WO2008132601A1 - Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease - Google Patents
Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008132601A1 WO2008132601A1 PCT/IB2008/001072 IB2008001072W WO2008132601A1 WO 2008132601 A1 WO2008132601 A1 WO 2008132601A1 IB 2008001072 W IB2008001072 W IB 2008001072W WO 2008132601 A1 WO2008132601 A1 WO 2008132601A1
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Classifications
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
- C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
- C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
- C07K2317/734—Complement-dependent cytotoxicity [CDC]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
- C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/998—Proteins not provided for elsewhere
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of immunotherapy. More specifically, it relates to the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection or for treating autoimmune disease.
- the invention relates to molecule binding to LAG-3 protein and causing depletion of LAG-3 + activated T cells. More specifically, it relates to cytotoxic LAG-3-specific monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof.
- Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3, CD223) is up- regulated during the early stages of T-cell activation.
- the present invention is based on the analysis of the effects of cytotoxic antibodies against LAG-3 in acute cardiac allograft rejection (in vivo animal studies) and in in vitro experiments where selected LAG-3 monoclonal antibodies are efficient at low doses ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ g/ml) at depleting LAG-3 + activated effector T cells.
- Selectively depleting activated T lymphocytes might represent an immunosuppressive induction treatment able to result in the development of regulatory cells supporting a long-term survival of allogeneic organs in mice and primates (i).
- anti-CD40L antibodies that deplete in vivo activated T cells through a Fc-dependent mechanism (2).
- anti-CD40L antibodies also target activated platelets in humans and affect the stability of arterial thrombi (3). Therefore the development of monoclonal antibodies to other molecules specific for T- cell activation has catalyzed attempts to achieve immunosuppression.
- One such molecule is LAG-3, which engages Class II on dendritic cells (DC) with a high affinity, enabling DC to become activated ( 4-6) .
- LAG-3 protein is expressed in vivo in activated CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes residing in inflamed secondary lymphoid organs or tissues but not in spleen, thymus or blood ( 7) .
- LAG-3 can function as a negative regulator of activated human CD4 and CD8 T cells by inhibiting early events in primary activation (8).
- the invention provides a molecule binding to LAG-3 protein and causing depletion of LAG-3 + activated T cells. Said depletion can be measured by changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers, in a tissue or an organ.
- the molecule binding to LAG-3 protein is a cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof causing depletion of LAG-3+ activated T cells, said antibody comprising an Fc fragment from the human IgGl or IgM (or mouse IgG2a) subclass and an Fab fragment which binds LAG-3 protein, said antibody exhibiting a complement-dependant cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or an antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity activity (ADCC).
- CDC complement-dependant cytotoxicity
- ADCC antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity activity
- the present invention further provides a method for treating or preventing organ transplant rejection or for treating autoimmune disease. Said method comprises the administration to a mammalian subject a therapeutically effective amount of a cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof.
- FIG. 1 LAG-3 mRNA expression in cardiac allograft (A), in the spleen (B) and in lymph nodes (C). Expression of LAG-3 mRNA in heart grafts at day 5 was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and compared with housekeeping HPRT transcripts expression.
- Rejection allograft without treatment.
- Syngenic isograft.
- Tolerant allograft in recipients receiving a tolerogenic (CsA+anti-CD28 antibodies) treatment. **: p ⁇ 0.05 for syngenic and tolerant vs. rejection.
- FIG. 2 Characterization of anti-LAG-3 antibodies in a complement-dependant cytotoxicity assay.
- ConA-stimulated target cells were labeled with 51 Cr and mixed with rabbit complement and anti-LAG-3 (full line) or preimmune (dotted line) serum at the indicated dilution.
- % cytotoxic activity is calculated as follows: (CPM of the assay — spontaneous CPM release)/ maximum released CPM obtained after cell lysis.
- FIG. 3 In vitro depleting activity of anti-LAG-3 antibodies. T cells from the spleen were activated for 48h with Con A to induce expression of LAG-3 and labeled with CFSE. 105 cells were injected i.v. to recipients that had been irradiated (4.5 Gy) 3 days before. Twenty-four hours after injection, recipients were sacrificed and the presence of CFSE + cells in the CD4 + and CD8 + compartments of the spleen analyzed by flow cytometry.
