
  • 4-hydroxypiperidine 4 for example under Mitsunobu conditions
  • methoxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 1 is converted to the corresponding hydroxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 2, by removal of the methyl group with, e.g., boron tribromide.
  • the acid moiety is coupled with Boc-protected 4- aminopiperidine to form protected JV-piperidin-4-yl quinolinecarboxamide 3.
  • Coupling of the hydroxyl group of 3 with a desired 4-hydroxypiperidine yields Boc-protected compound 4, which is deprotected to yield the JV-piperidin-4-yl piperidinyloxy quinolinecarboxamide 5.
  • Reductive amination of a benzaldehyde with the amide pipiridine yields Compound 69 of Table 1.
  • An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (IX) is provided below in Example 4.
  • methoxyindole ester 1 is converted to the corresponding hydroxyindole carboxylic acid 2 with boron tribromide.
  • Carboxylic acid 2 is coupled with Hca amine to yield hydroxyindole amide 3.
  • Hydroxyazacycloalkanol 4 (illustrated as a 4-hydroxypiperidine) is coupled with amide 3 to yield (azacycloalkoxy)benzoindoleamide 5.
  • An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (X) is provided below in Example 5.
  • Compounds suitable for use in the presently disclosed pharmaceutical compositions include compounds of Table 1, above. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described above, for example using a procedure similar to that described below in the Examples.
  • compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) are mimics of adiponectin which act as adiponectin receptor agonists, thereby activating the AMPK pathway.
  • Activation of the AMPK pathway has the effect of increasing glucose uptake, decreasing glycogen synthesis and increasing fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing glycogen, intracellular triglyceride and fatty acid concentration and causing an increase in insulin sensitivity.
  • compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) should also inhibit the inflammatory processes which occur during the early phases of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be useful in the treatment of type II diabetes and in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • a method for activating the AMPK pathway in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • a method of increasing fatty acid oxidation in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • Co-A carboxylase catalyzes the formation of malonyl Co-A, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; phosphorylation of ACC greatly reduces its catalytic activity, thereby reducing the concentration of malonyl Co-A and increasing the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
  • the presently disclosed compounds can increase the rate of phosphorylation of ACC, they can reduce the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and therefore increase its overall rate.
  • a method of decreasing glycogen concentration in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • a method of increasing glucose uptake in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • a method of increasing insulin sensitivity of a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • a method of treating type II diabetes in a subject in need of such treatment includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate, hydrate, iV-oxide or composition described above.
  • a method of treating or preventing atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can act as activators of the AMPK pathway.
  • a method comprises modulating the AMPK pathway (either in vitro or in vivo) by contacting a cell with a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above, or administering a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above to a mammal (e.g., a human) in an amount sufficient to modulate the AMPK activity and study the effects thereby induced.
  • a mammal e.g., a human
  • Another embodiment is the use of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for any of the therapeutic purposes described above.
  • the medicament can be for the reduction of triglyceride levels in a subject, the treatment of type II diabetes in a subject, or the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis or cardiovasclular disease in a subject.
  • an ethylene glycol, oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) linker is used.
  • linkers include amino acids, which can be used alone or in combination with other linker groups, such as ethylene glycol, oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
  • Suitable linkers include, without limitation, single amino acids, as well as di- and tripeptides.
  • the linker includes a glycine residue. The person of skill in the art will realize, of course, that other linkers and labeling agents can be used.
  • an alkylene chain is the linker.
  • the linker has the structure -[(C0-C3 alkyl)-Y m -] m -, in which each Y m is -O-, -N(R 9 )-, or L, and m is in the range of 1-40.
  • a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXX):
  • the "LINK” moiety is a linker and is optional, and the "LABEL” moiety is a labeling agent, and all other variables are as described above, for example with reference to structural formula (I).
  • Any of the compounds disclosed with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be used in the labeled conjugate of structural formula (LXX).
  • the -(LINK) 0 - I -(LABEL) moiety is attached the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
  • a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXI):
  • a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXII):
  • reaction mixture was then cooled down to room temperature, and the resulting yellow solid was collected by filtration, washed with H 2 O (3x50 mL) and dried under vacuum overnight to provide 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (3) as a pale yellow solid (35.2 g, 77%).
  • N-(l-Nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxamide (compound 42) was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above (using nicotinyl chloride hydrochloride instead of sulfonyl chlorides) as an off-white solid (87%).
  • N-( 1 -(4-Fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxamide was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above as an off-white solid (96%).
  • 6-Methoxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (2.5g, 12.3 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) under nitrogen; the suspension was cooled to -78 0 C. A solution OfBBr 3 in dichloromethane (100 mL of IM solution, 100 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78 0 C, warmed slowly to RT, and allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of ice-water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration, and washed with water to yield 3.2 g (97%) of 6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid as an HBr salt. LCMS: >98%; MS: 190.27 (M+l, free base).
  • step a To a stirred mixture of the product of step a (500mg, 2.63mmol) in anhydrous dimethyformamide (5 mL) was added triethylamine (733 ⁇ L, 5.62 mmol), HATU (1.1 g, 2.89 mmol), and tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-l-carboxylate (526 mg, 2.63 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and then poured into water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography to yield tert-butyi 4-(6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate as a light brown solid (0.7g, 71%) .
  • step 3 The product of step 3 above was dissolved in 4N HCl in dioxane, and stirred for Ih at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (33 mg, 0.247mmol) were mixed in 1,2 dichloroethane (5 mL) and treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (70 mg, 0.328 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under N 2 overnight, then quenched with IN NaOH, and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO 4 ).
  • Compound 72 of Table 1 was assayed for its ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  • the EC 50 values for AMPK activation for compound 72 is presented in Table 6 below, in which "A” is less than 0.1 ⁇ M; “B” is 0.1-0.5 ⁇ M; “C” is 0.5-1 ⁇ M; and “D” is 1-50 ⁇ M:

Abstract

Disclosed are carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use. One embodiment is a compound having the structure in which R1, R2, R4, D, E, J, T, p, q and x are as described herein. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein activates the AMPK pathway, and can be used to treat metabolism-related disorders and conditions.

Description

CARBOXAMIDE , SULFONAMIDE AND AMINE COMPOUNDS FOR METABOLIC DISORDERS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of the earlier filing dates of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications serial no. 61/013,114, filed December 12, 2007; serial no. 61/013,124, filed December 12, 2007; serial no. 61/016,402, filed December 21, 2007; serial no. 61/016,405, filed December 21, 2007; serial no. 61/016,406, filed December 21, 2007; and serial no. 61/078,209, filed July 3, 2008, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
Field
[0002] This disclosure relates generally to compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of the compounds and compositions containing them. This disclosure relates more particularly to certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and to methods of treating and preventing metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease using certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds.
Technical Background
[0003] Adiponectin is a protein hormone exclusively expressed in and secreted from adipose tissue and is the most abundant adipose-specific protein. Adiponectin has been implicated in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels have been demonstrated in some insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and also in patients with coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Adiponectin levels are positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels and insulin stimulated glucose disposal and inversely correlated with adiposity and glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. Thiazolidinedione drugs, which enhance insulin sensitivity through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, increase endogenous adiponectin production in humans.
[0004] Adiponectin binds its receptors in liver and skeletal muscle and thereby activates the 5 '-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 are membrane-bound proteins found in skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Being a multi-substrate enzyme, AMPK regulates a variety of metabolic processes, such as glucose transport, glycolysis and lipid metabolism. It acts as a sensor of cellular energy homeostasis and is activated in response to certain hormones and muscle contraction as well as to intracellular metabolic stress signals such as exercise, ischemia, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Once activated, AMPK switches on catabolic pathways (such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis) and switches off ATP-consuming pathways (such as lipogenesis). Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity by directly stimulating glucose uptake in adipocytes and muscle and by increasing fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle, resulting in reduced circulating fatty acid levels and reduced intracellular triglyceride contents. Moreover, adiponectin decreases glycogen concentration by reducing the activity of glycogen synthase. Adiponectin also plays a protective role against inflammation and atherosclerosis. It suppresses the expression of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells and cytokine production from macrophages, thus inhibiting the inflammatory processes that occur during the early phases of atherosclerosis. What is needed are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using them to treat disease states associated with circulating adiponectin levels, such as type II diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
SUMMARY
[0005] Disclosed herein are compounds having structural formula (I)
Figure imgf000003_0001
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and //-oxides thereof (and solvates and hydrates thereof), wherein
"B" represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R3 and k R14; the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by "b" is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R38)-, -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2-; E is -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or a single bond; R1 is H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl); R2 is -Hca, -Cak-N(R9)-G-R22 or -(C2-C8 alkyl)-N(R9)-R24 in which one or two carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O-, -S- or -N(R9)- and R24 is -R23, -G-R23 or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl) , provided that two consecutive carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are not replaced by -O-; each R3 is substituted on a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B" and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; w is O, 1, 2 or 3; each R14 is substituted on a non-benzo, non pyrido, non-pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B", and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 halooalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; k is O, 1 or 2; each R4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R4 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo; x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; the sum of p and q is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
T is -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10 or
Figure imgf000004_0001
in which
Q is -S(O)2-, L or (C0-C3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-C3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; and y is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; h each L is independently selected from -NR9C(O)O-, -OC(O)NR9-,
-NR9C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(O)S-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(O)-, -C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)O-, -OC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)S-, -SC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -C(S)NR9-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -S(O)0-2-, -C(O)O, -OC(O)-, -C(S)O-, -OC(S)-, -C(O)S-, -SC(O)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -OC(O)O-, -SC(O)O-, -OC(O)S-, -SC(S)O-, -OC(S)S-, -NR9C(NR2)NR9-, -NR9SO2-, -SO2NR9- and -NR9SO2NR9-, each R6, R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(0)o-2-(Co-C6 alkyl), each R9 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each G is independently-S(O)2-, L or -(C0-Cs alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-C3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16, each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0-2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R16 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R ) 2 M 6 is independently selected from -(CrC6 alkyl), -(C1-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R26 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each R22 and R23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
[0006] Also disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions. Examples of such compositions include those having at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient; and a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate) described above.
[0007] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes methods for modulating metabolism in subjects. Accordingly, also disclosed are methods for treating metabolic disorders using the presently disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0008] One aspect of the disclosure provides compounds having structural formula (I):
Figure imgf000006_0001
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and //-oxides thereof (and solvates and hydrates thereof), in which
"B" represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R3 and k R14; the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by "b" is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R38)-, -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2-; E is -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or a single bond, provided that when "B" is phenyl, J is -O- and D is a carbon, E is not -C(O)-; R1 is H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl); R2 is -Hca, -Cak-N(R9)-G-R22 or -(C2-C8 alkyl)-N(R9)-R24 in which one or two carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O-, -S- or -N(R9)- and R24 is -R23, -G-R23, or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl), provided that two consecutive carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are not replaced by -O-; each R3 is substituted on a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B" and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; w is O, 1, 2 or 3; each R14 is substituted on a non-benzo, non-pyrido, non-pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B", and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 halooalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; k is O, 1 or 2; each R4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R4 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo; x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; the sum of p and q is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
T is -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10 or
Figure imgf000007_0001
in which
Q is -S(O)2-, L or -(C0-C3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-C3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; and y is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; h each L is independently selected from -NR9C(O)O-, -OC(O)NR9-,
-NR9C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(O)S-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(O)-, -C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)O-, -OC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)S-, -SC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -C(S)NR9-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -S(O)0-2-, -C(O)O, -OC(O)-, -C(S)O-, -OC(S)-, -C(O)S-, -SC(O)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -OC(O)O-, -SC(O)O-, -OC(O)S-, -SC(S)O-, -OC(S)S-, -NR9C(NR2)NR9-, -NR9SO2-, -SO2NR9- and -NR9SO2NR9-, each R6, R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(0)o-2-(Co-C6 alkyl), each R9 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each G is independently -S(O)2-, L or -(C0-Cs alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-C3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16, or each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0-2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R16 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R26 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each R22 and R23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
[0009] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), the compound is not
5-methyl-N,2-bis(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide or
5-methyl-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-Λ/-(tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide S^S-dioxide. [0010] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), J is -O- or -N(R38)-. In certain such embodiments, D can be, for example, a carbon (for example, it is CH or C substituted with one of the x R4 groups when the bond denoted by "a" is absent, or C when the bond denoted by "a" is present). In other embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), J is -CH2-, - CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2-, for example, -CH2-. In certain such embodiments, D can be, for example, N.
[0011] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), R38 is -H. In other embodiments, R38 is -(Ci-C4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl or propyl. In other embodiments, R38 is -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl), for example acetyl. In other embodiments, R38 is -C(O)-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl)-, for example -C(O)-O-t-butyl. In certain embodiments, no alkyl of R38 is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
[0012] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), each R26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, each R26 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or two R26 come together to form oxo. [0013] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I) as described above, the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent. In other embodiments, the dotted line denoted by "b" is a single bond; in one such embodiment, the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond (thereby forming a double bond between D and the adjacent carbon).
[0014] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O)2- [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural
formula (I), "B" represents
Figure imgf000010_0001
the dotted line denoted by "b" is a single bond, the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond, k is 0, J is -N(R38)- and D is a carbon. In one such embodiment, E is -C(O)-. [0016] In other embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula
(I), "B" represents
Figure imgf000010_0002
the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent, the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent, k is 0, J is -N(R38)- and D is a carbon. In one such embodiment, E is -C(O)-. [0017] In other embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula
(I), "B" represents
Figure imgf000011_0001
in which X1 and X2 are independently a carbon (for example, CH or C substituted with one of the w R3 groups) or N, and k is 0. In one such embodiment, E is -C(O)-. In certain embodiments, one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon. In other embodiments, both X1 and X2 are a carbon. Floating bonds indicate attachment on any carbon of the ring system. In some embodiments, for example, the J moiety is on one ring of the ring system, and the E moiety is on the other ring of the naphthalene, and any R3 groups can be on either ring of the fused ring system. [0018] In other embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula
(I), "B" represents
Figure imgf000011_0002
in which R39 is H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl). In certain such embodiments, E is -C(O)-. In certain embodiments, one R14 can be substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In one such embodiment, R14 is selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, R14 is selected from -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. R14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano, unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like). In certain embodiments, R14 is H or methyl; in others, R14 is halo (e.g., Cl). In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
[0019] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), T is
Figure imgf000012_0001
In such embodiments, Q is -S(O)2-, L or -(C0-C3 alkyl)- in which each carbon of the (C0-C3 alkyl) is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16, in which each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R16 on the same carbon combine to form oxo. In certain embodiments, each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0-2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in particular compounds, each R16 is -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0-2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C 2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR , 9y(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0-2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, Q has at most one R16 or an oxo substituted thereon. Q can be, for example, an unsubstituted -(C0-C3 alkyl)-. In other embodiments, Q is a (Ci-C3 alkyl) having as its only substitution a single oxo group. For example, in certain embodiments, Q is -CH2-; a single bond; -S(O)2-; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH3)-.
[0020] In certain embodiments of the compounds of structural formula (I), the
Figure imgf000013_0001
moiety is
Figure imgf000013_0002
for example, p-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. In
Figure imgf000013_0003
embodiment, Q is a single bond.
[0021] The number of substituents on the ring system denoted by "A", y, is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. For example, in some embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), y is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, such as 1. In one embodiment, y is not zero and at least one R5 is halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 or -C(O)-Hca wherein the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and wherein no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
[0022] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), each R5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R5 is -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(0)o-2-(Co-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. [0023] In one embodiment of the compounds of structural formula (I), y is 0. [0024] In the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl. For example, in one embodiment, the ring system denoted by "A" is an aryl or a heteroaryl. The ring system denoted by "A" can be, for example, a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl. In one embodiment, when the "A" ring system is aryl, Q is a -(C0-C3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R16. For example, Q can be a -(C1-C3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C0-C3 alkyl)-. For example, in certain embodiments, Q is -CH2-; a single bond; -S(O)2-; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH3)-. [0025] For example, in certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), the ring system denoted by "A" is a phenyl. In one embodiment, y is 1 and R5 is attached to the phenyl in the para position relative to Q. In another embodiment, y is 1 and R5 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C1-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and in which no (C0-C4 alkyl) or (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. R5 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy. In another
embodiment, the
Figure imgf000014_0001
moiety is a 3,4-dihalophenyl.
