WO2009062409A1

WO2009062409A1 - Method and system for data synchronization in passive optical networks

Info

Publication number: WO2009062409A1
Application number: PCT/CN2008/071395
Authority: WO
Inventors: Raymond W. K. Leung; Dongyu Geng; Dongning Feng; Frank J. Effenberger; Sergio Benedetto; Guido Montorsi; Jing Li
Original assignee: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Priority date: 2007-11-13
Filing date: 2008-06-20
Publication date: 2009-05-22
Also published as: EP2688241A1; EP2179531A1; WO2009062363A1; CN101542960A; EP2179531A4; JP2011502455A; US8208809B2; KR20100058606A; CN101542960B; KR101133200B1; US8705964B2; WO2009062357A1; US20120294609A1; US20100028009A1; JP5312467B2

Abstract

System and method for data synchronization in Pas sive Optical Networks. According to an embodime nt, the present inve ntion provides a method for provi ding upstream data sync hronization in an optical comm unicat ion network. The method includes sending data from an Optical Network Unit. The data includes a first data frame, w hich incl udes a header sequence, a sync hronization se gment, and a data segment. The synchronization se gment includes 66 bits, w hich incl udes a first number of bits h aving nonzero values and a second number of bits having a value of zero. The first number is different from the second n umber. The method furtherincludes rec eiving at l east the first data frame by an Optical Line Terminal. The method also includes processing the first data frame. The method additionally includes selecting a first segment of the first data frame, the first segment inclu ding 66 b its.

Description

OP080479 - 1 -

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DATA SYNCHRONIZATION IN PASSIVE

OPTICAL NETWORKS

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2007/071056, filed on November 13, 2007 by Leung, Raymond W K et al and PCT/CN2007/071253 which claimed the priority of the application PCT/CN2007/071056, filed on December 17, 2007 by Leung, Raymond W. K. et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates in general to telecommunication techniques More particularly, the invention provides a method and system for providing data synchronization in Passive Optical Networks (PONs) In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a technique for upstream synchronization using optimized Start of Data (SOD) sequences and the hardware implementation thereof. Merely by way of example, the invention is described as it applies to PONs, but it should be recognized that the invention has a broader range of applicability. For example, the invention can be applied to any communication systems uses specified sequences for data synchronization.

[0003] To improve readability and clarity of this application, acronyms are used. Below is a listed of acronyms

PON Passive Optical Network

VoIP Voice Over Internet Protocol

HDTV High Definition Television

OLT Optical Line Terminal ONU Optical Network Unit

ODN Optical Distribution Network

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

ID Identification SOD Start of Data

BD Burst Delimiter

HFP High Frequency Pattern

AGC Automatic Gain Control OP080479 - 2 -

CDR Clock and Data Recovery

FSC False Synchronization Candidates

HD Hamming Distance

HDC Hamming Distance Calculation

SDM Synchronization Decision Module

MSB Most Significant Bit

LSB Least Significant Bit

[0004] PON is one of the most promising access network technologies This type of network provides many benefits, which include low maintenance cost, high bandwidth, low implementation cost, and others. PON can be an ideal platform for multi-play applications such as VoIP, data transmission, HDTV, etc.

[0005] Typically, PON is implemented as a point-to-multipoint medium based on a tree topology including an Optical Line Terminal (OLT), some Optical Network Units (ONUs) and an Optical Distribution Network (ODN) with splitters/couplers. One of the most attractive features of a PON is that the PON does not need any active component in the ODN.

[0006] Usually, PON system employs a point-to-multipoint access protocol so that all subscribed ONUs can share an OLT over an optical fiber. For example, the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) broadcast for downstream transmission and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) for upstream transmission is widely used in current PON systems

[0007] As merely an example, Figure 1 illustrates a downstream transmission process in a PON system. The OLT broadcasts signals to all subscribed ONUs in the downstream transmission, the destination ONU will extract its belonging packets according to the destination identification (ID) of a packet and discard all other packets as in Figure 1. For example, ONU-I extracts the packet with its destination ID and sends to its corresponding end user; ONU-2 sends packet-2 to its end user, and so on.

