WO2008131938A1 - Peptidases from basidiomycetes - Google Patents
Peptidases from basidiomycetes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008131938A1 WO2008131938A1 PCT/EP2008/003386 EP2008003386W WO2008131938A1 WO 2008131938 A1 WO2008131938 A1 WO 2008131938A1 EP 2008003386 W EP2008003386 W EP 2008003386W WO 2008131938 A1 WO2008131938 A1 WO 2008131938A1
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- peptidases
- mixture
- basidiomycetes
- gluten
- fractions
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
- A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
- A23J3/346—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of vegetable proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/06—Enzymes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to peptidase enzymes derived from the mycelia of Basidiomycetes, in particular to gluten-specific peptidase enzymes, to their method of production and to their use in the hydrolysis of proteins.
- HVP hydrolysed vegetable protein
- the products are either liquid condiments or concentrated to obtain pastes, powders, pre- mixes for the use in soup or sauce compositions, or stock cubes. All of the products impart a meat-like smell and taste, although no meat is involved at any stage of the process.
- sodium hydroxide is added as the acid has to be neutralised after the hydrolytic process has been completed. The sodium chloride formed during this neutralisation reaction supports the taste enhancing properties of the plant hydrolysate and is often welcome in the final product.
- Peptidases are classified either according to their mechanism of action on the protein substrate (endo or exo- peptidases; exopeptidases may be amino or carboxylpeptidases) or to one of the four catalytic mechanisms.
- Serin-endopeptidases are represented by the chymotrysin and subtilisin superfamilies,- they show a broad substrate specificity and contain the so-called catalytic triade.
- Cystein-endopeptidases are represented by four superfamilies and occur in microbial, plant and animal sources; the name points to the cystein moiety in the catalytic triade.
- Aspartic acid-endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds by a concerted action of two aspartate moieties.
- Metallopeptidases are evolutionary old, usually zinc containing enzymes with exo- and endo specificities.
- Common peptidases are, for example, alcalase (a serine- peptidase from Bacillus licheniformis) , papain (a cystein- peptidase from Carica papaya) , chymosin (rennet) from recombinant Mucor strains and neutrase (a metal -peptidase from Bacillus subtilis) .
- alcalase a serine- peptidase from Bacillus licheniformis
- papain a cystein- peptidase from Carica papaya
- chymosin rennet
- neutrase a metal -peptidase from Bacillus subtilis
- the enzymatic process can be performed at gentle physical conditions and is thus more environmentally friendly than its acid catalysed counterpart.
- acid hydrolysis the enzymatic process often does not reach completion and may result in partially hydrolysed products with a bitter taste; the level of bitterness increases with increasing degree of hydrolysis to reach a maximum and then falls with progressing hydrolysis.
- Plant enzymes are particularly suited to degrade a plant substrate; to use the same plant as a source of protein and enzyme was an interesting idea (Tchorbanov, B., Special Publication - Royal Society of Chemistry, 491-494, 2001) .
- Soy (WO 2002/069733; WO 2004/056980) and wheat (WO2006/104022, Abe, M. et al . Biosci . Biotechnol . Biochem. , 2003, 67, 2018-2021) are still the most common enzymatic hydrolysis substrates, while the hydrolysis of animal proteins is often an attempt to minimise side streams of food processing, such as fish bones or blood (JP 2005176620; RU2003 -106447) .
- micro-organisms used are combinations of bacteria (WO2002/085131) , mixtures of the traditional species (JP2006/075006) , recombinant Aspergillus (JP2005/328738) , or a basidiomycete ( JP2006/094757) .
- Sabotic, J. et al. in J. Biotechnology, 128, p.297-307, 2006 report on the peptidolytic diversity of European Basidiomycetes . If the biocatalyst was not an intact cell, single peptidases, such as neutrase (WO2006/103628) , or combinations of plant and microbial enzymes (WO2002/078461; CN1397644) were suggested.
- hydrolytic activites are also helpful, if a high degree of hydrolysis is aimed at (WO2001/076391; WO2003/061675; WO2002/001961) .
- a yeast extract rich in 5 ⁇ - nucleotides was produced in a sequential process using enzymes from Actinomycetes and then a Basidiomycete, Trametes sanguinea (JP2004/229540) .
- a Lactobacillus strain was claimed to provide a glutaminase with specific properties to enhance the yield of glutamate (EP1290951) .
