WO2008024840A2

WO2008024840A2 - Aqueous processing of oilseed press cake

Info

Publication number: WO2008024840A2
Application number: PCT/US2007/076521
Authority: WO
Inventors: Richard K. Helling; Thomas G. Patterson; Stewart J. Campbell
Original assignee: Dow Agrosciences Llc
Priority date: 2006-08-22
Filing date: 2007-08-22
Publication date: 2008-02-28
Also published as: US10051878B2; CA2661397C; US20100234569A1; CA2661397A1; AR062488A1; AR097442A2; WO2008024840A3

Abstract

The subject invention relates in part to novel steps in canola and other oil seed processing, including milling to achieve a significant particle size reduction, extraction of higher levels of protein from the starting material, the use of presscake as a starting material, and the production of a precipitated protein concentrates containing a nutritionally significant amount of oil. The subject invention also provides optimal pH ranges for extraction and recovery steps in these novel processes. The subject processes can be applied to, and offer similar advantages to, other oilseeds and vegetable matter, such as sunflower seeds and flax seeds. The subject invention also includes novel feed compositions.

Description

AQUEOUS PROCESSING OF OILSEED PRESS CAKE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Canola grain is valued primarily for its high-quality oil. Canola oil processing economics is hindered by the relatively low value of the non-oil portion of the canola seed, which constitutes over 50% of the mass of the incoming grain.

The meal from conventional canola crushing and solvent extraction has a low value, due to the presence of anti-nutritional compounds, and a low quality protein. Phytate, phenolics, and residual glucosinolates are common problems for feed and food from all the materials (meal, white flake, press cake, and whole seed), depending on the applications. Their impact on aqueous or alcohol based processes varies depending on the desired end product.

Canola or rapeseed consists of approximately 40% oil and 60% non-oil constituents. In commercial processing, most of the oil is removed from the seed by expelling and solvent extraction. In processing systems based on solvent extraction, the non-oil material initially exists as a solvent laden white flake or marc. Typically, solvent is removed from the white flake by a process that involves application of steam and heat to generate a final desolventized-toasted product called meal. The meal contains about 35% protein and is sold as a feed ingredient for inclusion in diets fed to a variety of classes of animals including swine, poultry and cattle.

Canola seed protein has excellent feeding value. The protein is rich in methionine and lysine, with a good balance of essential amino acids. Rapeseed protein concentrate had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) of all of vegetable protein sources reported. As such canola or rapeseed protein, in itself, can be considered to be exceptional in comparison to other plant proteins. Dephytinized rapeseed protein concentrate could replace high quality fishmeal in diets fed to rainbow trout without adversely affecting growth performance and feed efficiency of the fish. However, monogastric animals do not fully utilize the protein feeding value of canola or rapeseed protein when the protein is supplied in the conventional form as part of the meal. Non- dehulled, desolventized, toasted canola meal contains high levels of fiber. Fiber has little nutritional value for animals such as fish, chickens and young pigs and thus dilutes the protein and energy content of the meal. Further, antinutritional factors, such as phenolics, associated with the meal may have a negative impact on the performance of monogastric animals such as pigs, chickens and fish. In addition, the toasting process typically employed during preparation of the final meal product decreases the protein solubility of the meal and has been shown to decrease lysine digestibility when fed to chickens.

Still further, canola meal also contains exceptionally high levels of phytic acid. Phytic acid is the storage form of phosphorus in the seed and is poorly digested by monogastric species. Phytic acid can form complexes with minerals, amino acids, and proteins and thereby decreases nutrient digestibility. Further, the phosphorus in the phytic acid molecule is largely unavailable to the animal and is voided with the feces. Given this poor digestibility of phytate-phosphorus, diets must be formulated with sufficient available dietary phosphorus to meet the requirements of the animal; this tends to increase the cost of the ration. In addition, undigested phosphorus in the manure can be damaging to the environment and is of considerable concern in areas of intensive livestock production. Overall, the high fiber and high phytate content of canola meal limits the feeding value as a protein source for monogastric animals.

Ruminant animals, such as cattle, can extract energy from fiber through fermentation in the rumen. Further, rumen microbes can efficiently hydrolyze phytate; thus, the potential for antinutritional effects and damage to the environment from dietary phytic acid is less of a concern in feeding ruminant animals. Highly soluble protein is rapidly hydrolysed and utilized by microbes in the rumen. Protein that is resistant to degradation in the rumen but is largely digested during subsequent passage through the small intestine has the highest protein feeding value for ruminant animals. Thus, as feed ingredients for ruminant animals, the highly soluble proteins in canola seed are of lower feeding value than the fraction of total canola proteins that are relatively insoluble.

(ooo1 ] Considerable prior work in this area has focused on methods to achieve efficient protein extraction from oilseed-based starting material followed by concentration or isolation of the protein into a single high valued product. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,658,714 relates to a soy protein isolate wherein defatted soy flour slurry is prepared and adjusted to a pH such that the protein becomes solubilized. U.S. Patent No. 4,420,425 relates to a method of producing proteins from nonbinding oilseeds such as soybeans and peanuts by solubilization and ultrafiltration. U.S. Patent No. 5,989,600 relates to a method for improving the solubility of vegetable proteins, which methods comprise treating the vegetable protein source with a phytase enzyme, and treating the vegetable protein source with a proteolytic enzymes. Incidentally, the use of enzymes to increase the yield of oil from canola pressing and extraction is not a new idea. Previous work has shown that carbohydrases are effective in this role, but their cost is not supported by the incrementally improved yield. Use of phytase enzymes is also a well-established concept. A newer idea is to use a white-rot fungus to decrease the phenolic content of canola products. Phenolics likely contribute to excessive color and taste of canola protein products, so their removal could allow these to have a higher value.

U.S. Patent No. 3,966,971 relates to vegetable protein source materials that are dispersed in water at a pH in the range of 2 to 6 with an acid phytase included therein. The acidic extract containing soluble protein is separated and dried to yield a solid protein. A protease can also be used to improve the characteristics of the protein. U.S. Patent No. 4,435,319 teaches that protein can be extracted from sunflower meal by treating an aqueous slurry of the meal with an acid at a pH between 4.0 and 7.0. The soluble and insoluble residues are separated, and the insoluble material is continually treated with an acid solution until the desired extraction of protein is attained. The extracted proteins are then recovered by precipitation or by ultrafiltration. U.S. Patent No. 3,635,726 describes a procedure for the production of a soy protein isolate by extraction of the soy starting material under alkaline conditions whereby the pH is above the isoelectric pH of glycinin. After separating the extract from the insoluble residue the pH of the extract is reduced to the isoelectric pH of glycinin to induce protein precipitation.