[0008] As merely an example, Figure 2 illustrates an upstream transmission process in a PON system. The ONU transmits its signal in upstream channel of a PON system in a burst mode, which is different to the conventional point to point continuous mode transmission ONU will first set up a communication link with the OLT, thereafter OLT will allocate different time slots to different ONUs in a TDMA fashion so that their signals will not overlap with each other when they reach the coupler in the ODN As shown in Figure 2, the OP080479 - 3 -

ONU-I only transmit its signal in its time slot (i e , No 1) and ONU-2 transmits its signal in its time slot (i e , No T), and so on

[0009] Figure 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a frame structure for upstream data A high frequency pattern (HFP) "Ox 55 55 " (Ox means hexadecimal numbers and its binary form is 01010101 01010101 ) is a special preamble sequence used by the OLT for

Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) The HFP is followed by a 66 bits long Start of Data <SOD> delimiter , or it is called Burst Delimiter (BD) The SOD is used to delineate the boundary of the data frame The length of SOD delimiter is to make compatible with the 66-bit data frame structure The section labeled FEC protected " " could be one or several IDLE blocks that are used by OLT for de-scrambler re- synchronization and codeword delineation Data are appended after this (these) IDLE block(s)

[0010] The SOD is useful in data synchronization Figure 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating the correlation between SOD and False Synchronization Candidates (FSC) After the OLT detected incoming signal and synchronize the signal with its clock reference, the OLT will send the received signal to the Boundary Detector A SOD Correlator is embedded within the Boundary Detector module to test the correlation between the SOD delimiter and the received signal The SOD Correlator will calculate the Hamming distance (HD) between the SOD delimiter and the received 66 bits data to determine the validation of burst synchronization, which is the same as delineate the boundary of the data frame A false locking synchronization will output a truncated data frame to its higher layer, this may degrade the system performance Therefore, the employed SOD delimiter should provide a false locking probability as low as possible The SOD delimiter should be designed to minimize the correlation between the SOD delimiter and the FSC, in other words, maximize the HD between the SOD delimiter and the FSC

[0011] As can be seen, various conventional techniques are available for data synchronization in optical networks Unfortunately, these techniques are often inadequate for various reasons

[0012] Therefore, improved system and method for data synchronization are desired OP080479 - 4 -

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The present invention relates in general to telecommunication techniques More particularly, the invention provides a method and system for providing data synchronization in PONs In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a technique for upstream synchronization using optimized SOD sequences and the hardware implementation thereof Merely by way of example, the invention is described as it applies to PONs, but it should be recognized that the invention has a broader range of applicability For example, the invention can be applied to any communication systems uses specified sequences for data synchronization [0014] According to an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for providing upstream data synchronization in an optical communication network The method includes sending data from an ONU The data includes a first data frame, which includes a header sequence, a synchronization segment, and a data segment The synchronization segment includes 66 bits, which includes a first number of bits having nonzero values and a second number of bits having a value of zero The first number is different from the second number The method further includes receiving at least the first data frame by an OLT The method also includes processing the first data frame The method additionally includes selecting a first segment of the first data frame, the first segment including 66 bits The method further includes comparing the first segment with a synchronization delimiter Moreover, the method includes determining a Hamming distance based on the first segment The method additionally includes determining a boundary of the data frame

[0015] According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a PON system includes a number of ONUs The optical network includes a transmitter Each ONU is configured to send data using the transmitter in a TDMA fashion The data include a first data frame, which includes a header sequence, a synchronization segment, and a data segment The synchronization segment including 66 bits, which includes a first number of bits having nonzero values and a second number of bits having a value of zero The first number is different from the second number The system also includes an OLT The OLT includes a receiver that is configured to receive at least the first data frame The OLT also includes a shifter register for storing the first data frame The OLT includes a logic circuit for comparing the first segment with a synchronization delimiter The OLT additionally includes a Hamming distance module for determining a Hamming distance based on the first segment OP080479 - 5 -

The OLT includes a Synchronization Decision Module (SDM) determining a boundary of the first data frame.

[0016] It is to be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention provides various advantages over conventional techniques Among other things, by using optimized synchronization delimiter sequences and the hardware thereof, the synchronization process is optimized both for speed and reliability. In addition, embodiments of the present invention can be easily implemented using and/or in conjunction with conventional systems with minimal modification There are other benefits as well, which are described below.

[0017] Depending upon embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These benefits and various additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] Figure 1 illustrates a downstream transmission process in a PON system

[0019] Figure 2 illustrates an upstream transmission process in a PON system. [0020] Figure 3 is a simplified diagram illustrating a frame structure for upstream data

[0021] Figure 4 is a simplified diagram illustrating the correlation between SOD delimiter and false synchronization candidates [0022] Figure 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating upstream transmission from an ONU to an OLT in a PON system.

[0023] Figure 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating SOD delimiter being used in data frame.