[0026] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), the ring system denoted by "A" is a heteroaryl. For example, in certain embodiments, the ring system denoted by "A" is a pyridyl, a thienyl, or a furanyl. In one embodiment, when the "A" ring system is heteroaryl, Q is a -(C0-C3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R16. For example, Q can be a -(Ci-C3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C0-C3 alkyl)-. In certain embodiments, Q is -CH2-; a single bond; -S(O)2-; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH3)-. [0027] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (II):
Figure imgf000015_0001
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). In certain embodiments, R38 is not H. For example, R38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl. In another embodiment, R38 can be acetyl. In other embodiments, R38 is H. [0028] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (III):
Figure imgf000015_0002
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). In certain embodiments, R38 is not H. For example, R38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl. In another embodiment, R38 can be acetyl. In other embodiments, R38 is H. [0029] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (IV):
Figure imgf000015_0003
in which k is 0, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4, J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). [0030] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (V):
Figure imgf000016_0001
in which k is 0, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4, J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
[0031] In certain embodiments according to structural formulae (I)-(V), the sum of p and q is 2 or 3. For example, in one embodiment, the sum of p and q is 2 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 1).
In another embodiment, the sum of p and q is 3 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 2).
[0032] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (VI):
Figure imgf000016_0002
in which k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
[0033] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (VII):
Figure imgf000016_0003
in which k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
[0034] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (VIII):
Figure imgf000017_0001
(VIII), in which k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon , and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N.
[0035] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (IX):
Figure imgf000017_0002
in which k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N.
[0036] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (X):
Figure imgf000017_0003
in which n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I). In certain embodiments, one R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. [0037] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XI):
Figure imgf000018_0001
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
In certain embodiments, one R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
[0038] In certain embodiments of the compounds disclosed with reference to structural formulae (VI)-(XI), n is 1 or 2. For example, in one embodiment, n is 2. In another embodiment, n is 1.
[0039] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has the structural formula (XII):
Figure imgf000018_0002
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (II).
[0040] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XIII):
Figure imgf000018_0003
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (III). [0041] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XIV):
Figure imgf000019_0001
in which J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (IV).
[0042] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XV):
Figure imgf000019_0002
in which J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (V).
[0043] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XVI):
Figure imgf000019_0003
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (VI).
[0044] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XVII):
Figure imgf000020_0001
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (VII).
[0045] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XVIII):
Figure imgf000020_0002
(XVIII), in which one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon; and the other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (VIII). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N. [0046] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XIX):
Figure imgf000020_0003
in which one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon; and the other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (IX). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N. [0047] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XX):
Figure imgf000021_0001
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (X). In certain embodiments, one R , 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R . 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
[0048] In another embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (XXI):
Figure imgf000021_0002
in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (XI). In certain embodiments, one R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
[0049] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R1 is -H. In other embodiments, R1 is (C1-C4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
[0050] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R2 is -Hca. In certain embodiments, R2 is an optionally-substituted monocyclic heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R2 is not an oxo-substituted heterocycloalkyl. In certain embodiments (e.g., when the compound has structural formula
(II) or (HI)), R2 is not tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl moiety or a tetrahydrothiophene S^S-dioxide moiety.
[0051] In certain of the presently disclosed compounds of any structural formulae (I)-
(XXI), R2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidinyl), -(optionally-substituted pyrrolidinyl),
-(optionally-substituted piperidinyl), or -(optionally-substituted azepanyl). For example, R2 can be -(optionally substituted piperidinyl) or -(optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl). In one embodiment, R2 is -(optionally substituted piperidinyl). In another embodiment, R2 is
-(optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl). [0052] In certain particular embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidin-3-yl), -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl), -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl) or -(optionally-substituted azepan-4-yl). For example, in one embodiment, R2 is -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl). In another embodiment, R2 is -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl). [0053] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl and azepanyl R2 moieties described above are substituted at their 1 -positions. For example, in one embodiment, R2 is substituted at its 1 -position with -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Het, for example -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Het. For example, in one particular embodiment, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted benzyl or an optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with a benzyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group; or with a pyridinylmethyl optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group. For example, the benzyl or pyridinylmethyl can be substituted with an electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C1-C4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), -S(O)2O-(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In other embodiments, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzyl or an unsubstituted phenyl. [0054] In other embodiments of the compounds disclosed herein having any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted pyridinylmethyl, an optionally substituted furanylmethyl, an optionally substituted thienylmethyl, an optionally substituted oxazolylmethyl, or an optionally substituted imidazolylmethyl. For example, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety can be substituted with an unsubstituted pyridinylmethyl, an unsubstituted furanylmethyl, an unsubstituted thienylmethyl, an unsubstituted oxazolylmethyl, or an unsubstituted imidazolylmethyl. In other embodiments, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety can be substituted with an pyridinylmethyl, furanylmethyl, thienylmethyl, oxazolylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above. [0055] In certain embodiments of the compounds disclosed herein having any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -L-Ar or -L-Het, in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Het. In one such embodiment, L is -C(O)-NR9-, such as -C(O)-NH-.
[0056] In other embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-O(C0-C6 alkyl), -C(O)-Het, -C(O)-Ar, -S(O)2-Het, -S(O)2-Ar or -S(O)2-O(C0-C6 alkyl), in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C0-Cs alkyl)- Ar or -(C0-Cs alkyl)-Het. In one embodiment, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-Het or -C(O)-Ar; in another embodiment, it is substituted at its 1 -position with -S(O)2-Het or -S(O)2-Ar. For example, in certain embodiments, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally- substituted benzoyl (e.g., substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above); or with an optionally-substituted nicotinyl, isonicotinyl or picolinyl (e.g., optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above). In other embodiments, the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzoyl; or an unsubstituted nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl or picolinoyl. [0057] In certain embodiments of the compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R2 is -Cak-N(R9)-G-R22, as described above. For example, in one embodiment of the
disclosed compounds, R 2 has the structure
Figure imgf000023_0001
, in which c is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and each R21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo. In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, each R21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R21 is -(C1-C3 alkyl), -(C1-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, c is 1 or 2. In other embodiments, c is 0. In certain embodiments, R9 is H. In certain embodiments, G is a single bond. In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, each R22 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, each R23 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group . [0058] In one embodiment of compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R2 has
the structure
Figure imgf000024_0001
[0059] In certain embodiments of the compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), R2 is -(C2-Cg alkyl)-N(R9)-R24 in which one or two carbons of the (C2-Cs alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O- or -N(R9)- and R24 is -R23, -GR23 or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, the (C2-Cs alkyl) is unsubstituted and no carbon is replaced by -O- or -N(R9)-. For example, in one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-CH2-CH2-N(R9)-R24 or -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-N(R9)-R24. In other embodiments, the (C2-C8 alkyl) is substituted and/or one or two carbons are replaced by -O- or -N(R9)-. For example, in one embodiment, R2 is -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-N(R9)-R24; -CH2-CH(CH3)-N(R9)-R24; or -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-C(O)-N(R9)-R24. In certain embodiments, R9 is H. In certain embodiments, R24 is Ar or Het. In certain embodiments, R24 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, the (C2-C8 alkyl) is a (C2-C5 alkyl).
[0060] In the compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the number of substituents on benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbons of the ring system represented by "B", w, is 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example, in one embodiment, w is 0, 1 or 2. In another embodiment, such as when the ring system represented by "B" does not include a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino moeity, w is 0. In other embodiments, w is at least 1, and at least one R is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(Co-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), -S(O)2O-(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in certain embodiments, at least one R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).In certain embodiments, an R is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
[0061] In certain embodiments of the compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), each R3 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R is -(C1-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in certain embodiments, each R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).
[0062] In certain embodiments of the compounds of of any of structural formulae (I)- (XXI), w is at least one, and at least one R3 is -NR8R9. For example, in one embodiment, w is 1. In certain such embodiments, R3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety. [0063] In other embodiments of the compounds of of any of structural formulae (I)- (XXI), w is at least one, and at least one R3 is -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Y1-(d-C3 alkyl)-Y2-(C0-C3 alkyl), in which each of Y1 and Y2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR9-. For example, in one embodiment, w is 1. In certain such embodiments, R3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety. In one particular embodiment, R3 is -CH2-N(CH3)-CH2-C(O)-OCH3.
[0064] In the compounds of structural formula (I), the number of substituents on non- benzo, non-pyrido, non-pyrazino carbons, k, is 0, 1 or 2. For example, in one embodiment, k is 1. In other embodiments, such as when the ring system represented by "B" contains only benzo, pyridino and/or piperazino carbons, k is 0. In certain embodiments of the compounds of structural formula (I), each R14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(Co-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. Each R14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl) or unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
[0065] In the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the number of substituents on the azacycloalkyl ring, x, is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, x is 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example, x can be 0, or can be 1 or 2. [0066] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formula (I)-(XXI), two R4 groups combine to form an oxo. The oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R4 groups combine to form an oxo.
[0067] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), when x is 4, not all four R4 groups are (Ci-C6 alkyl). [0068] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), each R4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(Co-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(CrC6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R4 is -(CrC3 alkyl), -(CrC3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)- S(O)0-2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXII):
Figure imgf000027_0001
in which Q and G are each independently a bond, -CH2-, -C(H)(R16)-, -C(R16)2-, L (e.g., -C(O)-NR9- or -NR9-C(O)-) or -S(O)2-; v is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; each R15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo; R17 is Het or Ar, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formula (I)- (XXI). In one embodiment, Q is a single bond. In another embodiment, Q is -CH2-. In other embodiments, Q is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-. In certain embodiments, G is -CH2-. In other embodiments, G is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-. In other embodiments, G is -CH(CHs)-. In other embodiments, G is -C(O)-NH-. The above-recited Q and G moieties can be combined in any possible combination. For example, in one embodiment, Q is a single bond and G is -CH2- or -C(O)-. As described above, in certain embodiments, the ring system denoted by "A" is aryl or heteroaryl. In one embodiment, the ring system denoted by "A" is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above. In another embodiment, R17 is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above. In certain embodiments, the ring system denoted by "A", R17 or both are not substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, the azacycloalkyl to which -G-R17 is bound is a piperidinyl; in other embodiments, it is a pyrrolidinyl.
[0070] In the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), v is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, v is 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example, v can be 0, or can be 1 or 2. [0071] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), two R15 groups combine to form an oxo. The oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha relative to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R15 groups combine to form an oxo.
[0072] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), when v is 4, not all four R15 moieties are (Ci-C6 alkyl). [0073] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), each R15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, each R15 is -(C1-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(CrC2 alkyl), -(C1-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In some embodiments, one R15 is -C(O)NR9R7, which can be bound, for example, at a position alpha relative to the piperidine nitrogen, or at the position linked to the -N(R1)-. [0074] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), R17 is an unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl. In other embodiments, the R17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(CrC6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. For example, in one embodiment, the R17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In certain embodiments, R17 is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca. R17 can be substituted with, for example, one such substituent, or two such substituents.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIII): 17
Figure imgf000030_0001
(XXIII), in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment, R27 and R29 are both H.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIV):
Figure imgf000030_0002
in which R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment, R27 and R29 are both H. [0077] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXV):
Figure imgf000031_0001
(XXV), in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment, R27 and R29 are both H.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVI):
Figure imgf000031_0002
(XXVI), in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment,
R27 and R29 are both H.
[0079] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVII):
Figure imgf000032_0001
(XXVII), in which all variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-
(XXII).
[0080] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVIII):
Figure imgf000032_0002
(XXVIII), in which R25 is selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group; and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). R25 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH3, -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH2, trifiuoromethyl, difiuoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
[0081] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIX):
Figure imgf000033_0001
in which G is -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH- and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII).
[0082] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXX):
Figure imgf000033_0002
in which R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (C1-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment, R27 and R29 are both H. In some embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXI):
Figure imgf000033_0003
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)- S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(C1-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca, and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII). In one embodiment, R27 and R29 are both H. In some embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
[0084] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXII):
Figure imgf000034_0001
(XXXII) in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (II). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). [0085] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXIII):
Figure imgf000035_0001
(XXXIII) in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (III). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). [0086] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXIV):
Figure imgf000035_0002
(XXXIV) in which J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (IV). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
[0087] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXV):
Figure imgf000035_0003
in which J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2- (e.g., -CH2-), G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (V). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
[0088] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVI):
Figure imgf000036_0001
(XXXVI) in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (VI). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). [0089] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVII):
Figure imgf000036_0002
(XXXVII) in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (VII). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). [0090] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVIII):
Figure imgf000037_0001
(XXXVIII) in which one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon; G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (VIII). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N. [0091] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXIX):
Figure imgf000037_0002
(XXXIX) in which in which one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon; G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (IX). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). In one embodiment, for example, X1 is N and X2 is a carbon. In another embodiment, X1 is a carbon, and X2 is N. [0092] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XL):
Figure imgf000037_0003
in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (X). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). In certain embodiments, one R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. R14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I). For example, in one embodiment R14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like). In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
[0093] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLI):
Figure imgf000038_0001
in which G, v, R15 and R17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (XI). R5, y, v, R15, R17, Q, G and the ring denoted by "A" can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI). In certain embodiments, one R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. R14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I). For example, in one embodiment R14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like). In other embodiments, no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. [0094] In certain embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI),
the
Figure imgf000038_0002
moiety has the structure , in which G is -CH2-,
-CH(CH3)-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-. For example, in one embodiment, G is -CH2-. In another embodiment, G is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-. In another embodiment, G is -C(O)-NH-. [0095] In other embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI), the
Figure imgf000039_0001
in which G is -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-, R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO- 0-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca. In such embodiments, the compounds can be present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures, or in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer. [0096] In other embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI), the
Figure imgf000039_0002
in which G is -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-. [0097] In certain embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI),
the R17 moiety has the structure
Figure imgf000039_0003
, in which R27 is selected from H,
-(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO- 0-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
[0098] In certain embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI), w is 1, and R3 is -NR8R9. In certain such embodiments, R3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
[0099] In other embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI), w is 1, and R3 is -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Y1-(Ci-C3 alkyl)-Y2-(C0-C3 alkyl), in which each of Y1 and Y2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR9-. In certain such embodiments, R3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety. [00100] In certain embodiments described above, each R27 is selected from -(Ci-C3 alkyl), -(Ci-C3 haloalkyl), -(C0-C3 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C3 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C2 alkyl), -(Ci-C2 haloalkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-L-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-O-(C0-C2 alkyl), -(C0-C2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C2 alkyl) and -(C0-C2 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C2 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, and each R29 is H, methyl or ethyl, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
[00101] In certain embodiments of compounds having structural formulae (XXII)-(XLI), at least one R5 moiety is a haloalkyl group, and in exemplary embodiments of these formulae
the
Figure imgf000040_0001
moiety is /?-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl. By way of further illustration,
certain exemplary compounds including such
Figure imgf000040_0002
have structural formula (XLII) or (XLIII):
Figure imgf000041_0001
in which all variables are as described above with reference to structural formulae (XXXII) or (XXXIII).
[00102] In one embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLIV):
Figure imgf000041_0002
in which G, R1, R3, R17 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) or (XXII), R18 is H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group and R19 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no alkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group, or R18 and R19 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca. In one embodiment, R18 and R19 are both H. [00103] In one embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLV):
Figure imgf000042_0001
in which G, R1, R3, R17 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII), and R18 and R19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
[00104] In another embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLVI):
Figure imgf000042_0002
in which Q, R1, R3, R5 and R38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII), and R18 and R19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
[00105] In another embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLVII):
Figure imgf000043_0001
(XLVII), in which Q, R1, R3, R5 and R38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII), and R18 and R19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
[00106] In another embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLVIII):
Figure imgf000043_0002
(XLVIII) in which R1, R3, R5 and R38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII), and R18 and R19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
[00107] In another embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLIX):
Figure imgf000044_0001
in which R1, R3, R5 and R38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII), and R18 and R19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
[00108] In compounds according to any of structural formulae (I), (IV)-(XI) and (XIV)- (XXI), T and R2 can be defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (XLIV)-(XLIX).