- Figure 4 Heart graft survival after anti-LAG-3 antibodies administration.
- Lew. IW hearts were treated by injections on days 0 and 3 of 200 ⁇ l (dashed line) or 600 ⁇ l (full line) rabbit anti-LAG-3 serum or of 600 ⁇ l pre-immune serum (dotted line).
- Graft survival was evaluated by daily evaluation of heartbeat. P ⁇ 0.002 for 600 ⁇ l rabbit anti-LAG-3 serum vs. pre-immune serum.
- Figure 5 Analysis of Graft infiltrating cells (GICs).
- GICs were extracted from cardiac allografts on day 5 from control-treated or anti-LAG-3 antibodies treated recipients.
- Figure 6 Comparison of A9H12 binding with the reference LAG-3 specific 17B4 mAb on LAG-3 + CHO and activated human T cells.
- hLAG-J-transfeeted CHO were dissociated from culture plastic using Versene buffer containing cation-chelating agent, incubated with indicated concentrations of A9H12 or 17B4 mAbs for 30 min at 4°C, washed and then incubated with a FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG+M (H+L) secondary antibody (5 ⁇ g/ml, Coulter) for 30 minutes at 4°C. After washing, cells were analysed by flow cytometry using a FACSCanto (BD Biosciences) and means of fluorescence intensity were plotted as a function of antibody concentration.
- PBMCs from a healthy volunteer were stimulated for 2 days with SEB (1 ⁇ g/ml, Sigma Aldrich) to induce the expression of LAG-3 on T cells.
- PBMCs were stained as above. Data represent a weighted percentage, calculated as the percentage of LAG-3 + cells in PBMCs x mean of fluorescence intensity of the LAG-3 + cells, plotted as a function of antibody concentration.
- Figure 7 Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity induced by A9H12 LAG-3 mAb.
- hLAG-J-transfeeted and wild type CHO cells were labelled with FITC-conjugated anti-LAG-3 mAb (17B4) and the expression of LAG-3 on cell surface was analysed by flow cytometry using a FACSCanto.
- the histogram plots represent the mean fluorescence intensity of wt CHO (gray) and LAG-3 * CHO (dark).
- Sample Death is the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells in each condition, Spontaneous Death, the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells without mAb and Maximal Death, the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells with 10 ⁇ g/ml mAb.
- LAG-3 + CHO cells were incubated with 0.1 ⁇ g/ml A9H12, 17B4 or 31G11 LAG-3 mAb or with their corresponding isotype controls (IgG2a,IgGl or IgM, respectively) for 30 min at 4 0 C and then incubated with MEM supplemented with 25 % rabbit serum for 1 hour at 37°C. Specific cytotoxicity was determined as above with a Maximal Death corresponding to 10 ⁇ g/ml A9H12 (left panel) and 0.1 ⁇ g/ml A9H12 (right panel).
- PBMCs were stimulated with SEB (1 ⁇ g/ml) to induce LAG-3 expression on T cells and then used as target cells in the CDC assay in the presence of A9H12 or 31G11 LAG-3 mAb or their isotype controls. After staining cells with fluorochrome-conjugated CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25 and 17B4, the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells was analysed on the indicated T cell subpopulations. Data represent the percentage of dead cells in each population (with spontaneous death in the absence of mAb being subtracted).
- Figure 8 Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity induced by A9H12 LAG-3 mAb
- Effector cells were stimulated with IL-2 (100 IU/ml, BD Biosciences) for 1 day.
- Target cells hLAG-3- transfected CHO cells
- CFSE a fluorescent vital dye
- Effector cells and target cells were then mixed at indicated E:T ratios (E :T, Effector: Target) and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C.
- Nonadherent and adherent cells were harvested using Versene reagent, stained with 7-AAD and immediately analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells in the CFSE-positive population. Data represent the percentage of dead cells, with the non-specific cell death in the presence of the isotype control being subtracted.
