WO2008096138A1 - Identification of chilling-resistant plants - Google Patents
Identification of chilling-resistant plants Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008096138A1 WO2008096138A1 PCT/GB2008/000419 GB2008000419W WO2008096138A1 WO 2008096138 A1 WO2008096138 A1 WO 2008096138A1 GB 2008000419 W GB2008000419 W GB 2008000419W WO 2008096138 A1 WO2008096138 A1 WO 2008096138A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/12—Processes for modifying agronomic input traits, e.g. crop yield
- A01H1/122—Processes for modifying agronomic input traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/502—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects
- G01N33/5023—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing non-proliferative effects on expression patterns
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5097—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving plant cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/415—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from plants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of identifying or selecting plants which are resistant to chilling, in particular chilling at a temperature of between about 6 and 17°C.
- Adaptation to low temperature is divided into chilling tolerance, and freezing resistance.
- Chilling tolerance is typically found in species from temperate or boreal zones, and allows survival and growth at low but non-freezing temperatures. Species from tropical or subtropical zones often show wilting, chlorosis or necrosis, slowed growth and even death at temperatures as high as 10-12°C. Freezing resistance allows survival at subzero temperatures. It is promoted by a process termed cold- acclimation, which occurs at low but non-freezing temperatures and provides increased freezing tolerance at subzero temperatures.
- cold- acclimation which occurs at low but non-freezing temperatures and provides increased freezing tolerance at subzero temperatures.
- most species from temperate regions have life cycles that are adapted to seasonal changes of the temperature. For those plants, low temperatures may also play an important role in plant development through the process of stratification and vernalisation.
- Physiological changes during cold acclimation include changes in lipid composition to increase membrane fluidity, expression of proteins that modify the physical characteristics of membranes, accumulation of compatible solutes like sucrose, raffmose and proline (Cook et al., 2004), detoxification of active oxygen species and altered leaf development to increase the levels of proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation. Some of these changes are specific for low temperature, and others also occur in response to dehydration, mechanical stress or the addition of abscisic acid.
- Chilling-tolerance is a major breeding trait because several major crops such as maize, bean, tomato, cucumber and potato are chilling-sensitive. Breeding of chilling tolerant crops will result in a better trait for stress tolerance and is expected to increase the traits for quality and yield of the respective crop.
- the present inventors have carried out an analysis of the metabolic response to an increasingly severe chilling treatment. Soil-grown Arabidopsis wild-types were transferred from 2O°C to 17, 14, 12, 10 or 8°C, harvested 6 and 78 h later, and subjected to metabolite profiling to characterise the changes in metabolism.
- a process for identifying whether plant is resistant to chilling comprising: a) cultivating the plant at a reduced temperature for a time period selected from short term and medium term; b) harvesting a tissue sample of the plant; c) measuring concentration of at least one metabolite in the tissue sample of the plant; d) comparing the measured concentration with the concentration of the same metabolite in a tissue sample harvested from a reference plant or a plant of the same species after cultivation at a reference temperature; and e) optionally repeating the process of steps (a) to (d) but cultivating the plant at a reduced temperature for a time period selected from short term and medium term and not previously used in step (a); wherein resistance to chilling is indicated by one or more of the effects on metabolites listed in Table 2 or Table 4.
- resistance to chilling is indicated by two or more of the effects listed in table 5 or table 6.
- resistance to chilling is determined by mass spectrometry and indicated by two or more of the effects on the metabolites set forth in Table 5.
- resistance to chilling may be determined by methods other than mass spectrometry, and indicated by two or more of the effects on the metabolites set forth in Table 6.
- 3 or more of the effects on three or more metabolites in Table 5 or Table 6 are measured; advantageously, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more effects on the corresponding number of metabolites.
- resistance to chilling is indicated by one or more of the effects listed in table 7 or table 8.
- resistance to chilling is determined by mass spectrometry and indicated by one or more of the effects on the metabolites set forth in Table 7.
- resistance to chilling may be determined by methods other than mass spectrometry, and indicated by one or more of the effects on the metabolites set forth in Table 8.
- two or more of the effects on two or more metabolites in Table 7 or Table 8 are measured; advantageously, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more effects on the corresponding number of metabolites.