[00109] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (L):
Figure imgf000044_0002
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0- C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety. [00110] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LI):
Figure imgf000045_0001
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00111] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LII):
Figure imgf000046_0001
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -O-(CrC4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -O-(CrC4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0- C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(0)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety. [00112] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIII):
Figure imgf000046_0002
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII); R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -O-(CrC4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -O-(CrC4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(0)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00113] In one embodiment, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIV):
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety. [00114] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LV):
Figure imgf000048_0001
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
[00115] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVI):
Figure imgf000048_0002
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
[00116] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVII):
Figure imgf000049_0001
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
[00117] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVIII):
Figure imgf000050_0001
(LVIII), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(0)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2Hs, -C3H7) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. [00118] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIX):
Figure imgf000050_0002
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
[00119] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LX):
Figure imgf000051_0001
(LX), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0- C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. [00120] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXI):
Figure imgf000051_0002
in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
[00121] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXII):
Figure imgf000052_0001
(LXII), in which one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon; Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, - C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. [00122] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIII):
Figure imgf000053_0001
(LXIII), in which one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon; Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. [00123] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIV):
Figure imgf000053_0002
(LXIV), in which one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon; Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(Co-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, - C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
[00124] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXV):
Figure imgf000054_0001
in which one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon; Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-; R1 and R3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(C1-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety. [00125] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVI):
Figure imgf000055_0001
(LXVI), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII); R14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(0)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2Hs, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00126] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVII):
Figure imgf000055_0002
(LXVII), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII); R14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(0)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R > 3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, - C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00127] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVIII):
Figure imgf000056_0001
(LXVIII), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII); R14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R11, R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, R11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, -C2H5, - C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00128] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIX):
Figure imgf000057_0001
(LXIX), in which Q is -CH2-, -C(O)- or a single bond; G is a single bond, -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or - C(O)-NH-; R1, R3 and R39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII); R14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R12 and R13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group. In one particular such embodiment, at least one of R12 and R13 is not H. In one embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R3 is substituted on the benzo moiety. In another embodiment, one R3 (e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH3, - C2H5, -C3H7) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
[00129] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds of any of structural formulae (I)-(XXI), the compound has the structural formula (XXII), in which the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl; E is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-, and in which the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O)2- group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl (i.e., the ring to which -G-R17 is bound) is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A, -5.3 A); the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl (i.e., the ring to which -Q-(A ring)-(R5)y is bound) is positioned within 3.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A, 7.4 A); and the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "A" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-7.4 A, -1.9 A, 10.7 A).
[00130] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), in a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer: the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O)2- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
-5.3 A); the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
7.4 A); and the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "A" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-7.4 A, -1.9 A, 10.7 A).
[00131] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O)2- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
-5.3 A); the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
7.4 A); and the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "A" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-7.4 A, -1.9 A, 10.7 A); the hydrophobic moiety substituted on the "A" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of
(-9.0 A, -3.2 A, 13.4 A); and the electron acceptor substituted on R17 is positioned within 3.5 A of (7.0 A, -2.7 A, -7.0
A).
The hydrophobic moiety can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format: #INCLUDE
[a]F group(2)
[a]Cl group(2)
[a]Br group(2)
[a]I group(2)
[a]C(F)(F)(F) group(2,3,4,5)
[a][CH2]C(F)(F)(F) group(2,3,4,5,6)
[a]O[CH3] group(2,3)
[a]S[CH3] group(2,3)
[a]OC(F)(F)(F) group(2,3,4,5,6)
C(F)(F)(F) group
F group
Cl group
Br group
I group default aromatic surface group default aliphatic surface group
C[S;X2]C group
[S;X2]CC group
[S;X2]C group.
The electron acceptor can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format:
#INCLUDE
[N;X1]#[#6] vector(l) [N;X1]#CC vector(l) [N;X2](=C~[C,c])C vector(l) [N;X2](0)=N[a] vector(l) [N;X2](=N-0)[a] vector(l) [n;X2]l ccccc 1 vector(l) [n;X2]([a])([a]) vector(l) [N;X2](=C~[C,c])(~[*]) vector(l) [N;X3](C)(C)[N;X3]C vector(l) [N;X2](=C)(~[*]) vector(l) [N;X2](~[C,c])=[N;X2] vector(l) [n;X2]lc[nH]ccl vector(l) O=[S;X4](=O)([!#8])([!#8]) vector(l) [O;X2]C vector(l) [0;X2]N vector(l) [O;Xl]=[C,c] vector(l) o vector(l) [O;X2](C)C vector(l) [O;X2]clnccccl vector(l) [0;X2]~[a] vector(l) O=PO([!#1]) vector(l) [O;X2] vector(l) [S;X2](C)C vector(l) [S;X2](=C)N vector(l) #EXCLUDE O=C [0-,OH] point [O-,OH]C(=O) point [nH]([a])[a] point [#7;X3][*]=[O,S] point [N;X3](C)(C)[C;X3] point [N;X3][a] point N(=N=N)[#6] point [NH2](C(=O)[NH2]) point [NH](C=O)(C=O) point [NH2](S(=O)(=O)[#6])[#6] point [NH](S(=O)(=O)[#6])[#6] point nlc([NH2])ccncl([NH2]) point olncccl point olcnccl point olccccl point [0;X2]C=0 point [O;X2] point.
[00132] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (XXII), the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O)2-, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O)2- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
-5.3 A); the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
7.4 A); and the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "A" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-7.4 A, -1.9 A, 10.7 A); the hydrophobic moiety substituted on the "A" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of
(-9.0 A, -3.2 A, 13.4 A); and the electron acceptor substituted on R17 is positioned within 2 A of (7.0 A, -2.7 A, -7.0
A).
[00133] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 3 A, and a vector score greater than 0.2. [00134] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.5 A, and a vector score greater than 0.4.
[00135] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds, the computed lowenergy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.2 A, and a vector score greater than 0.5.
[00136] A centerpoint of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is the average position of the constituent atoms of the ring (i.e., excluding any substituents) as positioned in the low energy three-dimensional conformer. For example, the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is the average position of its ring carbon and nitrogen atom(s). Similarly, the centerpoint of a phenyl ring is the average position of its six ring carbons. Centerpoints are calculated only on single rings; multi-ring systems have multiple centerpoints, one for each ring. For example, a benzofuran would have two centerpoints, one calculated as the average position of the six carbon rings making up the fused benzene subunit, and the other calculated as the average position of the four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom making up the fused furan subunit.
[00137] Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be calculated using the Phase software package version 3.0, available from Schrόdinger LLC. Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be generated by a torsion search procedure under OPLS 2005 force field with a distance dependent dielectric constant. As the person of skill in the art will appreciate, the low energy conformer should be translated and rotated so that the the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O)2- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), and so that the root mean square deviation of the rest of the listed features with respect to the given points is minimized. [00138] As the person of skill in the art will recognize, the various embodiments described above can be combined to form other embodiments of the invention. For example, in one embodiment, Q is -CH2-, as described above, and G is -CH2-, as described above. In another embodiment, the ring system denoted by "A" is a phenyl, the ring system denoted by "B" is a phenyl, J is -N(R38)-, D is a carbon, the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond and the dotted line denoted by "b" is a single bond, as described above.
[00139] Examples of compounds according to structural formula (I) include those listed in Table 1. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described below, for example using procedures analogous to those described below in the Examples. Table 1
Name Structure
benzyl 8-(l -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate
benzyl 8-(l -(4-benzyl)piperidin-4- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate
benzyl 8-( 1 -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin- 4-ylcarbamoyl)-3 ,4-dihydro- IH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate
2-benzyl-iV-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide
2-benzyl-iV-(l-(4- trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate
Figure imgf000062_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
2-benzyl-JV-(l -(pyridin-4- ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-JV-( 1 -(pyridin-3 - ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(pyridin-3 -ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2- (4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000063_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
N-( 1 -(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
iV-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-5- methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)-5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
5 -methyl-Λ/-( 1 -(pyridin-3 - ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000064_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethy l)pheny lsulfony l)-2 ,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
5 -acetyl-JV-( 1 -(pyridin-3 - ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(pyridin-3 -ylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-7V-( 1 -(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin- 4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethy l)pheny lsulfony l)-2 ,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000065_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- cy anopheny lsulfony l)-2 ,3,4,5 -tetrahy dro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2- (pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin- 4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(3 -cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-( 1 -(3 - (trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin- 4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide
Figure imgf000066_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
N-( 1 -(3 -fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin- 4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-( 1 -(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl)piperidi n-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
2-(4-fluorophenyl)-ΛΗ 1 -(4- fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
Figure imgf000067_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
2-(4-fluorophenyl)-JV-( 1 -(pyridin-3 - ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-fluorophenyl)-ΛΗ 1 -(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate
N-( 1 -(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide
2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-( 1 - nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000068_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
2-(4-fluorophenyl)-ΛH 1 -(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
N-( 1 -nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l -(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-iV-( 1 -(pyridin-4- ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-iV-(l - isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000069_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-JV-(l -(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole- 8-carboxamide
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-JV-(l -(4- fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l -(4- carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-{ 1 -(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-y l)-2- (4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-{ 1 -isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
N-{ 1 -(4-carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000071_0001
Table 1
Name Structure
4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -y l)methyl)-Λ/-( 1 ■ (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide
Figure imgf000072_0001
4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -y l)methyl)-iV-( 1 - (pyridin-3 -ylmethy l)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide
Figure imgf000072_0002
4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-N-( 1 - (4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide
Figure imgf000072_0003
4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -y l)methyl)-iV-( 1 - (4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide
Figure imgf000072_0004
N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)- 2-naphthamide
Figure imgf000072_0005
N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-2- naphthamide
Figure imgf000072_0006
Figure imgf000073_0001
Table 1 o. Name Structure
N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-
71 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4- yloxy)quinoline-3 -carboxamide
N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5 -( 1 -(4-
72 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4- yloxy)- lH-indole-2-carboxamide
Figure imgf000074_0001
[00140] For simplicity, chemical moieties are defined and referred to throughout primarily as univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.). Nevertheless, such terms are also used to convey corresponding multivalent moieties under the appropriate structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art. For example, while an "alkyl" moiety can refer to a monovalent radical (e.g. CH3-CH2-), in some circumstances a bivalent linking moiety can be "alkyl," in which case those skilled in the art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g., -CH2-CH2-), which is equivalent to the term "alkylene." (Similarly, in circumstances in which a divalent moiety is required and is stated as being "aryl," those skilled in the art will understand that the term "aryl" refers to the corresponding divalent moiety, arylene). All atoms are understood to have their normal number of valences for bond formation (i.e., 4 for carbon, 3 for N, 2 for O, and 2, 4, or 6 for S, depending on the oxidation state of the S). Nitrogens in the presently disclosed compounds can be hypervalent, e.g., an N-oxide or tetrasubstituted ammonium salt. On occasion a moiety may be defined, for example, as (A)a- B-, wherein a is 0 or 1. In such instances, when a is 0 the moiety is B- and when a is 1 the moiety is A-B-.
[00141] As used herein, the term "alkyl" includes alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups of a designed number of carbon atoms, desirably from 1 to about 12 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 1 and 12). The term "Cm-Cn alkyl" means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms (i.e., inclusive of m and n). The term "Cm-Cn alkyl" means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms. For example, "Ci-C6 alkyl" is an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms. Alkyl and alkyl groups may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkylene group). In the case of an alkyl or alkyl group having zero carbon atoms (i.e., "Co alkyl"), the group is simply a single covalent bond if it is a divalent radical or is a hydrogen atom if it is a monovalent radical. For example, the moiety "-(Co-C6 alkyl)-Ar" signifies connection of an optionally substituted aryl through a single bond or an alkylene bridge having from 1 to 6 carbons. Examples of "alkyl" include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 3-hexenyl and propargyl. If the number of carbon atoms is not specified, the subject "alkyl" or "alkyl" moiety has from 1 to 12 carbons. [00142] The term "haloalkyl" is an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, e.g. F, Cl, Br and I. A more specific term, e.g., "fluoroalkyl" is an alkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms. Examples of "fluoroalkyl" include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and the like. In certain embodiments of the compounds disclosed herein, each haloalkyl is a fluoroalkyl.
[00143] The term "aryl" represents an aromatic carbocyclic ring system having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) which is optionally fused to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings. "Aryl" includes ring systems having multiple condensed rings and in which at least one is aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl). Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, tetralinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl and
6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[a]cycloheptenyl. The aryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally substituted", can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as described below. [00144] The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in an aromatic ring. The heteroaryl may be fused to one or more cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzo[l,4]oxazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoindolinyl, isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl, isobenzotetrahydrothienyl, isobenzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, benzotetrahydrothienyl, purinyl, benzodioxolyl, triazinyl, pteridinyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, dihydrobenzisoxazinyl, benzisoxazinyl, benzoxazinyl, dihydrobenzisothiazinyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, chromonyl, chromanonyl, pyridinyl-TV-oxide, tetrahydroquinolinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydroquinolinonyl, dihydroisoquinolinonyl, dihydrocoumarinyl, dihydroisocoumarinyl, isoindolinonyl, benzodioxanyl, benzoxazolinonyl, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, pyrimidinyl TV-oxide, pyridazinyl TV-oxide, pyrazinyl TV-oxide, quinolinyl TV-oxide, indolyl TV-oxide, indolinyl TV- oxide, isoquinolyl TV-oxide, quinazolinyl TV-oxide, quinoxalinyl TV-oxide, phthalazinyl TV- oxide, imidazolyl TV-oxide, isoxazolyl TV-oxide, oxazolyl TV-oxide, thiazolyl TV-oxide, indolizinyl TV-oxide, indazolyl TV-oxide, benzothiazolyl TV-oxide, benzimidazolyl TV-oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, oxadiazolyl TV-oxide, thiadiazolyl TV-oxide, triazolyl TV-oxide, tetrazolyl TV- oxide, benzothiopyranyl S-oxide, benzothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide. Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl and imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl. In certain embodiments, each heteroaryl is selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl-TV-oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, pyrimidinyl TV-oxide, pyridazinyl TV-oxide, pyrazinyl TV-oxide, imidazolyl TV-oxide, isoxazolyl TV-oxide, oxazolyl TV-oxide, thiazolyl TV- oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, oxadiazolyl TV-oxide, thiadiazolyl TV-oxide, triazolyl TV-oxide, and tetrazolyl TV-oxide. Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl. The heteroaryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally substituted", can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as described below. [00145] The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom that is preferably selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein said heteroatom is in a non-aromatic ring. The heterocycloalkyl may be saturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkenyl). The heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and/or phenyl rings. In certain embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring. In other embodiments , heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl (in each case also "quinuclidinyl" or a quinuclidine derivative), azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S-oxide, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperazinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(lH)-yl, isoindolindionyl, homopiperidinyl, homomorpholinyl, homothiomorpholinyl, homothiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, oxazolidinonyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, imidazolidonyl, tetrahydrothienyl S-oxide, tetrahydrothienyl S,S-dioxide and homothiomorpholinyl S-oxide. Especially desirable heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin- 2(lH)-yl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, γ-butyrolactonyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted tetrahydrofuranyl), γ-butryolactamyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted pyrrolidine), pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, imidazolidonyl, isoindolindionyl, piperazinonyl. The heterocycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally substituted", can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as described below.
[00146] The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system, which may be saturated (i.e., a cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a cycloalkenyl). The cycloalkyl ring optionally fused to or otherwise attached (e.g., bridged systems) to other cycloalkyl rings. Preferred cycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring. More preferred cycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl,tetrahydronaphthyl and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. The cycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally substituted", may be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups.
[00147] The term "oxa" means a divalent oxygen radical in a chain, sometimes designated as -O-.