- Peptidolysis of wheat gluten in particular has been achieved using alcalase, pancreatin or pepsin (Kong, X. et al., Food Chemistry, 101, 615-620, 2007), or papain (Wang, J. et al., Food Chemistry, 101, 1658-1663, 2007). Finally, it is also known to hydrolyse wheat gluten enzymatically using commercially available enzymes.
- WGH-te Wood Gluten Hydrolysate-- technical enzymes
- the object of the present invention is thus to provide an alternative source of peptidase enzymes which overcome at least some of the inconveniences described above.
- the present invention provides, in a first aspect, a method for producing hydrolysates of protein and/or fractions thereof, comprising the steps of: a. Providing a mixture of peptidases obtained from mycelia of Basidiomycetes, b. Adding the mixture to a substrate containing said protein and/or fractions thereof and c. Performing the hydrolysis of said protein and/or fractions thereof to obtain said hydrolysates.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to the use of a mixture of peptidases obtained from mycelia of Basidiomycetes for the hydrolysis of gluten and/or fractions thereof.
- hydrolysates obtained by a method of any of claims 1 to 7 in a food composition, a cosmetic composition and/or a pharmaceutical or medical composition also forms part of the present invention.
- the present invention relates, in further aspects, to a method for the production of a mixture of peptidases comprising: a. Cultivating mycelia of Basidiomycetes in a growth medium comprising gluten and/or fractions thereof, and b. Isolating the mixture of peptidases from the culture, and to a mixture of peptidases obtainable by the method according to any of claims 11 to 16.
- a mixture of peptidases wherein the mixture has a substrate specificity towards gluten and/or fractions thereof also forms part of the present invention.
- Fig. 1 shows silver stained gel (A) and activity stained gel (B) of the proteins (A) and peptidases (B) secreted by Agrocybe aegerita during eight days of cultivation.
- Fig. 2 is an activity stained gel of peptidases of Pleurotus eryngii grown on gluten fractions larger 100 JcDa.
- Fig. 3 is an activity stained gel of peptidases of
- Fig. 4 shows the pH optima of the peptidase mixtures secreted by six basidiomycetes species.
- Fig. 5 shows the temperature optima of the peptidase mixtures secreted by six basidiomycetes species.
- Fig. 6 is an IEF (isoelectic focussing gel electrophoresis) of secretome (A) and peptidases (B) of Pleurotus sapidus (lane 2) , Pleurotus eryngii (lane 3) , Grifola frondosa (lane 4) , and Lentinula edodes (lane 5) .
- IEF isoelectic focussing gel electrophoresis
- Fig. 7 shows the evaluation of the mechanism of catalysis of the peptidase of Pleurotus sapidus using activity stain in the presence of inhibitors.
- Fig. 8 is a graph showing the free protein released by the peptidases of Pleurotus floridanus (PfI) and Grifola frondosa (Gfr) .
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing the formol number of hydrolysates produced using crude peptidases of
- peptidase and protease are used interchangeably and designate any enzyme capable of cleaving one or more peptide bonds and thus, capable of hydrolysing proteins to varying degrees.
- the present invention relates to the production of hydrolysates of protein and/or fractions thereof.
- a mixture of peptidases obtained from mycelia of Basidiomycetes is provided.
- Basidiomycota is a large taxon within the Kingdom Fungi that includes species that produce spores in a club-shaped structure called a basidium.
- the Basidiomycota are grouped into three major classes, the Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes; mushrooms), the Ustilaginomycotina (Ustilaginomycetes; true smut fungi) , and the Teliomycotina (Urediniomycetes; rusts) .
- the Basidiomycetes used in the process of the invention are selected from Hymenomycetes. More preferably, they are selected from the genera Pleurotus, Lentinula, Agrocybe, or Grifola. Even more preferably, the Basidiomycetes is selected from strains of Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Agrocybe aegerita, Pleurotus floridanus, or Grifola frondosa. Such strains are commercially available through commercial culture collections, such as the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung f ⁇ r Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany) .
- DSMZ Deutsche Sammlung f ⁇ r Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
- white rot fungi lignin degrading capabilities
- Typical enzymes of white rot fungi are lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, laccases, and some H 2 O 2 producing oxidases. As deciduous and coniferous wood does not contain a significant amount of protein, it is surprising to find high peptidase activity in mushrooms growing in this particular natural habitat.
