WO2008099202A1

WO2008099202A1 - Rubber

Info

Publication number: WO2008099202A1
Application number: PCT/GB2008/000553
Authority: WO
Inventors: Robert Kind; Martin Gregory
Original assignee: Polymer Recyclers Limited
Priority date: 2007-02-16
Filing date: 2008-02-15
Publication date: 2008-08-21
Also published as: ZA200906475B; GB0719475D0; GB0703125D0; GB2446681A; GB2446592A; ATE517143T1; EP2115042A1; EP2115042B1

Abstract

A method of recycling rubber comprising: obtaining one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber; and mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber to provide a mix. Articles made from compounds formed by the method of recycling and methods of manufacture of such articles are also disclosed.

Description

RUBBER

This invention relates to the reuse of rubber, specifically to the recycling of used and waste rubber

Over the past decade or so environmental awareness has been on the increase The growing awareness of the deleterious affects that our activities can have has lead to environmental taxes being levied against industry One such tax is the landfill tax which is applied across Europe and elsewhere (e g Council Directive 99/31/EC) and ensures that a charge is applied in relation to the disposal of each ton of landfilled material

A particular concern is the disposal of rubber products, such as automobile tyres It is estimated that around 300 million waste tyres are generated annually in North America alone and that the developed world produces about one billion tyres a year

Clearly, with such volumes of rubber being required it is imperative for industry to find ways of reusing such products to ensure that disposal of waste or at end-of-life does not place a high taxation burden on the disposer and also to protect the environment

Of course, in the case of rubber there is the problem that, as a thermoset polymer, it is difficult to devulcanise the rubber whilst maintaining the desirable properties of the original rubber material Over the years many attempts have been made to recycle rubber, mostly by attempting to devulcanise the used rubber to provide a material which is as close as possible to the original starting material

Clearly, car tyres are not solely comprised of rubber Other materials such as carbon black, oils and so on are added to ensure that the tyre has the required properties The presence of these materials complicates the recycling process insofar as it is impossible to regenerate the original rubber and, in some cases, the other materials can interfere with the efficiency of the devulcanisation process In automobile tyres there is also metal wires and fabric to contend with

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for recycling rubber and a recycled rubber material which does not rely on devulcanising the used or old rubber to provide a useful product

A first aspect of the invention provides a method of recycling rubber, the method comprising obtaining one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber, and mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber to provide a mix

Preferably, the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber is provided as a major component of the mix, more preferably above 60 w/w% of the mix, most preferably 80 w/w% of the mix and above

Preferably, the high shear mixer comprises a mixer selected from the group internal mixer with tangential rotors (e g "Banbury" mixer), internal mixer with intermeshing rotors (e.g. "Farrel Intermix"), twin screw extruder, single screw extruder, injection moulding machine.

The virgin rubber may comprise a minor proportion of process aids such as dispersants. Typically, the process aids will be present as less than 5 w/w% of the mix, preferably less than 3 w/w% of the mix and most preferably 2.5 w/w% of the mix or less.

The mixing may take place for twenty minutes or less, preferably 15 minutes or less and advantageously 12 minutes or less, for example 6 minutes.

The mix may be subjected to a temperature of up to 200 ⁰C, preferably up to 180 ⁰C.

The crumb may be provided in a size range of <80 to 20 mesh (approximately <177 μm to 841 μm). The granulate may be provided in sizes up to 10 mm, for example up to 6 mm.

The mix may be further processed to provide a bale, sheet or pelletised material.

The method may further comprise mixing the mix or the baled or sheeted material with rubber, preferably virgin rubber to reduce the amount of rubber required in a product.

The method may further comprise incorporating a cure system. For example, the mix may be cured by adding a cure system. The method may alternatively or further comprise mixing a cure system with the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber and/or the virgin material and/or adding a cure system to the high shear mixer. Preferably, the cure system forms less than 5 w/w% of the mix, usually less than 4 w/w% of the mix and preferably less than 3 w/w% of the mix.

The method may comprise allowing the mix to cool and cure in a confined space for two to four hours, for example at a temperature of 140 ⁰C or less, say 120 ⁰C.

