WO2008052907A1 - Substituted 2-imidazoles as modulators of the trace amine associated receptors - Google Patents

Substituted 2-imidazoles as modulators of the trace amine associated receptors Download PDF

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WO2008052907A1
WO2008052907A1 PCT/EP2007/061334 EP2007061334W WO2008052907A1 WO 2008052907 A1 WO2008052907 A1 WO 2008052907A1 EP 2007061334 W EP2007061334 W EP 2007061334W WO 2008052907 A1 WO2008052907 A1 WO 2008052907A1
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disorders
formula
compound
imidazol
ylmethyl
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PCT/EP2007/061334
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French (fr)
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Guido Galley
Katrin Groebke Zbinden
Roger Norcross
Henri Stalder
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F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag
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Priority to AU2007316257A priority Critical patent/AU2007316257A1/en
Priority to KR1020097008831A priority patent/KR101176700B1/en
Priority to MX2009004617A priority patent/MX2009004617A/en
Priority to EP07821698A priority patent/EP2086959B1/en
Priority to ES07821698T priority patent/ES2375578T3/en
Application filed by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag filed Critical F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag
Priority to AT07821698T priority patent/ATE533755T1/en
Priority to BRPI0718054-3A2A priority patent/BRPI0718054A2/en
Priority to CA002668454A priority patent/CA2668454A1/en
Priority to JP2009535054A priority patent/JP5064511B2/en
Publication of WO2008052907A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008052907A1/en
Priority to IL198318A priority patent/IL198318A/en

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    • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
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    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds of formula I
  • R 1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl
  • R ,3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, halogen or lower alkyl substituted by halogen;
  • X is -CH 2 -, -CH- or -O-;
  • Y is -CH 2 -, -CH- or a bond; when X is -O-, Y may not be a bond;
  • Z is -CH 2 - or -CH-; m is 0, 1 or 2; when m is 2, R 2 may be the same or not; n is 0, 1 or 2; when n is 2, R may be the same or not;
  • the invention includes all racemic mixtures, all their corresponding enantiomers and/or optical isomers.
  • the compounds of formula I have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially for TAARl.
  • TAARs trace amine associated receptors
  • the compounds may be used for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such
  • POP/02.08.2007 as Parkinson's disease neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
  • biogenic amines The classical biogenic amines (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, histamine) play important roles as neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system [I]. Their synthesis and storage, as well as their degradation and reuptake after release are tightly regulated. An imbalance in the levels of biogenic amines is known to be responsible for the altered brain function under many pathological conditions [2-5].
  • a second class of endogenous amine compounds, the so-called trace amines (TAs) significantly overlap with the classical biogenic amines regarding structure, metabolism and subcellular localization.
  • the TAs include p-tyramine, ⁇ - phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, and they are present in the mammalian nervous system at generally lower levels than classical biogenic amines [6] .
  • TA-specific receptors had only been hypothesized based on anatomically discrete high-affinity TA binding sites in the CNS of humans and other mammals [10,11]. Accordingly, the pharmacological effects of TAs were believed to be mediated through the well known machinery of classical biogenic amines, by either triggering their release, inhibiting their reuptake or by "crossreacting" with their receptor systems [9,12,13]. This view changed significantly with the recent identification of several members of a novel family of GPCRs, the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) [7,14]. There are 9 TAAR genes in human (including 3 pseudogenes) and 16 genes in mouse (including 1 pseudogene).
  • the TAAR genes do not contain introns (with one exception, TAAR2 contains 1 intron) and are located next to each other on the same chromosomal segment.
  • TAARl is in the first subclass of four genes (TAARl- 4) highly conserved between human and rodents. TAs activate TAARl via Gas.
  • Dysregulation of TAs was shown to contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like depression, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, migraine headache, eating disorders, metabolic disorders and therefore TAARl ligands have a high potential for the treatment of these diseases.
  • Objects of the present invention are novel compounds of formula I, their manufacture, medicaments based on a compound in accordance with the invention and their production as well as the use of compounds of formula I in the control or prevention of illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress- related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
  • illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress- related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and as
  • the preferred indications using the compounds of the present invention are depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • lower alkyl denotes a saturated straight- or branched- chain group containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl and the like.
  • Preferred alkyl groups are groups with 1 - 4 carbon atoms.
  • lower alkoxy denotes a group wherein the alkyl residue is as defined above and which is attached via an oxygen atom.
  • lower alkyl substituted by halogen denotes an alkyl group as defined above, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halogen, for example CF 3 , CHF 2 , CH 2 F, CH 2 CF 3 , CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 , CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 and the like.
  • halogen denotes chlorine, iodine, fluorine and bromine.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts embraces salts with inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, methane-sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
  • Preferred compounds of formula I are those, wherein X is CH 2 , Y is a bond and Z is CH 2 .
  • Such compounds are l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 5-bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
  • a further embodiment of the invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH 2 and Z is CH 2 , for example the following compound: 4-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine.
  • Yet another embodiment of the invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH2 and Z is CH, for example the following compound: (J?S)-4-(lH-irnidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , X, m and n are as defined above, or
  • R , R , R , m and n are as defined above, or
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , X, Y, m and n are as defined above;
  • the compounds of formula I maybe prepared in accordance with the process variants as described above and with the following schemes 1 - 4.
