WO2009072985A1 - System and method for power management and load shedding - Google Patents
System and method for power management and load shedding Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009072985A1 WO2009072985A1 PCT/SG2007/000424 SG2007000424W WO2009072985A1 WO 2009072985 A1 WO2009072985 A1 WO 2009072985A1 SG 2007000424 W SG2007000424 W SG 2007000424W WO 2009072985 A1 WO2009072985 A1 WO 2009072985A1
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- power
- load shedding
- loads
- generators
- plc
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006855 networking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013024 troubleshooting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
- H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
- H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
- H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
- H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
- H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
- H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
- Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
- Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
Definitions
- the present invention relates broadly to a power management and load shedding method and system.
- Load shedding refers to the reduction of load in response to generation deficiency conditions caused by unexpected system disturbances. Examples of these disturbances could be in the form of lightning strikes, loss of generation, switching surges, faults etc.
- PLCs Programmable Logic Controllers
- a conventional PLC-based power management and load shedding system monitors the network status through various inputs such as the status of CT (Current Transformer), PT (Potential Transformer), and various transducer signals.
- the monitor is able to detect a system disturbance in the event (or combination of), under-frequency, under-voltage or over-current. Load shedding may then be necessary to keep the system operational. This is achieved by means of a separate hard-wired system that is able to reduce the overall load on the system by tripping the circuit breaker connected to a particular load.
- the PLC is programmed to shed a preset sequence of loads until the under-frequency situation is alleviated.
- the drawback of this system is that the PLC executes the load shedding sequentially based on a pre-defined load priority table. In other words, loads are shed in a preset sequence until the frequency returns to a normal condition.
- the process is independent of dynamic changes in the system loading, generation, or operating condition and this could result in insufficient and excessive load shedding. Also, the nature of the sequential shedding results in slow response times to disturbances.
- Shokooh's system also has the capability of adaptive self-learning and automatic training of system knowledge base due to system changes.
- This self-learning and automatic training of the knowledge base requires expensive computation engine in the form of server computers. While this may be economically viable for large industrial systems, it is not as viable for smaller systems such as at an offshore platform or an FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel) power stations that are typically much smaller and more temporary in nature.
- FPSO Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel
- Offshore platform or FPSO power systems have different characteristics to a large inter-connected system.
- the majority of offshore platform or FPSO electrical power systems comprise of two to three generators in the range of 13MW ⁇ 16MW to supply power. These are isolated systems and vulnerable to collapse in the event of machine outages or major disturbances.
- the power management and load shedding system for these offshore platforms or FPSO systems should be capable of adapting to changes in the load pattern to suit priority of production and limitation on generation units along with expansion of oil fields. Another challenge is that it should be cost effective due to the limited and shorter life spans of small and marginal oil fields.
- AP 7 . is a total generation capacity of a plurality of running generators in a power system
- AP h is a highest capacity of any one of the running generators
- GP 7 is a power management and load shedding method
- a total current generated power from the running generators is a total current generated power from the running generators; b) if the reserve power, RP, is negative, generating a load shedding list identifying one or more loads of the power system to be shed substantially simultaneously, such that a total power consumption of the loads in the load shedding list is equal to or greater than a deficit in the reserve power, RP; c) storing the load shedding list in a buffer; substantially continuously repeating steps a) to c); and shedding the loads identified in the load shedding list stored in the buffer on detection of a failure of any one of the generators.
- the method may further comprise the step of determining GP T by measuring power consumption and other parameters at respective generators, loads, or both of the power system.
- GP r may be measured using respective digital relays connected at the respective generators, loads, or both.
- the failure of any one of the generators may be detected based on data obtained from the digital relays connected at the respective generators, loads, or both.
- Electrical power system metered parameters and status parameters may be transmitted from the digital relays to the PLC via a communication link.
- the PLC may perform steps a) to c) based on data obtained from the digital relays via the communication link.
- the PLC may further be connected to circuit breakers at the respective loads via hard-wired connections for effecting the load shedding based on the load shedding list stored in the buffer on detection of the failure of any one of the generators.