- resistance to chilling is indicted by one or more of the effects set forth in Table 5 or Table 6 in combination with one or more of the effects set forth in Table 7 or Table 8.
- the invention represents a simple method of determining whether or not a plant is likely to show resistance to chilling.
- This method is of particular use in plant breeding, particularly in producing chill-resistant varieties of crop plants selected from the group consisting of Asteraceae such as the genera Helianthus, Tagetes e.g. the species Helianthus annus [sunflower].
- Brassicaceae such as the genera Brassica, Arabidopsis e.g. the species Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp. [canola, oilseed rape, turnip rape] or Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Fabaceae such as the genera Glycine e.g. the species Glycine max [soybean], Soja hispida.
- Linaceae such as the genera Linum e.g. the species Liinun iisitatissimum, [flax, linseed]; Poaceae such as the genera Hordeum, Secale, A vena, Sorghum, Oryza, Zea, Triticum e.g. the species Hordeum vulgare [barley]; Secale cereale [rye], ⁇ ena saliva, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var.
- Triticum sativa Avena hybrida [oat], Sorghum bicolor [Sorghum, millet], Oryza sativa, Oryza latifolia [rice], Zea mays [com, maize] Triticum aestivinn, Triticum durum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum hybernum, Triticum macha, Triticum sativum or Triticum vulgare [wheat, bread wheat, common wheat]; Solanaceae such as the genera Solanum, Lycopersicon e.g.
- Solanum tuberosum [potato]
- Lycopersicon escidentum Lycopersicon Iy coper sicum.
- Lycopersicon pyriforme Solanum integrifolium or Solanum lycopersicum [tomato].
- tomato potato, bean, maize or rice, soybean, canola, linseed.
- reduced temperature refers to a temperature of between 6°C and 17°C.
- a “reference growth temperature” or “standard growth temperature” is a temperature at which the plant grows normally. This may be an optimum temperature, which is ideal for the growth of the plant and at which the plant display the most favourable growth characteristics; or a temperature at which the plant grows within an acceptable range of variation from the optimum.
- the "reference temperature” is a temperature which is higher than the “reduced temperature”.
- such a temperature is between 18 and 26°C, preferably 20-22°C, and more preferably 20°C.
- short term refers to a period of from 1 hour up to and including 12 hours, preferably from 4 hours to 10 hours and more preferably 5 to 7 hours, typically 6 hours.
- medium term refers to a time period of more than 12 hours and up to and including 96 hours.
- medium term is from 24 hours to 96 hours and more preferably from 48 to 84 hours, typically 72 to 80 hours.
- the term “cultivating” refers to the growth of a plant under controlled or monitored conditions.
- Controlled or monitored conditions refers to the control or monitor of growth conditions including but not limiting, to the light regime, light intensity, light spectral composition, day-night-cycle, humidity, water supply, nutrient supply and growth medium.
- the plants are cultivated in pots with a defined amount and type of soil in a growth chamber, for which the above parameters and especially the temperature is controlled.
- harvested refers to the collection of a tissue sample of the plant for the metabolic analysis.
- the tissue sample of the plant can either be a part of the plant, like a leaf or a tip of a leaf or the flower or the complete aerial part of a plant, depending of the size of the plant and the type of analysis.
- the tissue sample is quickly taken, with minimal damage of the sampled plant material and frozen with liquid nitrogen in a few seconds, preferably within 20 seconds, even more preferred within 10 seconds.
- the quick deep freezing of the tissue sample is of special importance in order to avoid or at least limit metabolic changes in response to the method step of "harvesting".
- the aerial part of a well grown Arabidopsis plant with a weight of about 200-400 mg is quickly cut and stored in liquid nitrogen.
- the te ⁇ n "measuring concentration” refers to the identification and quantification of metabolites comprised by the tissue sample.
- the identification of metabolites refers to the exact determination of the chemical composition and structure of a metabolite. This can be achieved by the determination of one or more chemical and or physical properties of a metabolite.
- the person skilled in the art is familiar with a whole range of methods which allow the measurement of metabolites. Often these methods combine a separation step with a determination step. Suitable techniques for separation include all chromatographic separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography, size exclusion or affinity chromatography.