A second aspect of the invention provides a method of recycling rubber, the method comprising: mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber to provide a mix; adding the mix to a second aliquot of virgin rubber and mixing to provide a batch; and using the batch to form an article.

A third aspect of the invention provides a method of recycling rubber, the method comprising: obtaining one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber; and mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber and a vulcanising cure system to provide a mix.

A fourth aspect of the invention provides a method of recycling rubber comprising mixing in a high shear mixer a mix consisting of: one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber; virgin rubber; and process aids and/or a vulcanising cure system. A further aspect of the invention provides a rubber composition comprising an aggregate of a crumb and/or granulate used rubber retained in a virgin rubber matrix

It will be appreciated that it is not necessary to add any further chemical species to the mix to provide a useful product

It has been found that articles formed by compression moulding of rubber compounds containing high proportions of rubber crumb, e g crumb or granulate recycled rubber, exhibit generally acceptable surface finishes

However, it has also been surprisingly found that the surface finish of such articles when formed by extrusion is markedly inferior to that of compression moulded articles thereby, for example, making such articles less desirable and/or unfit for purpose

Accordingly, it is a further non-exclusive object of the present invention to provide extruded articles comprising rubber compounds containing high proportions of rubber crumb, but which also exhibit generally acceptable surface finishes

Thus, a further aspect of the invention provides an article comprising a first portion made of a first rubber compound containing a high proportion of rubber crumb and a second portion made of a second rubber compound containing virgin rubber, wherein the second portion provides a skin over at least some of a surface of the first portion

Preferably the article is a laminate of distinct, abutting, e g adhered, skin and core layers Preferably, the first rubber compound comprises granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber as a major component. For instance, granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber may make up more than 60 w/w% of the first rubber compound. A granulate and/or crumb rubber content in excess of 80 w/w% is most preferred.

Preferably, the second rubber compound comprises virgin rubber as a major component, typically in an amount of 60 w/w% or more.

The virgin rubber may be a natural rubber, e.g. Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) 5 or 10.

The second rubber compound may comprise carbon black.

The second rubber compound may comprise a minor proportion of process aids such as dispersants.

The skin may or may not be of uniform thickness. The skin may be continuous or discontinuous.

The surface on which the skin layer is provided may be an external or an internal surface.

The article may be in the form of an extrusion, typically a co-extrusion.

Advantageously, the extrusion or co-extrusion may have almost any cross-sectional profile. For example, the first portion may be round or square in cross-section, with the second portion providing a relatively thin outer skin. Alternatively, the first portion may be in the form of a hollow section with the second portion providing a skin over at least some of its outer and/or inner surfaces

The article may be a co-extrusion of two or more rubber compounds of varying compositions For example, a co-extrusion of three compounds may include a virgin rubber compound and two compounds containing differing proportions of recycled granulate and/or crumb rubber

The skin may be provided by different compounds over different areas of the article

In a yet further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of manufacture of an article, the method comprising co-extruding a first compound containing a high proportion of rubber crumb and a second compound made of virgin rubber

Preferably, the first compound comprises granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber as a major component For instance, granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber may make up more than 60 w/w% of the first rubber compound A granulate and/or crumb rubber content in excess of 80 w/w% is most preferred

Preferably, the second compound comprises virgin rubber as a major component, typically in excess of 60 w/w%

As will be appreciated, co-extrusion provides many advantages

The use of virgin materials to provide a skin provides the articles with an acceptable surface finish Thus, consumption of virgin material is reduced, as compared with articles made using solely virgin material Further, by using recycled rubber, e.g. rubber crumb produced from used automobile tyres, the cost of manufacture of the articles may be reduced, as compared with manufacture using only virgin materials.

In some applications which require highly specific rubber compounds, the cost of manufacture of articles can be reduced by only providing the specific required compound at the areas of the surface where it is needed; if the core or bulk of the article is non-critical, then it can be made up of cheaper filler material comprising compounds containing a high proportion of rubber crumb, e.g. from recycled automobile tyres.