- B) CFSE-labelled wild-type or LAG-3 + CHO target cells were incubated with indicated concentrations of A9H12 or mIgG2a and IL-2-stimulated PBMCs were added at a 50:1 E:T ratio and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C. Cell death was analysed as above and data represent the percentage of dead cells in CFSE-positive cells in the presence of A9H12 or its isotype-matched IgG2a control mAb.
- Figure 10 Construction of the chimeric IMP731 therapeutic antibody.
- Figure 11 Expression plasmids for the light (panel A) and heavy (panel B) IMP731 chains.
- Figure 12 Final bi-cistronic plasmid construction used for the stable transfection of CHO cells.
- FIG. 13 IMP731 binding on LAG-3+ CHO and activated human T cells
- hLAG-3-transfected CHO were dissociated from culture plastic using Versene buffer containing cation-chelating agent, incubated with indicated concentrations of IMP731 Ab or its isotype control hlgGl (Chemicon) for 30 min at 4°C, washed and then incubated with a FITC-conjugated F(ab)' 2 goat anti-human IgGl secondary antibody (5 ⁇ g/ml, SBA) for 30 minutes at 4°C. After washing, cells were analysed by flow cytometry using a FACSCanto (BD Biosciences) and the means of fluorescence intensity were plotted as a function of antibody concentration.
- PBMCs from a healthy volunteer were stimulated for 2 days with SEB (1 ⁇ g/ml, Sigma Aldrich) to induce the expression of LAG-3 on T cells.
- PBMCs were stained as above. Data represent a weighted percentage, calculated as the percentage of LAG-3 + cells in PBMCs x mean of fluorescence intensity of the LAG-3 + cells, plotted as a function of antibody concentration.
- Figure 14 Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity induced by IMP731 LAG-3 mAb hLAG-3-transfected CHO cells were incubated with 1 ⁇ g/ml of IMP731 Ab or hlgGl isotype-control mAb (Chemicon) in complete medium (MEM supplemented with 10 % heat inactivated Foetal Calf Serum, FCS) for 30 min at 4 0 C. Cells were then washed and incubated in complete medium (without Complement) or in MEM supplemented with 25 % of freshly resuspended rabbit serum (Cerdalane Inc.) (with Complement) for 1 hour at 37°C. After washing, cells were stained with 7-AAD (BD Biosciences) for 15 minutes at room temperature and immediately analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells corresponding to dead cells. Data represent the percentage of dead cells in each condition as indicated.
- complete medium MEM supplemented with 10 % heat inactiv
- Figure 15 Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity induced by IMP731.
- Effector cells were stimulated with IL-2 (100 IU/ml, BD Biosciences) for 1 day.
- Target cells hLAG-3- transfected CHO cells
- CFSE a fluorescent vital dye
- Effector cells and target cells were then mixed at indicated E:T ratios (E:T, Effector: Target) and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C.
- Cells were stained with 7-AAD and immediately analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells in the CFSE-positive population. Data represent the percentage of dead cells.
- CFSE-labelled LAG-3 + CHO target cells were incubated with indicated concentrations of IMP731 or hlgGl and IL-2- stimulated PBMCs were added at a 50:1 E:T ratio and incubated for 16 hours at 37 0 C. Cell death was analysed as above in CFSE-positive population. The percentage of specific cytotoxicity, calculated according to the following formula
- Sample Death is the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells in each condition, Spontaneous Death, the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells without Ab and Maximal Death, the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells with 1 ⁇ g/ml IMP731
- Effector cells were stimulated with IL-2 (100 IU/ml, BD Biosciences) for 1 day.
- Target cells hLAG-3 + CHO cells or hLAG-3 " CHO cells
- CFSE a fluorescent vital dye
- Effector cells and target cells were then mixed at indicated E:T ratios (E :T, Effector: Target) and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C.
- Cells were stained with 7-AAD and immediately analysed by flow cytometry to determine the percentage of 7-AAD-positive cells in the CFSE-positive population. Data represent the percentage of dead cells.
- the present invention provides molecules binding to LAG-3 protein and causing depletion of LAG-3+ activated T cells. Said depletion can be measured by changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers, a tissue or an organ.