- mass spectrometry is used in particular gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC- MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), direct infusion mass spectrometry or Fourier transform ion-cyclotrone-resonance mass spectrometry (FT- ICR-MS), capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), quadrupole mass spectrometry, any sequentially coupled mass spectrometry, such as MS-MS or MS- MS-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS), ion mobility mass spectrometry or time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF).
- GC- MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- LC-MS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- FT- ICR-MS Fourier transform ion-cyclotrone-resonance mass spectrome
- LC-MS and/or GC-MS are used as described in examples. Said techniques are disclosed in, e.g., Nissen, Journal of Chromatography A, 703, 1995: 37-57, US 4,540,884 or US 5,397,894, the disclosure content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- concentration the determination of metabolites occurs quantitatively or at least semiquantitatively meaning that the signal intensity during the determination of metabolites is used to determine the exact or at least the relative amount of the metabolite in the sample.
- the following techniques may be used for compound determination: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT- IR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, refraction index (RI), fluorescent detection, radiochemical detection, electrochemical detection, light scattering (LS), dispersive Raman spectroscopy or flame ionisation detection (FID).
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- FT- IR Fourier transform infrared analysis
- UV ultraviolet
- RI refraction index
- fluorescent detection radiochemical detection
- electrochemical detection electrochemical detection
- light scattering LS
- dispersive Raman spectroscopy or flame ionisation detection
- the compounds are derivatised prior to gas chromatography.
- Suitable techniques for derivatisation are well known in the art.
- derivatisation in accordance with the present invention relates to methoxymation and trimethylsilylation of, preferably, polar compounds and transmethylation, methoxymation and trimethylsilylation of, preferably, non-polar (i.e. lipophilic) compounds. Details for derivatisation are described in the Examples below.
- Metal refers to small molecule compounds, such as substrates for enzymes of metabolic pathways, intermediates of such pathways or the products obtained by a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways are well known in the art, may vary between species and can be taken from different standard text books or publications..
- small molecule compound metabolites are preferably composed of the following classes of compounds: alcohols, alkalies, alkenes, alkines, aromatic compounds, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, imines, amides, cyanides, amino acids, peptides, thiols, thioesters, phosphate esters, sulfate esters, thioethers, sulfoxides, ethers, or combinations or derivatives of the aforementioned compounds.
- the small molecules among the metabolites may be primary metabolites which are required for normal cellular function, organ function or plant development and growth or health.
- small molecule metabolites further comprise secondary metabolites often having essential ecological function, e.g. metabolites which allow an organism to adapt to its environment especially to abiotic stresses or defend an organism against different types of biological stresses like for example plant pathogens.
- comparing refers to assessing whether the results of the measuring concentration described herein above in detail, i.e. the results of the qualitative or quantitative determination of a metabolite, are identical or similar to results from a tissue sample of a reference plant or differ there from.
- a reference plant refers to a plant which is as identical as possible to the plant grown at reduced temperature despite the fact that the reference plant is grown at reference temperature, preferably at optimal or near optimal growth temperature.
- Optimal or near optimal growth temperature refers to such growth temperature which allow optimal plant growth and development and do not induce a stress response in plants. Stress responses in plant can be identified by various means, known to the person skilled in the art, preferably by the induction of stress responsive genes, which have been described for many different plants and stresses.
- optimal growth temperature refers to a temperature of 18°C to 26 °C.
- the person skilled in the art is aware that the optimal growth temperature varies between different plant species and varieties In one embodiment in the case of Arabidopsis optimal growth temperature refer to a temperature of about 20°C.
- Increase in concentration or “Decrease in concentration” refer to increase or decrease in the measured concentration of at least one metabolite. In a preferred embodiment the increase in concentration or decrease in concentration at least 5% more preferably at least 10%.
- one or more of the effects refers in one embodiment to the situation that of the metabolites measured at least 40% show an affect as listed in the corresponding table, in a more preferred embodiment at least 50% of the metabolites measured show an effect as listed, in an even more preferred embodiment at least
- the concentration of at least five of the listed metabolites is measured and compared with the concentration in a plant cultivated at reference growth temperature. More preferably the concentration of at least ten, or, in increasing order of preference at least twenty, thirty or forty of the listed metabolites will be measured.