- the mixture of peptidases is obtained from the mycelia of said micro-organisms.
- mycelia offers advantages in terms of ease of production and cultivation as the bulk of fruiting bodies is avoided. Also as a result of the extensive use of these species as foodstuffs, the toxicological risks are negligible .
- fungi can be grown in submerged cultures with minimum demands for medium supplements.
- a carbon, a nitrogen, and a phosphorous source have to be present; a common mixture of minor and trace elements as recommended in all nutrient media of micro-organisms is preferably added. This process of biomass production is operated under mild conditions and is environmentally friendly.
- the temperatures are moderate, typically in the range of from 10 to 35 0 C, preferably from 20 to 30 0 C.
- a medium pH of about 4 to 8, with a pH of about 5 to 7 being preferred, and conditions of low light are typical of the process .
- the peptidolytic activities are secreted into the mycelium free culture supernatant, which facilitates the handling of the bioprocess as well as enzyme isolation and enrichment using techniques known in the art, such as centrifugation, ultra-filtration or precipitation.
- a cell- free, concentrated culture supernatant of peptidases may thus be obtained and further used for hydrolysis.
- the enzymes may be isolated by techniques known in the art, it is not necessary to do so and the crude mixture obtained may also be further used in the present method.
- the mixture of peptidases obtained from the mycelia of Basidiomycetes preferably comprises at least one peptidase having the partial sequence as listed in sequence listing (1) , (2), (3) or (4) .
- the mixture of peptidases is added to a substrate containing protein and/or fractions thereof.
- the mixture of peptidases may be that obtained from one micro-organism strain described above or may be a mixture of peptidases obtained from more than one of the micro-organism strains described above.
- the protein may be selected from any animal or vegetal sources and may be gluten, whey, soy etc. It may be derived from wheat, wheat flour, soy (or press cake) , lupines, yellow beans, potatoes, corn, barley, lentils, milk etc. Preferably, it is derived from a plant source. More preferably, it is derived from cultivars of Triticum L. (wheat) . Most preferably, the protein is gluten or fractions thereof.
- the peptidases are usually applied in the protein substrate dispersion at a total level of from 0.0005 to 5%, preferably 0.0001% to 2% of pure enzyme by weight depending on the specific activity.
- the enzymes can be added as separate single ingredients (pills, granulates, stabilized liquid, etc. containing one enzyme) or as mixtures of two or more enzymes (e.g. cogranulates) .
- the hydrolysis of said protein and/or fractions thereof is performed to obtain said hydrolysates .
- the conditions which may be used for the hydrolysis of protein are standard conditions and can be easily determined by a person of skill in the art.
- the reaction may include the presence of supporting catalytic activities be they from microorganisms or other enzyme sources.
- Figure IA shows the presence of a mixture of protein (e.g. peptidases) after cultivation of mycelia of Agrocybe aegerita and figure IB shows the enzymatic activity of said peptidases.
- a mixture of protein e.g. peptidases
- the hydrolysates obtained by a method of the present invention may be peptides of varying size as well as single amino acids. They can be further processed as a liquid. In particular, the solution may be submitted to de-coloration and filtration steps. The refined liquid may then be concentrated to any degree according to the desired form of application. All of these HVP products impart a pleasant savoury and meaty flavour.
- the hydrolysates may be used in food compositions, cosmetic composition and/or pharmaceutical or medical compositions .
- compositions may be beverages, cheese, confectionery, desserts, dressings, fruit drinks, meat products, snacks, nutritional supplements, feeds, pet food supplements, medical diets, skin or hair products, fertilisers, veterinary preparations, constituents for the in vitro cultivation of mammalian cells etc.
- hydrolysates may be used as emulsifiers, foam stabilisers, water binding agents etc.
- the hydrolysates obtained according to the invention may be used as food flavour or food flavour precursor.
- the peptidases of the present invention catalyse the hydrolysis of proteins, in particular gluten, to larger and smaller peptides and finally to amino acids. While the intact proteins do not impart a taste or smell to food, the free amino acids obtainable with the method according to the present invention are very useful as flavour compounds and flavour precursors for the use in soups, sauces and many kinds of convenient foods.
