WO2008059994A1 - Load sharing in mobile radio communications network - Google Patents

Load sharing in mobile radio communications network Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008059994A1
WO2008059994A1 PCT/JP2007/072698 JP2007072698W WO2008059994A1 WO 2008059994 A1 WO2008059994 A1 WO 2008059994A1 JP 2007072698 W JP2007072698 W JP 2007072698W WO 2008059994 A1 WO2008059994 A1 WO 2008059994A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
load sharing
parameter
key
priority key
network
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2007/072698
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Iskren Ianev
Original Assignee
Nec Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nec Corporation filed Critical Nec Corporation
Priority to CN2007800410485A priority Critical patent/CN101536553B/en
Priority to US12/312,174 priority patent/US8130665B2/en
Priority to EP07832426.6A priority patent/EP2084926A4/en
Priority to JP2009519686A priority patent/JP5170092B2/en
Publication of WO2008059994A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008059994A1/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W48/00—Access restriction; Network selection; Access point selection
    • H04W48/08—Access restriction or access information delivery, e.g. discovery data delivery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/16—Performing reselection for specific purposes
    • H04W36/18—Performing reselection for specific purposes for allowing seamless reselection, e.g. soft reselection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W36/00—Hand-off or reselection arrangements
    • H04W36/16—Performing reselection for specific purposes
    • H04W36/22—Performing reselection for specific purposes for handling the traffic