- the present invention relates preferably to human LAG-3 protein (hLAG-3 also named hereafter LAG-3).
- LAG-3 also named hereafter LAG-3
- the molecule binding to LAG-3 protein is a cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof causing depletion of LAG-3+ activated T cells, said antibody comprising an Fc fragment from the human IgGl or IgM (or mouse IgG2a) subclass and an Fab fragment which binds LAG-3 protein, said antibody exhibiting a complement-dependant cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or an antibody dependant-cell cytotoxicity activity (ADCC).
- CDC complement-dependant cytotoxicity
- ADCC antibody dependant-cell cytotoxicity activity
- Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3, CD223) is up- regulated during the early stages of T-cell activation.
- the present invention is based on the analysis of the effects of cytotoxic antibodies against LAG-3 in acute cardiac allograft rejection and in rheumatoid arthritis (in vivo animal studies) and in in vitro experiments where selected LAG-3 monoclonal antibodies are efficient at low doses ( ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ g/ml) at depleting LAG-3 + activated effector T cells.
- Fully vascularized heterotopic allogeneic heart transplantation was performed in rats across a full-MHC mismatch barrier (LEW. IW into LEW. IA). Recipients received two injections (day 0 and 3) of antibodies directed to the extraloop domain of LAG-3 or control antibodies. Graft survival, histology, mRNA transcripts and alloreactivity of lymphocytes were tested. It was first noted that LAG-3 mRNA molecules accumulate in cardiac allografts undergoing rejection, but not in peripheral lymphoid organs. Administration of anti-LAG-3 antibodies inhibited graft infiltration by effectors mononuclear cells and prolonged allograft survival from 6 days in control antibodies-treated recipients to a median of 27 days.
- Collagen-induced arthritis is a well-described animal model for rheumatoid arthritis.
- Collagen-induced arthritis is an autoimmune disease inducible in rats, mice and primates by immunization with heterologous type II collagen.
- the resulting joint pathology resembles rheumatoid arthritis with synovial proliferation, cell infiltration, cartilage erosion and bone resorption in the most severe cases ( 12 ) .
- H-2 haplotype e.g. DBA/1 mice
- H-2 b e.g.C57BL/6 mice
- responsiveness to CIA may be less restricted by the MHC class II than previously thought and may be just as dependent on immunization conditions (13).
- CII type II collagen
- CFA complete Freund's adjuvant
- LAG-3 Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3
- IL-3 Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3
- TNF ⁇ rheumatoid arthritis
- LAG-3 Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3
- Depleting these effector LAG-3+ T cells will lead to targeted immunosuppression (i.e. only activated T cells are suppressed, not all T cells as with corticoids or cyclosporin).
- This very specific immunosuppression should lead to higher therapeutic indices compared to classical immunosuppressive agents or to therapeutic antibodies (e.g. Humira, Remicade) or soluble receptors (e.g. Enbrel) blocking TNF ⁇ .
- LAG-3 is a promising target available for a therapeutic depleting mAb approach to eliminate auto-reactive activated effector T cells.
- Molecules that bind to LAG-3 protein and cause depletion of LAG-3+ activated T cells include antibodies (mono or polyclonal, preferably monoclonal) and fragment thereof, peptides and organic small molecules.
- Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof according to the present invention causes depletion of more than 30% preferably more than 50 % of LAG-3+ activated T cells.
- Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof according to the invention comprises antibodies with a murine IgG2a or a human IgGl Fc region giving strong CDC or ADCC properties. Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof according to the present invention exhibits (i) more than 50 % of maximal CDC activity at a mAb concentration of less than 0.1 ⁇ g/ml and/or (ii) more than 50 % of maximal ADCC activity at a mAb concentration of less than 0.1 ⁇ g/ml.
- Molecules binding to LAG-3 protein and more particularly cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody, causing depletion of LAG-3+ activated T cells and antibody can be produced by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- Antibodies generated against CD223 polypeptides can be obtained by administering, in particular by direct injection, CD223 polypeptides to an animal, preferably a non-human. The antibody so obtained will then bind the CD223 polypeptides itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the CD223 polypeptide can be used to generate antibodies binding the whole native CD223 polypeptide.