  • the starting materials are either commercially available, are otherwise known in the chemical literature, or may be prepared in accordance with methods well known in the art.
  • R 1 H
  • alkyl Compounds of formula 1-2 maybe prepared by reductive amination using an indoline compound of formula V as amine component and imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde or 2- acetylimidazole of formula III as carbonyl component.
  • the indoline compounds may be prepared by reduction of the corresponding indole analogues in the usual manner.
  • PG a nitrogen protecting group stable to conditions used to transform FG 1 into FG 2 , e.g. tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC)
  • BOC tert-butoxycarbonyl
  • Isolation and purification of the compounds and intermediates described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification procedure such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, thick-layer chromatography, preparative low or high-pressure liquid chromatography or a combination of these procedures.
  • suitable separation and isolation procedures can be had by reference to the preparations and examples herein below. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures could, of course, also be used. Racemic mixtures of chiral compounds of formula I can be separated using chiral HPLC.
  • the compounds of formula I are basic and may be converted to a corresponding acid addition salt.
  • the conversion is accomplished by treatment with at least a stoichiometric amount of an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • an appropriate acid such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid,
  • the free base is dissolved in an inert organic solvent such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol or methanol and the like, and the acid added in a similar solvent.
  • an inert organic solvent such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol or methanol and the like.
  • the temperature is maintained between 0 0 C and 50 0 C.
  • the resulting salt precipitates spontaneously or may be brought out of solution with a less polar solvent.
  • the acid addition salts of the basic compounds of formula I maybe converted to the corresponding free bases by treatment with at least a stoichiometric equivalent of a suitable base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, and the like.
  • a suitable base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, and the like.
  • the compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically usable addition salts possess valuable pharmacological properties. Specifically, it has been found that the compounds of the present invention have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAARl.
  • TAARs trace amine associated receptors
  • HEK293 cells (ATCC # CRL- 1573) were cultured essentially as described Lindemann et al. (2005).
  • HEK293 cells were transfected with the pIRESneo2 expression plasmids containing the TAAR coding sequences (described above) with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and 24 hrs post transfection the culture medium was supplemented with 1 mg/ml G418 (Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland).
  • Cells at confluence were rinsed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline without Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ containing 10 mM EDTA and pelleted by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4 0 C. The pellet was then washed twice with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline and cell pellet was frozen immediately by immersion in liquid nitrogen and stored until use at -80 0 C. Cell pellet was then suspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 10 mM EDTA, and homogenized with a Polytron (PT 3000, Kinematica) at 10,000 rpm for 10 s.
  • PT 3000, Kinematica Polytron
  • the homogenate was centrifuged at 48,000xg for 30 min at 4 0 C and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 0.1 mM EDTA (buffer A), and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000xg for 30 min at 4 0 C and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml buffer A, and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. Protein concentration was determined by the method of Pierce (Rockford, IL).
  • the homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000xg for 10 min at 4 0 C, resuspended in HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.0 including MgCl 2 (10 mM) and CaCl 2 g protein per ml and (2 mM) (buffer B) at 200 homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s.
  • Binding assay was performed at 4 0 C in a final volume of 1 ml, and with an incubation time of 30 min.
  • the radioligand [ 3 H]-rac-2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl)-2- imidazoline was used at a concentration equal to the calculated Kd value of 60 nM to give a bound at around 0.1 % of the total added radioligand concentration, and a specific binding which represented approximately 70 - 80 % of the total binding.
  • Non-specific binding was defined as the amount of [ 3 H]-rac-2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl)-2- imidazoline bound in the presence of the appropriate unlabelled ligand (lO ⁇ M). Competing ligands were tested in a wide range of concentrations (10 pM - 30 ⁇ M). The final dimethylsulphoxide concentration in the assay was 2%, and it did not affect radioligand binding. Each experiment was performed in duplicate.
  • the preferred compounds show a Ki value ( ⁇ M) in mouse on TAARl in the range of 0.02 - 0.20 as shown in the table below.
  • the compounds of formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula I can be used as medicaments, e.g. in the form of pharmaceutical preparations.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations can be administered orally, e.g. in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions.
  • the administration can, however, also be effected rectally, e.g. in the form of suppositories, parenterally, e.g. in the form of injection solutions.
  • the compounds of formula I can be processed with pharmaceutically inert, inorganic or organic carriers for the production of pharmaceutical preparations.
  • Lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acids or its salts and the like can be used, for example, as such carriers for tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatine capsules.
  • Suitable carriers for soft gelatine capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid and liquid polyols and the like. Depending on the nature of the active substance no carriers are however usually required in the case of soft gelatine capsules.
  • Suitable carriers for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oil and the like.
  • Suitable carriers for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations can, moreover, contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, masking agents or antioxidants. They can also contain still other therapeutically valuable substances.
  • Medicaments containing a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a therapeutically inert carrier are also an object of the present invention, as is a process for their production, which comprises bringing one or more compounds of formula I and/or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and, if desired, one or more other therapeutically valuable substances into a galenical administration form together with one or more therapeutically inert carriers.
  • the most preferred indications in accordance with the present invention are those, which include disorders of the central nervous system, for example the treatment or prevention of depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • disorders of the central nervous system for example the treatment or prevention of depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • the dosage can vary within wide limits and will, of course, have to be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case.