U.S. Patent No. 4,418,013 relates to a substantially undenatured protein isolate formed from certain legumes and oil seeds, typically rapeseed (canola), by extracting protein from the source material with water and then diluting the resulting protein solution with more water. The dilution forms a dispersion of protein aggregates which are settled from the dispersion.

U.S. Patent No. 4,889,921 relates to the use of pH changes and membrane filtration to extract and separate protein fractions from oilseeds. This method has been used on canola and mustard meals, with the general target of food-quality material.

WO 95/27406 teaches that phytase can be added to water suspension of a soy-based starting material. Under controlled conditions of pH and temperature the phytate content is reduced.

Tzeng el al. (Journal of Food Science 1990. 55:1147-1156) describe production of canola protein materials by alkaline extraction, precipitation, and membrane processing. U.S. Patent No. 2,762,820 to Sugarman ("Process for simultaneously extracting oil and protein from oleaginous materials"), for example, describes a process for simultaneously extracting oil and protein from oil seeds. Peanuts are exemplified. Whole peanuts are ground to a slurry in an aqueous alkaline solution. The pH is then lowered, and heat is applied. Subsequent steps are then used to separate the protein and the oil. More recently, two approaches in the area of aqueous processing of canola involve the use of toasted or hexane-extracted meal or white flake as the feed material for aqueous extraction, and the use of mechanical methods to separate protein-rich materials from a mild aqueous extraction.

The technology of the first approach is described in WO 03/053157 Al ; U.S. PatentNo. 5,844,086; WO 97/27761 ; and in U.S. Patent Application 2005/0031767 Al . In these approaches, an aqueous salt solution is used to solubilize proteins from defatted (hexane- extracted) canola meal, and the proteins are recovered by chilling to get a sticky "protein micellar mass." Those patent references teach that the mild pH and low temperature extraction minimizes denaturing of the proteins and maximizes the quality of the protein product. Defatted meal from dehulled grain has been used to reduce the color of the protein products. The published yields of the process are low, with less than 40% of the protein extracted. The products from this aqueous processing of canola and their functionality for food applications are described in WO 03/075673 Al ; WO 03/034836 Al ; and WO 02/089598 Al. There are three main canola proteins: 2S (napin - albumin), 7S, and 12S (cruciferin) protein. Micellar mass contains primarily the 7S protein, and the 2S goes preferentially to the filtered isolate product (material that was soluble after the first protein precipitation step). The 12S protein is in both products but is more likely to be in the protein micellar mass.

Regarding the second approach, U.S. PatentNo. 6,800,308 B2 and WO 2004/047548 Al describe mainly mechanical methods to separate protein-rich materials from a mild aqueous extraction. This approach may also use phytase enzyme to dephytinize the material and may induce curdling with heat. The products of these processes are primarily used as animal feed, particularly fish feed, rather than human food markets.

US 2005/0136162 Al describes aqueous milling combined with enzymatic treatment and heat to create a range of products isolated by centrifugation, evaporation, and filtration. Overall protein extractions of 71 - 76% in four different protein-containing fractions are reported therein in Examples 1 and 4.

Before the subject invention, it was not possible to profitably obtain saleable feed and food protein products out of canola presscake, whole seed, white flake, or meal via aqueous extraction.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention reflects major shifts in paradigms in the art of canola processing, including milling (with preferred equipment) that achieves a significant particle size reduction, extraction of higher levels of protein from the starting material, the use of presscake as a starting material, and the production of a precipitated protein concentrates containing a nutritionally significant amount of oil. The subject invention also provides optimal pH ranges for extraction and recovery steps in these novel processes. The subject processes can be applied to, and offer similar advantages to, other oilseeds, such as sunflower seeds and flax seeds. The subject invention also includes novel feed compositions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 shows a simplified process flow diagram for conventional canola crushing and also indicates possible feed sources for an aqueous extraction process.

Figure 2 shows protein recovery from four types of canola starting materials processed using the Szego Mill.

Figures 3A and 3B show particle size distribution of Nexera and regular presscake achieved by different milling methods. Figure 3A shows Nexera canola before alkaline extraction. Figure 3B shows regular canola before alkaline extraction.

Figure 4A shows the effect of milling treatment on the protein extraction of Nexera canola press cake. This Figure also shows that more protein goes in AQ2, the protein product stream, and less is in the meal residue (MRl) as the intensity of milling increases from coffee mill to Waring blender to Szegδ mill.

Figure 4B shows the effect of milling treatment on the protein extraction of regular canola press cake. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the protein yields of Nexera and Regular canola press cakes. The Regular Canola press cake gave higher protein yields in the AQ2 extracts. However, with higher starting protein content and the amounts of protein and oil remaining in the MR2 (Figure 6), the mass of protein liquefied into the AQ2 per unit of starting press cake was higher with Nexera press cake than with Regular press cake (Figure 7). Figure 8 illustrates the extractability of single press cake.

Figure 9 illustrates the extractability of double press cake.

Figure 10 shows Process I: Direct Alkali Extraction with Wet Milled Canola Press Cake. Figure 11 shows Process II: 2-Step Extraction of Wet Milled Canola Press Cake with Emulsion Separation Prior to Alkali Extraction. Figure 12 - SDS PAGE of the soluble extracts. nc: Nexera canola; cc: conventional canola; bj: Brassica Juncea; br: Brassica rapa . Triangles denote that the bands were processed for N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF analysis

Figure 13 - SDS PAGE of the insoluble extracts. nc: Nexera canola; cc: conventional canola; bj : Brassica Juncea; br: Brassica rapa . AU marked bands were analyzed by MALDI-TOF; Bands marked with dots were also sequenced at their N- termini.