In addition to producing long products such as bars, rods or tubes, the co-extrusion process may be used to provide flat articles, e.g. sheets.

The articles produced by the co-extrusion process may subsequently be moulded, hand built or otherwise formed and shaped into finished products.

In order that the invention may be more fully understood it will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the invention; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of the invention; Figure 4 is an enlarged view of a composition according to the invention; and Figure 5 is an enlarged view of a sheet material according to an aspect of the invention. Referring in the first instance to Figure 1 , there is shown apparatus 1 for the production of a rubber master batch from a used rubber material, such as tyre tread buffings 2, although other sources may be used.

Rubber crumb 2 is loaded into storage silos 3. The rubber crumb 2 typically has a size of from <80 to 20 mesh {i.e. a nominal particle diameter of from <177 μm to 841 μm) from where an aliquot is delivered to a weighing apparatus 4a.

Virgin polymer and, typically, process aids 5 are provided in a storage silo 6, from where an aliquot is delivered to a weighing apparatus 4b.

The weighed aliquots are conveyed to a high shear internal mixer 7 where the aliquots are mixed for, say, 10 minutes at a temperature of, say, 180⁰C.

Once mixed, the product may be provided in three forms, as indicated by the arrows A, B, C.

In the first instance, indicated by arrow A, the product is passed through mill blend apparatus 8 whereupon the so formed product 10A is provided in sheet form.

In the second instance, indicated at arrow B, the product is passed to baling apparatus 9, whereupon it is converted to 20-25 kg bales 10B.

In the third instance the product is passed to pelletising equipment 11 and from there to a cooler 12. The pelletised product 10C may be stored in a silo 13. The bales 10B or pellets 10C may be palletised and all three types of product 10A-C may be conveyed to a point of use 15, for example by tanker or bulk container 16 in the pellet 10C form.

Referring to Figure 4 there is shown an enlarged view of a part of a product 10A₁ 10B, 10C comprising rubber crumb particles 2 in a virgin polymer 5 matrix.

In general the less polymer 5 that is added the more friable the product 10A, 10B, 10C.

It has been found that the following routes are available for varying rubber compositions:

Table 1. Potential Routes of Production

Parts Crumb^A Parts Polymer⁶ Route⁰

80-85 20-15 A, B

>85-90 <15-10 B

>90-95 <10-5 B

>95 <5 C

A at 40 mesh

^B including 1 w/w% process aids c routes as per Figure 1

A series of experiments were run with different types of starting materials, as follows: Table 2: Experimental Details

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Truck Tyre Crumb^D/g 2936

Truck Tyre Buffing ^D/g 2936 2777

Polymer-Natural Rubber/g 326 326 484

Process aids^E/g 72.4 72.4 -

^D at 40 mesh E includes stearic acid

The mixtures of Examples 1 , 2 and 3 were mixed for 6 minutes at 12O⁰C in the internal high shear mixer 7.

In order to test the so-formed materials, aliquots of the mix were taken and mixed with a standard cure system and cured using a small laboratory two roll mill and a laboratory compression press. So-formed sheets had the following characteristics:

Table 3: Characteristics of cured material

Example 1 Example 2

Hardness/IRHD 65 64

Tensile Strength/MPa 8-13 15-18

Elongation @ break/% 260-290 350-400

It is believed that the differences in tensile strength between Examples 1 and 2 is due to the presence of fillers in the crumb of Example 1. However, it will be appreciated that both Examples 1 and 2 yielded a material which may be used in isolation. The natural rubber used was either Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) 5 or 10

It will be understood that Figure 1 shows a batch process However, it will be appreciated that the rubber crumb 2 and polymer 5 could be mixed continuously in, for example, a twin screw extruder to provide a continuous source of product 10

In either case, compounding agents may be added to change the characteristics of the material, e g to increase the viscosity of a batch which may aid downstream handleability

The product 10A, 10B, 10C can be added to a virgin source of rubber to reduce the amount of virgin material required to make, say, truck tyres Our experiments would appear to show that up to 60%, usually 50%, of the virgin material may be replaced by the product 10