- the method of the invention also makes it possible to select candidate plants for use in breeding programs to produce chill resistant plants. Therefore, in a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for obtaining plants which are resistant to chilling, the method comprising: a) cultivating a series of plants; b) identifying those plants which have greatest resistance to chilling using a method as described in the foregoing aspects of the invention; and c) crossing the chill-resistant plants identified in step (b) to obtain progeny which are resistant to chilling.
- Suitable plants for use in the method are as specified above for the first aspect of the invention.
- Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype CoI-O was grown in 6 cm pots soil (GS90/Vemiiculite 1:1; (Einheitserde GS90, Gebriider Patzer, Sinntal-Jossa, Germany) in a 12 hrs light/12 hrs dark cycle, at a light intensity of 130 ⁇ mol/mfs and at a constant temperature of 20°C for 4 weeks, at which time flowering had not commenced. After 4 weeks ambient growth, Arabidopsis plants were simultaneously moved from 20°C to 20, 17, 14, 12, 10 and 8°C, 4 hrs after the beginning of the light period. A first batch of plants was harvested 6 h later. A second batch of plants was kept for further 72 h under the same range of temperatures, and then harvested. Plants were harvested by transferring above ground grown rosettes into liquid nitrogen under ambient irradiance. 5 replicate samples, each containing 3 rosettes, were collected. Samples were powdered under liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C until its use.
- Sampling was performed directly in the controlled-environment chamber.
- the plants were cut using small laboratory scissors, rapidly weighed on laboratory scales, transferred into a pre-cooled extraction sleeve and placed into an aluminum rack cooled by liquid nitrogen. If required, the extraction sleeves can be stored in the freezer at -80°C. The time elapsing between cutting the plant to freezing it in liquid nitrogen amounted to not more than 10 to 20 seconds.
- the aluminum rack with the plant samples in the extraction sleeves was placed into the pre-cooled (-4O°C) lyophilization facility.
- the initial temperature during the main drying phase was-35°C and the pressure was 0.120 mbar.
- the parameters were altered following a pressure and temperature program.
- the final temperature after 12 hours was +30°C and the final pressure was 0.001 to 0.004 mbar.
- the system was flushed with air (dried via a drying tube) or argon.
- the extraction sleeves with the lyophilized plant material were transferred into the 5 ml extraction cartridges of the ASE device (Accelerated Solvent Extractor ASE 200 with Solvent Controller and Auto ASE software (DIONEX)).
- ASE device Accelerated Solvent Extractor ASE 200 with Solvent Controller and Auto ASE software (DIONEX)
- the 24 sample positions of an ASE device (Accelerated Solvent Extractor ASE 200 with Solvent Controller and AutoASE software (DIONEX)) were filled with plant samples, including some samples for testing quality control.
- the two solvent mixtures were extracted into the same glass tubes (centrifuge tubes, 50 ml, equipped with screw cap and pierceable septum for the ASE (DIONEX)).
- the solution was treated with commercial available internal standards, such as ribitol, L-glycine-2,2-d 2 , L-alanine-2,3,3,3-d 4 , methionine-d 3 , Arginine_( 13 C), Tryptophan-d 5 , and ⁇ -methylglucopyranoside and methyl nonadecanoate, methyl undecanoate, methyl tridecanoate, methyl pentadecanoate, methyl nonacosanoate.
- commercial available internal standards such as ribitol, L-glycine-2,2-d 2 , L-alanine-2,3,3,3-d 4 , methionine-d 3 , Arginine_( 13 C), Tryptophan-d 5 , and ⁇ -methylglucopyranoside and methyl nonadecanoate, methyl undecanoate, methyl tridecanoate, methyl pentadecanoate, methyl nonacosanoate.
- the total extract was treated with 8 ml of water.
- the solid residue of the plant sample and the extraction sleeve were discarded.
- the extract was shaken and then centrifuged for 5 to 10 minutes at least 1 400 g in order to accelerate phase separation. 1 ml of the supernatant methanol/water phase
- the LC part was carried out on a commercially available LCMS system from Agilent Technologies, USA.
- polar extracts 10 ⁇ l are injected into the system at a flow rate of 200 ⁇ l/min.
- the separation column (Reversed Phase Cl 8) was maintained at 15 °C during chromatography.
- lipid extracts 5 ⁇ l are injected into the system at a flow rate of 200 ⁇ l/min.