[00148] The term "oxo" means a doubly bonded oxygen, sometimes designated as =0 or for example in describing a carbonyl "C(O)" may be used to show an oxo substituted carbon. [00149] The term "electron withdrawing group" means a group that withdraws electron density from the structure to which it is attached than would a similarly-attached hydrogen atom. For example, electron withdrawing groups can be selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 fiuoroalkyl), -0-(C1-C4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O- (C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), -S(O)2O-(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Ηca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group . [00150] The term "substituted," when used to modify a specified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below. [00151] Substituent groups for substituting for hydrogens on saturated carbon atoms in the specified group or radical are, unless otherwise specified, -R60, halo, -OTVl+, =0, -OR70, -SR70, -STVl+, =S, -NR80R80, =NR70, =N-OR70, trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, =N2, -N3, -SO2R70, -SO2O M+, -SO2OR70, -OSO2R70, -OSO2O M+, -OSO2OR70, -P(O)(O )2(M+)2, -P(O)(OR70)O M+, -P(O)(OR70) 2, -C(O)R70, -C(S)R70, -C(NR70)R70, -C(O)O M+, -C(O)OR70, -C(S)OR70, -C(O)NR80R80, -C(NR70)NR80R80, -OC(O)R70, -OC(S)R70, -OC(O)O M+, -OC(O)OR70, -OC(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)R70, -NR70C(S)R70, -NR70CO2 M+, -NR70CO2R70, -NR70C(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)NR80R80, -NR70C(NR70)R70 and -NR70C(NR70)NR80R80. Each R60 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 groups selected from the group consisting of halo, -OTVI+, =0, -OR71, -SR71, -STVI+, =S, -NR81R81, =NR71, =N-0R71, trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, =N2, -N3, -SO2R71, -SO2O M+, -SO2OR71, -OSO2R71, -OSO2O M+, -OSO2OR71, -P(O)(O )2(M+)2, -P(O)(OR71)O M+, -P(O)(OR71) 2, -C(O)R71, -C(S)R71, -C(NR71)R71, -C(O)O M+, -C(O)OR71, -C(S)OR71, -C(O)NR81R81, -C(NR71)NR81R81, -OC(O)R71, -OC(S)R71, -OC(O)O M+, -OC(O)OR71, -OC(S)OR71, -NR71C(O)R71, -NR71C(S)R71, -NR71CO2 M+, -NR71CO2R71, -NR71C(S)OR71, -NR71C(O)NR81R81, -NR71C(NR71)R71 and -NR71C(NR71)NR81R81. Each R70 is independently hydrogen or R60; each R80 is independently R70 or alternatively, two R80 s, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have -H or Ci-C3 alkyl substitution; and each M+ is a counter ion with a net single positive charge. Each R71 is independently hydrogen or R61, in which R61 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 groups selected from the group consisting of halo, -OTVl+, =0, -OR72, -SR72, -STVI+, =S, -NR82R82, =NR72, =N-OR72, trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, =N2, -N3, -SO2R71, -SO2O M+, -SO2OR72, -OSO2R72, -OSO2O M+, -OSO2OR72, -P(O)(O )2(M+)2, -P(O)(OR72)O M+, -P(O)(OR72) 2, -C(O)R72, -C(S)R72, -C(NR72)R72, -C(O)O M+, -C(O)OR72, -C(S)OR72, -C(O)NR82R82, -C(NR72)NR82R82, -OC(O)R72, -OC(S)R72, -OC(O)O M+, -OC(O)OR72, -OC(S)OR72, -NR72C(O)R72, -NR72C(S)R72, -NR72CO2 M+, -NR72CO2R72, -NR72C(S)OR72, -NR72C(O)NR82R82, -NR72C(NR72)R72 and -NR72C(NR72)NR82R82; and each R81 is independently R71 or alternatively, two R81S, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include from 1 to 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have -H or C1-C3 alkyl substitution. Each R72 is independently hydrogen, (Ci-C6 alkyl) or (Ci-C6 fluoroalkyl); each R82 is independently R72 or alternatively, two R82S, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have -H or C1-C3 alkyl substitution. Each M+ may independently be, for example, an alkali ion, such as K+, Na+, Li+; an ammonium ion, such as +N(R60)4; or an alkaline earth ion, such as [Ca2+]o.s, [Mg2+]o.s, or [Ba2+]o.s ("subscript 0.5 means e.g. that one of the counter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions can be an ionized form of a presently disclosed compound and the other a typical counter ion such as chloride, or two ionized presently disclosed molecules can serve as counter ions for such divalent alkali earth ions, or a doubly ionized compound can serve as the counter ion for such divalent alkali earth ions). As specific examples, -NR80R80 is meant to include -NH2, -NH-alkyl, JV-pyrrolidinyl, jV-piperazinyl, 4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl and iV-morpholinyl.
[00152] Substituent groups for hydrogens on unsaturated carbon atoms in "substituted" alkene, alkyne, aryl and heteroaryl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R60, halo, -0"M+, -OR70, -SR70, -S~M+, -NR80R80, trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO2, -N3, -SO2R70, -SO3 M+, -SO3R70, -OSO2R70, -OSO3 M+, -OSO3R70, -PO3 "2(M+)2, -P(O)(OR70)O M+, -P(O)(OR70)2, -C(O)R70, -C(S)R70, -C(NR70)R70, -CO2 M+, -CO2R70, -C(S)OR70, -C(O)NR80R80, -C(NR70)NR80R80, -OC(O)R70, -OC(S)R70, -OCO2 M+, -OCO2R70, -OC(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)R70, -NR70C(S)R70, -NR70CO2 M+, -NR70CO2R70, -NR70C(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)NR80R80, -NR70C(NR70)R70 and -NR70C(NR70)NR80R80, where R60, R70, R80 and M+ are as previously defined.
[00153] Substituent groups for hydrogens on nitrogen atoms in "substituted" heteroalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R60, -0"M+, -OR70, -SR70, -S M+, -NR80R80, trihalomethyl, -CF3, -CN, -NO, -NO2, -S(O)2R70, -S(O)2O M+, -S(O)2OR70, -OS(O)2R70, -OS(O)2O M+, -OS(O)2OR70, -P(O)(O")2(M+)2, -P(O)(OR70)O"M+, -P(O)(OR70XOR70), -C(O)R70, -C(S)R70, -C(NR70)R70, -C(O)OR70, -C(S)OR70, -C(O)NR80R80, -C(NR70)NR80R80, -OC(O)R70, -OC(S)R70, -OC(O)OR70, -OC(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)R70, -NR70C(S)R70, -NR70C(O)OR70, -NR70C(S)OR70, -NR70C(O)NR80R80, -NR70C(NR70)R70 and -NR70C (NR70)NR80R80, where R60, R70, R80 and M+ are as previously defined.
[00154] In certain embodiments of the compounds disclosed herein, a group that is substituted has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent.
[00155] The compounds disclosed herein can also be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" or "a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof refer to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases. If the compound is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids. Such salts may be, for example, acid addition salts of at least one of the following acids: benzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, α-glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, phosphoric acid, propanoic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid (d, 1, or dl), tosic acid (toluenesulfonic acid), valeric acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, carbonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid (mucic acid), D-glucuronic acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, hippuric acid, isethionic acid (ethanolsulfonic acid), lactobionic acid, maleic acid, 1,5-naphthalene-disulfonic acid, 2-naphthalene-sulfonic acid, pivalic acid, terephthalic acid, thiocyanic acid, cholic acid, n-dodecyl sulfate, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, oleic acid, undecylenic acid, ascorbic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, d-camphorsulfonic acid, dichloroacetic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, hydriodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, methanesulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, picric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharine, salicylic acid, gentisic acid, and/or 4-acetamidobenzoic acid.
[00156] The compounds described herein can also be provided in prodrug form. "Prodrug" refers to a derivative of an active compound (drug) that requires a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release the active drug. Prodrugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active drug. Prodrugs are typically obtained by masking a functional group in the drug believed to be in part required for activity with a progroup (defined below) to form a promoiety which undergoes a transformation, such as cleavage, under the specified conditions of use to release the functional group, and hence the active drug. The cleavage of the promoiety can proceed spontaneously, such as by way of a hydrolysis reaction, or it can be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature. The agent can be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or it can be supplied exogenously. A wide variety of progroups, as well as the resultant promoieties, suitable for masking functional groups in the active drugs to yield prodrugs are well-known in the art. For example, a hydroxyl functional group can be masked as a sulfonate, ester or carbonate promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the hydroxyl group. An amino functional group can be masked as an amide, carbamate, imine, urea, phosphenyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the amino group. A carboxyl group can be masked as an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide promoiety, which can be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group. Other specific examples of suitable progroups and their respective promoieties will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
[00157] The compounds disclosed herein can also be provided as iV-oxides. [00158] The presently disclosed compounds, salts, prodrugs and JV-oxides can be provided, for example, in solvate or hydrate form.
[00159] Compounds can be assayed for binding to a membrane-bound adiponectin receptor by performing a competitive binding assay with adiponectin. In one such procedure, HEK 293 cellular membrane is coated onto a COSTAR 384 plate, which is then blocked with 1% casein. Polyhistidine-tagged globular adiponectin and a candidate compound is incubated with the membrane in HEPES buffer. Unbound ligands are washed away and the degree of binding of the adiponectin is determined using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti- polyhistidine. Compounds that compete with adiponectin binding to the membrane {i.e., give a reduced signal compared to a control performed without a candidate compound) can be chosen as hits and further screened using the below-described functional assays to identify adiponectin receptor agonists.
[00160] An in-cell western assay can be performed to demonstrate the activation of AMPK in human liver cells by globular adiponectin using glutathione S-transferase (GST). AMPK activity can be measured by the relative concentration of phosphorylated acetyl Co-A carboxylase, which is one of the products of AMPK. An increase in pACC correlates with an increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation. [00161] The compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be administered, for example, orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like.
[00162] Pharmaceutical compositions can be made using the presently disclosed compounds. For example, in one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and compound as described above with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX).
[00163] In the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein, one or more compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be present in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients, and, if desired, other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
[00164] Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any suitable method for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. In some cases such coatings can be prepared by suitable techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
[00165] Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules, wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. [00166] Formulations for oral use can also be presented as lozenges. [00167] Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients can be suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin. [00168] Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
[00169] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents or suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.
[00170] Pharmaceutical compositions can also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
[00171] Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring, and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
[00172] Compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols. [00173] Compounds of structural formula (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. [00174] The compounds disclosed herein can be made using procedures familiar to the person of ordinary skill in the art and as described herein. For example, compounds of structural formulae (II)-(III) can be prepared according to Scheme 1 , below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
Figure imgf000085_0001
Scheme 1
[00175] Referring to Scheme 1 , BOC-protected tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δjindolecarboxylate ester 1, for example, is de-BOC'd and coupled with a benzaldehyde via e.g. reductive amination to form benyl-substituted compound 2. The ester is saponified and protonated to form the corresponding carboxylic acid 3, which is then coupled with a suitable amine (in this case, a substituted l-benzylpiperidin-4-amine) to form Compound 4 of Table 1. Examples of the syntheses of compounds according to structural formula (III) are provided below in Example 1.
[00176] Compounds of structural formulae (IV)-(V) can be prepared according to Scheme 2, below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
Figure imgf000085_0002
NaBH(AcO)3 dichloroethane
Figure imgf000085_0003
(IV) or (V)
Scheme 2
[00177] Referring to Scheme 2, aldehydic acid 1, for example, can be coupled with amine 2 to provide amide 3. Amide 3 in turn can be reductively coupled with piperazine 4 to provide compounds of structural formulae (IV) or (V). An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (IV) is provided below in Example 2. [00178] Compounds of structural formulae (VI)-(VII) can be prepared according to Scheme 3, below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
Figure imgf000086_0001
Figure imgf000086_0002
Compound 65
Scheme 3
[00179] Referring to Scheme 3, hydroxynaphthoic acid 1, for example, is coupled with a protected (e.g. benzyl) 4-aminopiperidine 2 to form JV-piperidin-4-yl naphthamide 3, which is coupled with 4-hydroxypiperidine 4, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, to form Compound 65 of Table 1. An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (VI) is provided below in Example 3.
[00180] Compounds of structural formulae (VII)-(IX) can be prepared according to Scheme 4, below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
Figure imgf000087_0001
Scheme 4
[00181] Referring to Scheme 4, methoxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 1, for example, is converted to the corresponding hydroxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 2, by removal of the methyl group with, e.g., boron tribromide. The acid moiety is coupled with Boc-protected 4- aminopiperidine to form protected JV-piperidin-4-yl quinolinecarboxamide 3. Coupling of the hydroxyl group of 3 with a desired 4-hydroxypiperidine yields Boc-protected compound 4, which is deprotected to yield the JV-piperidin-4-yl piperidinyloxy quinolinecarboxamide 5. Reductive amination of a benzaldehyde with the amide pipiridine yields Compound 69 of Table 1. An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (IX) is provided below in Example 4.
[00182] Compounds of structural formulae (X)-(XI) can be prepared according to Scheme 5, below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
Figure imgf000088_0001
5
Scheme 5
[00183] Referring to Scheme 5, methoxyindole ester 1, for example, is converted to the corresponding hydroxyindole carboxylic acid 2 with boron tribromide. Carboxylic acid 2 is coupled with Hca amine to yield hydroxyindole amide 3. Hydroxyazacycloalkanol 4 (illustrated as a 4-hydroxypiperidine) is coupled with amide 3 to yield (azacycloalkoxy)benzoindoleamide 5. An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (X) is provided below in Example 5.
[00184] One of skill in the art can adapt the reaction sequences of Schemes 1-5 to fit the desired target molecule. Of course, in certain situations one of skill in the art will use different reagents to affect one or more of the individual steps or to use protected versions of certain of the substituents. Additionally, one skilled in the art would recognize that compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be synthesized using different routes altogether.
[00185] Compounds suitable for use in the presently disclosed pharmaceutical compositions include compounds of Table 1, above. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described above, for example using a procedure similar to that described below in the Examples.
[00186] While not intending to be bound by theory, the inventors surmise that compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) are mimics of adiponectin which act as adiponectin receptor agonists, thereby activating the AMPK pathway. Activation of the AMPK pathway has the effect of increasing glucose uptake, decreasing glycogen synthesis and increasing fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing glycogen, intracellular triglyceride and fatty acid concentration and causing an increase in insulin sensitivity. Because they activate the AMPK pathway, compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) should also inhibit the inflammatory processes which occur during the early phases of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be useful in the treatment of type II diabetes and in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
[00187] Accordingly, another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of activating the AMPK pathway. According to this aspect, a method for activating the AMPK pathway in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
[00188] In one embodiment, a method of increasing fatty acid oxidation in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above. Acetyl
Co-A carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the formation of malonyl Co-A, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; phosphorylation of ACC greatly reduces its catalytic activity, thereby reducing the concentration of malonyl Co-A and increasing the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
Because the presently disclosed compounds can increase the rate of phosphorylation of ACC, they can reduce the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and therefore increase its overall rate.
[00189] In another embodiment, a method of decreasing glycogen concentration in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
[00190] In another embodiment, a method of increasing glucose uptake in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
[00191] In another embodiment, a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
[00192] In another embodiment, a method of increasing insulin sensitivity of a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
[00193] Accordingly, the compounds and compositions disclosed herein can be used to treat a variety of metabolic disorders. For example, in one embodiment, a method of treating type II diabetes in a subject in need of such treatment includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate, hydrate, iV-oxide or composition described above. In another embodiment, a method of treating or preventing atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above. [00194] As described above, the compounds disclosed herein can act as activators of the AMPK pathway. Accordingly, in another embodiment, a method comprises modulating the AMPK pathway (either in vitro or in vivo) by contacting a cell with a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above, or administering a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above to a mammal (e.g., a human) in an amount sufficient to modulate the AMPK activity and study the effects thereby induced. Such methods are useful for studying the AMPK pathway and its role in biological mechanisms and disease states both in vitro and in vivo. [00195] Another embodiment is the use of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for any of the therapeutic purposes described above. For example, the medicament can be for the reduction of triglyceride levels in a subject, the treatment of type II diabetes in a subject, or the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis or cardiovasclular disease in a subject.
[00196] The compounds disclosed herein can be linked to labeling agents, for example for use in variety of experiments exploring their receptor binding, efficacy and metabolism. Accordingly, another embodiment is a labeled conjugate comprising a compound as disclosed herein covalently linked to a labeling agent, optionally through a linker. Suitable linker and labeling agents will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art upon consideration of the present disclosure. The labeling agent can be, for example, an affinity label such as biotin or strepavidin, a hapten such as digoxigenin, an enzyme such as a peroxidase, or a fluorophoric or chromophoric tag. Any suitable linker can be used. For example, in some embodiments, an ethylene glycol, oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) linker is used. Other examples of linkers include amino acids, which can be used alone or in combination with other linker groups, such as ethylene glycol, oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. Suitable linkers include, without limitation, single amino acids, as well as di- and tripeptides. In one embodiment, the linker includes a glycine residue. The person of skill in the art will realize, of course, that other linkers and labeling agents can be used. In other embodiments, an alkylene chain is the linker. In other embodiments, the linker has the structure -[(C0-C3 alkyl)-Ym-]m-, in which each Ym is -O-, -N(R9)-, or L, and m is in the range of 1-40. For example, in certain embodiments, a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXX):
Figure imgf000091_0001
in which the "LINK" moiety is a linker and is optional, and the "LABEL" moiety is a labeling agent, and all other variables are as described above, for example with reference to structural formula (I). Any of the compounds disclosed with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be used in the labeled conjugate of structural formula (LXX). [00197] In certain embodiments, the -(LINK)0-I -(LABEL) moiety is attached the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety. For example, in one embodiment, a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXI):
Figure imgf000091_0002
in which the "LINK" moiety is a linker and is optional, and the "LABEL" moiety is a labeling agent, and all other variables are as described above, for example with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (III), (XII), (XIII), (XXII)-(XXXIII) and (XLII)-(XLIX). [00198] For example, in one particular embodiment, a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXII):
Figure imgf000092_0001
(LXXII) in which all variables are as described above, for example with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (III), (XII), (XIII), (XXII)-(XXXIII) and (XLII)-(XLIX). [00199] The following examples are intended to further illustrate certain embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES Example 1
(a) Synthetic Example: 2-benzyl-N-(l-(4-cvanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyridor4,3-blindole-8-carboxamide (Compound 4).
[00200] Compound 4 was prepared as described in Scheme 1, above.