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of providing load sharing through cell reselection procedures within a mobile radio communications network, and to a related mobile radio communications device.
  • GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Networks
  • UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
  • the UE controlled cell reselection procedures operate quite independently of any service, or subscriber, specific considerations.
  • GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Networks
  • UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
  • the traffic to be steered generally comprises voice, rather than data, and the user is unlikely to notice which of the two network possibilities actually comprises the serving network.
  • the data services will be handled on the UTRAN since this has a higher data capacity.
  • the required load sharing is introduced primarily for voice traffic and, again with the UE in a connected state/mode, the data traffic is retained on the UTRAN side.
  • E-UTRAN Evolved-UTRAN
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • This intention as illustrated in the above-mentioned 3GPP document is to ensure that LTE does not inherit the restrictions of UTRAN and that UE-controlled reselection algorithms for LTE devices can be managed by the network so that the network can move specific users from, for example, E-UTRAN to UTRAN or any other RAT when in an idle mode/state.
  • This proposal was directed to the UTRAN environment and employed the Qoffset S) n parameter which is employed to bias reselection between a given pair of cells as is described further in 3GPP TS 25.304.
  • this parameter is broadcast within the System Information Block (SIB) signalling, and in particular the SIB3 and SIB4 messages.
  • SIB System Information Block
  • the particular proposal relates to the addition of a UE-specific inter RAT offset parameter which is introduced so that it can be provided to the UE by way of dedicated Radio Resource Controller (RRC) signalling.
  • RRC Radio Resource Controller
  • the offset value is then added, by the UE, to the particular broadcast Qoffset s , n values for all, or alternatively specific cell relations.
  • This inter-RAT offset will apply for the duration of a timer to all, or specific, inter-RAT relationships and is also to be applied while the UE is camped on other RATs in order to prevent a ping-pong effect arising between the different RATs.
  • This known proposal provides for UE specific mobility between RATs by means of network-controlled cell reselection in idle mode and so there is no need for the network to push the UE into an RRC connected state in order to trigger a change of RAT for any particular UE.
  • the present invention therefore seeks to provide a method of enabling load sharing through network controlled cell reselection, and to related UE, having advantages over known such methods and UEs.
  • a method of providing load sharing through cell reselection in a mobile radio communications network including delivering an offset parameter to User Equipment within the network for biasing the said reselection, the method further including the step of broadcasting the offset parameter to the User Equipment within system information and so as to be cell-specific, and subsequently processing the offset parameter with a load-sharing-priority-key so as to become User Equipment specific.
  • the invention can prove advantageous insofar as simplified load-sharing is provided in that there is no need for dedicated RRC signalling.
  • the load sharing priority key is assigned by the network during a registration procedure.
  • Such delivery removes the need for dedicated RRC signalling and, in particular, the key can be delivered not only during registration, but also during re -registration procedures.
  • the load sharing priority key can be loaded to the SIM of the User Equipment as an alternative to delivery during the registration procedure.
  • the load sharing priority key is related to the user profile.
  • the load sharing priority key can be related to a subscription profile.
  • the offset parameter comprises a
  • processing step can include multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
  • the result of such multiplication is itself added to the offset parameter value so as to arrive at a final offset value.
  • the load sharing priority key is arranged for load sharing between different RATs.
  • the load sharing priority key can be arranged for RAT inter- frequency load sharing.
  • a mobile radio communications device arranged for receiving an offset parameter for use in cell-reselection load sharing, the device further being arranged to receive the offset parameter within system information and further including means for processing the said offset parameter with a load sharing priority key.
  • the offset parameter initially received by the device within the system information is cell-specific, whereas the processing of the offset parameter with the load sharing priority key results in a device specific parameter.
  • the load sharing priority key is preferably assigned by the network during a registration procedure. Such delivery, as above, removes the need for dedicated RRC signalling and, in particular, the key can be delivered not only during registration but also re-registration procedures.
  • the load sharing priority key can of course be loaded to the SIM of the User Equipment device as an alternative to delivery during the registration procedure.
  • the load sharing priority key is related to the user profile.
  • the load sharing priority key can be related to a subscription profile.
  • the offset parameter comprises a Qoffset S) n parameter and, as a processing step, can include multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
  • the parameter resulting from such multiplication is itself added to the parameter so as to arrive at a final offset value.
  • the load sharing priority key is arranged for load sharing between different RATs.
  • the load sharing priority key can be arranged for RAT inter-frequency load sharing.
  • this embodiment of the invention involves the assignment of an LTE inter-RAT load sharing priority" key and which is assigned to each UE from the network in the registration process such as IMSI attach and could be updated during any re-registration procedures such as RA update etc. This key introduces the required subscriber differentiation in the traffic steering.
  • the existing broadcast value of Qoffset S) n is multiplied by the load sharing priority key and added as an additional offset in the cell reselection criteria for the relevant inter-RAT relations only. That is, the final offset value is-"
  • Klsr is the LTE iner-RAT load sharing priority key.
  • Klsf is the load sharing priority key between frequencies.
  • the cell reselection offset parameter is broadcast within the system information which advantageously renders the offset cell-specific. This is then processed with the appropriate key Klsr or Klsf so that the offset advantageously then becomes UE specific.
  • the present invention provides for simplified load sharing insofar as there is no need for dedicated RRC signalling since the relevant keys Klsr and Klsf are delivered during the registration or re-registration process.
  • the relevant keys Klsr and Klsf are loaded into the SIM of the User Equipment and this serves to avoid the need for delivery of the key during the registration procedure.
  • the procedure 10 commences at step 12 at initial power-up for the
  • step 12 can arise during a return from a "no-service" environment.
  • the User Equipment is arranged to read the Qoffset s , n parameter within the SIB signalling from the relevant cell.
  • the User Equipment is assigned relevant load sharing priority keys, i.e. Klsr and Klsf.
  • step 14 Depending upon whether the new cell, considered for reselection to, belongs to a new RAT or new frequency within the same RAT, the process continues back to step 14 via step 18 or step 20.
  • step 18 If LTE inter-RAT cell reselection is considered, then the procedure continues to step 18 so as to provide for the LTE inter-RAT cell reselection criteria adjustment- Qoffset s ,n + (Qoffset s ,n *Klsr)
  • the process then returns via 22 to the camping-on step 14.
  • step 24 The process then continues via step 24 to the camping on step 14.
  • cell reselection criteria can be adjusted provided in accordance with the present invention which allows for load-sharing between different RATs and between different frequencies within LTE even with the user equipment in an idle or inactive, mode/state.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of providing load sharing through network controlled cell reselection in a mobile radio communications network, including delivering an offset parameter to User Equipment within the network for biasing the said reselection, the method further including the step of broadcasting the offset parameter to the User Equipment within system information and so as to be cell-specific, further delivering load-sharing-priority-keys and subsequently processing the offset parameter with the load-sharing-priority-keys so as to become User Equipment specific.