  • the dosage for adults can vary from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg per day of a compound of general formula I or of the corresponding amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the daily dosage may be administered as single dose or in divided doses and, in addition, the upper limit can also be exceeded when this is found to be indicated.
  • Example 36 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
  • Example 2 Prepared analogously to Example 1, from 7-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
  • Example 2 Prepared analogously to Example 1, from 5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I) wherein R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, halogen or lower alkyl substituted by halogen; R is hydrogen or lower alkyl and in case when n is 2, R may be the same or not; X is -CH2-, -CH- or -O-; Y is -CH2-, -CH- or a bond; when X is -O-, Y may not be a bond; Z is -CH2- or -CH-; m is 0, 1 or 2; when m is 2, R2 may be the same or not; n is 0, 1 or 2; when n is 2, R3 may be the same or not; and to pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. It has been found that the compounds of formula (I) have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially for TAAR1. The compounds may be used for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.

Description

SUBSTITUTED 2-IMIDAZOLES
The present invention relates to compounds of formula I
Figure imgf000002_0001
wherein
R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R ,3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, halogen or lower alkyl substituted by halogen;
X is -CH2-, -CH- or -O-; Y is -CH2-, -CH- or a bond; when X is -O-, Y may not be a bond;
Z is -CH2- or -CH-; m is 0, 1 or 2; when m is 2, R2 may be the same or not; n is 0, 1 or 2; when n is 2, R may be the same or not;
and to pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
The invention includes all racemic mixtures, all their corresponding enantiomers and/or optical isomers.
In addition, all tautomeric forms of compounds of formula I are also encompassed by the present invention.
It has been found that the compounds of formula I have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially for TAARl. The compounds may be used for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such
POP/02.08.2007 as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
The classical biogenic amines (serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, histamine) play important roles as neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system [I]. Their synthesis and storage, as well as their degradation and reuptake after release are tightly regulated. An imbalance in the levels of biogenic amines is known to be responsible for the altered brain function under many pathological conditions [2-5]. A second class of endogenous amine compounds, the so-called trace amines (TAs) significantly overlap with the classical biogenic amines regarding structure, metabolism and subcellular localization. The TAs include p-tyramine, β- phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, and they are present in the mammalian nervous system at generally lower levels than classical biogenic amines [6] .
Their dysregulation has been linked to various psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and depression [7] and for other conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine headache, Parkinson's disease, substance abuse and eating disorders [8,9].
For a long time, TA-specific receptors had only been hypothesized based on anatomically discrete high-affinity TA binding sites in the CNS of humans and other mammals [10,11]. Accordingly, the pharmacological effects of TAs were believed to be mediated through the well known machinery of classical biogenic amines, by either triggering their release, inhibiting their reuptake or by "crossreacting" with their receptor systems [9,12,13]. This view changed significantly with the recent identification of several members of a novel family of GPCRs, the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) [7,14]. There are 9 TAAR genes in human (including 3 pseudogenes) and 16 genes in mouse (including 1 pseudogene). The TAAR genes do not contain introns (with one exception, TAAR2 contains 1 intron) and are located next to each other on the same chromosomal segment. The phylogenetic relationship of the receptor genes, in agreement with an in-depth GPCR pharmacophore similarity comparison and pharmacological data suggest that these receptors form three distinct subfamilies [7,14]. TAARl is in the first subclass of four genes (TAARl- 4) highly conserved between human and rodents. TAs activate TAARl via Gas. Dysregulation of TAs was shown to contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like depression, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, migraine headache, eating disorders, metabolic disorders and therefore TAARl ligands have a high potential for the treatment of these diseases.
Therefore, there is a broad interest to increase the knowledge about trace amine associated receptors.
References used: 1 Deutch, A. Y. and Roth, R.H. ( 1999) Neurotransmitters. In Fundamental
Neuroscience (2nd edn) (Zigmond, MJ., Bloom, F.E., Landis, S. C, Roberts, J.L, and
Squire, L.R., eds.), pp. 193-234, Academic Press; 2 Wong, M. L. and Licinio, J. (2001) Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 343-351; 3 Carlsson, A. et al. (2001) Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41, 237-260;
4 Tuite, P. and Riss, J. (2003) Recent developments in the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 12, 1335-1352,
5 Castellanos, F.X. and Tannock, R. (2002) Neuroscience of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3,
617-628;
6 Usdin, E. and Sandler, M. eds. ( 1984), Trace Amines and the brain, Dekker;
7 Lindemann, L. and Hoener, M. (2005) A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family. Trends in Pharmacol. Sd. 26, 274-281; 8 Branchek, T.A. and Blackburn, T.P. (2003) Trace amine receptors as targets for novel therapeutics: legend, myth and fact. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 3, 90-97;
9 Premont, R.T. et al. (2001) Following the trace of elusive amines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. U. S. A. 98, 9474-9475;
10 Mousseau, D.D. and Butterworth, R.F. ( 1995) A high-affinity [3H] tryptamine binding site in human brain. Prog. Brain Res. 106, 285-291;
11 McCormack, J. K. et al. ( 1986) Autoradiographic localization of tryptamine binding sites in the rat and dog central nervous system. /. Neurosci. 6, 94-101; - A -
12 Dyck, L.E. (1989) Release of some endogenous trace amines from rat striatal slices in the presence and absence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Life Sd. 44, 1149- 1156;
13 Parker, E.M. and Cubeddu, L.X. (1988) Comparative effects of amphetamine, phenylethylamine and related drugs on dopamine efflux, dopamine uptake and mazindol binding. /. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245, 199-210;
14 Lindemann, L. et al. (2005) Trace amine associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors. Genomics 85, 372-385.