Step l
[00201] A solution of 2-tert-butyl 8-methyl 3 ,4-dihydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-2,8(5H)- dicarboxylate (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) in dichloromethane/trifluoroacetic acid (1 :1, 10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated, diluted with acetic acid (5 mL) and concentrated again to give an oily residue. The residue was dissolved in THF/MeOH (4:1, 10 mL) followed by the addition of benzaldehyde (170 μL, 180 mg, 1.7 mmol), sodium triacetoxyborohydride (485 mg, 2.3 mmol) and acetic acid (175 μL, 185 mg, 3.1 mmol). Additional amounts of benzaldehyde (4x170 μL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (4x485 mg) were added over the course of the ensuing 8 h. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight then poured over saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (30 mL). The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (3x30 mL) and the combined organic layer was washed with water (2x30 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (neat dichloromethane -> 3% MeOH/CH2Cl2) provided methyl 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-l/f- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxylate as a white crystalline solid (320 mg, 66%). 1H NMR (CD3OD): δ 8.17 (IH, d, J=l.l Hz); 7.73 (IH, dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz); 7.44-7.27 (6H, m); 3.88 (3H, s); 3.83 (2H, br s); 3.73 (2H, br s) 2.95-2.88 (4H, m). MS (M+H)+ = 321.
Step 2
[00202] To a solution of methyl 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxylate (307 mg, 1.0 mmol) in TΗF/MeOΗ/Η2O (2:1 :1, 12 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (240 mg, 5.7 mmol). The reaction mixture was then allowed to stir at room temperature until all the starting material was consumed (2-3 days). The resulting cloudy reaction mixture was then concentrated to give a yellow foamy residue. Trituration with 10% HCl solution provided 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8- carboxylic acid as a yellow crystalline solid upon filtration and drying under vacuuo (269 mg, 92%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6): δ 11.59 (1Η, s); 10.92 (1Η, s); 8.07 (1Η, s); 7.71 (1Η, d, J=8.5 Hz); 7.65 (2H, d, J=3.6 Hz); 7.49 (3H, d, J=3.6 Hz); 7.39 (IH, d, J=8.5 Hz); 4.58-4.3 (4H, m); 3.78-3.69 (IH, m); 3.52-3.05 (3H, m). MS (M+H)+ = 307.
Step 3
[00203] To a solution of 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DMF (2 mL), ΗATU (0-(7-azabenzotriazol-l-yl)-ΛWV',ΛP- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate) (75 mg, 0.2 mmol), 4-amino-l-(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidine dihydrochloride (47 mg, 0.2 mmol) and triethylamine (105 μL, 76 mg, 0.8 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (30 mL) to give a white precipitate which was filtered and dried under vacuuo. The resulting solid was triturated with ethyl ether to yield Compound 4 as a white crystalline solid (80 mg, 97%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6): δ 11.00 (1Η, br s); 8.00 (1Η, d, J=7.7 Hz); 7.82 (IH, s); 7.78 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz); 7.53 (IH, d, J=I 1.8 Hz); 7.50 (2H, d, J=7.7 Hz); 7.39 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz); 7.36 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz); 7.32-7.23 (2H, m); 3.76 (3H, br s); 3.58 (4H, d, J=10.5 Hz); 2.89- 2.73 (6H, m); 2.06 (2H, t, J=I 1.0 Hz); 1.76 (2H, d, J=9.9 Hz); 1.58 (2H, q, J=10.7 Hz). MS (M+H)+ = 504.
(b) Synthetic Example: N-(l-(4-Cvanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-
(trifluoromethy Dpheny lsulfony D-2 ,3,4,5 -tetrahy dro- 1 H-pyrido [4 , 3 -b] indole- 8 -carboxamide
(Compound 24).
[00204] Compound 24 was prepared according to Scheme l(b), below:
Figure imgf000094_0001
Scheme l(b)
Step 1
[00205] A solution of benzyl 4-oxo-l-piperidine carboxylate (1 in Scheme l(b)), 30.7 g, 131 mmol) and 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid (2, 20 g, 131 mmol) in ACN/10% sulfuric acid (1 :1, 400 mL) was allowed to stir at reflux for 19h. The reaction mixture was then cooled down to room temperature, and the resulting yellow solid was collected by filtration, washed with H2O (3x50 mL) and dried under vacuum overnight to provide 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (3) as a pale yellow solid (35.2 g, 77%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 12.33 (br s, IH), 11.30 (s, IH), 8.06 (s, IH), 7.66 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 7.38-7.32 (m, 6H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.72-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.79 (br s, 2H), 2.82 (br s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 351 (M+H).
Step 2
[00206] To a solution of 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- 6]indole-8-carboxylic acid (3, 0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), ΗATU (0.65 g, 1.7 mmol), 4-amino-l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidine dihydrochloride (0.41 g, 1.4 mmol) and triethylamine (1.05 mL, 0.76 g, 7.5 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (75 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3x50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2x30 mL), brine (1x30 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give a tan solid. Column chromatography (neat DCM -> 5% MeOΗ/DCM) provided benzyl 8-(l-(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-2(5H)- carboxylate (4a in Scheme l(b)) as a white solid upon trituration with ethyl ether (0.55 g, 70%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.14 (br s, IH), 8.04 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 8.00 (s, IH), 7.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.51 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39-7.27 (m, 6H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.67 (br s, 2H), 3.80 (br s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 2.82 (br s, 4H), 2.08 (t, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (q, J=10.7 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 548 (M+H). Step 3
[00207] To a solution of benzyl 8-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4- dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate (4a, 50 mg, 91 μmol) in DCM (dichloromethane) (1.0 niL) was added dropwise a solution of ΗBr/AcOΗ (48% w/v, 1.0 niL). After the resulting brown reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min, the volatiles were evaporated, MeOH (2 mL) was added and the volatiles evaporated again. The resulting brown residue was dissolved in DMF (1.0 mL) and triethylamine (0.5 mL, 0.36 g, 3.6 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride (45 mg, 0.2 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, then poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to give a brown precipitate which was filtered and purified by reverse phase ΗPLC to provide Compound 24 upon trituration with ethyl ether (18 mg, 31%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.21 (br s, IH), 11.18 (br s, IH), 9.75 (br s, IH), 8.26 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 8.07 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 4H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.40 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 3.55- 3.06 (m, 7H), 2.92-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.07 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (q, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 622 (M+H).
[00208] The following compounds were prepared using methods analogous to those described in Synthetic Example l(b) and in Scheme l(b).
[00209] Compound 19: 7V-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide trifluoroacetate (41%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.34 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 8.04 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.52 (s, 5H), 7.29 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 4.48 (s, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 4.22-4.08 (m, IH), 3.65-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.21 (t, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.90-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.28 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (q, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 597 (M+H). [00210] Compound 25: /V-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-cyanophenylsulfonyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide trifluoroacetate (13%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.01 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J=Ll Hz, IH), 7.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.59-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz; IH), 4.49 (s, 2H), 4.00-3.88 (m, IH), 3.68 (s, 2H), 3.64 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.97 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 2.85-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.28 (t, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (q, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 579 (M+H).
[00211] Compound 26: 7V-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide trifluoroacetate (24%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.98 (d, J=1.9 Hz, IH), 8.73 (dd, J=4.7, 1.7 Hz, IH), 8.36-8.00 (m, IH), 8.25 (ddd, J=8.3, 2.2, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.95 (s, IH), 7.89 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 4.52 (br s, 2H), 4.43 (br s, 2H), 4.23-4.10 (m, IH), 3.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.32- 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.81 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 555 (M+H).
(c) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-(4-Cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&lindole-8-carboxamide
(Compound 21).
[00212] Compound 21 was prepared according to Scheme l(c), below:
42 R=-CO-3-pyndyl R=-CH2-4-pyπdyl 51 R=-CO-4-pyndyl R=-CH2-Ph4-CONH2 53 R=-CH2-4-N-Me-imidazole 54 R=-CH2-4-oxazole
Figure imgf000096_0001
Scheme l(c)
Step 1
[00213] Benzyl 8-(l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate (8 in Scheme l(c)) was prepared as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above as an off-white solid (95%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.15 (s, IH), 8.05 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.98 (br s, IH), 7.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 7.38- 7.27 (m, 6H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.66 (br s, 2H), 4.06-3.88 (m, 3H), 3.80 (br s, 2H), 2.87-2.77 (m, 4H), 1.84-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.35 (m, HH) ppm; MS (ES) 533 (M+H).
Step 2
[00214] i) A solution of benzyl 8-(l-(te/t-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4- dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate (8, 20.98 g, 39 mmol) and Pd/C (10% wt.) (4.0 g) in MeOH (300 mL) was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The palladium was then filtered, washed with MeOH and the resulting clear solution was concentrated to give tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate as a white foamy residue (11.63 g, 74%) ppm; MS (ES) 399 (M+Η). [00215] ii) To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (11.63 g, 29.2 mmol) and A- (trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (4.8 niL, 6.12 g, 35.1 mmol) in DCM (200 mL), sodium triacetoxyborohydride (12.4 g, 8.5 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and then poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (300 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give an off-white solid. Trituration with ethyl ether provided tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4, 3- δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (9 in Scheme l(c)) as a white solid (13.60 g, 84%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.03 (br s, IH), 8.01 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.83 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.22-3.83 (m, 5H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.77 (br s, 6H), 1.82-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.30 (m, 1 IH) ppm; MS (ES) 557 (M+H)
Step 3
[00216] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (9, 50 mg, 90 μmol) in DCM (1.0 mL), TFA (1.0 mL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature for 2 h, the volatiles were evaporated, DCM and toluene (10 mL) were added and the volatiles evaporated (2x). The resulting residue was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL) and triethylamine (0.5 mL, 0.36 g, 3.6 mmol) and 4-cyanobenzenesulfonyl chloride (22 mg, 110 μmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to give a tan solid which was triturated with ethyl ether to provide Λ/-(l-(4-cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 21, 54 mg, 97%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.04 (br s, IH), 8.12 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.04 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.92 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.72 (m, IH), 3.70-3.59 (m, 4H), 2.90-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.56-2.44 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.48 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 622 (M+H).
[00217] The following compounds were prepared using methods analogous to those described in Synthetic Example l(c) and in Scheme l(c). [00218] Compound 22: N-(l-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (93%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.94-8.93 (m, IH), 8.82 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, IH), 8.21 (ddd, J=8.0, 2.3, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.83-7.79 (m, IH), 7.69-7.61 (m, 5H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.90-3.83 (m, 5H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.95-2.93 (m, 4H), 2.56 (t, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.06-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.62 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 598 (M+H). [00219] Compound 23: 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-(l-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamide (97%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.03 (br s, IH), 8.06 (s, IH), 8.02 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.96 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.74 (m, IH), 3.67 (d, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.54-2.47 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.51 (q, J=I 1.4 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 665 (M+H). [00220] Compound 28: N-(l-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (1Od) (79%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.03 (br s, IH), 7.83-7.79 (m, 4H), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.80-3.70 (m, IH), 3.68-3.55 (m, 4H), 2.84 (br s, 4H), 2.41 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 2H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.50 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 615 (M+H).
[00221] Compound 29: N-(l-(3-cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (81%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.03 (br s, IH), 8.19 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.07-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.84 (t, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.79 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.72 (m, IH), 3.67 (d, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.84 (br s, 4H), 2.53-2.46 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.50 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 622 (M+H).
[00222] Compound 30: 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-(l-(3-
(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamide (75%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.04 (br s, IH), 8.11 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 8.06 (dd, J=7.2, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 7.96 (s, IH), 7.90 (t, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.79 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, IH), 7.24 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.72 (m, IH), 3.68 (d, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.84 (br s, 4H), 2.51- 2.45 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.52 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 665 (M+H). [00223] Compound 32: N-(l-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide trifluoroacetate (59%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.45 (br s, IH), 10.41 (br s, IH), 8.12 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.91 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 3H), 7.82 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.35 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.67 (br s, 2H), 4.54-4.32 (m, 2H), 3.77 (br s, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 3.60-3.50 (m, IH), 3.13 (br s, 2H), 2.44 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.50 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 631 (M+H).
(d) Synthetic Example: N-(l-nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyridor4,3-&1indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 42).
[00224] N-(l-Nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (compound 42) was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above (using nicotinyl chloride hydrochloride instead of sulfonyl chlorides) as an off-white solid (87%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.05 (s, IH), 8.64 (dd, J=5.0, 1.7 Hz, IH), 8.57 (d, J=I.9 Hz, IH), 8.07 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.84 (s, IH), 7.80 (dt, J=8.0, 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.48 (ddd, J=7.7, 5.0, 0.8 Hz, IH), 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.45 (d, J=I 1.0 Hz, IH), 4.14-4.00 (m, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.50 (m, IH), 3.27-3.14 (m, IH), 3.02- 2.78 (m, 5H), 1.97-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.40 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 562 (M+H).
(e) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-(Pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&lindole-8-carboxamide (Compound 50)
Step l
[00225] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (9 in Scheme l(c)), 340 mg, 0.6 mmol) in 4 N ΗCl/dioxane (10.0 mL) was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and the resulting residue was triturated with ethyl ether to give 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine dihydrochloride salt as a white solid (320 mg, 100%).
Step 2
[00226] A solution of the dihydrochloride salt of step 1, above (65 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL) and 4-(bromomethyl)pyridine hydrobromide (2x35 mg, 2x0.14 mmol) and triethylamine (2x80 μL, 2x58 mg, 2x570 μmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to give an off-white solid which was triturated with ethyl ether to provide 7V-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 50, 60%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.02 (s, IH), 8.49 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 7.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.84 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 7.31 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.70 (m, IH), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.74 (m, 6H), 2.06 (t, J=I 1.1 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (q, J=10.9 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 548 (M+H).
[00227] The following compounds were prepared as described in Synthetic Example l(e) and in Scheme l(c).
[00228] Compound 51 : Λ/-(l-isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide (67%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.04 (s, IH), 8.66 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.84 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.35 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.44 (d, J=12.9 Hz, IH), 4.15-4.00 (m, IH), 3.87 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.46 (d, J=12.9 Hz, IH), 3.18 (t, J=12.4 Hz, IH), 2.95 (t, J=12.4 Hz, IH), 2.85 (br s, 4H), 1.92 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, IH), 1.78 (d, J=I 1.0 Hz, IH), 1.57-1.44 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 562 (M+H).
[00229] Compound 52 : N-( 1 -(4-carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (66%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.02 (s, IH), 7.99 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.91 (s, IH), 7.83 (s, IH), 7.81 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.35 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (s, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.80-3.68 (m, IH), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.76 (m, 6H), 2.03 (t, J=I 1.1 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (q, J=10.6 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 590 (M+H).
(f) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-((l-methyl-lH-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&lindole-8-carboxamide. (Compound 53)
[00230] To a solution of the dihydrochloride salt prepared in step 1 of Synthetic Example l(e) (65 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (2.0 mL), 1 -methyl- lH-imidazole-4- carbaldehyde (2x16 mg, 2x0.15 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (2x55 mg, 3x260 μmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, and upon reaction completion, was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (30 mL). The layers were separated, extracted aqueous layer with EtOAc (3x20 niL), washed combined organic layer with brine (2x10 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. Trituration of the residue with ethyl ether provided N-( 1 -(( 1 -methyl- IH- imidazol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide as a white solid (Compound 53, 31 mg, 46%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.02 (s, IH), 7.98 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.44 (s, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 6.92 (s, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.66 (m, IH), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 2.92- 2.78 (m, 6H), 1.98 (t, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.73 (d, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (q, J=10.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 551 (M+H).
[00231] The following compounds were prepared as described in Synthetic Example l(f) and in Scheme l(c).
[00232] Compound 54: N-(l-(oxazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (46%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.02 (s, IH), 8.28 (s, IH), 7.99 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.95 (s, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 7.70 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.66 (m, IH), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.76 (m, 6H), 2.04 (t, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.54 (q, J=10.9 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 538 (M+H).
(g) Synthetic Example: N-Carbamoyl Compounds 27, 31, 33 [00233] Compound 27 was prepared as shown in Scheme l(g)
Figure imgf000101_0001
Compound 33: Ar= | \ / CF3 Compound 31: Ar=~| N. ) F
Scheme l(g)
[00234] TV-(I -(4-cyanophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 27) was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c), with purification by column chromatography (5% -> 10% MeOΗ/DCM) to yield the title compound as an off-white solid (37%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.85 (d, J=1.4 Hz, IH), 7.68-7.59 (m, 8H), 7.56 (d, J=1.7 Hz, IH), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.23 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.08 (m, IH), 3.90 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.96-2.93 (m, 4H), 2.02 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.67-1.55 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 601 (M+H).
[00235] 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-ΛH 1 -(4-
(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole- 8-carboxamide trifluoroacetate (Compound 33) was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above followed by purification using ΗPLC as a yellow solid (60%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.46 (s, IH), 10.46 (br s, IH), 8.95 (s, IH), 8.12 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.97 (s, IH), 7.90 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.70-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.67 (br s, 2H), 4.58-4.33 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 4.10-3.98 (m, IH), 3.78 (br s, 2H), 3.14 (br s, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 1.84 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 644 (M+H). [00236] N-( 1 -(4-Fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above as an off-white solid (96%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.04 (s, IH), 8.55 (s, IH), 8.05 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.84 (s, IH), 7.70 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.47-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.05 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.06-3.96 (m, IH), 3.86 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 2.94-2.78 (m, 6H), 1.81 (d, J=I LO Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.40 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 594 (M+H).