Description

DESCRIPTION
LOAD SHARING IN MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
The present invention relates to a method of providing load sharing through cell reselection procedures within a mobile radio communications network, and to a related mobile radio communications device.
In order to effectively react to, and control, the volume of traffic arising in relation to mobile radio communications networks, arrangements for achieving load^sharing between the various Radio Access Technology (RAT) networks have been introduced. These arrangements can serve to manage the distribution of data traffic between the various networks in an attempt to at least reduce the likelihood of an overload condition arising which would of course have a detrimental effect on overall system performance.
While it has proved readily possible to control such load sharing when User Equipment (UE) is in an active, or connected, state/mode, such control has not been available while the UE is in an inactive, or idle, state/mode.
However, proposals made in relation to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have identified the desirability for achieving and controlling load sharing while the UE is in an inactive/idle state/mode.
As one particular example, reference is made to existing GSM/EDGE Radio Access Networks (GERAN) and UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) mixed networks, and in which there is currently no load sharing for UE available between those networks while the UE is in an idle mode. Indeed, the UE controlled cell reselection procedures operate quite independently of any service, or subscriber, specific considerations. Thus, if a situation should arise in which service, or subscriber, differentiation is required for traffic steering between GERAN and UTRAN, it is necessary to wait until the UE has entered a connected state/mode and in which the network controls the mobility by way of handover, or cell change, order procedures. While within the particular example of the GERAN/UTRAN environment, such an arrangement generally works well since the traffic to be steered generally comprises voice, rather than data, and the user is unlikely to notice which of the two network possibilities actually comprises the serving network. The data services, will be handled on the UTRAN since this has a higher data capacity. Thus, in the specific example discussed above of the GERAN/UTRAN mixed environment, the required load sharing is introduced primarily for voice traffic and, again with the UE in a connected state/mode, the data traffic is retained on the UTRAN side.
With regard to future developments, and the expected deployment of Evolved-UTRAN (E-UTRAN), as a capacity overlay for the UTRAN, the existing UTRAN is likely to remain utilised for data services whilst Long Term Evolution (LTE) handset usage increases. Since both E-UTRAN and UTRAN networks support relatively high speed data services, the performance differential between E-UTRAN and UTRAN is likely to be smaller than that arising between GERAN and UTRAN. In view of this, and with regard to likely future deployment of E-UTRAN, it can be seen as a potential advantage to provide for an efficient load latency arrangement for achieving packet switched data load-sharing between a UTRAN and E-UTRAN. Indeed, it has been acknowledged in relation to LTE requirements within document 3GPP 25.913 that support for load sharing and policy management across different RATs should be considered such as in particular, reselection mechanisms to direct UEs towards appropriate RATs when the UEs are in a dormant, i.e. inactive or idle, mode as well as when in an active mode/state.
This intention as illustrated in the above-mentioned 3GPP document is to ensure that LTE does not inherit the restrictions of UTRAN and that UE-controlled reselection algorithms for LTE devices can be managed by the network so that the network can move specific users from, for example, E-UTRAN to UTRAN or any other RAT when in an idle mode/state.
One known attempt to meet such a requirement was outlined in
R-061238 during the 3GPP RAN2#53 meeting in Shanghai on 8-12 May 2006. This proposal was directed to the UTRAN environment and employed the QoffsetS)n parameter which is employed to bias reselection between a given pair of cells as is described further in 3GPP TS 25.304. As is known, this parameter is broadcast within the System Information Block (SIB) signalling, and in particular the SIB3 and SIB4 messages. The particular proposal relates to the addition of a UE-specific inter RAT offset parameter which is introduced so that it can be provided to the UE by way of dedicated Radio Resource Controller (RRC) signalling. Once received, the offset value is then added, by the UE, to the particular broadcast Qoffsets,n values for all, or alternatively specific cell relations. This inter-RAT offset will apply for the duration of a timer to all, or specific, inter-RAT relationships and is also to be applied while the UE is camped on other RATs in order to prevent a ping-pong effect arising between the different RATs. This known proposal provides for UE specific mobility between RATs by means of network-controlled cell reselection in idle mode and so there is no need for the network to push the UE into an RRC connected state in order to trigger a change of RAT for any particular UE.
It is considered however that such a known proposal exhibits limitations and inefficiencies that can lead to load-sharing performance problems.
The present invention therefore seeks to provide a method of enabling load sharing through network controlled cell reselection, and to related UE, having advantages over known such methods and UEs.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is a method of providing load sharing through cell reselection in a mobile radio communications network, including delivering an offset parameter to User Equipment within the network for biasing the said reselection, the method further including the step of broadcasting the offset parameter to the User Equipment within system information and so as to be cell-specific, and subsequently processing the offset parameter with a load-sharing-priority-key so as to become User Equipment specific.
The invention can prove advantageous insofar as simplified load-sharing is provided in that there is no need for dedicated RRC signalling.
Preferably, the load sharing priority key is assigned by the network during a registration procedure. Such delivery, as above, removes the need for dedicated RRC signalling and, in particular, the key can be delivered not only during registration, but also during re -registration procedures.
In an alternative embodiment, the load sharing priority key can be loaded to the SIM of the User Equipment as an alternative to delivery during the registration procedure.
Advantageously, the load sharing priority key is related to the user profile.
As an alternative, or addition, the load sharing priority key can be related to a subscription profile.
In one particular embodiment, the offset parameter comprises a
Qoffsets,n parameter.
Advantageously the processing step can include multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
In particular, the result of such multiplication is itself added to the offset parameter value so as to arrive at a final offset value.
According to one embodiment, the load sharing priority key is arranged for load sharing between different RATs.