Referring to Figure 2, there is shown an exemplary method for forming acoustic rubber sheets from tyre sources The apparatus 20 comprises several components which are similar to those of Figure 1 and which will be indicated using the same numeral with addition of a prime (')

Rubber crumb and granulate 2' from various tyre sources, having a size range of from <80 mesh to 6mm, is stored in silos 3' Virgin polymer 5', with or without process aids is stored in a silo 6' and vulcanisation chemicals 21 are stored in a silo 22

Each of the three components 2', 5', 21 are weighed at a weighing station 4a', 4b', 4c' respectively and are passed to a high shear internal mixer 7' where they are mixed for up to 10 minutes at a temperature of, say up to 130 ⁰C Typically the ratio of crumb or granule 2' to virgin polymer 5' and vulcanisation chemicals 21 is 95 5 to 80 20, for example 80 15 5 (crumb, virgin, cure)

From the mixer 7' there are two potential routes which can be taken, indicated in the Figure as arrows D and E The first route, D₁ includes passing the mixture to a mill blend apparatus 8' to provide a sheet product 10D which his cooled at a cooling station 12' and is then palletised for delivery as an uncured product 10D' to a point of use Alternatively, the product 10D can be passed to a cure station 23 where it is subjected to temperature and pressure to effect a cure of the vulcanisation system to produce a sheet product 10E which may be trimmed to size at a cutting station 24 and may then be conveyed to a point of use 29, such as a customer

The product 10E will typically have a density in the range of from 0 5 to 2 0 g cm ³

In the second route, indicated by E, the hot mixture is passed to a low pressure block moulding apparatus 25 and from there to a slitting apparatus 26 to produce a sheet material product 10F having a density in the range of 0 5 to 1 1 gem ³ The sheet product 10F may then be passed to a point of use 29

The following series of experiments were conducted using various materials as follows

Table 4: Characteristics of Materials

Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7

Truck Tyre buffings ^F/g 2777 - - -

Truck Tyre granules⁰ /g - 2777 2082 2082

Truck Tyre crumb ^F/g - - 694 694

SMR 5L /g 484 484

SMR 10 /g 484 484

Process Aids /g 127 127 127 127

Cure System /g 56 56 101* 56

^F approximately 40 mesh or below G 1 to 4 mm

* includes 45 g blowing agent

Each of the mixtures was mixed at 60 rpm for a time of 6 minutes. Examples 4 and 5 were mixed at a temperature of 120 ⁰C and Examples 6 and 7 at a temperature of 130 ⁰C.

Using route E, the mixes were cast into wooden moulds with wooden lids fitted and compressed to give different densities. The blocks which came from Examples 6 and 7 showed a higher degree of cure.

All blocks were allowed to cure at an initial temperature of 120⁰C for two to four hours.

The following densities were found: Table 5: Characteristics of Cured Materials

Pressure Exerted / kg Density / gem ³

Example 4 As cast 0 75

Example 5 As cast 0 75

Example 6 13 5 0 65

Example 7 22 4 0 95

Using the mixtures of Example 4 (hereinafter Example 4') and the following two mixtures

Table 6: Characteristics of Materials

includes processing oil

The procedure of route D was followed wherein the sheets from mill 8' were cooled rapidly at the cooling station 12' and were then passed to the curing station 23 where the sheet was cured as follows Table 7: Characteristics of Cured Materials

Example 4' Example 8 Example 9

Density / gem^'3 1.11 1.40 1.50

Hardness¹ / IRHD 62 59.5 59

Tensile Strength¹ / MPa 17.7 9.1 8.1

Elongation @ break¹ / % 392 353 378

Hardness^J / IRHD 60.5 57.3

Tensile Strength^J / MPa 15.5 8.0

Elongation@break^J / % 392 371

'3 minutes ® 170°C cure J6 minutes @ 170°C cure

Clearly, the two routes demonstrate that cured sheet material can be provided in various densities from recycled material. It also shows that a mixture of recycled materials can affect the density.

The material product 10D is shown in Figure 5 with particles of the recycled rubber 2 retained in a cured matrix 5'.