[0024] Figure 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating an upstream data frame structure of a 1OG EPON system according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0025] Figure 8 A is a simplified diagram illustrating a synchronization circuit of the SOD Correlator according to an embodiment of the present invention

[0026] Figure 8B is a simplified diagram illustrating hard logic for providing SOD delimiter logic according to an embodiment, of the present invention

[0027] Figure 9 is a graph illustrating the comparison of false locking probability between OP080479 - 6 -

existing techniques and an embodiment of the present invention

[0028] Figure 10 is a simplified diagram illustrating an upstream data frame structure of a 1OG EPON system according to an embodiment of the present invention

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0029] The present invention relates in general to telecommunication techniques More particularly, the invention provides a method and system for providing data synchronization in PONs In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a technique for upstream synchronization using optimized SOD sequences and the hardware implementation thereof Merely by way of example, the invention is described as it applies to PONs, but it should be recognized that the invention has a broader range of applicability For example, the invention can be applied to any communication systems uses specified sequences for data synchronization

[0030] As discuss above, conventional data synchronization techniques are often inadequate for various reasons, which are explained in detail below

[0031] Figure 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating upstream transmission from an ONU to an OLT in a PON system The FEC codewords are composed to form an upstream data frame in the Frame Formator

[0032] The FIFP and the SOD delimiter sequence will then be appended to the beginning of the data frame as shown in Figure 3, respectively The currently employed SOD is a 66 bits binary sequence For example, the binary sequence is the following, {00 01010100 10101110 11111001 11011010 01111000 00111101 11000010 01000110} and its hexadecimal representation is {Ox 0 54 AE F9 DA 78 3D C2 46} It should be noted that every hexadecimal number represent 4 binary bits, except the first hexadecimal number or the leading number, which represents 2 binary bits The minimum distance of the current employed SOD delimiter and the FSC is 31 As an example, Figure 6 is a simplified diagram illustrating SOD delimiter being used in data frame

[0033] In a PON system, the distances between subscribed ONUs and the OLT are different, hence the optical signal power loss and channel penalties are different to different ONUs For example, power levels for signals are different when they arrive at the OLT

Therefore, it is usually a requirement for the OLT to automatically adjust the received power OP080479 - 7 -

level and synchronize the received signal correctly with its clock reference Usually, these functions are performed by the AGC and CDR module in the OLT

[0034] At the OLT side, the Boundary Detector includes a SOD Correlator. Among other things, the SOD Correlator is used for delineating the data frame boundary of the upstream signal from the ONU. For example, as shown in Figure 3, the SOD delimiter is not protected by the FEC code, and the bit error probability is relatively high. The SOD Correlator is required to tolerate bit errors since the transmitted SOD delimiter at the receiver side is often very likely be corrupted by bit errors. For example, the number of bit errors can be tolerated by the SOD Correlator is defined by a predetermined synchronization threshold Often the synchronization threshold in the SOD Correlator is decided according to the operating bit error level.

[0035] By setting up a suitable synchronization threshold, the SOD Correlator of OLT can effectively delineate the received signal quickly and minimize the mean time of false lock occurrence. Typically, conventional systems set the synchronization threshold of the SOD Correlator at 12. If the computed FID between the SOD delimiter and the 66 bits received data is less than 12, then the OLT declares a successful synchronization with the received signal. On the other hand, if the HD is equal or larger than 12 then the received signal is shifted by one bit and the SOD Correlator re-calculates the FID between the SOD delimiter and the new 66 bits data until a successful synchronization is declared. [0036] There are various problems with the conventional approach discussed above

Among other things, since the SOD delimiter is not protected by the FEC code, the bit error probability of the SOD delimiter over the transmission channel is often high. As a result, it requires the SOD delimiter to have a large IFD between the SOD delimiter and the FSC. For example, conventional SOD delimiter and the FSC have a minimum ITD equal to 31. [0037] However, the theoretical suggested minimum HD between a SOD delimiter and FSC can be calculated using Equation 1 below

N-I 66-1

Minimum Hamming Distance = =32, N is length of SOD

2

Equation 1

[0038] The theoretical suggested value of the maximum synchronization threshold, such that the performance of SOD Correlator can be calculated using Equation 2 below: OP080479

Delineation Threshold T= -1=16-1=15

4

Equation 2

[0039] It is to be appreciated that an objective of the present invention is to provide a set of Start of Data <SOD> delimiters in which they comply with the theoretical suggested value For example, the minimum HD between the SOD delimiter and the FSC is 32.