(h) Synthetic Example: Carboxamide compounds
[00237] Compounds were prepared as shown in Scheme l(h).
Figure imgf000103_0001
luoromethy l)benzyl
Figure imgf000103_0002
Compound 12 R=CF3, Cy =4-cyanobenzyl Compound 13 R=CF3, Cy =4-(tπfluoromethyl)benzyl Compound 14 R=CF3 , Cy =phenylettiyl Compound 15 R=CF3, Cy =4-fluorophenyl
Scheme l(h)
Step l
[00238] To a solution of 2-tert-butyl 8-methyl 3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole- 2,8(5H)-dicarboxylate (0.50 g, 1.5 mmol) in DCM (5.0 niL), TFA (5.0 niL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature for 1 h, the volatiles were evaporated, DCM and toluene (20 mL) were added and the volatiles evaporated (2x). The resulting residue was dissolved in TΗF/MeOΗ (4:1, 10 mL) and benzaldehyde (0.17 mL, 0.18 g, 1.7 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.485 g, 2.3 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and 4 more equivalents of the aldehyde and reducing agent were added to cause the reaction to go to completion. The reaction mixture was then poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (300 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3x100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2x50 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give a foamy residue. Column chromatography (DCM -> 3% MeOΗ/DCM) provided methyl 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylate (12a in Scheme l(h)) as a white solid (0.32 g, 66%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.17 (d, J=Ll Hz, IH), 7.73 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.44-7.27 (m, 6H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 2H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 2.95-2.88 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 321 (M+H).
[00239] Methyl 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylate (12b in Scheme l(h)) was prepared in similar fashion as a white solid (51%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.04 (d, J=I.4 Hz, IH), 7.73 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.09 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.90 (br s, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 339 (M+H). [00240] Methyl 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole- 8-carboxylate (12c in Scheme l(h)) was prepared in similar fashion as an off-white solid (0.37 g, 63%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.05 (d, J=l.l Hz, IH), 7.73 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 2.91 (br s, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 389 (M+H).
Step 2
[00241] To a solution of methyl 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8- carboxylate (12a, 0.31 g, 1.0 mmol) in TΗF/MeOΗ (2:1, 9 mL), a solution of lithium hydroxide hydrate (0.24 g, 5.7 mmol) in water (3.0 mL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature for 2d, the volatiles were evaporated to give a yellow residue. Trituration of the residue with 10% HCl solution provided 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13a in Scheme l(h)) as a yellow solid (0.27 g, 92%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.59 (s, IH), 10.92 (s, IH), 8.07 (s, IH), 7.71 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.65 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 3H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.58-4.30 (m, 4H), 3.78-3.69 (m, IH), 3.52-3.05 (m, 3H) ppm; MS (ES) 307 (M+H). [00242] 2-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13b in Scheme l(h)) was prepared as a white solid from methyl 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxylate (12b) in similar fashion (99%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.16 (s, IH), 7.84 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.66-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.28 (t, J=8.67 Hz, 2H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.53 (br s, 2H), 3.76 (br s, 2H), 3.24 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 325 (M+H).
[00243] 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylic acid (13c in Scheme l(h)) was prepared as an off- white solid from methyl 2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylate (12c) in similar fashion (97%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.17 (s, IH), 7.88-7.79 (m, 5H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.62 (br s, IH), 4.54 (br s, IH), 3.90 (br s, IH), 3.66 (br s, IH), 3.26 (br s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 375 (M+H).
Step 3
[00244] 2-Benzyl-N-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 4) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2-benzyl- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13a in Scheme l(h)) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (97%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.00 (s, IH), 8.00 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 7.78 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.50 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.32-7.23 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.89-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.06 (t, J=I LO Hz, 2H), 1.76 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (q, J=10.7 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 504 (M+H). [00245] 2-Benzyl-N-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 5) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2- benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13a) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (83%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 8.01 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.82 (s, IH), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.40- 7.32 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 2H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.90-2.72 (m, 6H), 2.05 (t, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (q, J=10.5 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 547 (M+H).
[00246] 2-Benzyl-N-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 7) was prepared as a white solid upon ΗPLC purification from 2-benzyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13a) as a yellow solid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (43%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.49 (s, IH), 10.39 (br s, IH), 10.01 (br s, IH), 8.69 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 8.30 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.93 (s, IH), 7.64-7.51 (m, 7H), 7.36 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.60- 4.30 (m, 5H), 4.00 (br s, IH), 3.80-3.25 (m, 5H), 3.14 (br s, 4H), 2.04 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (q, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 480 (M+H).
[00247] 2-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-N-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 8) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13b in Scheme l(h)) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (81%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.51 (br s, IH), 8.44 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.87-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.46-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.08 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.96-3.84 (m, IH), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.98-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.21 (t, J=I 1.1 Hz, 2H), 1.95 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (qd, J=I 1.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 498 (M+H). [00248] N-(l-(4-Cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 9) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2- (4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13b) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (87%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.84 (d, J=I.4 Hz, IH), 7.69 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.47-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.09 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.96-3.84 (m, IH), 3.82 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.20 (t, J=I 1.2 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (q, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 522 (M+H). [00249] 2-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-N-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 10) as an off-white solid was prepared from 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13b) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (73%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.84 (d, J=Ll Hz, IH), 7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.08 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.96-3.84 (m, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.20 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (qd, J=I 1.8, 2.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 565 (M+H).
[00250] N-(l-(Pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 11) was prepared as an off- white solid from 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylic acid (13c in Scheme l(h)) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (66%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.51 (d, J=I.7 Hz, IH), 8.44 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.86-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.64 (AB q, J=I 1.7, 8.9 Hz, 4H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.5, 1.9 Hz, IH), 7.42 (dd, J=7.7, 5.0 Hz, IH), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.96-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 2.98-2.88 (m, 6H), 2.21 (t, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (qd, J=I 1.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 548 (M+H).
[00251] N-(l-(4-Cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 12) was prepared as an off- white solid from 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylic acid (13c) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (63%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.84 (d, J=I.4 Hz, IH), 7.71-7.61 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.44 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.96-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.20 (t, J=I 1.4 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (qd, J=I 1.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 572 (M+H).
[00252] 2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-JV-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 13) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13c) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (55%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.84 (d, J=Ll Hz, IH), 7.68-7.61 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.29 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.96-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.00-2.88 (m, 6H), 2.20 (t, J=I 1.9 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (qd, J=I 1.7, 2.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 615 (M+H). [00253] N-(l-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 14) was prepared as an off-white solid from 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13c) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (41%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.85 (d, J=l.l Hz, IH), 7.65 (AB q, J=I 1.3, 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.57 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.32-7.17 (m, 6H), 3.98-3.88 (m, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 3.00-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.87-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.62 (m,2H), 2.26 (t, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (qd, J=I 1.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 561 (M+H).
[00254] N-(l-(4-Fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifiuoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 15) was prepared as its bistrifluoroacetate salt and purified by reverse phase ΗPLC as a white solid from 2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (13c) as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (27%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.16 (s, IH), 7.95 (s, IH), 7.88-7.79 (m, 6H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, IH), 7.39 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J=9.1, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.69 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 3H), 4.57 (br s, IH), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.18-4.06 (m, IH), 3.68 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.14 (t, J=I 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (qd, J=12.0, 3.1 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 551 (M+H).
(i) Synthetic Example: 5-Methyl-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahvdro-lH-pyridor4,3-άlindole-8-carboxamide
(Compound 18)
[00255] Compound 18 was prepared as shown in Scheme l(i)
Figure imgf000107_0001
Compound 16 Cy=4-NC-Ph- Conpound 17 Cy=4-F3C-Ph-
Scheme l(i) Step l
[00256] A solution of 2-tert-butyl 8-methyl 3 ,4-dihydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-2,8(5H)- dicarboxylate (17 in Scheme l(i), 1.0 g, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (6.0 niL) was added to a cold solution (ice bath) of NaH (60%, 121 mg, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (3 mL). After stirring at 0 0C under N2 atmosphere for 30 min, iodomethane (210 μL, 471 mg, 3.3 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature overnight, cooled down to 0 0C and poured into saturated NH4Cl solution (20 mL). The resulting brown precipitate was filtered, dried and chromatographed (neat DCM -> 2% MeOH/DCM) to provide, upon trituration with ethyl ether, 2-tert-buty\ 8-methyl 5-methyl-3,4-dihydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-6]indole-2,8(5H)-dicarboxylate (18 in Scheme l(i), 0.82 g, 79%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.13 (s, IH), 7.82 (dd, J=8.8, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.38 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.64 (br s, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.84 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.86 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H) ppm; MS (ES) 345 (M+H).
Step 2
[00257] To a solution of 2-tert-butyl 8-methyl 5-methyl-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- 6]indole-2,8(5H)-dicarboxylate (18 in Scheme l(i), 0.30 g, 0.9 mmol) in DCM (3.0 mL), TFA (3.0 mL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature for 0.5 h, the volatiles were evaporated, DCM (20 mL) and cold IN NaOH solution (20 mL) were added. After 5 min, the organic layer was separated, washed the aqueous layer with DCM (2x20 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with brine (1x25 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give the free amine as a clear oil. Treatment of the free amine with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (290 μL, 370 mg, 2.1 mmol) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (340 mg, 1.6 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at room temperature overnight provided upon pouring the reaction mixture into saturated NaHCO3 solution, separating the organic layer, extracting the aqueous layer with DCM, drying (MgSO4) and concentration a yellow oil. Column chromatography (neat DCM -> 2% MeOH/DCM) provided methyl 5- methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylate (19 in scheme l(i)) as a white solid (0.28 g, 78%). 1U NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.05 (d, J=l.l Hz, IH), 7.79 (dd, J=8.8, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.64 (AB q, J=14.3, 8.3 Hz, 4H), 7.35 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 3.89 (s, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.95-2.88 (m, 4H) ppm; MS (ES) 403 (M+H).
Step 3
[00258] To a solution of methyl 5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylate (19 in Scheme l(i), 0.27 g, 0.7 mmol) in THF/MeOH (2:1, 6 mL), a solution of lithium hydroxide hydrate (0.17 g, 4.1 mmol) in water (2.0 mL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature for 3 d, the volatiles were evaporated to give a yellow residue. Trituration of the residue with 10% HCl solution provided 5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (20 in scheme l(i)) as an off-white solid (0.21 g, 82%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.17 (d, J=Ll Hz, IH), 7.90 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.83 (AB q, J=15.8, 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.46 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.55 (s, 2H), 3.82-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.26 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 389 (M+H).
Step 4
[00259] 5-Methyl-N-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 18 of Table 1) was prepared as its bistrifluoroacetate salt and purified by reverse phase ΗPLC as an off- white solid from 5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (33%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 10.54 (br s, IH), 9.79 (br s, IH), 8.69 (s, IH), 8.67 (d, J=4.7 Hz, IH), 8.31 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.96 (d, J=I 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 7.55 (d, J=4.7 Hz, IH), 7.51 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 4.70- 4.55 (m, 3H), 4.50-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.02 (br s, IH), 3.86 (br s, IH), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.35-3.05 (m, 4H), 2.05 (d, J=13.2, 2H), 1.77 (q, J=12.2 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 562 (M+H).
[00260] Λ/-(l-(4-Cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 16 of Table 1) was prepared as an off-white solid from 5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (70%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, IH), 7.70-7.60 (m, 7H), 7.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.96-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.20-2.86 (m, 6H), 2.19 (t, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (qd, J=12.0, 3.2 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 586 (M+H). [00261] 5-Methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-(l-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamide (Compound 17 of Table 1) was prepared as an off-white solid from 5-methyl-2- (4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylic acid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example l(b) above (68%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 7.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, IH), 7.68-7.61 (m, 7H), 7.54 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.96-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 3.20-2.88 (m, 6H), 2.19 (t, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 2H), 1.70 (qd, J=12.1, 3.3 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 629 (M+H).
(i) Synthetic Example: 5-Acetyl-N-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahvdro-lH-pyridor4,3-άlindole-8-carboxamide
Bistrifluoroacetate (Compound 20).
[00262] Compound 20 was prepared as shown in Scheme l(j).
Figure imgf000110_0001
Scheme l(j)
[00263] To a solution of N-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 11, 50 mg, 0.09 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL), NaH (60%, 5 mg, 0.13 mmol) was added at room temperature. The resulting brown reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 20 min, cooled down to -25 0C and acetyl chloride (7 μL, 7.7 mg, 0.1 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature over 1 h and poured over ice-cold saturated NaHCO3 solution to give a brown precipitate which was collected and purified by reverse phase HPLC. The purified material was triturated with ethyl ether to provide 5 -acetyl-iV-( 1 -(pyridin-3 -ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 20) as its bistrifluoroacetate salt as a white solid (31%). 1H NMR (CD3OD, 300 MHz) 8.73 (d, J=I .7 Hz, IH), 8.70 (dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, IH), 8.14 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 8.07 (dt, J=7.4, 1.7 Hz, IH), 7.97 (s, IH), 7.87-7.79 (m, 5H), 7.61 (dd, J=8.0, 5.0 Hz, IH), 4.69 (s, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.26-4.14 (m, IH), 3.77 (br s, 2H), 3.64-3.52 (m, 4H), 3.28-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.26 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (br s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 590 (M+H).
(k) Synthetic Example: 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-A/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3A5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&1indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 36) [00264] Compound 36 was prepared as shown in Scheme l(k).
Figure imgf000111_0001
Compound 36 Cy=3-pyridylmethyl Compound 34 Cy^4-cyanobenzyl Compound 37 Cy=4-(tπfluoromethyl)benzyl Compound 35 Cy=4-fluorophenylsulfonyl
Scheme l(k)
Step 1
[00265] A solution of methyl 4-amino-3-iodobenzoate (0.5 g, 1.8 mmol), l-(4- fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-one (1.05 g, 5.4 mmol), l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (0.61 g, 5.4 mmol) and palladium (II) acetate (20 mg, 0.09 mmol) in DMF (10.0 mL) was degassed, filled with argon (3x) and allowed to stir at 110 0C for 3.5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and partitioned between EtOAc (40 mL) and water (40 mL), and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2x20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2x20 mL), brine (1x20 mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (25% EtOAc/hexane) provided, upon trituration with ethyl ether, methyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxylate (23 in Scheme IQs)) as a yellow solid (0.23 g, 39%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHZ) 8.17 (s, IH), 7.77 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 7.23 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.09 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.73 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (br s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 325 (M+H).
Step 2
[00266] To a solution of methyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- 6]indole-8-carboxylate (23, 0.22 g, 0.7 mmol) in TΗF/MeOΗ (2:1, 3.0 mL), a solution of lithium hydroxide hydrate (3x0.17 g, 3x4.0 mmol) in water (1.0 mL) was added. After allowing the reaction mixture to stir at room temperature until the starting material is consumed, the volatiles were evaporated to give a yellow residue. Trituration of the residue with 10% HCl solution provided 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- 6]indole-8-carboxylic acid (24 in Scheme IQL)) as a yellow solid (0.21 g, 98%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.41 (s, IH), 8.16 (s, IH), 7.69 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.44 (br s, 2H), 7.37 (d, J=8.5, IH), 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.06 (s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 311 (M+H). Step 3
[00267] To a solution of 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxylic acid (24, 50 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMF (2.0 niL), ΗATU (75 mg, 0.2 mmol), 1- (pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-amine dihydrochloride (48 mg, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (150 μL, 110 mg, 1.1 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (10 mL) to give a precipitate, filtered and dried under vacuum overnight. Trituration with ethyl ether provided 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 36) as a pale yellow solid (57 mg, 73%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.08 (s, IH), 8.49 (d, J=I.4 Hz, IH), 8.45 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, IH), 8.03 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 8.02 (s, IH), 7.70 (dt, J=7.7, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.56 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.35 (dd, J=U, 4.7 Hz, IH), 7.28 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 7.06 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.87-3.72 (m, IH), 3.63 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (s, 2H), 2.92-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.80 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (qd, J=I 1.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 484 (M+H).
[00268] N-(l-(4-Cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 34) was prepared as a pale yellow solid as described in step 3 of synthetic example l(k) above (73%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.07 (s, IH), 8.02 (s, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.51 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 3.88-3.72 (m, IH), 3.63 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (s, 2H), 2.89 (br s, 2H), 2.82 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (t, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (q, J=10.0 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 508 (M+H). [00269] 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-N-(l-(4-(trifiuoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 37) was prepared as a pale yellow solid as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(k) (36%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.08 (s, IH), 8.04 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 8.03 (s, IH), 7.69 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=I.7 Hz, IH), 7.54 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.88-3.74 (m, IH), 3.63 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 2.92-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.08 (t, J=10.9, 2H), 1.80 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.62 (q, J=I 1.4 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 551 (M+H).