- the peptidase treatment as mentioned can be combined with another enzyme which cleaves different peptide bonds to further improve the flavour and/or fragrance of the food products .
- the degree of hydrolysis can be either assessed visually or using analytical chemistry.
- the gluten substrate is a soft, sticky material resembling chewing gum. After incubation in a peptidase containing buffer the material shows typical signs of degradation, i.e. it turns into a turbid dispersion with some larger and many fine and very fine particles.
- Hydrolysis can also be measured by the determination of free protein in the solution before and after peptidolysis ( Figure 8) , by measuring the free amino-Nitrogen in solution (Kjeldahl or formol number ( Figure 9)), by following protein degradation using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryamide gel electrophoresis) , or by thin layer chromatography followed by Ninhydrin detection.
- the degree of hydrolysis for the mixture of peptidases of the present invention as determined by the formol number may range from 3 to 20 DH, preferably from 6 to 19 DH; the total soluble protein in the dispersion may range from at least 10%, preferably from 19 to 80%.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for the production of a mixture of peptidases comprising the step of cultivating mycelia of Basidiomycetes in a growth medium comprising gluten and/or fractions thereof and isolating the mixture of peptidases from the culture.
- gluten and/or fractions thereof is the principal source of nitrogen in the growth medium.
- gluten fractions When gluten fractions are used in the present method, these may be greater than 10OkDa, between 5 and 10OkDa or processed gluten hydrolysates .
- the culture may contain a mixture of any of these gluten fractions. These may be obtained commercially or produced by methods known to the skilled person.
- Basidiomycetes mycelia used in the present process are selected from Hymenomycetes . More preferably, they are selected from the genera Pleurotus, Lentinula, Agrocybe, or Grifola. Even more preferably, the Basidiomycetes mycelia used in the present process are selected from Hymenomycetes . More preferably, they are selected from the genera Pleurotus, Lentinula, Agrocybe, or Grifola. Even more preferably, the Basidiomycetes mycelia used in the present process are selected from Hymenomycetes . More preferably, they are selected from the genera Pleurotus, Lentinula, Agrocybe, or Grifola. Even more preferably, the Basidiomycetes mycelia used in the present process are selected from Hymenomycetes . More preferably, they are selected from the genera Pleurotus, Lentinula, Agrocybe, or Grifola. Even more preferably, the Basidiomycetes my
- Basidiomycetes is selected from strains of Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Agrocybe aegerita, Pleurotus floridanus, or Grifola frondosa. Such strains are commercially available through commercial culture collections, such as the DSMZ
- the cultivating is carried out in a submerged culture, for 1 to 15 days, preferably for 3 to 12 days.
- the mixture of peptidases produced is isolated from the culture. It can further be concentrated by precipitation and/or centrifugation.
- the mixture of peptidases obtainable by the present method also forms part of the present invention.
- the advantage provided by said method is that the resulting mixture of peptidases has a distinct affinity, and improved efficacy in the hydrolysis of gluten.
- the mixture of peptidases according to the invention has a substrate specificity towards gluten and/or fractions thereof.
- Crude mixtures of the peptidase enzyme are capable of very efficiently and gently hydrolysing gluten fractions of 5 to 100 kDa (Figure 1) , gluten fractions larger than 100 kDa ( Figure 2) , and native untreated gluten ( Figure 3) .
- No additive or co-substrate other than water is necessary.
- the incubation medium is simple and may contain, for example, 0.5 g MgSO 4 L '1 , 1.5 g KH 2 PO 4 L "1 , 0.4% Tween 80 and a trace element solution.
- the novel peptidases possess a broad temperature optimum between 40 and 60 0 C and a likewise broad pH-optimum between pH 4.5 and 7, as determined by the classical azocasein assay ( Figure 4 and 5) .
- the isoelectric points cover a range from 4 to 10, and the molecular masses of the various isoenzymes ranges from below 30 kDa to more than 100 kDa, as determined using IEF (isoelectic focussing gel electrophoresis) and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) ( Figures 1, 2, 3 and 6).
- IEF isoelectic focussing gel electrophoresis
- PAGE native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- the culture supernatant was precipitated with ethanol in a total concentration of 80% for 3 hours at -20 0 C.
- the precipitate was centrifuged at 4 0 C for 20 min at 12,000xg and stored at -20 0 C.