[0040] In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a SOD correlation circuit based on the using one or more SOD delimiters. Among other things, the embodiment provides a fast synchronization algorithm for various synchronization thresholds

[0041] Depending on the application, various SOD delimiters may be used As an example, Table 1 below illustrates five exemplary SOD delimiters

Table 1

[0042] The SOD delimiters as shown in Table 1 comply with the theoretical suggested minimum HD between a SOD delimiter and FSC. Among other things, the SOD delimiters have sixteen "0"s and seventeen "l"s on the 33 even positions and on the 33 odd positions, or vice versa. As a consequence, the SOD have a number of "0" not equal to the number of "1", (e.g., either 32 "0"s plus 34 "l"s or 34 "0" s plus 32 ¹Ts). As an example, all the SOD delimiters, in their binary forms, all conform to the described requirement For example, the following SOD delimiters are shown in hexadecimal numbers and their binary forms have 34 "0"s and 32 "l"s,

Ox 1 16 A2 DC 69 FO CD EE 40

01000101101010001011011100011010011111000011001101 1110111001000000 OP080479 - 9 -

Ox 15A E394 B666 C7 EO 03

010101101011100011100101001011011001100110110001111110000000000011

Ox 17F AO 96 OE 14 A73366

010111111110100000100101100000111000010100101001110011001101100110 Ox 1703A 086D ED 4E 9966

010111000000111010000010000110110111101101010011101001100101100110

[0043] The following delimiter has 32 "0"s and 34 "1"s,

Ox 0 41 BD B2 B3 D5 A7 C8 FO

00 01000001 10111101 10110010 10110011 11010101 10100111 11001000 11110000 [0044] The SOD delimiters shown in Table 1 comply with the theoretical suggested minimum FID between the SOD delimiter and the FSC For example, these SOD delimiters, as well as other SOD delimiters contemplated by the present invention, can be used to replace conventional SOD delimiter so that the minimum FID can be increased from 31 to 32 without additional complexity or modifying the existing data frame structure In other word, the present invention can decrease the false locking probability without any extra cost

[0045] In an embodiment, a SOD delimiter complies with the theoretical suggested value of the minimum HD between a SOD delimiter and FSC The SOD delimiter must have sixteen "0"s and seventeen " 1 "s on the 33 even positions and on the 33 odd positions, or vice versa Consequently, the number of "0"s must not be equal to the number of "l "s, (e g , 32 "0"s plus 34 "l "s, or 34 "0"s plus 32 'Ts)

[0046] To implement the embodiment, the binary form of the Hexadecimal sequence is a 66 bits long sequence For example, the binary form of {Ox 1 16 A2 DC 69 FO CD EE 40} is {01 00010110 10100010 11011100 01101001 11110000 11001101 11101110 01000000} It should be noted that every hexadecimal number represent 4 binary bits, except the first hexadecimal number or the leading number, which represents 2 binary bits

[0047] Figure 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating an upstream data frame structure of a 1OG EPON system according to an embodiment of the present invention This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications As shown in Figure 7, the SOD delimiters as listed in Table 1 are used in the data frames OP080479 - 10 -

[0048] It is to be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention have a wide range of applicability and can be used in any systems that use SOD delimiters for synchronization with the received signal or for delineating the boundary of data frame In a specific embodiment, the invention is to be used in a 1OG EPON system based on IEEE 802 3 standards

[0049] At the ONU transmitter side, the SOD delimiter is appended to the beginning of the FEC coded data frame as well as the HFP For example, the HFP is used as a preamble for the transmitted upstream signal

[0050] At the OLT receiver side, the SOD Correlator calculates the HD between the received signal and the SOD delimiter to test if the HD is less than the system's synchronization threshold In contrast to conventional systems, the synchronization threshold is adjustable according to the requirement of the system For example, the false locking probability can be minimized if T is set to be 0

[0051] Figure 8A is a simplified diagram illustrating a synchronization circuit of the SOD Correlator according to an embodiment of the present invention This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications As shown in Figure 8A, a shifter register is used to process the receive ONU packets and providing the processed packets to the Hamming distance calculation (HDC) module The Hamming distance calculation module determines the delineation based on the Hamming distance calculation

[0052] Figure 8B is a simplified diagram illustrating hard logic for providing SOD delimiter logic according to an embodiment, of the present invention This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications As shown, the SOD delimiter for this particular situation is "Ox 1 16 A2 DC 69 FO CD EE 40"