[00270] 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-N-(l-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 35) was prepared as an off- white solid as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(k) (75%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.09 (s, IH), 8.09 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.99 (s, IH), 7.82 (dd, J=8.7, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (q, J=8.7 Hz, 3H), 7.27 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=I.9 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 3.86-3.72 (m, IH), 3.70-3.58 (m, 4H), 2.88 (br s, 2H), 2.44 (t, J= 10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (q, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 551 (M+H).
(1) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&lindole-8-carboxamide (Compound 39) [00271] Compound 39 was prepared as described in Scheme 1(1).
Figure imgf000113_0001
Compound 39 Cy ^-fluorophenyl
Compound xx Cy=3-pyπdyl
Compound xx Cy^t-(tπfluoromethyl)phenyl
Scheme 1(1)
Step 1
[00272] tert-Butyl 4-(2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (Compound 38) was prepared as an off-white solid as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(k) above (1.42 g, 98%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.08 (s, IH), 8.05 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 8.02 (s, IH), 7.57 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.07 (s, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.00-3.90 (m, 3H), 3.63 (br s, 2H), 2.92-2.84 (m, 4H), 1.80 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H) ppm; MS (ES) 515 (M+Na).
Step 2
[00273] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (Compound 38, 50 mg, 100 μmol) in 4 N ΗCl/dioxane (3.0 mL) was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated, MeOH (5.0 mL) was added and the volatiles were evaporated (2x). The resulting residue was dissolved in DMF (2.0 mL) and 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride (15 μL, 20 mg, 130 μmol) and triethylamine (0.5 mL, 0.36 g, 3.6 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to give a yellow solid which was triturated with ethyl ether and then purified by reverse phase HPLC to provide JV-(l-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 39) (46%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.13 (s, IH), 8.09 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 8.03 (s, IH), 7.58 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, IH), 7.45 (dd, J=8.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 3H), 7.10 (m, 4H), 4.43 (s, 3H), 4.18-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.54 (m, 3H), 3.16 (br s, IH), 2.92 (br s, 2H), 1.87 (br s, 2H), 1.54 (br s, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 515 (M+H).
[00274] 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-N-(l-nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 40) was prepared as a yellow solid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example 1(1) above (22%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.15 (s, IH), 8.69 (d, J=5.0 Hz, IH), 8.65 (s, IH), 8.12 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 8.04 (s, IH), 7.92 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.56 (d, J=5.2 Hz, IH), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.16-7.08 (m, 4H), 4.60-4.40 (m, 3H), 4.11 (br s, IH), 3.69 (br s, 2H), 3.63-3.51 (m, IH), 3.30-3.18 (br s, IH), 3.06-2.88 (m, 3H), 2.00-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.42 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 498 (M+H).
[00275] 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-N-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 41) was prepared as a yellow solid as described in step 2 of Synthetic Example 1(1) (35%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.14 (s, IH), 8.12 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 8.03 (s, IH), 7.83 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 3H), 7.30 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.13-7.06 (m, 4H), 4.52-4.43 (m, IH), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.20- 4.04 (m, IH), 3.67 (br s, 2H), 3.52 (d, J=12.1 Hz, IH), 3.21 (t, J=12.1 Hz, IH), 2.92 (br s, 2H), 2.00-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.41 (m, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 565 (M+H).
(m) Synthetic Example: 2-(4-Carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-&lindole-8-carboxamide (Compound 44) [00276] Compound 44 was prepared as shown in Scheme l(m).
Figure imgf000114_0001
Scheme l(m) Step l
[00277] i) A solution of benzyl 8-(l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4- dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate (8 in Scheme l(m), 1.0 g, 1.9 mmol) and Pd/C (10% wt., 0.2 g) in MeOH (20 niL) was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The palladium was then removed by filtration and washed with MeOH; and the resulting clear solution was concentrated to give tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate as an-off white solid (0.745 g, 100%). MS (ES) 399 (M+Η).
[00278] ii) To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (0.745 g, 1.9 mmol) in DMF (10 mL), 4- bromomethylbenzamide (0.44 g, 2.1 mmol) and TEA (1.2 mL, 0.857 g, 8.5 mmol) were added. The resulting dark yellow reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature under N2 atmosphere overnight and then poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (100 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected and dried under vacuum overnight to provide tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (28 in Scheme l(m)) as a white solid (0.75 g, 75%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 10.80 (s, IH), 7.86-7.79 (m, 4H), 7.55 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 3H), 7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.00-3.88 (m, 3H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 2.92-2.80 (m, 6H), 1.80 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H) ppm; MS (ES) 532 (M+H).
Step 2
[00279] i) A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate (28, 745 mg, 1.4 mmol) in 4 N ΗCl/dioxane (20.0 mL) was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated to give a tan solid which was triturated with ethyl ether to give 2-(4- carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- 6]indole-8-carboxamide as an off-white solid (700 mg, 99%); MS (ES) 432 (M+Η). [00280] ii) To a solution of 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-7V-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-6]indole-8-carboxamide (75 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL), α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (32 mg, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (75 μL, 54 mg, 0.54 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) to give a white solid which was collected and triturated with ethyl ether to give 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 44) (55 mg, 68%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 8.00 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (br s, IH), 7.78 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (dd, J=10.2, 1.4 Hz, IH), 7.50 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (br s, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, IH), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 2.88 (m, 6H), 2.05 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (q, J=10.5 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 547 (M+H).
[00281] 2-(4-Carbamoylbenzyl)-N-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 45) was prepared as described in step 2.ϋ of Synthetic Example l(m) above (54%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 8.49 (dd, J=4.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 8.00 (d, J=8.0 Hz, IH), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (br s, IH), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 3H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.70 (m, IH), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.88- 2.76 (m, 6H), 2.05 (t, J=I 1.0, 2H), 1.77 (d, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (q, J=I 1.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 523 (M+H).
[00282] 2-(4-Carbamoylbenzyl)-N-(l-isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 46) was prepared as described in step 2.ii of Synthetic Example l(m) above (31%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.03 (s, IH), 8.66 (dd, J=4.4, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (br s, IH), 7.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (dd, J=4.4, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (br s, IH), 7.26(d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.44 (d, J=12.9 Hz, IH), 4.13-4.00 (m, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 2H), 3.45 (d, J=I 1.8 Hz, IH), 3.17 (t, J=12.2 Hz, IH), 2.94 (t, J=12.7 Hz, IH), 2.84 (br s, 4H), 1.92 (d, J=I 1.0 Hz, IH), 1.78 (d, J=I 1.0 Hz, IH), 1.50 (q, J=12.8 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 537 (M+H).
[00283] 2-(4-Carbamoylbenzyl)-N-(l-(4-(trifiuoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 47) was prepared as described in step 2.ϋ of Synthetic Example l(m) above (66%). 1U NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 8.00 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.83 (s, IH), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.55-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.45 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (br s, IH), 7.25 (d, J=8.3 Hz, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.70 (m, IH), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 2.88-2.74 (m, 6H), 2.05 (t, J=I Ll Hz, 2H), 1.76 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (q, J=10.7 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 590 (M+H). [00284] 2-(4-Carbamoylbenzyl)-N-(l-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compund 48) was prepared as described in step 2.ii of Synthetic Example l(m) above (60%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 8.00 (d, J=7.7 Hz, IH), 7.93 (br s, IH), 7.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (s, IH), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.13 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, IH), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.44 (s, 2H), 2.88-2.74 (m, 6H), 2.00 (t, J=I 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 1.56 (qd, J=I 1.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 539 (M+H).
[00285] 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-δ]indole-8-carboxamide (Compound 49) was prepared as described in step 2.ϋ of Synthetic Example l(m) above (80%). 1H NMR (DMSO-J6, 300 MHZ) 11.01 (s, IH), 7.99 (d, J=7.4 Hz, IH), 7.92 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.86-7.80 (m, 5H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 7.45 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, IH), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.88-2.76 (m, 6H), 2.02 (t, J=I 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (q, J=10.64 Hz, 2H) ppm; MS (ES) 565 (M+H).
(n). Increase in AMPK activity
[00286] Compounds 1-54 were assayed for their ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The EC50 values for AMPK activation for compounds 1-54 are presented in Table 2 below, in which "A" is less than 0.5 μM; "B" is 0.5-1 μM; "C" is 1-5 μM; and "D" is 5-10 μM; "E" is 10-50 μM; and "F" is >100 μM:
Figure imgf000117_0001
Figure imgf000118_0001
Example 2
(a) Synthetic Example: 4-((4-benzylpiperazin-l-yl)methyl)-N-(l-benzylpiperidin-4- vDbenzamide (compound 55).
Step 1
[00119] To a stirred mixture of 4-formylbenzoic acid (1 g, 6.66 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (5 mL) was added triethylamine (1.4 mL, 7.99 mmol), l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.53 g, 7.99 mmol), and 1-benzyl- piperidin-4-ylamine (1.26 mL, 6.66 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was triturated with methanol. The resulting solids were collected by filtration, washed methanol and dried under reduced pressure to afford Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-formylbenzamide as a white solid (Ug, 80%). 1H NMR (DMSO, 300MHz): δ 8.41 (s, IH), 7.85 (d, 2H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.28 (m, 5H), 3.78 (m, IH), 3.4 (m, 2H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.80 (m, 4H); LCMS (m/z): 324 (MH+).
Step 2
[00120] Λ/-(l-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-formylbenzamide (lOOmg, 0.31mmol) and 1- benzylpipeazine (54 μL, 0.31 mmol) were mixed in 1,2 dichloroethane (5 mL) and treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (86mg, 0.403mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under N2 overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with IN NaOH, and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO4). The final product was purified by flash chromatography (2% MeOHZCH2Cl2) to afford the title compound as a white solid. (104 mg, 70%) 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 7.89 (d, 2H), δ 7.46-7.62 (m, 5H), δ 7.31-7.44 (m, 5H), δ 7.28 (d, 2H), δ 4.25 (s, 2H), δ 4.22 (s, 4H), δ 3.98 (m, 2H), δ 3.44 (m, 8H), δ 2.88 (m, 2H), δ2.56 (m, 2H), δ 2.45 (m, 2H), δ 2.20 (m, 2H); LCMS (m/z): 484 (MH+).
(b) 1H-NMR and mass spectral data.
[00121] The following compounds were prepared using methods analogous to those described in Synthetic Example 2(a) and in Scheme 2.
[00122] Compound 56: Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(cyclohexylmethyl)piperazin-l- yl)methyl)benzamide. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 7.68 (d, 2H), 7.29-7.38 (m, 7H),
6.05 (d, IH), 4.02 (m, IH), 3.61 (s, 2H), 3.57 (s, 2H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.28 (m, 4H), 2.02 (m,
2H), 1.77-2.05 (m, 12H), 1.23 (m, 7H), 0.91 (m, 4H); LCMS (m/z): 490 (MH+).
[00123] Compound 57: Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl)piperazin-l-yl)methyl)benzamide. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 8.38 (s, IH), 7.93 (d,
2H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.26-7.46 (m, 5H), 6.62 (d, IH), 4.44 (m, IH), 4.25 (s, 2H), 4.20 (s, 2H),
3.90 (m, 2H), 3.50 (m, 6H), 3.0 (m, 2H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.21 (m, 2H); LCMS
(m/z): 538 (MH+).
[00124] Compound 58: Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-l- yl)methyl)benzamide. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 8.36 (s, IH), 7.78 (d, IH), 7.43 (d, 2H), 7.42-7.66 (m, 7H), 7.16 (d, IH), 6.61 (d, 2H), 4.20 (m, IH), 4.10 (s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 2H),
3.65 (m, 4H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.70(m, 6H), 2.20 (m, 2H); LCMS (m/z): 470 (MH+).
[00125] Compound 59: 4-((4-benzylpiperazin-l-yl)methyl)-N-(l-(pyridin-4- ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide. 1H NMR ( CDCl3, 300MHz): δ 8.48 (d, 2H), δ 8.16 (d,
IH), δ 7.75(d, 2H), δ7.28 (m, 9H), δ 3.75 (m, IH), δ 3.47 (s, 2H), δ 3.43 (s, 2H), δ 3.31 (s,
2H), δ 2.78 (m, 2H), δ 2.48 (s, 8H), δ 2.05 (m, 2H), δ 1.75 (m, 2H), δ 1.61 (m, 2H); LCMS
(m/z): 484 (MH+).
[00126] Compound 60: 4-((4-benzylpiperazin-l-yl)methyl)-N-(l-(pyridin-3- ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide. 1H NMR ( CDCl3, 300MHz): δ 8.43 (m, 3H), δ 8.14 (d,
2H), δ 7.73(d, 2H), δ7.66 (d, 2H), 87.31 (m, 7H ), δ 3.74 (m, IH), δ 3.47 (s, 2H), δ 3.43 (s,
2H), δ 3.31 (s, 2H), δ 2.81 (m, 2H), δ 2.48 (s, 8H), δ 2.11 (m, 2H), δ 1.65 (m, 2H), δ 1.55 (m,
2H); LCMS (m/z): 484 (MH+).
[00127] Compound 61 : 4-((4-benzylpiperazin-l-yl)methyl)-N-(l-(4- cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide. 1U NMR ( CDCl3, 300MHz): δ 8.25 (d, 2H), δ 7.76 (m, 4H), δ 7.48(d, 2H), δ7.28 (m, 5H ), δ 3.74 (m, IH), δ 3.55 (s, 2H), δ 3.48 (d, 2H), δ 3.31 (s, 2H), δ 2.78 (m, 2H), δ 2.48 (s, 8H), δ 2.08 (m, 2H), δ 1.75 (m, 2H), δ 1.58 (m, 2H);
LCMS (m/z): 508 (MH+).
[00128] Compound 62: 4-((4-benzylpiperazin-l-yl)methyl)-N-(l-(4- trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide. 1H NMR ( CDCl3, 300MHz): δ 8.18 (d,
IH), δ 7.73 (d, 2H), δ 7.67(d, 2H), δ 7.51 (d, 2H), δ 7.32(d, 2H), δ7.26 (m, 5H ), δ 3.74 (m,
IH), δ 3.55 (s, 2H), δ 3.45 (d, 2H), δ 3.31 (s, 2H), δ 2.68 (m, 2H), δ 2.48 (s, 8H), δ 2.05 (m,
2H), δ 1.75 (m, 2H), δ 1.58 (m, 2H); LCMS (m/z): 551 (MH+).
(c) Increase in AMPK activity
[00129] Compounds 55-62 of Table 1 were assayed for their ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The EC50 values for AMPK activation for compounds 55-62 are presented in Table 3 below, in which "A" is less than 0.1 μM; "B" is 0.1-0.5 μM; "C" is 0.5-1 μM; and "D" is 1-10 μM; "E" is 10-100 μM; and "F" is >100 μM:
Figure imgf000120_0001
Figure imgf000121_0001
Example 3
(a) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin- 4-yloxy)-2-naphthamide (Compound 65)
Step l
[00287] To a stirred mixture of 6-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid (100 mg, 0.531 mmol) in anhydrous dimethyformamide (5 mL) was added triethylamine (163 μl, 1.168 mmol), l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (112 mg, 0.584 mmol), and 1- benzyl-piperidine-4-amine (100 μl, 0.531 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight, then poured into water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography to yield JV-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6- hydroxy-2-naphthamide as a light brown solid (0.191g, 80%).
Step 2
[00288] To a stirred suspension of Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-2-naphthamide (0.1 g, 0.277 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) at room temperature was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (82 μl, 0.416 mmol), l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol (0.068 g, 0.277 mmol), and triphenyl phosphine (0.109 g, 0416 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50 0C overnight, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3 %methanol in methylene chloride ) to afford the title compound as a white solid (0.093 g, 57%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 8.738 (s, IH), 8.242 (s, IH), 8.093 (s, IH), 7.837-7.250 (m, HH), 7.167 (s, IH), 6.87 (m, IH), 4.63 (m , IH), 4.31 (m, IH), 4.162 (s, 2H), 3.647 (m, 2H), 3.557 (m, 2H), 3.519 (m, 2H), 2.814 (m, 2H), 2.584 (m, 2H), 2.222-2.083 (m, 6H); LCMS: >98%; MS : 588.28 (M+l).