Figure 4 shows similar components to those shown in Figure 1 and those components will be denoted by the same numeral, with the addition of a double prime (").

In this procedure non-tyre sources of recycled rubber were investigated for suitability such as HNBR (hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber) and NBR (nitrile butadiene rubber). It was found that all three routes F, G and H were suitable to make products 10G, 1OH and 101, in accordance with the description in relation to Figure 1.

Typically crumb of <80 to 20 mesh was issued in a crumb to virgin mix of 95:5 to 80:20 and mixing was conducted at up to 18O⁰C for up to ten minutes.

A series of experiments were conducted as follows:

Table 8: Characteristics of Materials

Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Example 13 HNBR Belt Buffings ^F/ g 1630 2282 1575 2396

Virgin NBR ^κ/ g 1630

Virgin HNBR ^κ/ g 1575

Example 10 /g 978

Example 12 /g 1027

Process Aids 20 - 40 40

As will be understood the proportion of recycled rubber in each of the Examples 10 to 13 is 50, 85, 49 and 84 respectively.

In each case the mixing was conducted at 120⁰C for seven minutes at a rotor speed of 60rpm.

In order to test the characteristics of the mixtures, each was cured using an identical cure system at a temperature of 160°C for six minutes. The following characteristics were observed: Table 9: Characteristics of Cured Materials

Example 10 Example 1 1 Example 12 Example 13

Hardness / IRHD 58 66 58 66

Tensile Strength / MPa 6 1 12 8 16 3 20 7

Elongation @ break /% 357 314 451 338

Direct use of HNBR or NBR recycled buffings at 85% failed which is why incorporation of mixtures (e g Example 11 having some material from Example 10) was successfully attempted Clearly such blended materials exhibit acceptable properties

It will be appreciated that the method of the invention requires no devulcanisation chemistry and no other species need be added to the high shear internal mixer For example, it is not necessary to add large amounts of water or other species

The crumb and granulate materials may be used without significant pre-treatment, although it will clearly be desirable to remove large impurities such as metal wires and the like when tyre crumb is used

It will be further recognised that although batch processes are described, as intimated above, continuous methods may also be employed, for example utilising twin screw extruders and continuous curing apparatus

By way of example only, certain further aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings in which

Figure 6 is a diagram of a typical head and die layout for producing articles according to the invention by co-extrusion, and Figure 7 shows a selection of examples of co-extruded profiles according to the invention.

Referring to Figure 6, there is shown a typical head and die arrangement 60 for co- extrusion of rubber compounds according to the present invention.

A first compound is supplied to a first extruder 61 , and a second compound is supplied to a second extruder 62. The two extruders are joined by a head arrangement comprising components 63 and 64. The head arrangement provides a flow path from each of the extruders 61 and 62 to a die assembly 67. In the arrangement shown in Figure 6, the two extruders 61 and 62 are positioned such that the compounds extruded therefrom enter the head arrangement in a direction perpendicular to one another.

The extruders 61 and 62 may each be in communication with one or more storage silos (not shown).

Located within the head arrangement is a tooling element 68. The tooling element 68 is in the general shape of a tube, the inner passage 66 through which provides communication between the first extruder 61 and the die assembly 67. Communication between the second extruder 62 and the die assembly 67 is provided by an annular passage 69 defined by a portion of the outer surface of the tooling element 68 and the inside wall of the head arrangement.

The mode of operation of the apparatus shown in Figure 6 will now be described. First extruder 61 forces a compound having a high rubber crumb content into inner passage 66 The second extruder 62 forces a rubber compound made using virgin materials into cavity 65 within component 63 The tooling element 68 serves to keep apart the two flows of rubber compound until they reach the die assembly 67, where they merge to form a single extruded profile

The profile shape of an extruded article will depend on the chosen geometry of the arrangement 60, in particular tooling element 68 and die assembly 67 Figure 7 shows a selection of typical cross-sections, e g as could be produced using the set-up of Figure 6 In each profile shown in Figure 7 the material that originated from extruder 61 is labelled as 71 , 71 ', 71 ", 71'", etc Likewise, the material that originated from extruder 62 is labelled as 72, 72', 72", 72'", etc