- the PLC may generate the load shedding list further based on a user defined priority assignment provided via an HMI coupled to the PLC.
- RP a reserve power
- the PLC is further connected to circuit breakers at the respective loads for shedding the loads identified in the load shedding list stored in the buffer on detection of a failure of any one of the generators.
- the PLC may detect failure of any one of the generators based on data obtained from the digital relays connected at the respective loads, generators, or both.
- the system may further comprise an HMI coupled to the PLC for user defining a priority assignment for the generating of the load shedding list.
- the connection between the PLC and the circuit breakers may be hardwired.
- Figure 1 illustrates an example embodiment of the power management and load shedding system.
- Figure 2 illustrates a schematic representation of the connections between a digital relay and a circuit breaker in an example embodiment
- Figure 3 illustrates an example embodiment of the Programmable Logic Circuit to perform the power management and load shedding function.
- Figure 4 shows a flowchart illustrating a power management and load shedding method according to an example embodiment.
- An example embodiment of the present invention discloses a system for power management and load shedding at an offshore platform or an FPSO.
- the system exploits the capability of modern digital relays to provide status and metered parameters of each major load and generator.
- PMS Power Management Systems
- the PLC may also display the information through a shared HMI (Human Machine Interface) for process control.
- HMI Human Machine Interface
- information for each major load and generator may be displayed in the form of a network graphic with parameter thresholds.
- FIG. 1 An example embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 1.
- a power system 100 comprising three generators 102, 104, 106 and three loads 112, 114, 116, each of which protected by digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 connected together via a power bus 110.
- any number of loads or generators may also be connected in similar configurations.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 also meter information on the electrical power system network and transmit the relevant data to the PLC 140 via a modbus protocol communication link 142.
- Examples of the information metered by the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 are parameters such as voltage, current, frequency, power factor, active and reactive power, breaker status (On/Off/Faulty/Available), earth switch closed and control supply health.
- the PLC 140 is connected to a Human Machine Interface (HMI) 146 for display and user control.
- HMI Human Machine Interface
- the generators 102, 104, 106 and loads 112, 114, 116 are also further protected by circuit breakers 152, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166. These circuit breakers 152, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166 are also controlled by the PLC 140 via a separate hard-wired shed link 144.
- the PLC 140 generates command signals that will trigger the respective breaker trip coil to trip the circuit breakers 152, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166.
- a plurality of individual hard-wired connections are made between each of the circuit breakers 152, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166, and the PLC 140 to facilitate fast tripping for load shedding in the example embodiment.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 in the example embodiment have metering and status capabilities as mentioned above.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 are able to perform measurement of a host of parameters associated to the power system 100. Further calculations of these parameters can provide further, derived parameters. Examples of these measured and derived parameters are: phase current, residual current, demand and peak demand currents, voltage and frequency, active and reactive power, peak demand powers, energy and temperature.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 are able to automatically provide numerous protection functions, as will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art. Examples include protection for over current, ground fault, thermal over load, locked rotor, field failure, under-voltage, over-voltage and under frequency conditions.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 will monitor the respective generator, load and power bus to detect e.g. over current, ground fault, under-voltage, over-voltage or under-frequency conditions and activate the circuit breakers 152, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166 upon detection of such conditions.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the connections between a digital relay 200 and a circuit breaker 202 in an example embodiment. If a load or generator 204 experiences an abnormality in any or a combination of the protection parameters, the respective digital relays 200 immediately compares it with the predefined set value. Should the parameter exceed the set values, the relay 200 will change the status of the relay output contacts 206 which are wired to the respective tripping coil 208 of the circuit breaker 202. The tripping coil 208 gets energized and circuit breaker 202 operates to open the abnormal load or generator 204.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 also possess metering capabilities as well as the capability of being connected together into a local area network (LAN).
- LAN local area network
- Such LAN interconnection of digital relays is used for supervision functions for facilitating the installation and maintenance of a relay network. It is generally used to connect a set of relays using typically a manufacturer provided software platform on a centralized supervision system or a remote terminal unit. The relays may also remotely receive signals from the supervision system to set their operation parameters.