Figure 14 shows an amino acid breakdown of various samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the subject invention, it was not possible to profitably obtain saleable feed and food protein products out of canola presscake, whole seed, white flake, or meal via aqueous extraction. The subject invention relates in part to the identification of surprising, new, preferred processes for aqueous milling of press cakes to extract and recover protein fractions. The recovery of over 80% of protein is superior compared to published reports of other aqueous processes. The subject processes have unique and novel attributes. The precipitated protein concentrate (PPC) has higher oil content than other vegetable protein concentrates, making it a good product for fish feed. The subject invention includes a method in which precipitated protein concentrates (PPC, greater than 50% total protein) and soluble protein isolates (SPI, greater than 80% total protein) are produced from canola. There are many possible forms of vegetable material for use in extraction of oils and proteins. These include crushed seeds, press cake (seeds that that have been pressed to expel oils, but have not been subject to a solvent or other chemical extracts), white flake (seeds that have been crushed, and extracted with a solvent such as hexane to remove more oil), and the meal from a conventional crushing and solvent extraction process. The subject invention preferably involves the use of canola presscake as a starting material, the use of an aggressive grinding process that results in a measurable reduction in particle size, solubilization of residual oil and protein through an alkaline (pH > 10) aqueous extraction, separation of the oil- water emulsion from the aqueous fraction by centrifugation, removal of phytic acid from the aqueous fraction by treatment with calcium salts, and precipitation of a protein concentrate by adjusting the pH of the aqueous phase to pH < 5, recovery of a soluble protein isolate from the aqueous phase by ultraflltration/diafiltration and freeze or spray drying.

Of these steps, some of the most important, according to the subject invention, are milling (with preferred equipment) that achieves a significant particle size reduction, extraction of higher levels of protein from the starting material, the use of presscake as a starting material, and the production of a PPC containing a nutritionally significant amount of oil.

In examples of the subject invention, press cakes were wet milled using a large laboratory scale "Szego Mill" and an orbital ring-roller type mill developed at the University of Toronto. A water-to-cake ratio of 7 to 15 and a double-pass milling procedure were used. The resulting particle size was typically 50-60 microns. A lower water-to-cake ratio should be possible if a Szegδ Mill were installed in a continuous process with a positive feed for the coarse ground slurry of canola press cake. In the laboratory, press cake slurries were fed only by gravity to the Szegδ mill. Centrifugations were done using a standard lab swinging bucket centrifuge.

The subject invention provides optimal ranges for particle size of milled canola grain. Prior work on aqueous extraction of proteins from vegetable matter has not generally specified the kind of contacting required for maximum extraction of the proteins. Prior work also generally used agitation of solids with water in a stirred vessel. According to one aspect of the subject invention, particle size of the vegetable material is very important for maximizing protein extraction. It was found that aggressive milling of press cake increases the protein yield. In addition, the particle size is preferably achieved when the size reduction is done in the presence of water. Preferred ranges are mean particle sizes less than 100 microns, especially when a significant fraction (approximately 10-25%) are <10 microns. This is a target range for milling, so some variance can exist in the final product.

The subject invention also provides optimal pH ranges for extraction and recovery steps in these novel processes. For example, some preferred ranges are from pH 10 to pH 14, with a preferred target range between pH 11 and pH 12.5. Some preferred ranges for precipitation are from pH 1 to pH 5, with a preferred working range of pH 2-3.5. The subject alkali extraction is more robust than prior processes, so it can thus be applied to dehulled presscake in addition to conventional, non-dehulled presscake. It may also be applied to solvent extracted dehulled white flake. The subject invention provides a surprising, new aqueous process that effectively deals with emulsions and provides advantages such as a lower water to cake ratio, avoiding the need to dry hulls, and less phenolics (although some can still be present from the meats). Dehulling before aqueous extraction is also an option.

Processes of the subject invention can be applied across a wide spectrum of canola materials, such as seed, presscake, white flake, and meal. However, according to the subject invention, presscake is a preferred starting material. Defatted canola white flake is another possibility as there is no oil in the white flake, which would make the process cheaper and simpler for protein recovery.

The presence of oil and emulsions are major differences between seed and presscake extraction, versus white flake or meal extraction. Oil and emulsions are present only with seed and press cake. Thus, white flake was heretofore a preferred starting material for aqueous extraction because a major processing cost was eliminated from the protein isolation process.

The meal from conventional canola crashing and solvent extraction has a low value, due to the presence of anti -nutritional compounds and a low quality protein. Phytate, phenolics, and residual glucosinolates are common problems for feed and food from all the materials (meal, white flake, press cake, and whole seed), depending on the applications. Their impact on the aqueous or alcohol based processes varies depending on the desired end product.

Aqueous extraction of crushed seeds produces a large volume of an emulsion phase from which it can be difficult to recover oil, a valuable component of the seeds. Thus, in terms of oil yield, press cake, white flake, and meal should be preferred to seeds. Conventional pressing and solvent extraction uses a high temperature process to remove residual solvent, which can degrade the quality and quantity of the remaining protein, so meal should be the worst starting material for protein extraction. From these thoughts, one would expect white flake or press cake to the preferred starting materials for aqueous extraction. However, many prior efforts have focused on trying to upgrade oilseed meal or white flake, rather than presscake or whole seed. Another difference is the present use of press cake (both single and double) as the feed material. Figure 1 shows a simplified process flow diagram for conventional canola crushing and also indicates possible feed sources for an aqueous extraction process. Single press cake is produced from grain which has been flaked and cooked, but not de-hulled or exposed to solvents. Double press cake, which is not produced in most current canola crushing plants, is simply a second pressing of the meal from a single press, typically after a second heating step, to free additional oil without using a solvent. According to the subject invention, using presscake offers some unique advantages that are not previously described or suggested, including: less heat history and degradation of proteins, complete avoidance of organic solvents, and the ability to recover most of the oil as free oil from the presses. By removing the majority of the oil before contacting water, the amount of emulsion made and the quantity of water required should be greatly reduced compared to wet milling of grains.

The subject aqueous processes typically produce three protein products: a precipitated protein concentrate (PPC)₅ soluble protein isolate (SPI) and a meal residue (in general, MR, or MRl or MR2 if referring to a specific degree of washing or flowsheet label). The meal residue is similar to the current meal, and would be useful as a ruminant feed. The SPI is a high quality protein that may be useful in food applications.