Objects of the present invention are novel compounds of formula I, their manufacture, medicaments based on a compound in accordance with the invention and their production as well as the use of compounds of formula I in the control or prevention of illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress- related disorders, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders such as eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
The preferred indications using the compounds of the present invention are depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
As used herein, the term "lower alkyl" denotes a saturated straight- or branched- chain group containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, 2-butyl, t-butyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are groups with 1 - 4 carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term "lower alkoxy" denotes a group wherein the alkyl residue is as defined above and which is attached via an oxygen atom.
As used herein, the term "lower alkyl substituted by halogen" denotes an alkyl group as defined above, wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halogen, for example CF3, CHF2, CH2F, CH2CF3, CH2CH2CF3, CH2CF2CF3 and the like. The term "halogen" denotes chlorine, iodine, fluorine and bromine.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts" embraces salts with inorganic and organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, methane-sulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
Preferred compounds of formula I are those, wherein X is CH2, Y is a bond and Z is CH2.
Such compounds are l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 5-bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
7-ethyl-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
6-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
4-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
7-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole or l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole.
Further preferred are compounds, wherein X is CH, Y is a bond and Z is CH, for example the following compound:
(2RS,3RS)-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Further preferred are compounds, wherein X is CH2, Y is CH2 and Z is CH2, for example the following compounds:
6-bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline 5-benzyloxy-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline or l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline.
A further embodiment of the invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH2 and Z is CH2, for example the following compound: 4-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine. Yet another embodiment of the invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH2 and Z is CH, for example the following compound: (J?S)-4-(lH-irnidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine.
The present compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared by methods known in the art, for example, by processes described below, which process comprises
a) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000007_0001
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000007_0002
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000007_0003
wherein R1, R2, R3, X, m and n are as defined above, or
b) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000007_0004
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0001
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0002
wherein R , R , R , m and n are as defined above, or
c) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0003
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0004
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000008_0005
wherein R1, R2, R3, X, Y, m and n are as defined above; and
if desired, converting the compounds obtained into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. The compounds of formula I maybe prepared in accordance with the process variants as described above and with the following schemes 1 - 4. The starting materials are either commercially available, are otherwise known in the chemical literature, or may be prepared in accordance with methods well known in the art.
Method 1
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000009_0001
Compounds of formula 1-1 maybe prepared by reductive amination using a 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline (X=CH2) compound or a 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine (X=O) compound as amine component and imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde or 2-acetylimidazole as carbonyl component.
Method 2
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000009_0002
NaCNBH3 AcOH
Figure imgf000009_0003
R1 = H, alkyl Compounds of formula 1-2 maybe prepared by reductive amination using an indoline compound of formula V as amine component and imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde or 2- acetylimidazole of formula III as carbonyl component. The indoline compounds may be prepared by reduction of the corresponding indole analogues in the usual manner.
Method 3
Scheme 3
Figure imgf000010_0001
i. R2MgCI, THF ii. NaBH4, AcOH/THF
Figure imgf000010_0002
Compounds of formula 1-3 may be prepared by reductive amination using an indoline compound (-X-Y- = -CH2-) or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline compound (-X-Y- = -CH2-CH2-) or a 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine compound (-X-Y- = -O-CH2-) as amine component (VII) and imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde or 2- acetylimidazole as carbonyl component (III). The amino compounds can be prepared from the corresponding l,3-dihydro-indol-2-one compound (-X-Y- = -CH2-) or a 3,4- dihydro-2(lH)-quinolinone compound (-X— Y- = -CH2-CH2-) or a 2H-l,4-benzoxazin- 3(4H)-one compound (-X-Y- = -O-CH2-) by addition of a Grignard reagent followed by reduction in the usual manner.
Method 4
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000011_0001
transformation
Figure imgf000011_0002
de-protect N
Figure imgf000011_0003
R1 = H, alkyl -X-Y- = -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -0-CH2-
PG = a nitrogen protecting group stable to conditions used to transform FG1 into FG2, e.g. tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) In cases where the amino starting material bears a reactive functional group (e.g. a free hydroxy group) on the aryl ring, it may be possible to perform a functional group transformation before carrying out the reductive amination step. In order to carry out the desired functional group transformation it will frequently prove advantageous to first protect the nitrogen atom which is subsequently required to participate in the reductive amination step. For instance, this nitrogen atom may be protected by conversion to a tert-butyl carbamate mioiety. Examples of functional group transformations include common functional group transformations already described in the chemical literature, such as transformation of FG1 = hydroxy to FG2 = alkyl ether by treatment with a base such as sodium hydride and an alkylating agent such as an alkyl halide. Another possible functional group transformation is the transformation of FG1 = hydroxy to FG2 = aryl ether by treatment with an aryl boronic acid and copper(II) acetate according to the method of Evans et al. {Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2937-2940).