- any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (9), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (10).
- a first monoclonal antibody according to the present invention is produced by the hybridoma deposited at the CNCM on April 27, 2007 under the access number CNCM 1-3755.
- a second monoclonal antibody according to the present invention is produced by the hybridoma deposited at the CNCM on April 27, 2007 under the access number CNCM 1-3756.
- the invention is also directed to the use of a cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing organ transplant rejection or for treating autoimmune disease.
- the present invention further provides a method for treating or preventing organ transplant rejection or for treating autoimmune disease.
- Said method comprises the administration to a mammalian subject a therapeutically effective amount of a cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof.
- Organ transplant rejection refers to the graft of an organ in an allogenic host. It may be useful for treating organisms suffering from conditions resulting in an abnormally high T-cell population or deleterious T-cell activity, for example graft rejection mediated by host T- cells, graft vs. host disease and T-cell mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, muscular sclerosis, etc.
- the methods of the invention may be applied to any organism which contains T- cells that express CD223. This includes, but is not limited to, any mammal and particularly includes humans and mice.
- Auto-immune deseases are diseases in which the subject's own immune system reacts against the subject cells.
- Auto-immune disease which are amenable to treatments according to the present invention include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, acute rheumatic fever, mixed essential cryoglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis.
- a method for depleting LAG-3+ activated T cells from a sample from a patient according to the present invention comprises reacting the sample with an antibody composition comprising an antibody described above.
- a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprises from 30 to 300 mg per dose of a cytotoxic monoclonal antibody described above and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents for administration to a mammal.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form.
- IW (LEW. IW, haplotype RT1 U ) and Lewis.
- IA (LEW. IA, haplotype RTl a ) congeneic rats
- a synthetic peptide corresponding to the extraloop domain of the rat LAG-3 protein (NCBI accession nb DQ438937; peptide DQPASIPALDLLQGMPSTRRHPPHR) was linked to ovalbumin and used to immunise two rabbits. Pre-immune and immune sera, collected on day 63 after the 4 th immunisation, were assayed by ELISA on immunogen and peptide and by flow cytometry on
- Con-A activated rat spleen cells Pre-immune sera were negative in both assays. Pooled immune sera presented a titer (dilution for 50% signal) of 1/60000 by ELISA and of 1/1000 by FACS, and presented a specificity for activated T cells.
- Complement-dependant cytotoxicity assay Complement-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was tested using rabbit sera against Lewis IA T cells in a 51 Cr release assay. A total of 2 ⁇ lO 6 Lewis IA T cells were labelled with 30 ⁇ Ci of 51 Cr for 90 min at 37°C in RPMI (GIBCO) with 10% FCS. After three washes, T cells were distributed in 96 V- bottomed plates and incubated with rabbit complement and serial dilutions of heat-inactivated rabbit serum . After 4 h at 37 0 C, 51 Cr release was measured in the supernatants using a scintillation counter. Specific cytotoxicity was calculated according to the following formula: (experimental release - spontaneous release) * 100/ (maximum release - spontaneous release) .
- IW splenocytes were labelled with the CFSE and transferred (10 8 cells) into irradiated (4.5 Gy, day -3)
- results are expressed as the percentage of the area of the tissue section infiltrated by leukocytes (determined with OXl, OX30 labeling) and the phenotypic composition of the infiltrate and subpopulations which are related to the percentage of total leukocytes and are expressed as the percentage of leukocytes.
- Dilacerated hearts were digested with collagenase D (2 mg/ml; Boehringer Mannheim) for 10 min at 37°C. Cells were then collected by extraction through a stainless steel mesh. The resulting suspension was then clarified by Ficoll isolation.
- LAG-3 upper primer is 5'-ATATGAATTCACAGAGGAGATGAGGCAG-S' and lower primer is 5'-ATATGAATTCTCCTGGTCAGAGCTGCCT-S'.
- Rat INF- g upper primer is 5'-TGGATGCTATGGAAGGAAAGA-S' and lower primer is 5'-GATTCTGGTGACAGCTGGTG-S'.