- Embodiments of the present invention exploit the metering and networking capabilities of the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 for power management and load shedding in the power system 100.
- an S-LAN is formed with the relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 being interconnected via the existing modbus interfaces provided on the relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 to the PLC 140 for implementing power management and load shedding.
- the PLC 140 in the example embodiment polls the individual relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 in sequence for data such as phase current, residual current, demand and peak demand currents, voltage and frequency, power, peak demand powers, energy and temperature.
- the polled data allows the PLC 140 to detect generator failures and trigger load shedding.
- the polling sequence repeats itself, allowing real-time updated data to be made available to the PLC 140 for further processing.
- modbus RTU is a method of sending data between electronic devices.
- the device requesting data is known as the modbus master, while the devices supplying data are known as modbus slaves.
- the modbus master will be the PLC 140 and the modbus slaves will be the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136.
- the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 keep all the status and metered parameters in a memory map.
- a configuration tool is used to define this map and respective communication boards of the digital relays 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136 and the PLC 140 are used to transmit data in binary bits.
- Each bit is sent as a voltage level with "zeroes" sent as a positive voltage and "ones" sent as a negative voltage. These bits are sent with a typical transmission baud rate of 9600 bits per second in the example embodiment.
- Each digital relay connected on the LAN in the example embodiment is preferably configured to have similar data transmission speed (baud rate), parity, data bits, and stop bit.
- the PLC 140 comprises a system monitor 302, a shed list generator 304 and a memory buffer 306.
- the system-monitoring unit 302 monitors the system for specific events such as generation failures. This may be done through various known techniques such as under voltage, under frequency, etc. Should an event such as a generation failure be detected, the system monitor unit 302 triggers the process to shed loads. For example, should a running generator be tripped, a trigger 308 to shed loads is activated immediately. This trigger 308 is sent to the buffer memory 306 which stores the list of loads to be shed upon triggering. The result is an output signal 310 to activate the circuit breakers 162, 164 or 166 (Figure 1) of the loads that are to be shed. This output signal is transmitted via the separate hard-wired shed link 144 ( Figure 1).
- the system monitor 302 also serves a function of priority determination in the example embodiment. Based on the current system status, the system monitor 302 selects the pre-determined load priorities to be fed into the shed list generation unit 304. For example, in the scenario where three generators are running, load priorities may be different from a scenario where two generators are running. In the example embodiment, the system monitor is made aware of the number of generators that are currently running and hence provide the shed list generation unit with the correct, pre-determined, load set and associated priorities 312.
- the system monitor 302 may also transmit information on the current power system to the HMI 146 ( Figure 1 ) for display to the user. The user may then use this information and decide to change certain parameters or thresholds such as the predetermined load priorities or parameters which cause the event triggers for load shedding.
- the list of loads to be shed is read from the memory buffer 306.
- An output signal 310 to cause the circuit breakers of all the loads on the list read from the buffer memory 306 to trip is generated, for load shedding. For example if Load 112 ( Figure 1 ) is earmarked for shedding by the buffer memory 306, the output signal 310 will activate circuit breaker 162 ( Figure 1), thereby disconnecting the load 112 ( Figure 1 ) from the power system.
- the decision on which loads to shed is solely determined by the shed list stored in the memory buffer 306.
- This list is continuously updated in real-time by the shed list generator 304.
- the shed list generator 304 obtains the necessary parameters and information for shed list generation from the system monitor 302, and continuously provides an updated shed list that is up-to-date with the changes in the power system.
- the reserve power is the power in reserve should a single running power generator suffer failure, and may be computed by the following equation:
- the total current generated power, GP T is measured by the digital relays 122, 124, 126 ( Figure 1) connected to the generators 102, 104, 106 ( Figure 1 ). It has been exploited by the inventors that the total current power consumption is equivalent to the total current generated power, GP 7 .
- the number of generators is typically fewer than the number of loads, and thus it is advantageous to measure total current generated power, GP 7 . , instead of e.g. measuring the actual consumption at each of the loads, which are more numerous in typical real systems. It is understood, however, that total current generated power GP 1 . , may be readily replaced by the total current consumption at the loads.