[0053] As long as the OLT detects an upstream signal from the ONU, it synchronizes its clock reference with the upstream signal The OLT then sends the received data into the Shift Register of the SOD Correlator Once the Shift Register has been filled with 66 bits received data, it passes these 66 bits through an electrical circuit that is based on the SOD delimiter The electrical circuit is defined as the following every bit of the SOD delimiter responds to a direct electric logic form the Shift Register to HDC module If the bit of the corresponding bit of the SOD delimiter is "0", then the originally received data bit is sent to OP080479 - li ¬

the HDC module unchanged On the other hand, if the corresponding bit of the SOD is "1 ", then it passes the binary complement value of the received data bit to the HDC module (i e , "0" changed to " 1 " or "1" changed to "0") The HDC module calculates the corresponding HD and pass the output to the Synchronization Decision Module (SDM) Finally, the SDM determines if it is a valid synchronization or not If a successful synchronization is declared, then the OLT knows the beginning of the data frame and starts to receive data

[0054] In an embodiment, the present invention provides a fast synchronization algorithm on the binary format of the HD from the SDM The algorithm is implemented with the 66- bits SOD delimiter The minimum HD between the SOD delimiter and all possible 66 bits binary sequence is 0 The maximum HD between the SOD delimiter and all possible 66 bits binary sequence is 66 Since 2⁶ < 66 < 2⁷, it requires at least 7 binary bits to represent the resulted HD in a binary format

[0055] According to Table2, the SDM can count on the number of consecutive "0" bits from the Most Significant Bit (MSB) to Least Significant Bit (LSB) to determine whether it is a valid synchronization or not, if the synchronization threshold T is to be set as T=8=2³ or T=16=2⁴ For example, if T=8, then the SDM just need to check if the first 4 consecutive bits are 0 or not

Table2 OP080479 - 12 -

[0056] Assuming the number of bits required to represent the binary form of HD is n, and the synchronization threshold is set to be T=2^m, where 0 < m < n Then the SDM can decide if it is a valid synchronization by checking whether the first n-m consecutive bits are O's or not If they are all 0, then SDM can declare a successful synchronization Otherwise the Shift Register will shift one bit to obtain a "new" 66 bits data to be tested with the SOD delimiter

[0057] It is to be appreciated that various embodiments of the present invention provide numerous advantages over conventional techniques Among other thing, the data frame implemented using an SOD delimiter according to the present invention can decrease the false locking probability At the same time, this implementation does not introduce any complexity overhead

[0058] Figure 9 is a graph illustrating the comparison of false locking probability between existing techniques and an embodiment of the present invention As an example, the length of the HFP is 4000 bits From the graph in Figure 9, it can be seen that the false locking probability is much lower with the embodiment of the present invention The dotted lines represent the Threshold T = 12 and the dash lines represent the Threshold T = 15

[0059] In addition to better performance, embodiments of the present invention also provide more flexibility when compared to conventional systems For example, synchronization Threshold T is adjustable according to the system requirement Fast synchronization algorithms can be adopted for different threshold values

[0060] Among other things, embodiments of the present invention provide five Start of Data <SOD> delimiters Each of the SOD delimiter is ideally suited for Ethernet PON upstream transmission

[0061] In embodiments, the HFP can have binary form as " 10101010 10101010 ", which ends with a "0 " The HFP can still provide the AGC and CDR functions In the embodiments, the hexadecimal number of the SOD is { Ox C D5 8 A 60 A4 El 43 BC 9D } and its binary sequence is { 11 10101011 01010001 00000110 00100101 10000111 11000010 00111101 10111001 } The minimum distance of the current employed SOD delimiter and the FSC is 31 [0062] If the binary sequence "10101010 10101010 ", which ends with a "0" is used as the HFP in the system, the SOD delimiters, which comply with the HD between the SOD OP080479 - 13 -

delimiters and FSC, are in the complement form of SOD delimiters provided in Table 1 The corresponding SOD delimiters are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

[0063] The SOD delimiters as shown in Table 3 comply with the theoretical suggested minimum FID between a SOD delimiter and FSC. Among other things, the SOD delimiters have sixteen "l"s and seventeen "0"s on the 33 even positions and on the 33 odd positions, or vice versa. As a consequence, the SOD have a number of "0" not equal to the number of " 1 ", (e.g., either 32 "0"s plus 34 "l"s or 34 "0" s plus 32 "l "s). As an example, all the SOD delimiters, in their binary forms, all conform to the described requirement. For example, the following SOD delimiters are shown in hexadecimal numbers and their binary forms have 34 "0"s and 32 "l"s,