- the biochemical characterisation of the peptidases comprised the determination of the pH and temperature optima, the isoelectric point by IEF with activity staining ( Figure 6), and a molecular weight analysis by SDS-PAGE.
- SDS-PAGE and native PAGE are the biochemical characterisation of the peptidases.
- IEF polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on a Multiphor II system (Pharmacia LKB, Schweden) using ServalytTM PrecotesTM precast gels with an immobilised pH gradient from 3 to 10 (Serva, Germany) for 3500 V h (2000 V, 6 mA, 12 W) .
- the isoelectric points of the peptidases were 5 estimated using a protein test mixture from pi 3.5 to 10.7 (Serva, Germany) .
- Gels were Coomassie, silver or activity stained. For activity staining, a porcine gelatine agarose-overlay gel was developed. Agarose (2%) was dissolved in 0.1 M K 2 HPO 4 /KH 2 PO 4 buffer (pH 6) under boiling.
- Substrate solution consisted of 0.5% of azocasein in 0.1 M K 2 HPO 4 /KH 2 PO 4 buffer at pH 6. Enzyme activity was measured at 37 0 C in a total volume of 2 mL containing 100 ⁇ L of substrate and 300 ⁇ L of K 2 HPO 4 ZKH 2 PO 4 buffer (0.1 M, pH 6). The reaction was started with the addition of 100 ⁇ L of enzyme solution.
- U is the enzyme activity catalysing the hydrolysis of azocasein expressed as the difference in absorbance per hour.
- ⁇ E is the difference in absorbance between blank and sample
- V 3 is the sample volume (mL)
- t is the incubation time (min) .
- the determination of the temperature and pH optima of the secreted peptidases was performed with enzyme solutions harvested at the cultivation day of maximum activity.
- the temperature optima ( Figure 5) was performed at pH 6.0 with 0.1 M K 2 HPO 4 ZKH 2 PO 4 buffer as described above.
- the pH variations ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 ( Figure 4).
- Catalytic mechanism To determine the catalytic mechanism, native PAGE analysis was performed as aforementioned with modifications in the sample preparation techniques. The enzyme solution was mixed with 1 mM PMSF (phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride) , 10 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) , 1 mM aprotinin, and 1 mM pepstatin A, respectively. The samples were then incubated for 30 min at 4 0 C prior to electrophoresis.
- PMSF phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- 1 mM aprotinin 1 mM pepstatin A
- peptidase bands were excised from SDS polyacrylamide gels, dried, and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were extracted and purified according to standard protocols.
- a Qtof II mass spectrometer (Micromass, U.K) equipped with a nanospray ion source and gold-coated capillaries was used for electrospray ionisation (ESI) MS of peptides.
- ESI electrospray ionisation
- multiple charged parent ions were selectively transmitted from the quadrupole mass analyser into the collision cell (25-30 eV) .
- the resulting daughter ions were separated by an orthogonal time-of-flight mass analyser.
- Peptide mass fingerprints obtained from ESI- Tandem MS analysis were used for cross-species protein identification in public protein primary sequence databases (Table 1) .
- the protein concentration in the hydrolysis supernatant was estimated according to the Lowry-method using bovine serum albumin as a standard.
- the titration of the formol number in the hydrolysis supernatant was performed on a Titroline easy (Schott, Germany) . 3 to 10 mL of the experimental solution were adjust to pH 8.1 with 0.1 M NaOH. Then 10 mL of formalin solution (pH 8.1, 35-37%) were added. After 1 min the sample was titrated with 0.1 M NaOH at pH 8.1.
- the formol number was calculated according to the following equation
- Vs where V 3 is the sample volume (mL) , and V Na0H is the titrated volume of 0.1 M NaOH (mL) .
- VS is the sample sample (mL)
- ngluten is the total amount of nitrogen (4.62 mmol) in 0.5 g gluten.
- Example 1 Peptidases from six Basidiomycetes .
- basidiomycetes All media and equipment were autoclaved prior to use and standard sterile techniques were applied throughout the procedure. Pre-cultures of basidiomycetes (Table 2) were grown for seven days in standard nutrient medium (30 g.L "1 glucose monohydrate, 3 g.L '1 yeast extract, 4.5 g.L “1 asparagine monohydrate, 0.5 g.L “1 MgSO 4 , 1.5 g.L “1 KH 2 PO 4 , 1 mL trace element solution, pH 6.0 [0.08 g.L “1 FeCl 3 , 0.09 g.L “1 ZnSO 4 x 7 H 2 O, 0.005 g.L "1 CuSO 4 x 5 H 2 O, 0.027 g.L “1 MnSO 4 , 0.4 g.L “1 Titriplex III]) at 150 rpm and 24 0 C.