Isolation and purification of the compounds
Isolation and purification of the compounds and intermediates described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification procedure such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, thick-layer chromatography, preparative low or high-pressure liquid chromatography or a combination of these procedures. Specific illustrations of suitable separation and isolation procedures can be had by reference to the preparations and examples herein below. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures could, of course, also be used. Racemic mixtures of chiral compounds of formula I can be separated using chiral HPLC.
Salts of compounds of formula I
The compounds of formula I are basic and may be converted to a corresponding acid addition salt. The conversion is accomplished by treatment with at least a stoichiometric amount of an appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like. Typically, the free base is dissolved in an inert organic solvent such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol or methanol and the like, and the acid added in a similar solvent. The temperature is maintained between 0 0C and 50 0C. The resulting salt precipitates spontaneously or may be brought out of solution with a less polar solvent.
The acid addition salts of the basic compounds of formula I maybe converted to the corresponding free bases by treatment with at least a stoichiometric equivalent of a suitable base such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonia, and the like.
The compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically usable addition salts possess valuable pharmacological properties. Specifically, it has been found that the compounds of the present invention have a good affinity to the trace amine associated receptors (TAARs), especially TAARl.
The compounds were investigated in accordance with the test given hereinafter.
Materials and Methods
Construction of TAAR expression plasmids and stably transfected cell lines
For the construction of expression plasmids the coding sequences of human, rat and mouse TAAR 1 were amplified from genomic DNA essentially as described by Lindemann et al. [ 14] . The Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Roche Diagnostics) was used with 1.5 mM Mg2+ and purified PCR products were cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen) following the instructions of the manufacturer. PCR products were subcloned into the pIRESneo2 vector (BD Clontech, Palo Alto, California), and expression vectors were sequence verified before introduction in cell lines.
HEK293 cells (ATCC # CRL- 1573) were cultured essentially as described Lindemann et al. (2005). For the generation of stably transfected cell lines HEK293 cells were transfected with the pIRESneo2 expression plasmids containing the TAAR coding sequences (described above) with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and 24 hrs post transfection the culture medium was supplemented with 1 mg/ml G418 (Sigma, Buchs, Switzerland). After a culture period of about 1O d clones were isolated, expanded and tested for responsiveness to trace amines (all compounds purchased from Sigma) with the cAMP Biotrak Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) System (Amersham) following the non-acetylation EIA procedure provided by the manufacturer. Monoclonal cell lines which displayed a stable EC5o for a culture period of 15 passages were used for all subsequent studies.
Membrane preparation and radioligand binding
Cells at confluence were rinsed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline without Ca2+ and Mg2+ containing 10 mM EDTA and pelleted by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4 0C. The pellet was then washed twice with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline and cell pellet was frozen immediately by immersion in liquid nitrogen and stored until use at -80 0C. Cell pellet was then suspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 10 mM EDTA, and homogenized with a Polytron (PT 3000, Kinematica) at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. The homogenate was centrifuged at 48,000xg for 30 min at 4 0C and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.4 containing 0.1 mM EDTA (buffer A), and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000xg for 30 min at 4 0C and the pellet resuspended in 20 ml buffer A, and homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s. Protein concentration was determined by the method of Pierce (Rockford, IL). The homogenate was then centrifuged at 48,000xg for 10 min at 4 0C, resuspended in HEPES-NaOH (20 mM), pH 7.0 including MgCl2 (10 mM) and CaCl2 g protein per ml and (2 mM) (buffer B) at 200 homogenized with a Polytron at 10,000 rpm for 10 s.
Binding assay was performed at 4 0C in a final volume of 1 ml, and with an incubation time of 30 min. The radioligand [3H]-rac-2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl)-2- imidazoline was used at a concentration equal to the calculated Kd value of 60 nM to give a bound at around 0.1 % of the total added radioligand concentration, and a specific binding which represented approximately 70 - 80 % of the total binding. Non-specific binding was defined as the amount of [3H]-rac-2-(l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-naphthyl)-2- imidazoline bound in the presence of the appropriate unlabelled ligand (lOμM). Competing ligands were tested in a wide range of concentrations (10 pM - 30 μM). The final dimethylsulphoxide concentration in the assay was 2%, and it did not affect radioligand binding. Each experiment was performed in duplicate. All incubations were terminated by rapid filtration through UniFilter-96 plates (Packard Instrument Company) and glass filter GF/C, pre-soaked for at least 2 h in polyethylenimine 0.3%, and using a Filtermate 96 Cell Harvester (Packard Instrument Company). The tubes and filters were then washed 3 times with 1 ml aliquots of cold buffer B. Filters were not dried and soaked in Ultima gold (45 μl/well, Packard Instrument Company) and bound radioactivity was counted by a TopCount Microplate Scintillation Counter (Packard Instrument Company).
The preferred compounds show a Ki value (μM) in mouse on TAARl in the range of 0.02 - 0.20 as shown in the table below.
Figure imgf000015_0001
The compounds of formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula I can be used as medicaments, e.g. in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. The pharmaceutical preparations can be administered orally, e.g. in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. The administration can, however, also be effected rectally, e.g. in the form of suppositories, parenterally, e.g. in the form of injection solutions.
The compounds of formula I can be processed with pharmaceutically inert, inorganic or organic carriers for the production of pharmaceutical preparations. Lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, stearic acids or its salts and the like can be used, for example, as such carriers for tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatine capsules. Suitable carriers for soft gelatine capsules are, for example, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid and liquid polyols and the like. Depending on the nature of the active substance no carriers are however usually required in the case of soft gelatine capsules. Suitable carriers for the production of solutions and syrups are, for example, water, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oil and the like. Suitable carriers for suppositories are, for example, natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats, semi-liquid or liquid polyols and the like.