Ox 497 BA C469 FO 4C 88 FD

101110100101011101001000111001011000001111001100100001000110111111

Ox 4 A538 D692991C F83F

101010010100011100011010110100100110011001001110000001111111111100

Ox 401 FA 968F D7 IA 3399

101000000001011111011010011111000111101011010110001100110010011001

Ox 4 Fl A3 EF 49488D 6699

101000111111000101111101111001001000010010101100010110011010011001

[0064] The following delimiter has 32 "l"s and 34 "0",

Ox C 7D 42 B23254 IA EC FO

111011111001000010010011010100110000101010010110000011011100001111 OP080479 - 14 -

[0065] The LSB of binary bits and field (8 bits per field) positions is on the left. Hexadecimal numbers are shown in a normal hexadecimal form and two hexadecimal numbers represent one corresponding field For example, the field "Ox BA" (shown in Table 3) is sent as 01011101, representing 1 lth to 18th bits of the 66 bits SOD delimiter 1. The LSB for each field is placed in the lowest number position of the field and is the first transmitted bit of the field. It is noted that a hexadecimal number represents 4 binary bits, except the first hexadecimal number or the leading number, which represents 2 MSBs of corresponding four binary bits representation. For example, the binary representation of "Ox 4" is "0010" and the first hexadecimal number "Ox 4" represents 10. [0066] Figure 10 is a simplified diagram illustrating an upstream data frame structure of a 1OG EPON system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications As shown in Figure 7, the SOD delimiters as listed in Table 3 are used in the data frames. [0067] In embodiments, the FIFP can be a sequence of n consecutive specific 66-bit blocks, in which the 66-bit block has a binary form as " 10 1111 1101 0000 0010 0001 1000 1010 0111 1010 0011 1001 0010 1101 1101 1001 1010", where the hexadecimal representation is {Ox 4 BF 40 18 E5 C5 49 BB 59}. The HFP is suitable for high speed PON systems (e.g.1 OG-EPON system) not only good for the AGC and CDR functions but also suitable for applying Peak Detector or Equalizer at the receiver side of an OLT. In the embodiments, the hexadecimal number of the SOD is { Ox 8 6B F8 D8 12 D8 58 E4 AB} and its binary sequence is {01 1101 0110 0001 1111 0001 1011 0100 1000 0001 1011 0001 1010 0010 0111 1101 0101 } The minimum Hamming distance of the current employed SOD delimiter and the FSC is 30 [0068] If the above HFP is used in the system, the SOD delimiters that have a large HD between the SOD delimiters and FSC are shown in Table 4

Table 4 OP080479 - 15 -

[0069] The SOD delimiters have fourteen ''l"s and nineteen ''0"s on the 33 even positions and on the 33 odd positions, or vice versa As a consequence, the S0S3 have a number of "0" equal to the number of " 1 ", (e.g , either 33 "0"s plus 33 " 1 "s) As an example, all the SOD delimiters, in their binary forms, all conform to the described requirement. For example, the following SOD delimiters are shown in hexadecimal numbers and their binary forms have 33 "0"s and 33 'T's,

Ox 8 OB F8 D8 12 D8 58 E4 AB

01 1 1010110 000111 1 1 0001 1011 01001000 00011011 0001 1010 001001 11 11010101.

[0070] The LSB of binary bits and field (8 bits per field) positions is on the left

Hexadecimal numbers are shown in a normal hexadecimal form and two hexadecimal numbers represent one corresponding field For example, the field "Ox BA" (shown in Table 3) is sent as 0101 1 101 , representing 11th to 18th bits of the 66 bits SOD delimiter 1 The LSB for each field is placed in the lowest number position of the field and is the first transmitted bit of the field. It is noted that a hexadecimal number represents 4 binary bits, except the first hexadecimal number or the leading number, which represents 2 MSBs of corresponding four binary bits representation. For example, the binary representation of "Ox 4" is "0010" and the first hexadecimal number "Ox 4" represents 10