The co-extruded profile may be vulcanised, e g in high pressure steam at 150 ⁰C for a period of around 20 minutes Any suitable vulcanisation method may be employed including continuous methods such as microwave, hot air and liquid cure medium

The polymer, / e rubber, components of the compounds supplied to each extruder, may be the same, similar, or dissimilar Technical or engineering as well as commercial considerations may determine the choice of polymer for each component

The compound supplied to extruder 61 may comprise any compound or mix containing recycled granulated and/or crumb rubber according to the invention as described herein

The compound may have been made by any method, including the methods according to the invention as described herein A further example of a suitable compound has the formulation set out in Table 10 below:

Table 10: Sample formulation for supply to first extruder

Component Parts by Weight

Whole truck tyre crumb 60 mesh 163

Natural rubber SMR 10 27 Process aid 2

Stearic acid 2

Zinc oxide 2

Sulphur 2.5

MBT (2-mercapto benthiazole) 0.5

Total 199

% recycled crumb 82

The compound supplied to extruder 62 may be any rubber compound containing at least a sizable, typically a major, proportion of virgin materials. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, all of the components are virgin materials.

Such a compound may be made using virgin materials and conventional mixing methods.

An example of a suitable formulation is set out in Table 11 below: Table 11 : Sample compound formulation for supply to second extruder

Component Parts by Weight

Natural rubber SMR10 100

Carbon black N330, HAF 20

Whiting 25

Process oil 5

Zinc oxide 10

Stearic acid 1

Antioxidant TMQ 1

Sulphur 3

MBTS (Di-2-benzthiazyl disulphide) 1

DPG (N, N diphenyl guanidine) 0.2

Total 166.2

% natural rubber 60.2

As will be appreciated, the compound supplied to extruder 62 may also contain recycled rubber crumb and/or other recycled materials, typically as no more than a minor proportion of the compound.

Advantageously, the compounds may be supplied to the extruders in any suitable form, e.g. as a powder, pellets, bales or sheets.

Where the ingredients for the compounds are fed into a continuous mixer in communication with the extruder, mixing and extrusion may be reduced to a single operation. The extruders may provide high-shear mixing. For example, the recycled rubber components could be added in dry powder form to the compound to be supplied to extruder 61.

The skilled addressee will readily appreciate that many modifications may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, any combination of extrudable rubber or other polymer compounds may be used. There may be applications where it is desirable to have a "core" material having entirely different attributes from the "skin" material.

Further, a range of arrangements of co-extrusion apparatus different from those specifically described herein may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention.

In this specification, the terms recycled, used and old all refer to rubber which has already been utilised in a product, or is the by-product of the formation of, or use in, a first or primary product. Thus, the recycled material may come from an end-of-life product or as a waste by-product of the formation of a product or article.

Claims

A method of making an article, the method comprising obtaining one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber, mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber to provide a mix, adding the mix to a second aliquot of virgin rubber and mixing to provide a batch, using the batch to form an article

A method according to Claim 1 , comprising providing the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber as a major component of the mix

A method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber is present as above 60 w/w% of the mix, say 80 w/w% of the mix and above

A method according to Claim 1 , 2 or 3, further comprising providing process aids as a minor component of the mix

A method according to any preceding Claim, comprising mixing for twenty minutes or less, preferably 15 minutes or less and advantageously 12 minutes or less, for example 6 minutes

A method according to any preceding Claim, comprising exposing the materials to a temperature of up to 200⁰C, preferably up to 180⁰C, in the high shear mixer

7. A method according to any preceding Claim, further comprising providing the mix as a bale, sheet or pelletised material.

8. A method according to any preceding Claim, wherein the high shear mixer is a single screw extruder or a twin screw extruder.

9. A method according to any preceding Claim, wherein the article is formed by extrusion or co-extrusion.

10. A method of recycling rubber, the method comprising: obtaining one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber; mixing the crumb and/or granulate recycled rubber in a high shear mixer with virgin rubber and a vulcanising cure system to provide a mix.