PPCs of the subject invention have several novel features. One is the oil content, an unexpected attribute of our process. We had expected the oil from an aqueous extraction of press cake to go essentially completely into the emulsion phase (EMl), but some oil components (hexane extractables) are preferentially bound to the PPC. This is potentially of great utility in using the PPC as a fish feed, since oil is often added into fish rations for its energy content. The PPC also has low phytate content and low crude fiber content, both of which make it suitable for monogastric animals. Crude fiber (which contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) was analyzed using the method outlined in AOAC (1984), Official Methods of Analysis, 11^th Ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. The canola precipitated protein concentrate (PPC) and soluble protein isolate (SPI) of the subject invention are preferably targeted for different feed markets. SPI solubility adds value, especially for certain feed formulations such as calf starter. Generally for food uses, protein products are purchased based on physical/chemical functionality, color, and taste; they are not purchased on the basis of nutrition. The subject processes can be applied to, and offer similar advantages to, other oilseeds, such as sunflower seeds, flax seeds, safflower, and sesame seeds.

Food compositions for humans can be produced according to the subject processes, as well as feed compositions for other animals, including cows, fish, chicken, pigs and the like. Various formulations and feeds can be made from the products of the subject processes. Examples include nutraceuticals (a feed or food that has had its nutritional value enhanced by pharmaceuticals, also spelled as nutriceutical). Various additives, flavoring, and the like can also be combined with the subject feed and food compositions. Such additives and agents can increase the food acceptability, palatability, and/or digestibility of the feed/food to the target animal. Additives can further increase the already-good nutritional content of foods and feeds produced according to the subject invention.

For example, it is believed that primary modes of feed detection by fish are through olfaction or sight, but the taste of the item is the main factor in determining whether the item is swallowed or rejected (Adron and Mackie, 1978). There appears to be a well-defined and species-specific tuning of the taste receptors offish for the particular cues present in their feed items (Goh and Tamura, 1980). Many researchers and feed manufacturers have attempted to add substances to fish feeds to enhance palatability and feed acceptance. This focus has taken particular importance in the production of larval and starter feeds, where feed acceptability is a major concern.

Carr (1982) identified four major characteristics of feeding stimulants for fish that were derived from animal tissues: (1) they have a low molecular weight (<l,000), (2) they contain nitrogen, (3) they are nonvolatile and water-soluble, and (4) they are amphoteric (have both acid and base properties simultaneously). Several substances or groups of substances for which these generalizations apply, such as amino acids, betaine, and inosine, have improved feeding behavior in carnivorous and omnivorous species (as reviewed by Atema [1980], Carr [1982], Mackie [1982], Adams and Johnsen [1986a], Rumsey [1986]). Harada (1989) has shown that some dipeptides elicit a greater feeding response than either of the constituent amino acids presented alone for abalone. Few data exist on feeding stimulants for herbivorous species, but in four studies using Zulu's tilapia (Adams and Johnsen, 1986a,b; Johnsen and Adams, 1986; Adams et al., 1988), organic acids along with certain amino acids were found to be stimulatory. Feeding was stimulated by the organic acid, dimethyl-β-propiothetin, in goldfish, common carp, and tilapia (Nakajima et al., 1989).

When data on the effectiveness of the various feeding stimulants containing amino nitrogen are considered, a pattern seems to emerge relating to the feeding behavior of the fish and the type of compounds that are stimulatory. In general, carnivores show the greatest positive response to alkaline and neutral substances, such as glycine, proline, taurine, valine, and betaine, while herbivores respond more to other components.

The subject invention also includes blends of feed compositions, comprising one or more of the subject press cakes. Also included in the subject invention are one or more presscakes of the subject invention combined with different oil seed sources. See e.g. WO 2007056823, U.S. Patent Nos. 7,176,350, 7,211 ,286 (WO 20903/075673), and 7,211,288, and published U.S. applications 20070004908, 20070065567, 20070015910, 20060286269, and 20070014909. One reason for such blends is to obtain feeds with particular amino acid profiles, particularly with respect to the essential amino acids. For example, soy feed is high in the essential amino acid lysine, while canola / Brassica is high in the essential amino acid methionine. Other sources can be used to supply higher levels of tryptophan (another essential amino acid), for example. Protein fractions of the subject invention are also especially useful for high-protein sports drinks, such as versions of GATORADE.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted. EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 - USE OF PRESSCAKE FOR IMPROVED PROTEIN EXTRACTION

An aqueous extraction process was examined on four types of feed material (seeds, presscake, white flake, and commercial meal) for which Nexera™ canola seeds were the ultimate starting material. The white flake was obtained in the laboratory by extracting the oil from a sample of Nexera press cake (Soxhlet method with hexane). The resulting defatted press cake was then air dried. The same aqueous extraction process was used: the vegetable mater was wet milled so that a significant fraction (about 10-25%) of material was less than 10 microns in diameter, the pH was made alkaline (>10), solids removed (to produce a meal residue, "MRl"), emulsion removed (EMl), and MRl was washed with water to produce the final meal residue ("MR2"). The liquids separated from the MR2 and EMl were polish filtered to create an aqueous alkaline stream with soluble proteins (AQ2). The AQ 2 stream can be further treated by a variety of means (pH changes, centrifugations, fϊltrations, ultrafiltrations, diafiltrations, and the like) to produce precipitated and soluble protein fractions, but in these experiments, we measured the protein in AQ2 a quantitative measure of the protein extracted - a direct measure of a key performance description for a protein extraction process.

The results of the runs are shown in Figure 2. Press cake is clearly the preferred feed stock in terms of protein yield. The difference between press cake and white flake was surprising. Table 1 shows disturibution of oil and protein following milling with Szego Mill and alkaline extraction of Nexera crushed meal and presscake. Table 2 shows shows disturibution of oil and protein following milling with Szego Mill and alkaline extraction of Nexera crushed meal and white flake.

The following observations were made based on these experiments and results:

1. Application of the wet milling and alkali extraction procedures to Nexera press cake gave the highest protein recovery in the aqueous phase (Figure 2).

2. In spite of the washing of Meal Residue 1 , there is still 21 % protein remaining in the Meal Residue 2 when starting with commercial Nexera meal. Desolventization and toasting of the white flake in the commercial process reduced the solubility of the protein in Nexera meal.