[0071] Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims

[0072] In embodiments, the HFP can be a sequence of n consecutive specific 66-bit blocks, in which the 66-bit block has a binary form as "10 0111 1101 0110 0000 1010 1001 1111 0101 1000 0010 1010 0111 1 101 0110 0000 1010", where the hexadecimal representation is {Ox 4 BE 06 95 AF 41 E5 6B 50}. The HFP is suitable for high speed PON systems (e g.1 OG-EPON system) not only good for the AGC and CDR functions but also suitable for applying Peak Detector or Equalizer at the receiver side of an OLT. In the embodiments, the hexadecimal number of the SOD is { Ox 4 BE E4 Bl DA AA 13 J 8 BJ } and its binary sequence is { 10 01 1 1 1 101 0010 0111 1000 1101 0101 1011 0101 0101 1100 1000 0001 1000 1000 1 101 }. The minimum distance of the current employed SOD delimiter and the FSC is 31. OP080479 -16-

[0073] If the above HFP is used in the system, the SOD delimiters that have a large HD between the SOD delimiters and FSC are shown in Table 5

Minimum HD Allowable Max

SOD length SOC ⁾ Delimiter (hexadecimal between SO D and Synchronization (bits) numbers) FSC Threshold

66 4BE E4B1 DAAA 13 18 Bl 31 15

66 4 BE A4035032 BF 3 A E3 31 15

66 CAE 8547BE2B0624A7 31 15

66 4FE 82164879 BA 98 B3 31 15

Table 5

[0074] The SOD delimiters have fourteen "T^"s and nineteen "'0"s on the 33 even positions and on the 33 odd positions, oi vice versa And the numbei of "0" and " 1 " on the odd bit and even bit constitutes a cross combination; if on the odd bit ,there are 14 "0", and 19 " 3 ", then on the even bit, there would be 19 "0" and 14 " 1 " As a consequence, the SOD have a number of "0" equal to the number of "1", (e g . either 33 "0"s plus 33 "1 "s) As an example, all the SOD delimiters, in their binary forms, all conform to the described requirement For example, the following SOD delimiters are shown in hexadecimal numbers and their binary forms have 33 "(Ts and 33 "T's.

Ox 4 BE E4 Bl DA AA 1318 Bl

100111110100100111100011010101101101010101110010000001100010001101

Ox A BE A4035032 BF 3A E3

100111110100100101110000000000101001001100 111111010101110011000111

Ox C AE 8547 BE 2B 0624 A7

110111010110100001 111000100111110111010100011000000010010011100101

Ox 4 FE 82164879 BA 98 B3

100111111101000001011010000001001010011110010111010001100111001101

[0075] The LSB of binary bits and field (8 bits per field) positions is on the left Hexadecimal numbers are shown in a normal hexadecimal form and two hexadecimal numbers represent one corresponding field For example, the field "Ox B A" (shown in Table 3) is sent as 01011101, representing 1 Hh to 18th bits of the 66 bits SOD delimiter 1 The LSB for each field is placed in the lowest number position of the field and is the first transmitted bit of the field It is noted that a hexadecimal number represents 4 binary bits, OP080479 - 17 -

except the first hexadecimal number or the leading number, which represents 2 Λ4SBs of corresponding four binary biis representation. For example, the binary representation of "Ox 4" is "0010" and the first hexadecimal number "Ox 4" represents 10.

[0076| Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

OP080479 - 18 -

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for providing upstream data synchronization in an optical communication network, the method comprising: sending data from an Optical Network Unit, the data including a first data frame, the first data frame including a header sequence, a synchronization segment, and a data segment, the synchronization segment including 66 bits, the 66 bits including a first number of bits having nonzero values, the 66 bits including a second number of bits having a value of zero, receiving at least the first data frame by an Optical Line Terminal; processing the first data frame; selecting a first segment of the first data frame, wherein the first segment including 66 bits, comparing the first segment with a synchronization delimiter; determining a Hamming distance based on the first segment, and determining a boundary of the first data frame

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: shifting the first data frame, selecting a second segment, comparing the second segment with the synchronization delimiter.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment has the first number equals to 32 and the second number equals to 34, the synchronization segment having a sequence of:

Sequence 1 in hexadecimal form 1 16 A2 DC 69 FO CD EE 40,

Sequence 1 in binary form: 01 00010110 10100010 11011100 01101001 11110000 11001101 11101110 01000000,

Sequence 2 in hexadecimal form: 1 5 A E3 94 B6 66 C7 EO 03,

Sequence 2 in binary form 01 01011010 11100011 10010100 10110110 01100110 11000111 11100000 00000011,

Sequence 3 in hexadecimal form: 1 7F AO 96 OE 14 A7 33 66, Sequence 3 in binary form:

01 01111111 10100000 10010110 00001110 00010100 10100111 00110011 01100110, OP080479 - 19 -

Sequence 4 in hexadecimal form 1 70 3A 08 6D ED 4E 99 66 Sequence 4 in binary form 01 01110000 00111010 00001000 01101101 11101101 01001110 10011001 01100110