Also, the load sharing priority key can be arranged for RAT inter- frequency load sharing.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a mobile radio communications device arranged for receiving an offset parameter for use in cell-reselection load sharing, the device further being arranged to receive the offset parameter within system information and further including means for processing the said offset parameter with a load sharing priority key.
In this manner, the offset parameter initially received by the device within the system information is cell-specific, whereas the processing of the offset parameter with the load sharing priority key results in a device specific parameter.
Again the invention as embodied in the device can prove advantageous insofar as simplified load-sharing is provided in that there is no need for dedicated RRC signalling.
As before, the load sharing priority key is preferably assigned by the network during a registration procedure. Such delivery, as above, removes the need for dedicated RRC signalling and, in particular, the key can be delivered not only during registration but also re-registration procedures.
The load sharing priority key can of course be loaded to the SIM of the User Equipment device as an alternative to delivery during the registration procedure.
Advantageously, the load sharing priority key is related to the user profile.
As an alternative, or addition, the load sharing priority key can be related to a subscription profile. In one particular embodiment, the offset parameter comprises a QoffsetS)n parameter and, as a processing step, can include multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
In particular, the parameter resulting from such multiplication is itself added to the parameter so as to arrive at a final offset value.
According to one embodiment, the load sharing priority key is arranged for load sharing between different RATs.
Alternatively, the load sharing priority key can be arranged for RAT inter-frequency load sharing.
The invention is described further hereinafter, for example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing which comprises a schematic flow diagram illustrating the network control of cell reselection in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
As will be appreciated, while the present invention can find a variety of network applications, the embodiment discussed below, and as illustrated in the accompanying drawing, relates to the LTE environment and, in particular, the likely deployment of E-UTRAN and UTRAN networks.
As is currently known, within the UTRAN environment the Qoffsets,n parameter is employed for biasing reselection between a given pair of cells. This parameter is commonly broadcast within SIB3 and SIB4 messages. As will be appreciated from the following discussion and accompanying drawings, this embodiment of the invention involves the assignment of an LTE inter-RAT load sharing priority" key and which is assigned to each UE from the network in the registration process such as IMSI attach and could be updated during any re-registration procedures such as RA update etc. This key introduces the required subscriber differentiation in the traffic steering.
Within the User Equipment, the existing broadcast value of QoffsetS)n is multiplied by the load sharing priority key and added as an additional offset in the cell reselection criteria for the relevant inter-RAT relations only. That is, the final offset value is-"
Qoffsets,n + (Qoffsets,n *Klsr)
where
Klsr is the LTE iner-RAT load sharing priority key.
Employment of the additional offset in this manner provides for subscriber differentiation in the traffic steering and which is based upon a subscriber specific consideration profile.
It should be appreciated that a similar procedure can also be applied while the UE is camped-on some other RAT in order that a ping-pong effect between the RATs is avoided.
As illustrated in the accompanying drawing, and discussed further below, the aforementioned example of the concept of the present invention is also applicable to intra LTE inter-frequency case: Qoffsets,n + (QoffsetS)n *Klsf)
where
Klsf is the load sharing priority key between frequencies.
Advantageous control of load sharing while the UE is in idle mode can likewise therefore be achieved by way of the present invention but, as compared with the known art, by means of much improved, and more efficient, arrangement.
As will be appreciated, the cell reselection offset parameter is broadcast within the system information which advantageously renders the offset cell-specific. This is then processed with the appropriate key Klsr or Klsf so that the offset advantageously then becomes UE specific.
As compared with the known art, in which the offset is initially
UE specific, and is delivered by means of dedicated RRC signalling, the present invention provides for simplified load sharing insofar as there is no need for dedicated RRC signalling since the relevant keys Klsr and Klsf are delivered during the registration or re-registration process.
Also, more flexible load sharing is available since the use of Klsr or Klsf keys for making the offset parameters UE specific, adds flexibility to the present invention.
These constant key values can be supplied by the Core Network during the registration procedure and can likewise be related to user profile or subscription profile.
As noted above, a further alternative is that the relevant keys Klsr and Klsf are loaded into the SIM of the User Equipment and this serves to avoid the need for delivery of the key during the registration procedure.
Turning now to the accompanying drawing there is illustrated a procedure 10 in which a required offset value is advantageously provided to User Equipment so as to allow for load-sharing when the User Equipment is in an idle mode.
The procedure 10 commences at step 12 at initial power-up for the
User Equipment.
As an alternative, step 12 can arise during a return from a "no-service" environment.
During a camping-on procedure at step 14, the User Equipment is arranged to read the Qoffsets,n parameter within the SIB signalling from the relevant cell.
During registration, at step 16, the User Equipment is assigned relevant load sharing priority keys, i.e. Klsr and Klsf.
Depending upon whether the new cell, considered for reselection to, belongs to a new RAT or new frequency within the same RAT, the process continues back to step 14 via step 18 or step 20.
If LTE inter-RAT cell reselection is considered, then the procedure continues to step 18 so as to provide for the LTE inter-RAT cell reselection criteria adjustment- Qoffsets,n + (Qoffsets,n *Klsr)
The process then returns via 22 to the camping-on step 14.
If however intra LTE inter- frequency cell reselection is considered, then the procedure continues to step 20 so as to provide for the intra LTE inter-frequency cell reselection criteria adjustment:
QoffsetS)n + (QoffsetS)n *Klsf)
The process then continues via step 24 to the camping on step 14.
Thus, as will be appreciated, cell reselection criteria can be adjusted provided in accordance with the present invention which allows for load-sharing between different RATs and between different frequencies within LTE even with the user equipment in an idle or inactive, mode/state.
The limitations previously experienced when seeking to provide for load sharing while in idle mode can therefore be avoided.
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from GB patent application No. 0622877.9 filed on November 16, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