- Rat HPRT upper primer is 5'-CCTTGGTCAAGCAGTACAGCC-S' and lower primer is 5'- TTCGCTGATGACACAAACATGA-3 ' .
- a constant amount of cDNA corresponding to the reverse transcription of 100 ng of total RNA was amplified in 25 ⁇ l of PCR mix containing 300 nM of each primer; 200 ⁇ M dATP, dGTP, dCTP; 400 ⁇ M dUTP; 3 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.25 U of uracyl-N-glycosylase; 0.625 U of AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase.
- the mix was subjected to 40 cycles of amplification.
- the real-time PCR data were plotted as the AR n fluorescence signal vs. the cycle number.
- the C t value is defined as the cycle number at which the AR n crosses a threshold. The threshold is set above the background fluorescence to intersect the exponential portion of the amplification curve of a positive reaction. The Ct is inversely proportional to the log amount of template within the PCR.
- LAG-3 is expressed by activated T cells in inflamed lymphoid organs and tissues ( 7) . In order to see if LAG-3 is also expressed in rejected allografts, hearts grafts from
- Anti-LAG-3 antibodies were produced in rabbits by immunization with a synthetic peptide from the extra-loop of LAG-3 Ig-like N-terminal domain , involved in the interaction of LAG-3 with Class II (ref PNAS Huard 1997).
- Post-immune serum, as well as the IgG fraction stained ⁇ 1% of rat spleen cells and 40% of rat spleen cells activated for 48h with ConA, PMA + ionomycin or PHA. Pre-immune serum was negative (data not shown).
- complement and ADCC- dependant cytotoxicity was assayed in vitro.
- anti-LAG-3 antibodies In vivo, the depleting activity of anti-LAG-3 antibodies was estimated by measuring the fate of CFSE- labeled activated T cells adoptively transferred to irradiated rat recipients. One day after the injection of therapeutic doses of anti-LAG-3 immune serum, only half the amount of CFSE + /CD4 + and CFSE + /CD8 + cells could be recovered from the spleen, as compared with similar injections of pre- immune serum (Figure 3). Anti-LAG-3 antibodies delay heart allograft rejection
- Analysis of mRNA transcript reinforced these observations that infiltration of heart graft by mononuclear cells was reduced since we measured four times less INF ⁇ mRNA molecules in treated grafts ( Figure 5).
- Anti-LAG-3 antibodies inhibit ongoing acute heart allograft delay rejection
- Table 1 Heart graft recipients were treated on day 3 or 4 with control or anti-LAG-3 antibodies. Rejection was monitored by daily heart palpation.
- mice were immunized 3 times with hLAG-3-transfected CHO cells (10 7 cells, intra-peritoneal injection), followed by a boost i.v. injection with 10 ⁇ g IMP321, the clinical-grade hLAG-3Ig recombinant protein.
- a boost i.v. injection with 10 ⁇ g IMP321, the clinical-grade hLAG-3Ig recombinant protein.
- splenocytes were fused with the X63.AG8653 fusion partner to yield hybridoma cells.
- Supernatants from hybridomas were screened for their specific binding (FACS analysis) on hLAG- 3-tranfected CHO versus wild type (wt) CHO cells.
- A9H12 One murine IgG2a antibody (580.1E9H3A9H12, called A9H12) was selected, subcloned to yield a stable cell line and further characterized for its potency to deplete LAG-3 + cells through CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity), given that the murine IgG2a Fc region is known to be the most efficient Fc isotype in mice at delivering these activities, even on heterologous cells (i.e. CHO cells or human PBMCs). Similarly, a second IgM antibody (31G11E8, called 31G11) was also selected.
- A9H12 Dose-dependent binding of A9H12 was first compared to the reference LAG-3-specific 17B4 mAb on hLAG-3-tranfected CHO cells and on LAG-3 + in vitro activated human T cells (Figure 6). A9H12 displayed a greater binding than the reference 17B4 mAb on both cell types. For instance, significant binding of A9H12 to activated human T cells was observed with a concentration as low as 0.01 ⁇ g/ml.