4 The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment has the first number equals to 34 and the second number equals to 32, the synchronization segment having a sequence of

Sequence 5 in hexadecimal form 0 41 BD B2 B3 D5 A7 C8 FO

Sequence 5 in binary form 00 01000001 10111101 10110010 10110011 11010101 10100111 11001000 11110000 5 The method of claim 1, further comprising decoding the first data frame based on the boundary

6 The method of claim 1, wherein the Hamming distance has a minimum value of 32

7 The method of claim 1, wherein the determining a Hamming distance comprising calculating a distance between the first segment and the synchronization delimiter

8 The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment is associated with a synchronization threshold value of 15

9 The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment has the first number equals to 34 and the second number equals to 32, the synchronization segment having a sequence of

Sequence 1 in hexadecimal form 4 97 BA C4 69 FO 4C 88 FD,

Sequence 1 in binary form

10 11101001 01011101 00100011 10010110 00001111 00110010 00010001 10111111,

Sequence 2 in hexadecimal form 4 A5 38 D6 92 99 1C F8 3F,

Sequence 2 in binary form 10 10100101 00011100 01101011 01001001 10011001 00111000 00011111 11111100,

Sequence 3 in hexadecimal form 4 01 FA 96 8F D7 IA 33 99,

Sequence 3 in binary form 10 10000000 01011111 01101001 11110001 11101011 01011000 11001100 10011001,

Sequence 4 in hexadecimal form 4 Fl A3 EF 49 48 8D 66 99, Sequence 4 in binary form

10 10001111 11000101 11110111 10010010 00010010 10110001 01100110 10011001 OP080479 - 20 -

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment has the first number equals to 32 and the second number equals to 34, the synchronization segment having a sequence of

Sequence 5 in hexadecimal form: C 7D 42 B2 32 54 IA EC FO Sequence 5 in binary form:

11 10111110 01000010 01001101 01001100 00101010 01011000 00110111 00001111

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the synchronization segment has the number equals to 33 and the second number equals to 33, and the number of "zero" and " nonzero values " on the odd bit and even bit constitutes a cross combination, if on the odd bit ,there are 14 "zero", and 19 " nonzero values ", then on the even bit, there would be 19 "zero" and 14 " nonzero values "

12 The method of claim 11, wherein the synchronization segment including a sequence of

Sequence 1 in hexadecimal form: 4 BE E4 Bl DA AA 13 18 Bl, Sequence 1 in binary form:

10 0111 1101 0010 0111 1000 1101 0101 1011 0101 0101 1100 1000 0001 1000 1000 1101,

Sequence 2 in hexadecimal form: 4 BE E4 Bl DA AA 13 18 Bl, Sequence 2 in binary form: 10 01111101 00100111 10001101 01011011 01010101 11001000 00011000 10001101,

Sequence 3 in hexadecimal form: 4 BE A4 03 50 32 BF 3A E3,

Sequence 3 in binary form: 10 01111101 00100101 11000000 00001010 01001100 11111101 01011100 11000111,

Sequence 4 in hexadecimal form: C AE 85 47 BE 2B 06 24 A7, Sequence 4 in binary form: 11 01110101 10100001 11100010 01111101 11010100 01100000 00100100 11100101,

Sequence 5 in hexadecimal form: 4 FE 82 16 48 79 BA 98 B3, Sequence 5 in binary form

10 01111111 01000001 01101000 00010010 10011110 01011101 00011001 11001101

13 The method of claim 11, wherein the minimum distance of the synchronization segment is 30 OP080479 21

14. A Passive Optical Network system, the system comprising: an Optical Network Unit, the optical network including a transmitter, the Optical Network Unit being configured to sending data using the transmitter, the data including a first data frame, the first data frame including a header sequence, a synchronization segment, and a data segment, the synchronization segment including 66 bits, the 66 bits including a first number of bits having nonzero values, the 66 bits including a second number of bits having a value of zero, the first number being different from the second number, an Optical Line Terminal, the Optical Line Terminal including: a receiver, configured to receive at least the first data frame, a shifter register, configured to store the first data frame; a logic circuit, configured to compare the first segment with a synchronization delimiter; a Hamming distance module, configured to determine a Hamming distance based on the first segment, a delineation decision module, t configured to determine a boundary of the first data frame

15 The system of claim 14, wherein the shift register comprises at least 66 bits