Claims

1. A method of providing load sharing through network controlled cell reselection in a mobile radio communications network, including delivering an offset parameter to User Equipment within the network for biasing the said reselection, the method further including the step of broadcasting the offset parameter to the User Equipment within system information and so as to be cell-specific, and subsequently processing the offset parameter with a load-sharing-priority-key so as to become User Equipment specific.
2. The method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the load sharing priority key is assigned by the network during a registration procedure.
3. The method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the load sharing priority key is loaded to a SIM of the User Equipment.
4. The method as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the load sharing priority key is related to a user profile.
5. The method as claimed in any one or more of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the load sharing priority key is related to a subscription profile.
6. The method as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims, wherein the offset parameter comprises a Qoffsets,n parameter.
7. The method as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the said processing step includes multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
8. The method as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the result of such multiplication is added to the said parameter so as to arrive at the effective offset value.
9. The method as claimed in any one or more of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the load sharing priority key is arranged for load sharing between different RATs.
10. The method as claimed in any one or more of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the load sharing priority key is arranged for RAT inter- frequency load sharing.
11. A mobile radio communications device arranged for receiving an offset parameter for use in cell-reselection load sharing, the device further being arranged to receive the offset parameter within system information and further including means for processing the said offset parameter with a load sharing priority key.
12. The device as claimed in Claim 11, and arranged to receive the load sharing priority key from the network during a registration procedure.
13. The device as claimed in Claim 12 and arranged to receive the load sharing key via a SIM of the device.
14. The device as claimed in Claim 11, 12 or 13, wherein the offset parameter comprises a Qoffsets,n parameter.
15. The device as claimed in any one or more of Claims 11 to 14, wherein the means for processing is arranged for multiplying the said parameter by the load sharing priority key.
16. The device as claimed in Claim 15 wherein the result of the said multiplication is itself added to the parameter so as to arrive at the effective offset value.
17. A method of providing load sharing through network controlled cell reselection in a mobile radio communications network substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as illustrated in, the accompanying drawing.
18. A mobile radio communications device arranged for cell reselection load sharing substantially as hereinbefore described with the reference to the accompanying drawing.
PCT/JP2007/072698 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 Load sharing in mobile radio communications network WO2008059994A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2007800410485A CN101536553B (en) 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 Load sharing in mobile radio communications network
US12/312,174 US8130665B2 (en) 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 Load sharing in mobile radio communcations network
EP07832426.6A EP2084926A4 (en) 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 Load sharing in mobile radio communications network
JP2009519686A JP5170092B2 (en) 2006-11-16 2007-11-16 Load balancing in mobile radio communication networks

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0622877.9 2006-11-16
GB0622877A GB2445392B (en) 2006-11-16 2006-11-16 Load sharing in mobile radio communications network

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008059994A1 true WO2008059994A1 (en) 2008-05-22

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EP (1) EP2084926A4 (en)
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CN (2) CN101536553B (en)
GB (1) GB2445392B (en)
WO (1) WO2008059994A1 (en)

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GB2445392B (en) 2009-07-08
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JP5170092B2 (en) 2013-03-27
GB2445392A (en) 2008-07-09
EP2084926A1 (en) 2009-08-05
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US20100067375A1 (en) 2010-03-18
CN102938914A (en) 2013-02-20
US8130665B2 (en) 2012-03-06

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