- the list of loads to be shed in the event of power generation failure is generated and stored in the memory buffer 306 in the example embodiment. If the computed reserve power is positive, sufficient power is available should a running power generator suffer failure and the memory buffer will not store any loads to be shed. Conversely, a negative reserve power implies a power shortage should generator failure occur. Thus, load shedding would be required to insure against power generator failure.
- the loads to be shed are selected from a set pre-determined by the user. In the example embodiment, this set comprises non-critical loads and is further prioritised in order of importance. The loads from the set and their associated priorities can be reconfigured on line through the HMI 146 ( Figure 1) to suit priority of production without disturbing production or other more critical functions.
- the list of loads is populated, in order of priority, until the list contains enough loads to be shed such that the total power consumption of the shed loads is greater than or equal to the deficit in the computed reserve power.
- the equation representing this criterion can be expressed as:
- L 1 represents the power consumption of the individual running loads that have been identified for shedding
- any loaded generator (112, 114 or 116 of Figure 1) when any loaded generator (112, 114 or 116 of Figure 1) is tripped, all the loads from the current list in the memory buffer 306 will be shed substantially simultaneously. This will automatically stabilize the electrical power generation system in the example embodiment. Hence, in the event of partial loss of power generation, the operator may be able to maximize the production with the available power. Further, the example embodiment may prevent cascade failures or complete blackouts.
- FIG. 4 shows a flowchart 400 illustrating a power management and load shedding method according to an example embodiment.
- a load shedding list identifying one or more loads of the power system to be shed substantially simultaneously is generated, such that a total power consumption of the loads in the load shedding list is equal to or greater than a deficit in the reserve power, RP.
- the load shedding list is stored in a buffer. Steps 402 to 406 are substantially continuously repeating, and the loads identified in the load shedding list stored in the buffer are shedded on detection of a failure of any one of the generators.
- the power management and load shedding system of the example embodiment enables the design engineers and operators to use the capabilities of microprocessor and communication technology for monitoring status, control, real time measurements, logical management of generated power for maximizing production, minimizing the downtime and trouble shooting of the electrical power system.
- the typical offshore or FPSO electrical power system is small in size and generally isolated.
- Conventional PMS systems are designed for dedicated and large interconnected systems like power utilities. The response times of these conventional PMS systems are typically longer than for embodiments of the present invention.
- Embodiments of the present invention utilise a memory buffer which stores a list of loads to be shed should a generator fault occur. Thus, a simple look-up operation only is required, instead of more time consuming processing in existing systems.
- the example embodiments are able to provide a quicker shedding response time compared to conventional PMS systems.
- the example embodiment of the present embodiment provides a simple, fast, real-time monitored power management and load shedding system specifically designed for small power system such as an offshore platform or an FPSO electrical power system. It is also highly cost-effective compared to more complex systems similar to the one disclosed by Shokooh et al.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2007362042A AU2007362042A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
EP07835570A EP2220739A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
US12/734,957 US20100312414A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
PCT/SG2007/000424 WO2009072985A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
GB1009605A GB2467283A (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
NO20100924A NO20100924L (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2010-06-25 | System and method for power control and load disconnection |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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PCT/SG2007/000424 WO2009072985A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
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WO2009072985A1 true WO2009072985A1 (en) | 2009-06-11 |
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PCT/SG2007/000424 WO2009072985A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2007-12-06 | System and method for power management and load shedding |
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US (1) | US20100312414A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2220739A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007362042A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2467283A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20100924L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009072985A1 (en) |
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- 2007-12-06 WO PCT/SG2007/000424 patent/WO2009072985A1/en active Application Filing
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CN103477526A (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2013-12-25 | 瑞典爱立信有限公司 | Method and apparatus in an electricity distribution network |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20100312414A1 (en) | 2010-12-09 |
NO20100924L (en) | 2010-06-25 |
GB2467283A (en) | 2010-07-28 |
EP2220739A1 (en) | 2010-08-25 |
AU2007362042A1 (en) | 2009-06-11 |
GB201009605D0 (en) | 2010-07-21 |
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