3. There is a considerable amount of a hexane extractable (oil) remaining in the aqueous extract (AQ2) following the wet milling of whole Nexera seeds followed by alkali extraction and centrifugation. Removal of additional hexane extractable in AQ2 by further centrifugation resulted in only 0.2% oil reduction in the dried solids. 4. Alkali extraction of white flake produced an extremely dark colored extract and meal residue. The intensity of the dark color from white flake versus press cake or meal was not expected.

EXAMPLE 2 - AGGRESSIVE MILLING OF PRESSCAKE INCREASES THE PROTEIN YIELD

The effects of milling conditions were explored by conducting an aqueous extraction process on press cake from a conventional canola meal, but using three different milling methods.

The first method was to grind the material dry using a conventional coffee mill. This was the least intensive form of milling. The second was to grind the material wet, in a conventional lab blender (Waring). The third, most vigorous method was to wet mill the solids using a Szego mill, a high-intensity mill using in mineral processing and other applications.

The size reduction of Nexera and regular presscake achieved by different milling methods is shown in Figure 3 A (Nexera canola - before alkaline extract) and Figure 3B (regular canola - before alkaline extract). As these Figures illustrate, the two wet milling methods made a significant fraction of particles less than 10 micrometers.

The results, shown in Figure 4, show that more protein goes in AQ2, the protein product stream, and less is in the meal residue (MRl) as the intensity of milling increases from coffee mill to Waring blender to Szegδ mill. The following observations were made based on these experiments and results:

1. No free oil was observed in any of the milling experiments after centrifugation of the alkaline slurry starting with either Nexera or Regular canola press cake.

2. The determination of the oil content for AQ2 from the Nexera press cake by each of the milling methods was measured using an NMR instrument. The results are shown in Table 3. The distributions of oil from the Nexera and Regular canola press cake materials were similar. See Table 4. The greatest amount of residual oil remaining in the AQ2 occurred with use of the Waring blender.

3. The characteristics of the emulsion obtained with the Waring blender and the

Szegδ Mill were similar in appearance and thickness. The emulsions obtained with use of the coffee grinder were difficult to separate and quantify. The emulsion was loose and didn't compact well on centrifugation. Some solids were retained on the filter after vacuum filtration of the aqueous extracts. 4. The meal residues obtained with the Waring B lender and the coffee grinder were similar in appearance and color. The MR had a coarse ground appearance and Dijon mustard brown color.

5. The meal residues obtained with the Szegδ Mill were very well mixed, compacted and dark chocolate brown in color. Laboratory separation of the products was easiest with the Szegδ Mill treatment.

6. Washing the meal residue (MRl) resulted in the recovery of more liquefied protein and oil from the residue. The washed MR2 from the coffee grinder and Waring blender treatments were more compacted than the corresponding MRl residues. Visually, there appeared to be some residual oil remaining in the MR2, and this was confirmed analytically. The MRl and MR2 of the Szegδ Mill treatments were more similar in appearance.

7. The protein yields of the products are illustrated in Figure 4B. Protein extraction yields were highest with use of the Szegδ Mill. This equated to a 5 - 8% advantage in the mass of protein liquefied into the AQ2 compared to the comparable coffee mill treatments of Nexera or Regular canola press cake, respectively. 8. The protein yields of Nexera and Regular canola press cakes are compared in

Figure 5. The Regular Canola press cake gave higher protein yields in the AQ2 extracts. However, with higher starting protein content and the amounts of protein and oil remaining in the MR2 (Figure 6), the mass of protein liquefied into the AQ2 per unit of starting press cake was higher with Nexera press cake than with Regular press cake (Figure 7). 9. Applicability of the process to a variety of Canola types: the amount and quality of the oil and protein produced from a canola press cake is related to the composition of the initial seed material. Figure 5 shows that increasing extraction of protein into AQ2 with increasing degree of milling for both Nexera seeds and regular canola seeds. Figure 7 shows similar results, but on an absolute basis (total grams) rather than a relative one. The higher concentration of protein in the Nexera seeds compared to conventional seeds led to a greater mass of protein extracted from the Nexera seeds. Similar results were achieved using regular canola seeds.

EXAMPLE 3 - DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARISON OF TWO PROCESSES

The feed materials for this work were obtained from two commercial canola crushers. i. Prepress expellers and hexane solvent extraction were used to produce a blend of expeller and solvent extracted crude canola oil and a residual solvent extracted meal with ~ 2% residual oil content. The press cake was from Nexera grains, ii. Double presscake was produced from regular canola seeds in a commercial plant by using high pressure expellers in series. The products of this process were a crude canola expeller oil and a residual double pressed canola press cake with ~

8% residual oil content. This canola meal was not solvent extracted.

The proximate analysis of the process intermediate samples for these two presscake products are presented in Tables 6 & 7.

Extractabilitv versus pH

Data for the weight percentage extraction of protein versus pH were needed to determine the appropriate pH for extraction and recovery steps for the process. These data are shown in Figures 8 and 9, and show the potential for high recovery of protein using alkaline conditions for extraction. Process options investigated

Two processing schemes were evaluated to extract protein and oil from single press cake: i. Process I - direct alkali extraction of wet milled press cake. This process is simple and does not involve separation of the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion prior to alkali extraction. Figure 10 shows Process I: Direct Alkali Extraction with Wet Milled Canola Press Cake. ii. Process II - two-stage sequence with O/W emulsion separation after wet milling and prior to alkali extraction. This process scheme was pursued with the intent of removing as much oil as possible from the insolubles prior to alkali extraction, and minimizing the amount of oil that might be retained in the PPC (precipitated protein concentrate). This process involved many additional steps that were more complex than those in Process I. Figure 11 shows Process II: Two-Step Extraction of Wet Milled Canola Press Cake with Emulsion Separation Prior to Alkali Extraction.

Both processes can produce these products: i. Precipitated Protein Concentrate (PPC) with >60% protein and > 10% oil content. ii. Soluble Protein Isolate (SPI) with > 90% protein content and less than 2% oil. iii. Meal Residue (MR). iv. Oil-in- Water Emulsion with oil, protein and phospholipids and trace minerals. v. Solubles (containing non protein nitrogen, small peptides and other constituents) - these are materials not recovered as above from the extraction water.