The pharmaceutical preparations can, moreover, contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, masking agents or antioxidants. They can also contain still other therapeutically valuable substances.
Medicaments containing a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a therapeutically inert carrier are also an object of the present invention, as is a process for their production, which comprises bringing one or more compounds of formula I and/or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and, if desired, one or more other therapeutically valuable substances into a galenical administration form together with one or more therapeutically inert carriers.
The most preferred indications in accordance with the present invention are those, which include disorders of the central nervous system, for example the treatment or prevention of depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The dosage can vary within wide limits and will, of course, have to be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case. In the case of oral administration the dosage for adults can vary from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg per day of a compound of general formula I or of the corresponding amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The daily dosage may be administered as single dose or in divided doses and, in addition, the upper limit can also be exceeded when this is found to be indicated.
Tablet Formulation (Wet Granulation)
Item Ingredients mg/ tablet
5 mg 25 mg 100 mg 500
1. Compound of formula I 5 25 100 500
2. Lactose Anhydrous DTG 125 105 30 150 3. Sta-Rx 1500 6 6 6 30
4. Macrocrystalline Cellulose 30 30 30 150
5. Magnesium Stearate 1 1 1 1 Total 167 167 167 831
Manufacturing Procedure
1. Mix items 1, 2, 3 and 4 and granulate with purified water.
2. Dry the granules at 500C.
3. Pass the granules through suitable milling equipment.
4. Add item 5 and mix for three minutes; compress on a suitable press.
Capsule Formulation
Item Ingredients mg/capsule
5 mg 25 mg 100 mg 500
1. Compound of formula I 5 25 100 500
2. Hydrous Lactose 159 123 148 ---
3. Corn Starch 25 35 40 70
4. Talc 10 15 10 25
5. Magnesium Stearate 1 2 2 5
Total 200 200 300 600
Manufacturing Procedure
1. Mix items 1, 2 and 3 in a suitable mixer for 30 minutes.
2. Add items 4 and 5 and mix for 3 minutes.
3. Fill into a suitable capsule. Experimental
The following examples illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit its scope.
Example 1
l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000018_0001
To a solution of indoline (0.20 g, 1.68 mmol) in methanol (15 ml) were added sequentially imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (0.24 g, 2.52 mmol), zinc chloride (0.92 g, 6.71 mmol) and sodium cyanoborohydride (0.32 g, 5.03 mmol). The reaction mixture was shaken at 50 0C for 16 hours, then triethylamine (0.5 ml) was added and the mixture shaken for a further 5 min. The resulting suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluant: methanol/ dichloromethane gradient) to yield the title compound as an off-white solid (0.17 g, 52%); MS (ISP): 200.3 ( [M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 1 there were obtained:
Example 2 (RS)-l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000018_0002
From (RS) -2-methylindoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 214.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 3 (RS)- l-[l-(lH-Imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000018_0003
From indoline, 2-acetylimidazole, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 214.4 ( [M+H]+).
Example 4 5-Bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000019_0001
From 5-bromoindoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 280.0 ([{81Br}M+H]+), 278.1 ( [{79Br}M+H]+).
Example 5 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000019_0002
From 6- (trifluoromethyl) indoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 268.1 ([M+H]+.
Example 6 5-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000019_0003
From 5-chloroindoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 236.1 ([{37C1}M+H]+), 234.1 ( [{35C1}M+H]+).
Example 7 (RS)-5-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000020_0001
(a) (J?S)-5-Chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000020_0002
To a solution of 5-chloro-2-methylindole (1.00 g, 6.04 mmol) in acetic acid (7 ml) was added portionwise sodium cyanoborohydride (0.76 g, 12.1 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting solution was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with water and with 5 N aq. sodium hydroxide solution. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluant: heptane/ethyl acetate gradient) to yield the title compound as a colourless oil (1.00 g, 100%); MS (ISP): 170.2 ( [{37Cl}M+H]+); 168.3 ( [{35C1}M+H]+).
(b) (RS)-5-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-23-dihvdro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000020_0003
Prepared analogously to Example 1, from 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 250.1 ([{37C1}M+H]+), 248.2 ([{35C1}M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 1 there were obtained:
Example 8 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000020_0004
From 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 214.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 9 (RS)-l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000021_0001
From [RS]^l, 2,3,4-tetrahydroquinaldine, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 228.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 10 (RS)-6-Fluoro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000021_0002
From (RS) -6-fluoro-2-methyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 246.3 ( [M+H]+).
Example 11 4- ( lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo [1,4] oxazine
Figure imgf000021_0003
From 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[ 1,4] oxazine, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 216.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 12 (RS)-5-Bromo-l-[l-(lH-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000022_0001
From 5-bromoindoline, 2-acetylimidazole, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 294.0 ( [{81Br}M+H]+), 292.0 ([{79Br}M+H]+).
Example 13 (RS)- 5-Chloro-l-[l-(lH-imidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000022_0002
From 5-chloroindoline, 2-acetylimidazole, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 250.1 ( [{37C1}M+H]+), 248.2 ([{35C1}M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 7 there were obtained:
Example 14
(2RS,3RS)-l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000022_0003
From 2,3-dimethylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 228.1 ( [M+H]+).