- the target cells used in this assay were LAG-3 + CHO cells compared to wt CHO cells ( Figure 7A). Both types of cells were incubated for 1 hour at 37°C with either A9H12, its murine isotype-matched IgG2a negative control mAb, 31G11, its murine isotype-matched IgM negative control or the reference 17B4 (IgGl) mAb and rabbit serum containing active complement. Cell viability was then assessed using 7-Amino-Actinomycin D (7-AAD), a fluorescent dye labelling cells which have lost their membranous integrity, a phenomenon which appeared rapidly after death. The percentage of 7-AAD-positive CHO cells (i.e.
- A9H12 displayed a potent and specific cytotoxic activity in this CDC assay, killing only LAG-3 + CHO cells in the presence of complement (Figure 7B).
- the anti-LAG-3 Ab was titered down to determined the efficacy of the antibody to activate CDC at low concentration of antibody.
- A9H12 efficiently induced LAG- 3 + CHO cells killing at a concentration as low as 0.01 ⁇ g/ml ( Figure 7C).
- the IgGl 17B4 antibody was also tested in this assay and had no effect (Figure 7D, left panel), showing that not all LAG-3 mAbs could induce cytotoxicity in this bioassay.
- the second 31G11 LAG-3- specific mAb also induced LAG-3 * CHO cells killing ( Figure 7D, right panel) .
- the CDC bioassay was also performed on PBMCs stimulated with the superantigen SEB.
- the cytotoxicity of A9H12 and 31G11 were analysed on both activated (namely CD25 + /LAG-3 + cells) and non-activated (namely CD25 ⁇ /LAG-3 ⁇ cells) CD4 + helper T and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells. Only activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells were specifically killed by A9H12 and 31G11 ( Figure 7E), showing that activated human T cells are susceptible to A9H12- or 31Gll-specific killing in the presence of complement.
- mice Male DBA/1 (H-2 q ) mice, 8-10 weeks old, were obtained from Janvier Laboratories. All animal experiments were performed according to local guidelines.
- BovineCII joint cartilage
- Incomplete Freund's adjuvant was provided by Sigma.
- Heat-killed M. tuberculosis H37Ra was purchased from Difco Laboratories.
- CIA collagen-Induced arthritis
- Complete freund's adjuvant was prepared by mixing 100 mg heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 13.3 ml IFA (final concentration 7.5 mg/ml).
- Bovine CII was dissolved at 3 mg/ml in 10 mM acetic acid overnight at 4°C.
- An emulsion was formed by mixing 2 volumes of CII with 1 volume of CFA. The CII solution and the emulsion with CFA were always freshly prepared.
- mice Male DBA/1 mice were intra-dermally injected at the base of the tail with a total of 100 ⁇ l of emulsion containing 200 ⁇ g CII and 250 ⁇ g M. tuberculosis on day 1 (Dl). The injection was repeated at day 21 (D21). As control, three mice were injected with the emulsion of CFA without CII.
- CIA was induced by i.d. injections of bovine type II collagen (CII) emulsified in CFA containing 250 ⁇ g M. tuberculosis. After one injection, 4 out of 22 mice had developed arthritis at D21. Two weeks after the second injection, at D35, 80-90% of the mice had developed clinical signs of arthritis ( Figure 9). The mice exhibited clinical scores covering the full range of responses from 1 to 16 with some limbs showing severe swelling of the footpad, ankle/wrist joint and digits (Table 2). None of the control animals (injected with CFA without CII) developed signs of arthritis (data not shown).
- CII bovine type II collagen
- a new murine mAb with depleting properties has been shown to recognize also baboon and macaque monkey LAG-3 + cells with high avidity and had been chosen as our lead depleting therapeutic mAb (Immu.Tu.ne IMP731).
- A9H12 has been chimerized with a human IgGl Fc region using standard genetic engineering and PCR protocols, to give CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and ADCC (antibody- dependent cell cytotoxicity) properties.
- the A9H12 VH and VL cDNA sequences derived from A9H12 hybridoma cell mRNA were fused upstream of the human CHl- hinge—CH2-CH3 IgGl domains and Ckappa chains, respectively ( Figure 10).