Constituents include non protein nitrogen (NPN)₃ soluble carbohydrates, phytate, small peptides, polyphenolics, and minerals. These should have feed value or could serve as a substrate added to the fermentation of starch grains and cellulosic waste to produce ethanol. The solubles were not investigated further for this work. Mass balance results

Product distributions and yields from single experiments of each process are shown in

Tables 8 and 9. Based on the higher yield of PPC and simplicity of Process I (Direct Alkali

Extraction), it is a more "preferred" process. Process I requires fewer process steps and equipment than Process II. There was also less material lost in the laboratory with Process I than with Process II.

Approximately 80% of original protein in single press cake can be recovered in Process I as a Precipitated Protein Concentrate (PPC), Soluble Protein Isolate (SPI) and Meal Residue (MR). More than 70% of the oil in the starting canola press cake and a small amount of protein is recovered in an O/W emulsion. The oil in the emulsion and the single press oil account for 90% of the oil in the grain.The oil, PPC and SPI yields from the single press material shown in Tables 8 and 9 were superior to those from the double press cake, so single press material is more preferred than double presscake as a feed material.

Use of a single press cake could be more readily integrated into traditional canola processing, since most current canola crushers use a single press process. If double press cake were to be processed, an even more simple processing scheme could be contemplated than is shown in Process I. The initial O/W emulsion produced is not broken, but is added back to one of the PPC, SPI or MR, and the blended material dried. While additional free canola oil would not be produced in this situation, the oil, protein and phospholipids (essential to the construction of the O/W emulsion) are nutritionally useful and would add to the feed value of the PPC, SPI or MR. Further optimizations of the double press operating conditions (heating, moisture, and the like) can be performed to improve the quality of the press cake for aqueous extraction. Product properties The proximate analysis of the products from Process I are shown in Table 10.

Based on these analyses, the PPC should be suitable for use in fish and monogastric feeds. PPC contains approximately 66.5% protein, 10.5% oil and 17.3% carbohydrate. The high oil content of the PPC is novel to the subject processes and has not been reported in other competing products. This oil should provide a high energy feed for aquaculture use. The crude fibre contents of PPC and SPI were both very low (<0.2%). The crude fiber content is much lower than the suggested maximum level of crude fiber in fish feed (<5 %). The SPI can be used in several feed, food, and industrial applications.

The amino acid profiles for the SPI and PPC are shown in Table 11. These results show that the quality of the PPC and SPI from this process is very good, and can be used for food and feed applications. The PPC contained higher percentages of essential amino acids than SPI, and compares favorably with soy protein concentrate. The PPC obtained from Process I and Process II had similar profiles of amino acids. The PPC profile is similar to those reported in WO 03/075673, WO 03/034836, and WO 02/08598 for 7S and 12S canola proteins. The SPI from both processes were also similar. The SPI profile is similar to the 2S protein reported in WO 03/075673, WO 03/034836, and WO 02/08598.

EXAMPLE 4 - EMULSION BREAKING AND DEPHYTINΪZATION

In order to recover valuable free oil from the Oil/Water emulsion phase, the emulsion membrane would need to be ruptured ("broken")- Thermal, chemical (acids & bases), and enzymatic methods were investigated to break the emulsion. The emulsion was broken using a 1% protease from Bacillus sp. or by using degumming acids (such as food grade acids typically used for degumming crude canola oil, such as citric or phosphoric acids at 2500 ppm) and heat (such as 85 ⁰C). Approximately 65% of the oil in the O/W can be recovered as free oil. Acid degumming of crude canola oil is a standard process, so this step may be able to use existing equipment and technology.

The use of citric or phosphoric acid at 2500 ppm might be a more cost effective than a 1% protease treatment. However, the yield of free oil achieved using certain protease appears to be higher than the yield from acid treatments. The PPC and SPI were easily dephytinized. Treatments of the alkali extract with phytase and CaC12 were equally effective in reducing the phytate contents of the PPC and SPI to well below 1%. Treatment with CaC12 is expected to be more cost effective than with phytase. However, the dephytinized PPC obtained using CaC12 treatment was darker in color than the PPC dephytinized using phytase.

Carbohydrase enzyme treatments of a wet milled slurry of canola press cake followed by alkali extraction resulted in only ~ 3-5% increase in oil and protein liquefaction from the starting canola press cake.

EXAMPLE 5 - EXTRACTION OF SUNFLOWER PRESSCAKE

Additional oilseed samples are being evaluated for compatibility with the subject system. One of the first examples of this is the use of high oleic sunflower presscake as a feedstock for the process.

A sample of commercially prepared high oleic presscake was received from a crushing plant. The presscake was produced by the screw press extrusion of whole sunflower seed (including hull material). The proximate analysis of the presscake is as listed below in Table 12:

Samples (25g) of the sunflower presscake were homogenized using a Polytron homogenizer in 15OmLs tap water containing 1 OmM calcium chloride. In some experiments, the pH of the homogenate was adjusted to between pH 1 1-12 with sodium hydroxide after homogenization, while in others the tissue was homogenized with sufficient sodium hydroxide added to bring the homogenate to between pH 1 1-12. The sample was either stirred for 20 minutes after homogenization and pH adjustment, or processed immediately after homogenization. After homogenizing and stirring, the sample was filtered through a 60 mesh (250 micron) screen under vacuum, or centrifuged in a swinging bucket centrifuge. After separation of the liquid layer from the tissue residue, the residue was washed with an additional 75-100 mLs of tap water, and the wash was combined with the previous aqueous extract after filtration or centrifugation. The residual tissue residue was dried in a vacuum oven, and designated Meal Residue (MR).

The aqueous extracts were filtered through Whatman #1 paper to remove fine particles, and the solution was brought to 0.2M calcium chloride by the addition of either solid calcium chloride dehydrate or a sufficient volume of 2M calcium chloride. The pH of the solution was lowered to pH 3 to 3.5 by the addition of hydrochloric acid with stirring. The solution was transferred to a centrifuge bottle, and a precipitate was collected by centrifugation. The supernatant solution was decanted, and the tissue pellet was suspended in 100 mLs deionized water acidified to pH 3-4 with hydrochloric acid. The suspension was centrifuged again, and the supernatant was combined with the first supernatant. The pellet was suspended in deionized water, transferred to a flask, frozen, and lyophilized. The recovered mass was designated PPC

(precipitated protein concentrate).