- standard nutrient medium (30 g.L "1 glucose monohydrate, 3 g.L '1 yeast extract, 4.5
- Enzyme induction To induce enzyme secretion into the growth medium, sterile hydrolysate fraction from 5 to 100 kDa, fraction larger than 100 kDa, and process hydrolysate, respectively, were added to the main cultures. In case of gluten induction MM with 4% of gluten was prepared. After 3 to 12 days, the mycelium was separated by filtration and the extracellular enzyme-containing supernatant was employed for the enzymatic conversions.
- the Gfr- culture was filtrated and the extracellular enzyme- containing supernatant (200 mL) was precipitated with 800 mL of ethanol (96%), was stored for 3 hours at -20 0 C, and was centrifuged at 12,000xg for 20 min. An aliquot of the pellet was re-suspended in 0.1 M K 2 HPO 4 ZKH 2 PO 4 buffer (pH 6.0) for 30 min at 4 0 C and the activity of the supernatant was measured.
- Example 6 Hydrolysis experiments with fraction > 100 kDa 250 ⁇ L of a protein fraction >100 kDa were suspended in 2 mL of 0.1 M K 2 HPO 4 /KH 2 PO 4 buffer (pH 6.0), 1.9 kU of a peptidase pellet of the present invention were added, and 30 the sample was incubated for 18 h at 50 0 C at 110 rpm in a water bath. It was centrifuged at 3000xg for 15 min at 4 0 C. A blank was prepared with heat inactivated enzyme preparation. 2 mL of the supernatant were applied to the formol titration, 7 ⁇ L to the AA-TLC, and 20 ⁇ L to the protein determination. To visualise the protein hydrolysis, SDS-PAGE of the samples was performed.
- Example 8 Aroma extraction and GC analysis After hydrolysis of any one of the gluten fractions or the pure gluten, the sample was centrifuged at 3000xg for 15 min at 4 0 C, and the supernatant was extracted 3 times with the equivalent volume of pentane/ether. The collected organic fractions were dried and concentrated. 1 ⁇ L of the pre-prepared sample, which exhibited a savoury smell, was injected into the GC, and the presence of volatile flavours was proven using a flame ionisation detector.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DK08749160.1T DK2139996T3 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Peptidases FROM Basidiomycetes |
ES08749160T ES2530760T3 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Basidiomycete Peptidases |
PL08749160T PL2139996T3 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Peptidases from basidiomycetes |
CN200880012804.6A CN101663394B (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Peptidases from basidiomycetes |
EP08749160.1A EP2139996B1 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Peptidases from basidiomycetes |
AU2008243355A AU2008243355B2 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2008-04-25 | Peptidases from basidiomycetes |
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EP07008458A EP1985698A1 (en) | 2007-04-25 | 2007-04-25 | Peptidases from basidiomycetes |
EP07008458.7 | 2007-04-25 |
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WO2015091089A1 (en) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-25 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Fungal proteases and the use thereof in washing and cleaning agents |
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CN102550895A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-07-11 | 雀巢公司 | Enzyme preparation from solid fermentation of food |
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- 2008-04-25 WO PCT/EP2008/003386 patent/WO2008131938A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-04-25 DK DK08749160.1T patent/DK2139996T3/en active
- 2008-04-25 EP EP08749160.1A patent/EP2139996B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-04-25 PL PL08749160T patent/PL2139996T3/en unknown
- 2008-04-25 AU AU2008243355A patent/AU2008243355B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2008-04-25 ES ES08749160T patent/ES2530760T3/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DK2139996T3 (en) | 2015-01-19 |
AU2008243355A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
PL2139996T3 (en) | 2015-05-29 |
ES2530760T3 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
CN101663394B (en) | 2014-11-05 |
AU2008243355B2 (en) | 2014-07-10 |
EP2139996B1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
EP1985698A1 (en) | 2008-10-29 |
CN101663394A (en) | 2010-03-03 |
EP2139996A1 (en) | 2010-01-06 |
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