- the two light and heavy IMP731 chimeric chains were independently cloned into separate expression plasmids ( Figure 11 panel A and B, respectively) under the control of the PGK (or SRalpha in another construction, not shown) promoter. These 2 plasmids were cotransfected (transitory transfection) together into CHO cells and IMP731 was purified from the culture supernatant at day 2 or 3 by using protein A column affinity capture and elution at pH 3. After neutralisation with Tris-HCl the purified IMP731 antibody was tested in CDC and ADCC experiments for its ability to kill LAG-3 + target cells.
- the two IMP731 light and heavy chains were then cloned together with the PGK (or SRalpha, not shown) promoter in a head-to-tail situation for coordinated expression of the two IMP731 chains from the same integration site ( Figure 12).
- This bi-cistronic IMP731 expression plasmid was used for stable transfection and selection of high-productivity (e.g. more than 20 picogramme IMP731 protein per million CHO-S cells per day) CHO-S cells using increasing concentrations of hygromycine in serum-free medium.
- IMP731 Dose-dependent binding of IMP731 was first assessed on hLAG-3-tranfected CHO cells (Figure 13A) and on LAG-3 + in vitro activated human T cells (Figure 13B). IMP731 displayed a significant binding on both cell types with a concentration as low as 0.01 ⁇ g/ml for activated T cells.
- the target cells used in this assay were LAG-3 + CHO cells ( Figure 14). Cells were incubated either with IMP731 or its human isotype-matched IgGl negative control and then with rabbit serum containing active complement for 1 hour at 37°C. Cell viability was then assessed using 7-Amino-Actinomycin D (7-AAD). 7-AAD is a fluorescent dye labelling cells which have lost their membranous integrity, a phenomenon which appeared rapidly after death. The percentage of 7-AAD- positive CHO cells (i.e. dead target cells) was determined by flow cytometry analysis.
- IMP731 displayed a potent and specific cytotoxic activity in this CDC assay, killing only LAG-3 + CHO cells in the presence of complement ( Figure 14).
- ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- PBMCs were stimulated for one day with IL-2 to serve as effector cells and LAG-3 + CHO cells were labelled with the vital dye CFSE to serve as target cells.
- CFSE vital dye
- Hiroaki et al A tumor necrosis factor receptor loop peptide mimic inhibits bone destruction to the same extent as anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal ntibody in lurine collagen-induced arthritis, arthritis & Rheumatism. 2007; 56(4): 1164-1174.
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JP2010504896A JP5936818B2 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-30 | Cytotoxic active anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody and method of using the antibody in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
ES08750865.1T ES2602581T3 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-30 | Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of transplanted organ rejection and autoimmune disease |
US12/598,128 US20100233183A1 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-30 | Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
EP08750865.1A EP2142210B1 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-30 | Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
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CN200880021927.6A CN101720227B (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-30 | Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibodies and their use in treating or preventing organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
US12/823,795 US9244059B2 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2010-06-25 | Cytotoxic anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
US14/970,926 US20160176965A1 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2015-12-16 | Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
US16/212,732 US20190135916A1 (en) | 2007-04-30 | 2018-12-07 | Cytotoxic anti-lag-3 monoclonal antibody and its use in the treatment or prevention of organ transplant rejection and autoimmune disease |
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Also Published As
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EP2142210B1 (en) | 2016-08-24 |
EP3202418C0 (en) | 2023-08-23 |
CN101720227A (en) | 2010-06-02 |
JP2010526052A (en) | 2010-07-29 |
CA2685584C (en) | 2018-07-24 |
JP5936818B2 (en) | 2016-06-22 |
CN101720227B (en) | 2022-10-18 |
EP3202418B1 (en) | 2023-08-23 |
CA2685584A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
US20100233183A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
EP3202418A1 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
JP6177735B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
EP1987839A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
JP2017048235A (en) | 2017-03-09 |
EP2142210A1 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
JP2014231515A (en) | 2014-12-11 |
ES2602581T3 (en) | 2017-02-21 |
ES2959413T3 (en) | 2024-02-26 |
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