(b) Increase in AMPK activity
[00289] Compounds 63-66 of Table 1 were assayed for their ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The EC50 values for AMPK activation for compounds 63-66 are presented in Table 4 below, in which "A" is less than 0.5 μM; "B" is 0.5-1 μM; "C" is 1-5 μM; and "D" is 5-50 μM:
Figure imgf000122_0001
Example 4
(a) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-(l-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)quinoline-3 -carboxamide (Compound 69)
Step l
[00290] 6-Methoxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (2.5g, 12.3 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) under nitrogen; the suspension was cooled to -78 0C. A solution OfBBr3 in dichloromethane (100 mL of IM solution, 100 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78 0C, warmed slowly to RT, and allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of ice-water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration, and washed with water to yield 3.2 g (97%) of 6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid as an HBr salt. LCMS: >98%; MS: 190.27 (M+l, free base).
Step 2
[00291] To a stirred mixture of the product of step a (500mg, 2.63mmol) in anhydrous dimethyformamide (5 mL) was added triethylamine (733 μL, 5.62 mmol), HATU (1.1 g, 2.89 mmol), and tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-l-carboxylate (526 mg, 2.63 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and then poured into water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography to yield tert-butyi 4-(6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate as a light brown solid (0.7g, 71%) . LCMS (m/z): 372 (MH+)
Step 3
[00292] To a stirred suspension of the product of step 2 above (0.7 g, 1.88 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) at room temperature was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (557μl, 2.83 mmol), l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol (0.693 g, 2.83 mmol), and triphenyl phosphine (0.742 g, 2.83 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50 0C overnight and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3 % methanol in methylene chloride) to afford tert-butyl 4-(6-(l-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)quinoline-3 -carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate as a white solid (0.306 g, 27%). LCMS (m/z): 599 (MH+)
Step 4
[00293] The product of step 3 above was dissolved in 4N HCl in dioxane, and stirred for Ih at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (33 mg, 0.247mmol) were mixed in 1,2 dichloroethane (5 mL) and treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (70 mg, 0.328 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under N2 overnight, then quenched with IN NaOH, and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO4). The final product was purified by flash chromatograph (2%MeOH/DCM) to afford the title compound as a white solid (87%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ 9.1 (s, IH), 8.468 (s, IH), 8.015 (d, 2H), 7.689(m, 4H), 7.467 (m, 4H), 7.178 (s, IH), 6.965(d, 2H), 4.691 (s, 2H), 4.295 (m, IH), 3.910 (m, IH), 3.628 (m, 2H), 3.336 (m, 4H), 2.592 (m, 2H), 2.174-2.053 (m, 8H); LCMS (m/z): 614 (MH+).
(b) Increase in AMPK activity
[00294] Compounds 67-71 of Table 1 were assayed for their ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The EC50 values for AMPK activation for compounds 67-71 are presented in Table 5 below, in which "A" is less than 0.1 μM; "B" is 0.1-0.5 μM; "C" is 0.5-5 μM; and "D" is >5 μM:
Figure imgf000123_0001
Example 5
(a) Synthetic Example: Λ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin- 4-yloxy)-lH-indole-2-carboxamide (Compound 72).
Step l
[00295] To a stirred mixture of S-hydroxy-lH-indole^-carboxylic acid (1.85 g, 10.43 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (15 mL) was added triethylamine (1.73 mL), 1- hydroxybenzotriazole (1.64 g), l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (2.39 g) and l-benzylpiperidin-4-ylamine (2.39 g, 12.54 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature over-night and then solvents were removed under reduced pressure, poured into water, filter the solid and washed with water. The solid was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with CH2Cl2IMeOH (93:7) to afford 0.87 g (24%) ofΛ/-(l-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-hydroxy-lH-indole-2-carboxamide as a white solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz): δ 11.17(s, IH), 8.72 (s, IH), 8.07 (d, J= 7.8 Hz, IH), 7.7.29 (m, 6H), 6.91 (s, IH), 6.82 (s, IH), 6.68 (m, IH), 3.75 (br s, IH), 3.46 (s, 2H), 2.81 (d, J= 11.4 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (t, J= 10.8 Hz, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 2H); LCMS (m/z): 350 (MH+).
Step 2
[00296] To a stirred mixture of N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5 -hydroxy- lH-indole-2- carboxamide (85.5 mg, 0.245 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (3 mL) at room temperature was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.05 mL, 0.25 mmol), l-(4-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-4- ol (60 mg, 0.245 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (64 mg, 0.25 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated with stirred at 80 0C under N2 atmosphere over-night and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue thus obtained was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with CH2Cl2: MeOH (97:3) and finally by HPLC to afford AT-(I- benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-lH-indole-2- carboxamide (10 mg) as a white solid. LCMS (m/z): 577 (MH+).
(b) Increase in AMPK activity
[00297] Compound 72 of Table 1 was assayed for its ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The EC50 values for AMPK activation for compound 72 is presented in Table 6 below, in which "A" is less than 0.1 μM; "B" is 0.1-0.5 μM; "C" is 0.5-1 μM; and "D" is 1-50 μM:
Figure imgf000125_0001

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A compound having the structural formula
Figure imgf000126_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or JV-oxide thereof, wherein
"B" represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R3 and k R14; the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by "b" is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent;
D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond;
J is -O-, -N(R38)-, -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2-;
E is -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or a single bond, provided that when "B" is phenyl, J is -O- and D is a carbon, E is not -C(O)-;
R1 is H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl);
R2 is -Hca, -Cak-N(R9)-G-R22 or -(C2-C8 alkyl)-N(R9)-R24 in which one or two carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are optionally replaced by -0-, -S- or -N(R9)- and R24 is -R23, -G-R23, or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl), provided that two consecutive carbons of the (C2-C8 alkyl) are not replaced by -0-; each R3 is substituted on a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B" and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; w is O, 1, 2 or 3; each R14 is substituted on a non-benzo, non-pyrido, non-pyrazino carbon of the ring system denoted by "B", and is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 halooalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; k is 0, 1 or 2; each R4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R4 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo; x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; q is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; the sum of p and q is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
T is -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10 or
Figure imgf000127_0001
in which
Q is -S(O)2-, L or -(C0-Cs alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-Cs alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN; and y is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; in which each L is independently selected from -NR9C(O)O-, -OC(O)NR9-,
-NR9C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(O)S-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(O)-, -C(O)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)O-, -OC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-NR9-, -NR9C(S)S-, -SC(S)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -C(S)NR9-, -SC(O)NR9-, -NR9C(S)-, -S(O)0-2-, -C(O)O, -OC(O)-, -C(S)O-, -OC(S)-, -C(O)S-, -SC(O)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -OC(O)O-, -SC(O)O-, -OC(O)S-, -SC(S)O-, -OC(S)S-, -NR9C(NR2)NR9-, -NR9SO2-, -SO2NR9- and -NR9SO2NR9-, each R6, R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(0)o-2-(Co-C6 alkyl), each R9 is independently selected from -H, -(C1-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each G is independently -S(O)2-, L or -(C0-Cs alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C0-C3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R16, each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R16 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and optionally two of R26 on the same carbon combine to form oxo, each R38 is independently selected from -H, -(CrC4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl), each R22 and R23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted, wherein the compound is not
5-methyl-N,2-bis(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide or
5-methyl-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-Λ/-(tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide S^S-dioxide.
2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein "B" represents
Figure imgf000129_0001
the dotted line denoted by "b" is a single bond, the dotted line denoted by "a" is a bond, k is 0, J is -N(R38)- and D is a carbon .
3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein "B" represents
Figure imgf000129_0002
the dotted line denoted by "b" is absent, the dotted line denoted by "a" is absent, k is 0, J is -N(R38)- and D is a carbon .
4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the "B" represents
Figure imgf000129_0003
in which X1 and X2 are independently a carbon or N, and k is 0.
5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein one of X1 and X2 is a carbon and the other is
N.
6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein "B" represents
Figure imgf000129_0004
in which R39 is H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C4 alkyl).
7. A compound according to claim 6, wherein R14 is substituted on a pyrrolo carbon, and wherein R14 is selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(0)-(Co-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
8. A compound according to claim 6, wherein no R14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
9. A compound according to any of claims 1-8, wherein E is -C(O)-.
10. A compound according to any of claims 1-8, wherein T is
Figure imgf000130_0001
( w
11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein each R16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(CrC6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(0)-(Co-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
12. A compound according to claim 10 or claim 11, wherein Q has at most one R16 or an oxo substituted thereon.
13. A compound according to claim 10, wherein Q is an unsubstituted -(C1-C3 alkyl)-.
14. A compound according to claim 10, wherein Q is -CH2-, a single bond, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -CH(CH3)-.
15. A compound according to any of claims 10-14, wherein y is 0.
16. A compound according to any of claims 10-14, wherein y is 1.
17. A compound according to any of claims 10-14, wherein each R5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
18. A compound according to any of claims 10-17, wherein the ring system denoted by "A" is an aryl or a heteroaryl.
19. A compound according to any of claims 10-17, wherein the ring system denoted by "A" is a phenyl.
20. A compound according to any of claims 10-17, wherein the ring system denoted by "A" is a heteroaryl.
21. A compound according to any of claims 10-17, wherein the ring system denoted by "A" is a pyridyl, a thienyl, or a furanyl.
22. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000131_0001
23. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000131_0002
24. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000132_0001
wherein k is 0, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4, J is -CH2-, -CH(R 2260 Λ)- or -C(R > 2Z60 Λ)2-.
25. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000132_0002
wherein k is 0, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4, J is -CH2-, -CH(R26)- or -C(R26)2-.
26. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-25, wherein the sum of p and q is 2 or 3.
27. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000132_0003
wherein k is 0 and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
28. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000132_0004
wherein k is 0 and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
29. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000133_0001
wherein k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon .
30. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000133_0002
wherein k is 0, n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and one of X1 and X2 is N and the other is a carbon .
31. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000133_0003
wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
32. A compound according to any of claims 1 or 9-21, wherein the compound has the structural formula
Figure imgf000133_0004
wherein n is 0, 1, 2 or 3..
33. A compound according to any of claims 27-32, wherein n is 1 or 2.
34. A compound according to any of claims 27-32, wherein n is 2.
35. A compound according to any of claims 1-34, wherein R1 is H.
36. A compound according to any of claims 1-35, wherein R2 is Hca.
37. A compound according to claim 36, wherein R2 is an optionally-substituted monocyclic heterocycloalkyl.
38. A compound according to claim 36, wherein R2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidin-3-yl), -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl), -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl) or -(optionally- substituted azepan-4-yl) .
39. A compound according to claim 36 wherein R2 is -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl).
40. A compound according to claim 36, wherein R2 is -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl).
41. A compound according to any of claims 38-40, wherein R2 is substituted at its 1 -position with -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C0-C3 alkyl)-Het.
42. A compound according to any of claims 38-40, wherein R2 is substituted at its 1-position with -C(O)-O(C0-C6 alkyl), -C(O)-Het, -C(O)-Ar, -S(O)2-Het, -S(O)2-Ar or -S(O)2-O(C0-C6 alkyl).
43. A compound according to any of claims 38-40, wherein R2 is substituted at its 1-position with -C(O)-NR9-Het or -C(O)- NR9-Ar.
44. A compound according to any of claims 1-35 wherein R2 is -Cak-N(R9)-G-R22.
45. A compound according to any of claims 1-35, wherein R2 is -(C2-Cg alkyl)-N(R9)-R24 in which one or two carbons of the (C2-Cg alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O- or -N(R9)- and R24 is -R23, -GR23, or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl).
46. A compound according to any of claims 1-45, wherein w is 0.
47. A compound according to any of claims 1-45, wherein w is at least 1 and at least one R3 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), - S(O)2O-(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
48. A compound according to any of claims 1-45, wherein each R3 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(C1-C6 alkyl), -(C1-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl), and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
49. A compound according to any of claims 1-48 wherein x is 0.
50. A compound according to any of claims 1-48, wherein each R4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
51. A compound according to any of claims 1-35 or 46-50, having the structural formula
17
Figure imgf000135_0001
in which
Q and G are each independently a bond, -CH2-, -C(H)(R16)-, -C(R16)2-, L or -S(O)2-; v is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; each R15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Het, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN, and two R15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo;
R17 is Het or Ar.
52. A compound according to claim 51, wherein each R15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-R7, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR8R9, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-OR10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)R10, -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2R10, -halogen, -NO2 and -CN and two R15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R7, R8 and R10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) and -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
53. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000136_0001
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
54. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000136_0002
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(0)o-2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
55. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000137_0001
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
56. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000137_0002
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
57. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000138_0001
58. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000138_0002
in which R , 25 is selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C0-C4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C0-C4 alkyl)(C0-C4 alkyl), NO2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
59. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000138_0003
in which Q is -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-.
60. A compound according to claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula 17
Figure imgf000139_0001
in which R , 2z7/ is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0_2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
61. A compound according claim 51 or claim 52, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000139_0002
in which R27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C6 alkyl), -(Ci-C6 haloalkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-L-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-NR9(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-O-(C0-C6 alkyl), -(C0-C6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C0-C6 alkyl) -(C0-C6 alkyl)-S(O)0.2-(C0-C6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, and R29 is -H, -(Ci-C4 alkyl), -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) or -CO-O-(Ci-C4 alkyl) in which no (Ci-C4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl- containing group, or R27 and R29 together with the nitrogen to which they are bound form Hca.
62. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000140_0001
63. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000140_0002
64. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000140_0003
wherein J is -CH2-,
Figure imgf000140_0004
65. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000140_0005
wherein J is -CH2-,
Figure imgf000140_0006
66. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000141_0001
67. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000141_0002
68. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000141_0003
wherein one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon .
69. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000141_0004
wherein one of X1 and X2 is N, and the other is a carbon .
70. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000142_0001
71. A compound according to any of claims 51-61, having the structural formula
Figure imgf000142_0002
72. A compound according to any of claims 51-71, wherein the
Figure imgf000142_0003
moiety -R ,17
has the structure
Figure imgf000142_0004
, in which G is -CH2-, -CH(CH3)-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-.
73. A compound according to any of claims 51-59 and 62-71, wherein the
Figure imgf000142_0005
in which G is -CH2-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-.
74. A compound according to any of claims 51-59 and 62-71, wherein the
Figure imgf000143_0001
in which G is -CH2-, -C(O)-,
-S(O)2- or -C(O)-NH-.
75. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is benzyl 8-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate; benzyl 8-(l-(4-benzyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-
2(5H)-carboxylate; benzyl 8-(l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-2(5H)-carboxylate; 2-benzyl-Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-benzyl-Λ/-(l-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-
8-carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate; 2-benzyl-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- IH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(l-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-5 -methyl-2-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide; 5 -methy WV-( 1 -(pyridin-3 -ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-
2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 5 -acetyi-N-( 1 -(pyridin-3 -ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-
2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-cyanophenylsulfonyl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-cyanophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(3-cyanophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-Λ/-(l-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(3-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4- yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- IH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate; Λ/-(l-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-(I -nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro- IH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; tert-butyl 4-(2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-iV-(l -isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4, 5-tetrahydro- IH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2, 3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide;; 2-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)-Λ/-(l-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide Λ/-(l-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-isonicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; Λ/-(l-(4-carbamoylbenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; N-( 1 -(( 1 -methyl- lH-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-
(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8- carboxamide; N-(I -(oxazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3, 4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3-b]indole-8-carboxamide; 4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-JV-(l -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)benzamide N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(cyclohexylmethyl)piperazin- 1 - yl)methyl)benzamide; N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(5 -(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazin- 1 - yl)methyl)benzamide;
N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-((4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)benzamide 4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-Λ/-(l -(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide; 4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-Λ/-(l -(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide;
4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-N-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzamide 4-((4-benzylpiperazin- 1 -yl)methyl)-Λ/-(l -(4-trifluoromethylbenzyl)piperidin-4- yl)benzamide; N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-2- naphthamide; N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-2-naphthamide N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-2- naphthamide; tert-butyl 4-(7-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)-2- naphthamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate; tert-butyl 4-(6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)quinoline-3 - carboxamido)piperidine- 1 -carboxylate; jV-(piperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)quinoline-3 - carboxamide; N-(I -(4-cyanobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4- yloxy)quinoline-3 -carboxamide; N-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)quinoline-3-carboxamide; N-(I -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4- yloxy)quinoline-3 -carboxamide; or N-( 1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-( 1 -(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)- IH- indole-2-carboxamide.
76. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient; and a compound according to any of claims 1-75 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or N-oxide thereof.
77. A method for activating the AMPK pathway in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
78. A method for increasing fatty acid oxidation in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
79. A method for decreasing glycogen concentration in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
80. A method for increasing glucose uptake in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
81. A method for reducing triglyceride levels in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
82. A method for treating type II diabetes in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
83. A method for treating or preventing atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide thereof, or an effective amount of a composition according to claim 76.
84. A labeled conjugate having the structural formula
Figure imgf000148_0001
in which the "LINK" moiety is a linker and is optional, and the "LABEL" moiety is a
labeling agent, and the
Figure imgf000148_0002
moiety is as described in any of claims 1-75.
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