The remaining aqueous solution was filtered through celite and placed in dialysis tubing

(molecular weight cut off of 1 kda). The samples were dialyzed against deionized water with 4 changes of water over 48 hours. The solution was then transferred to a flask, frozen, and freeze dried. The mass of the recovered, dried material was determined, and the sample was designated

SPl (soluble protein isolate).

The recovered samples are being submitted for oil and protein analysis. Table 13 lists the mass recovery of the different fractions from several experiments.

The results show that similar protein fractions can be obtained by the subject aqueous oilseed process techniques using whole sunflower presscake as the feedstock. Table 14 shows content of major fatty acids in sunflower oil from presscake and PPC.

EXAMPLE 6 - OIL PROPERTIES

The compositional properties of the canola presscake oil and the oil component of the PPC were compared. Canola presscake (25g) was extracted with hexane in a soxhlet extraction apparatus for 6 hours, and the hexane extract recovered by rotary evaporation. Aliquots of PPC (I-2g) were extracted with hexane (4 x 2OmLs) by shaking in a sealed tube at room temperature (30 minutes) followed by centrifugation and recovery of the hexane supernatant. The combined hexane extracts were pooled, filtered, the extracted material recovered by rotary evaporation. The recovered hexane extracts were analyzed for fatty acid profile, lipid classes, tocopherol content, and sterol content. The results are shown in the tables below:

The fatty acid and lipid class profiles of the presscake and PPC oil are essentially identical, indicating the PPC oil composition will reflect the composition of the presscake oil. Tocopherol content was reduced in the PPC oil, although the tocopherol profile reflects that of the presscake oil. The PPC oil was somewhat enriched in free sterols relative to the presscake oil, and contained the same amount of esterified sterols. From these results, it can be concluded that the PPC will contain oil that reflects the properties of the original presscake sample, and any nutritional benefits of the presscake oil will be mirrored in the PPC oil.

EXAMPLE 7 - FURTHER USES AND PARAMETER CHANGE

Methods described herein, relating to presscake alkaline extraction with aggressive particle size reduction and phytate removal, can be used to obtained better protein extraction, low phytate PPC, and oil containing PPC. The subject processes can be extended to other oilseeds, such as sunflower, B. juncea (yellow mustard), cottonseed, flax, safflower, rapeseed, and soybean.

Various other feedstocks can be used according to the subject invention. Reduced phenolic canola can be used as a feedstock. Such feedstock includes yellow seedcoat and reduced sinapine (traditional and transgenic) lines. The subject invention includes the use of any reduced phenolic germplasm for any form of protein isolation from canola (including the use of presscake, whole seed, and defatted meal including toasted and whiteftake). Other oilseed preferred feedstocks include high lignan flaxseed and low gossypol cottonseed Other preferred canola feedstocks for novel processing include: a. Germplasm with reduced fiber content b. Germplasm with certain total protein and oil contents c. Germplasm with Natreon profile, or any other high oleic or low linolenic combination d. Germplasm with altered cruciferin/napin profiles e. Germplasm with improved oil stability f. Reduced or low sat germplasm g. Germplasm with certain tocopherol and sterol profiles h. Reduced shattering or low chlorophyll content germplasm Various modifications can be made to processes exemplified herein, including:

(1) Use of calcium hydroxide for alkaline extraction/phytate removal

(2) Suppression of phenolic-protein interactions by additives during extraction

(3) Treatment of PPC to remove other components, including: i. Immobilized lipase treatment to remove oil ii . Treatment with carbohydrase enzymes to remove carbohydrate fraction of

PPC

One skilled in the art, having the benefits of the subject disclosure, will also recognize that this invention enables novel uses for the subject oil emulsions, and novel uses for extracted meal residue for, for example, biogas production, bioethanol production, and building materials.

EXAMPLE 8 - LARGE SCALE EXTRACTION

The extraction of proteins from canola presscake was also accomplished on a larger, continuous scale. 51 kg of canola presscake was milled with 314 kg of water and 9.7 kg of 70% NaOH solution continuously over 350 minutes using a three-head IKA rotor/stator homogenizer to produce a milled slurry with a mean particle size of 108 microns. 198 kg of a meal residue product (7.6 kg of protein) was removed using a decanter centrifuge, and 21 kg of a light emulsion phase was removed from the centrate using a disc stack centrifuge. 11.4 kg of a 62% CaCl₂ solution and 3.1 of a 75% HCl solution were added to the heavy phase from the disc stack centrifuge to solubilize phytates and cause certain proteins to precipitate. The precipitated proteins were removed as 72 kg of a slurry using a second disc stack centrifuge, leaving 104 kg of a clarified soluble protein solution. The precipitated protein slurry was later washed with distilled water and passed again through the disc stack centrifuge to produce 67 kg of a washed precipitated protein slurry. The dry-basis composition of this slurry was 64% protein and 26% oil, which is a composition appropriate for applications such as fish feed. Various runs were used to create precipitated protein concentrates (PPCs) with about 18-33% oil, with most runs yielding about 24% oil Such processes can also be used and further modified according to the subject invention to increase oil content to over 40%.

EXAMPLE 9 - FLAXSEED PRESSCAKE

Single press presscake of flaxseed was obtained from a commercial source. The sample was ground in a coffee mill to break up large pieces. A 25 gram sample was homogenized with a Polytron for 2 minutes in 20OmL tap water containing 1 OmM calcium chloride. The homogenate was adjusted to a pH of 4-4.5 with HCl, and 0.5mL of a commercial beta-glucanase enzyme complex added. The solution was heated to 45 degrees and stirred for 3 hours. Sodium hydroxide (10N) was added to apH between pH 11-12, and the solution stirred for 20 minutes. The solution was centrifuged in a swinging bucket centrifuge at 2500 rpm, and the supernatant vacuum filtered through Whatman 113 paper. The meal pellet was suspended in 10OmLs tap water, homogenized for 30 seconds with a Polytron, and the solution centrifuged again and the supernatant filtered and combined with the previous supernatant. The solution was centrifuged in a high speed fixed angle centrifuge rotor at 7000 rpm, and the aqueous layer removed with a pipet and filtered through Whatman 54 paper. The filtrate was stirred and a solution of 2M calcium chloride in 1OmM HCl was added to a final concentration of 0.15M. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 3.5 with hydrochloric acid (5N) and the precipitate isolated by centrifugation in a high speed fixed angle centrifuge rotor at 7000 rpm. The supernatant was decanted, and the pellet suspended in 10OmLs deiom^'zed water acidified to pH 3.5 with HCl. The solution was centrifuged again, and the supernatant combined with the previous supernatant. The pellet was suspended in deionized water, and recovered by freeze drying. The pooled supernatants were concentrated by ultrafiltration using a 10kd molecular cut-off membrane. After concentration, the solution was transferred to dialysis tubing (10kd MWCO) and dialyzed for 24 hours against deionized water with several changed of water. The dialyzed solution was then recovered by freeze drying. Table 19 summarizes the recovery of PPC and SPI from the flax presscake.