Example 15 7-Ethyl-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000022_0004
From 7-ethylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 228.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 16 6-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000023_0001
From 6-chloroindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 236.2 ([{37C1}M+H]+), 234.1 ([{35C1}M+H]+). Example 17
4-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000023_0002
From 4-chloroindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 236.2 ([{37C1}M+H]+), 234.1 ([{35C1}M+H]+).
Example 18 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000023_0003
From 5-methoxyindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 230.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 19 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000024_0001
From 6-methoxyindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 230.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 20 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000024_0002
From 7-methoxyindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 230.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 21 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000024_0003
From 5-methylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 214.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 22 (RS)-l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000025_0001
From 5-methoxy-2-methylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 244.3 ( [M+H]+).
Example 23 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000025_0002
From 4-methoxyindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 230.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 24 7-Chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000025_0003
From 7-chloroindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 236.2 ([{37C1}M+H]+), 234.1 ([{35C1}M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 1 there was obtained:
Example 25 6-Bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000026_0001
From 6-bromo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 294.1 ([{81Br}M+H]+), 292.1 ( [{79Br}M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 7 there were obtained:
Example 26 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000026_0002
From 6-methylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 214.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 27 (RS)-l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000026_0003
From (_R5)-3-methylindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 214.3 ( [M+H]+).
Example 28 5-Fluoro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000027_0001
From 5 -fluoro indole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 218.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 29 6-Fluoro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000027_0002
From 6-fluoroindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 218.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 30 5,6-Difluoro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000027_0003
From 5,6-difluoroindole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 236.1 ( [M+H]+).
Example 31 (RS)-5-Fluoro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000027_0004
From (_R5)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-indole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 232.1 ( [M+H]+).
Example 32 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000028_0001
From 7-methyl-indole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 214.3 ([M+H]+). Example 33 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
Figure imgf000028_0002
From 4-methyl-indole and sodium cyanoborohydride in acetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 214.3 ([M+H]+).
Example 34 (RS)-4-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine
Figure imgf000028_0003
(a) (flS)-3-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4ioxazine
Figure imgf000028_0004
To a solution of 2H-l,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (2.00 g, 13.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was added dropwise at 5 0C a THF solution of methylmagnesium chloride (17.9 ml, 3 M, 53.7 mmol) and the reaction mixture was then stirred at 50 0C for 90 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 5 0C and quenched by dropwise addition of 20 ml acetic acid. Sodium borohydride (1.27 g, 33.5 mmol) was then added portionwise and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting suspension was then cooled to 0 0C and 3 N aq. sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise until the mixture was pH 10. Ethyl acetate was then added, the phases separated, and the organic phase dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluant: heptane/ethyl acetate gradient) to yield the title compound as a colourless oil (0.92 g, 46%); MS (ISP): 150.3 ([M+H]+).
(b) (■RS)-4-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihvdro-2H-benzo[l,4ioxazine
Figure imgf000029_0001
Prepared analogously to Example 1, from (_RS)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H- benzo[l,4]oxazine, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 230.4 ( [M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 34 there was obtained:
Example 35 (RS)-2-Ethyl-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000029_0002
From 3,4-dihydro-2(lH)-quinolinone and ethylmagnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran, then treatment with sodium borohydride in acetic acid and tetrahydrofuran, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 242.4 ( [M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 1 there was obtained: Example 36 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000030_0001
From 6-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 244.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 37 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000030_0002
(a) 7-Hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000030_0003
To a suspension of l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-7-ol (0.50 g, 3.35 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 ml) were added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (1.54 g, 7.04 mmol) and triethylamine (1.86 ml, 13.4 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45 0C for 48 h. The mixture was then acidified to pH 6 by addition of 10% aq. citric acid solution and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulphate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methanol (40 ml) and aq. sodium hydroxide solution (6.70 ml, 13.4 mmol, 2 M) was added. After stirring for 16 h at 60 0C, the mixture was cooled top room temperature and acidified to pH 6 by addition of 10% aq. citric acid solution and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a colourless oil which was used in the next step without further purification (0.33 g, 40%); MS (ISP): 250.3 ( [M+H]+), 194.4 ([M+H-Me2C=CH2]+). (b) 7-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
Figure imgf000031_0001
To a solution of 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (120 mg, 0.48 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 ml) was added sodium hydride (23 mg, 0.57 mmol, 60% dispersion in oil) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. The mixture was then cooled to 0 0C and methyl iodide 0.04 ml, 0.64 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring for 16 h at room temperature, the mixture was quenched by addition of water (10 ml) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated brine, dried over sodium sulphate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluant: heptane/ ethyl acetate gradient) to yield the title compound as a colourless oil (52 mg, 41%); MS (ISP): 264.0 ([M+H]+), 208.1 ( [M+H-Me2C=CH2]+).
(c) 7-Methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000031_0002
To a solution of 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-l-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
(52 mg, 0.20 mmol) in dichloromethane (7 ml) at 0 0C was added dropwise trifluoroacetic acid (0.23 ml, 3.01 mmol) and the reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was then made basic to pH 9 by dropwise addition of saturated aq. sodium carbonate solution. The mixture was extracted three times with a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran, the phases separated, and the organic phase dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a light brown oil (37 mg, 92%); MS (ISP): 164.4 ( [M+H]+).