11. A method according to Claim 10, comprising providing the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber as a major component of the mix.

12. A method according to Claim 10 or 11 , wherein the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber is present as above 60 w/w% of the mix, say 80 w/w% of the mix and above.

13. A method according to any of Claims 10 to 12, further comprising providing process aids as a minor component of the mix.

14. A method according to any of Claims 10 to 13, comprising mixing for twenty minutes or less, preferably 15 minutes or less and advantageously 12 minutes or less, for example 6 minutes.

15 A method according to any of Claims 10 to 14, comprising exposing the materials to a temperature of up to 200 ⁰C, preferably up to 180 ⁰C, in the high shear mixer

16 A method according to any of Claims 10 to 15, further comprising providing the mix as a bale, sheet or pelletised material

17 A method according to any of Claims 10 to 16, wherein the cure system forms less than 5 w/w% of the mix, usually less than 4 w/w% of the mix and preferably less than 3 w/w% of the mix

18 A method according to any of Claims 10 to 17, comprising allowing the mix to cool and cure in a confined space for two to four hours, for example at a temperature of 140 ⁰C or less, say 120 ⁰C

19 A method of recycling rubber comprising mixing in a high shear mixer a mix consisting of one or both of crumb or granulate recycled rubber, virgin rubber, and process aids and/or a vulcanising cure system

20 A method according to Claim 19, wherein the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber is a major component of the mix

21 A method according to Claim 19 or 20, wherein the granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber is present as above 60 w/w% of the mix, say 80 w/w% of the mix and above

22. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 21 , comprising mixing for twenty minutes or less, preferably 15 minutes or less and advantageously 12 minutes or less, for example 6 minutes.

23. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 22, comprising exposing the materials to a temperature of up to 200 ⁰C, preferably up to 180 ⁰C, in the high shear mixer.

24. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 23, further comprising providing the mix as a bale, sheet or pelletised material.

25. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 24, further comprising mixing the mix or the baled, sheeted or pelletised material with rubber, preferably virgin rubber, to reduce the amount of rubber required in a product.

26. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 25, wherein the cure system forms less than 5 w/w% of the mix, usually less than 4 w/w% of the mix and preferably less than 3 w/w% of the mix.

27. A method according to any of Claims 19 to 26, comprising allowing the mix to cool and cure in a confined space for two to four hours, for example at a temperature of 140 ⁰C or less, say 120 ⁰C.

28. A rubber composition comprising an aggregate of a crumb and/or granulate used rubber retained in a virgin rubber matrix.

29 A composition according to Claim 28, wherein the crumb is in a size range of <80 to 20 mesh and the granulate has a particle size of up to 10 mm

30 A composition according to Claims 28 or 29, wherein the used rubber is present in excess of 80 w/w%

31 A truck tyre comprising natural rubber and recycled rubber, wherein the recycled rubber is incorporated as a composition according to Claim 28, 29 or 30

32 A tyre according to Claim 31 , wherein the composition is present at 60 w/w% or less of the rubber components of the tyre, usually 50% or less

33 An acoustic sheet formed from a composition according to Claim 28, 29 or 30

34 An article comprising a first portion made of a first rubber compound containing a high proportion of rubber crumb and a second portion made or a second rubber compound containing virgin rubber, wherein the second portion provides a skin over at least some of a surface of the first portion

35 An article according to Claim 34, wherein the article is in the form of a co- extrusion of two or more rubber compounds, wherein at lest one of the rubber compounds contains a high proportion of rubber crumb and at least one of the rubber compounds is made of a virgin rubber compound

36 An article according to Claim 34 or Claim 35, wherein the proportion of rubber crumb is more than 50%

37. An article according to any one of Claims 34 to 36, wherein the first rubber compound comprises a composition according to any one of Claims 28 to 30.

38. A method of manufacture of an article, the method comprising co-extruding a first compound containing a major proportion of rubber crumb and a second compound having a major proportion of virgin rubber.

39. A method according to Claim 38, wherein the first compound comprises granulate and/or crumb recycled rubber as a major component.