- the separation column (Reversed Phase C 18) was maintained at 30 °C. HPLC was performed with gradient elution.
- the mass spectrometric analysis was performed on a Applied Biosystems API 4000 triple quadrupole instrument with turbo ion spray source.
- the instrument measures in negative ion mode in fullscan mode from 100-1000 amu.
- the instrument measures in positive ion mode in fullscan mode from 100-1000 amu
- the methoximation of the carbonyl groups was carried out by reaction with methoxyamine hydrochloride (5 mg/ml in pyridine, 100 ⁇ l for 1.5 hours at 60°C) in a tightly sealed vessel. 20 ⁇ l of a solution of odd-numbered, straight-chain fatty acids (solution of each 0.3 mg/ml of fatty acids from 7 to 25 carbon atoms and each
- the methoximation of the carbonyl groups was carried out by reaction with methoxyamine hydrochloride (5 mg/ml in pyridine, 50 ⁇ l for 1.5 hours at 60°C) in a tightly sealed vessel. 10 ⁇ l of a solution of odd-numbered, straight-chain fatty acids (solution of each 0.3 mg/ml of fatty acids from 7 to 25 carbon atoms and each 0.6 mg/ml of fatty acids with 27, 29 and 31 carbon atoms in 3/7 (v/v) pyridine/toluene) were added as time standards.
- the GC-MS systems consist of an Agilent 6890 GC coupled to an Agilent 5973 MSD.
- the autosamplers are CompiPal or GCPaI from CTC.
- CTC CompiPal or GCPaI from CTC.
- capillary separation columns (30 m x 0,25 mm x 0,25 ⁇ m) with different poly-methyl-siloxane stationary phases containing 0 % up to 35% of aromatic moieties, depending on the analysed sample materials and fractions from the phase separation step, are used (for example: DB-lms, HP-5ms, DB-XLB, DB-35ms, Agilent Technologies).
- sucrose, glucose, fructose, citrate, 2-oxoglutarateand starch were measured in the soluble and residual fractions of an ethanol-water extract (Scheible et al., 1997a, 1997b), as described in Stitt et al. (1989).
- Amino acids were determined in the ethanol/water extracts by HPLC as described in Geigenberger et al. (1996).
- Frozen material was used for extraction of phosphorylated metabolites and Acetyl Coenzyme A with perchloric acid and assayed as in Stitt et al. (1989) and Gibon et al. (2002).
- Table 1 The results from Table 1 can be presented as a function of the concentration of the metabolite at a standard temperature. These data are presented in Table 2, which shows Iog2 of the metabolite concentrations compared to the 20°C control value.
- Table 3 shows the results for the metabolites which show a clear trend measured by non-mass spectrometry based assays.
- Table 4 shows the data from Table 3 as Iog2 of the metabolite concentration relative to the concentration at 20°C.
- Tables 5 and 7 show lists of metabolites and observed effects which show clear trends, when analysed by mass spectrometry.
- Tables 6 and 8 show similar lists for non-mass spectrometric analyses.
- the metabolites are listed together with the effects observed in response to chilling in a chilling resistant plant. Plants in which these effects are duplicated at least in part are plants which can be expected to show resistance to chilling in accordance with the present invention.
- Coenzyme Q9 increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Linolenic acid (C18:cis[9,12,15]3) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Linoleic acid (C18:cis[9,12]2) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Hexadecadienoic acid (C16:cis[7,10]2) - decrease in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Glycerol-3-phosphate polar fraction - decrease in concentration after medium term chilling
- Glycerol-3-phosphate lipid fraction - increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Nervonic Acid (C24:l) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Glycine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling valine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Fructose - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling Leucine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Tyrosine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling Malate - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- GABA gamma-Aminobutyric acid
- Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P) - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- ⁇ -Alanine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Acetyl Coenzyme A increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Fructose - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling Sucrose - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Alanine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling Valine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Leucine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling Leucine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Glutamate - decrease in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Serine - decrease in concentration after short term chilling; Asparagine increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Citrulline increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Arginine increase in concentration after medium term chilling.