(d) l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000031_0003
Prepared analogously to Example 1, from 7-methoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 244.4 ([M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 37 there were obtained:
Example 38
5-Benzyloxy-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000032_0001
From l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-5-ol, di-tert-butyldicarbonate and triethylamine in dichloromethane, then treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol, then treatment with benzyl bromide and sodium hydride in N,N-dimethylformamide, then treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 320.4 ([M+H]+).
Example 39 7-Benzyloxy-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000032_0002
From l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-7-ol, di-tert-butyldicarbonate and triethylamine in dichloromethane, then treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol, then treatment with benzyl bromide and sodium hydride in N,N-dimethylformamide, then treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP) : 320.0 ( [M+H] +) .
Example 40 7-Ethoxy-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000032_0003
From l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-7-ol, di-tert-butyldicarbonate and triethylamine in dichloromethane, then treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol, then treatment with iodoethane and sodium hydride in N,N-dimethylformamide, then treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP) : 258.1 ( [M+H] +) .
Example 41 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-isopropoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000033_0001
From l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-7-ol, di-tert-butyldicarbonate and triethylamine in dichloromethane, then treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol, then treatment with 2-bromopropane and sodium hydride in N,N-dimethylformamide, then treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 272.5 ([M+H]+).
Example 42 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000033_0002
(a) 5-Phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000033_0003
To a solution of 0.15 g (1.01 mmol) l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-5-ol in 10 ml dichloromethane were added 0.17 g ( 1.40 mmol) phenylboronic acid, 0.25 g ( 1.36 mmol) copper(II) acetate, a spatula end of 4A molecular sieves and 0.57 ml (4.52 mmol) triethylamine. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h and then filtered through celite, washing with dicloromethane. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate/heptane gradient) to afford 34 mg (17%) of the title compound as a pink oil. MS
(ISP): 226.3 ([M+H]+).
(b) l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000034_0001
Prepared analogously to Example 1, from 5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol.
MS (ISP): 306.3 ([M+H]+).
Analogously to Example 42 there was obtained:
Example 43 l-(lH-Imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline
Figure imgf000034_0002
From l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinolin-7-ol, phenylboronic acid, copper(II) acetate and triethylamine in dichloromethane, then treatment with imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, zinc chloride and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol. MS (ISP): 306.3 ([M+H]+).

Claims

Claims
1. A compound of formula
Figure imgf000035_0001
wherein
R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, halogen or lower alkyl substituted by halogen;
R is hydrogen or lower alkyl and in case when n is 2, R may be the same or not;
X is -CH2-, -CH- or -O-;
Y is -CH2-, -CH- or a bond; when X is -O-, Y may not be a bond; Z is -CH2- or -CH-; m is 0, 1 or 2; when m is 2, R2 may be the same or not; n is 0, 1 or 2; when n is 2, R3 may be the same or not;
and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
2. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, wherein X is CH2, Y is a bond and Z is CH2.
3. A compound of formula I according to claim 2, which compounds are l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole
5-bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 7-ethyl-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 6-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 4-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole 7-chloro-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-7-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole or l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole.
4. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, X is CH, Y is a bond and Z is CH.
5. A compound of formula I according to claim 4, which compounds are
(2RS)3RS)-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-lH-indole.
6. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, wherein X is CH2, Y is CH2 and Z is CH2.
7. A compound of formula I according to claim 6, which compounds are 6-bromo-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline 5-benzyloxy-l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline or l-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-5-phenoxy-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline.
8. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH2 and Z is CH2.
9. A compound of formula I according to claim 8, which compounds are 4-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine.
10. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, wherein X is -O-, Y is CH2 and Z is CH.
11. A compound of formula I according to claim 10, which compounds are
(J?S)-4-(lH-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[l,4]oxazine.
12. A process for preparation of compounds of formula I, which process comprises a) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0001
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0002
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0003
wherein R1, R2, R3, X, m and n are as defined above, or b) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0004
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0005
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000037_0006
1-2 wherein R , R , R , m and n are as defined above, or
c) reductively aminating a compound of formula
Figure imgf000038_0001
and a compound of formula
Figure imgf000038_0002
to a compound of formula
Figure imgf000038_0003
wherein R1, R2, R3, X, Y, m and n are as defined above; and
if desired, converting the compounds obtained into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
13. A compound of formula I according to claim 1, whenever prepared by a process as claimed in claim 12 or by an equivalent method.
14. A medicament containing one or more compounds of formula I in accordance with claim 1 and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
15. A medicament as claimed in claim 14 for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress- related disorders, psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, neurological diseases, Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders, eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
16. A medicament according to claim 15 containing one or more compounds as claimed in claims 1- 11 for the treatment of depression, psychosis, Parkinson's disease, anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
17. The use of a compound of formula I according to claim 1 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stress-related disorders, psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, neurological diseases, Parkinson's disease, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine, hypertension, substance abuse and metabolic disorders, eating disorders, diabetes, diabetic complications, obesity, dyslipidemia, disorders of energy consumption and assimilation, disorders and malfunction of body temperature homeostasis, disorders of sleep and circadian rhythm, and cardiovascular disorders.
18. The invention as herein before described.
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