- Linolenic acid (C18:cis[9,12,15]3) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling; Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling; a -Tocopherol - increase in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Linoleic acid (C18:cis[9,12]2) - increase in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Hexadecadienoic acid (C16:cis[7,10]2) - decrease in concentration after medium term chilling;
- Glycerol-3-phosphate polar fraction - decrease in concentration after medium term chilling
- GIycerol-3-phosphate lipid fraction - increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- G6P - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- ⁇ -Alanine - increase in concentration after short term chilling and/or increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- Acetyl Coenzyme A increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- 2-oxoglutarate - increase in concentration after medium term chilling
- the vast bulk of the tissue in an Arabidopsis rosette is source leaves.
- the accumulation of sugars could be partly due to inhibition of phloem export.
- the decrease of starch shows that there is a shift of partitioning to favor sucrose synthesis. This response is detectable by 12°C.
- IPP isopentyl pyrophosphate
- Raffinose and proline increased markedly by 78 h.
- myoinositol -putrescine, a- and ⁇ -tocopherol, putrescine, GABA, DOPA, quinol and coenzyme-Q.
- Myoinositol is an intermediate in the synthesis of galactinol, which is a precursor for raffinose.
- ferulic and sinapic acid which is indicative of a stimulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism.
- many of these stress-related metabolites showed already an increase at 17°C (e.g. raffinose, proline, putrescine, ⁇ and ⁇ -tocopherol) and all showed marked changes by 12°C.
- Nitrate acts as a signal to induce organic acid metabolism and repress starch metabolism in tobacco. Plant Cell 9, 809-824.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2008212661A AU2008212661A1 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2008-02-06 | Identification of chilling-resistant plants |
CA002677064A CA2677064A1 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2008-02-06 | Identification of chilling-resistant plants |
EP08702074A EP2118650A1 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2008-02-06 | Identification of chilling-resistant plants |
US12/525,351 US20100031380A1 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2008-02-06 | Identification of chilling-resistant plants |
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GBGB0702262.7A GB0702262D0 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2007-02-06 | Identification of chilling-resistant plants |
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EP (1) | EP2118650A1 (en) |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8722072B2 (en) | 2010-01-22 | 2014-05-13 | Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh | Acaricidal and/or insecticidal active ingredient combinations |
US9265252B2 (en) | 2011-08-10 | 2016-02-23 | Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh | Active compound combinations comprising specific tetramic acid derivatives |
Families Citing this family (6)
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DE112008002435T5 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2010-07-22 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Plants with increased yield |
EP2594647A3 (en) * | 2007-09-21 | 2013-07-24 | BASF Plant Science GmbH | Plants with increased yield |
DE112009001703T5 (en) * | 2008-07-15 | 2011-05-19 | Inserm Institute National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale | Means and methods for diagnosing gastric bypass and related conditions |
BRPI0917855A2 (en) * | 2008-08-19 | 2015-08-18 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Methods for producing a transgenic plant cell, plant or part thereof, for producing an agricultural composition, for producing a transgenic plant, and for increasing yield, transgenic plant cell, plant or part thereof, seed, nucleic acid molecule isolated, nucleic acid construct, vector, host cell, processes for producing a polypeptide, and for identifying a compound, polypeptide, antibody, plant tissue, propagation material harvested or plant material, composition, and, use of a protein related to stress-related yield or protein. |
CA2736473A1 (en) * | 2008-09-23 | 2010-04-01 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Plants with increased yield (lt) |
CN112986311B (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2023-09-01 | 商丘市农林科学院 | Method for identifying low-temperature resistance of wheat variety in spring |
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US4540884A (en) * | 1982-12-29 | 1985-09-10 | Finnigan Corporation | Method of mass analyzing a sample by use of a quadrupole ion trap |
US5397894A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1995-03-14 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Method of high mass resolution scanning of an ion trap mass spectrometer |
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2007
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2008
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8722072B2 (en) | 2010-01-22 | 2014-05-13 | Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh | Acaricidal and/or insecticidal active ingredient combinations |
US9265252B2 (en) | 2011-08-10 | 2016-02-23 | Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh | Active compound combinations comprising specific tetramic acid derivatives |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2008212661A1 (en) | 2008-08-14 |
US20100031380A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
GB0702262D0 (en) | 2007-03-14 |
CA2677064A1 (en) | 2008-08-14 |
EP2118650A1 (en) | 2009-11-18 |
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