The PPC had an oil content of 18% (hexane extraction). The fatty acid profile of the oil is listed in Table 20:

EXAMPLE 10 - BRASSICA RAPA.

A grain sample of a commercial B. rapa variety, AC Parkland, was extruded through a small oilseed press (Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE-705 94, Orebro, Sweden) to produce a presscake that contained 24.0% protein (total N x 6.25) and 23.3% oil. A 25 g sample of presscake was homogenized in 20OmLs tap water with a rotor-stator homogenizer at high speed, and the resulting slurry adjusted to pH 11.5 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

The homogenate was stirred for 20 minutes, then transferred to centrifuge bottles and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm in a centrifuge equipped with a swinging bucket rotor. The supernatant was filtered through a coarse filter paper (Fisherbrand P8) on a Buchner funnel. The solid residue in the centrifuge bottles was resuspended in 10OmLs tap water and centrifuged as before. The supernatants were combined, and the solid meal residue was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C.

The aqueous solution was transferred to centrifuge bottles and centrifuged in a fixed angle rotor at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. The bottles were uncapped, and the solid emulsion layer carefully removed with a spatula. The aqueous layer was transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the recovered volume, then poured into a beaker and stirred.

The solution was adjusted to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by addition of a 2M calcium chloride solution. The pH of the solution was then adjusted to pH 3.5 with the dropwise addition of 5N HCL The solution was transferred to centrifuge bottles and centrifuged at 7000 rpm in a fixed angle rotor for 10 minutes, and the aqueous supernatant decanted into a flask (SPS solution).

The solid pellet was resuspended in 10OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant (PPC wash solution) was decanted, dialyzed against deionized water in a 5kd MWCO dialysis bag, then frozen and freeze dried. Only ~80mg of protein was recovered in this wash solution, indicating little additional recovery of protein from the wash solution. The protein pellet was suspended in a minimum amount of deionized water, transferred to a flask, frozen, and freeze dried. The recovered powder was designated as the PPC-I fraction. The SPS solution was adjusted to pH 7 with IN NaOH, and centrifuged to remove a solid precipitate that formed.

The supernatant solution was filtered through a 0.45um membrane filter, and concentrated on by ultrafiltration using a 5kd polyethersulfone membrane. After the solution volume had been reduced to -5OmLs₅ the solution was diafiltered by adding deionized water to the UF system at the same rate permeate solution was removed. After ~500mL deionized water had passed through the system, the concentrated- diafiltered protein solution was recovered, frozen, and freeze dried.

The oil content of the PPC-I protein was determined by exhaustive hexane extraction of an aliquot of freeze dried protein powder. The total N content of the samples were determined by Dumas combustion, and the total protein content calculated as total N x 6.25. The product yields are shown in the following table:

EXAMPLE 11 - BRASSICA JUNCEA

Grain samples from three varieties of Brassica juncea, Zem-1 , Zera-2, Uniimk 405, were obtained from a plant breeder. Presscake samples were prepared by extruding whole grain through a small oilseed press (Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE-705 94, Orebro, Sweden) to produce three presscakes.

Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing 4Og alϊquots of presscake starting material in 32OmLs tap water using a rotor-stator homogenizer at high speed. The slurry was adjusted to pH 11-12 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and stirred for 20 minutes. The slurry was then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm in a centrifuge with a swinging bucket rotor (Beckman J-6). The supernatant solution was filtered through a coarse filter paper (Whatman 113) on a Buchner funnel.

The meal pellet was suspended in 16OmLs tap water and centrifuged again, and the supernatant filtered and combined with the previous supernatant. The meal residue was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C. The filtered aqueous solution was centrifuged at 7000rpm in 20OmL centrifuge bottles in a fixed angle rotor. The floating emulsion layer was carefully removed with a spatula, and the aqueous layer transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the total volume.

The solution was then placed in a beaker and stirred, and brought to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by the addition of a 2M CaC12 solution. A solution of 5N HCl was added to bring the pH to 3.4-3.6, and the resulting slurry centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes.

The aqueous layer (SPS) was decanted into a flask, and the remaining pellet suspended in 150- 18OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again. The resulting wash solution supernatant was either combined with the SPS solution (Zem-2) or dialyzed against deionized water using 6-8kd MWCO dialysis tubing and freeze dried. The wash solutions typically yielded only 200-300mg protein, indicating only minor amounts of protein were recovered by this step. The washed PPC pellet was suspended in a minimum volume of deionized water, frozen and lyophilized. The SPS solutions was either filtered directly through a 0.45um membrane filter (Uniimk 405) or adjusted to pH 6.5-7 with IN NaOH and centrifuged to remove a precipitate prior to filtration (Zem-1 and Zem-2).

The filtered solution was concentrated by ultrafiltration on a 5kd MWCO membrane system to -5OmLs, and then diafiltered with ~300mLs deionized water. The concentrated diafiltered solution was recovered, centrifuged to remove any precipitate that formed, then frozen and freeze dried.

EXAMPLE 12 - SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS)

Samples of commercial birdseed quality safflower were obtained from a retail feed store (Wild Birds Unlimited). A sample of an experimental high oleic safflower variety was obtained from a plant breeder. Presscake samples were prepared by extruding whole grain through a small oilseed press (Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE-705 94, Orebro, Sweden) to produce two presscakes.

Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing 4Og aliquots of presscake starting material in 300-32OmLs tap water using a rotor-stator homogenizer at high speed. The slurry was adjusted to pHl 1-12 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and stirred for 20 minutes. The slurry was then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm in a centrifuge with a swinging bucket rotor (Beckman J-6).

The supernatant solution was filtered through a coarse filter paper (Whatman 1 13 or Fisherbrand P8) on a Buchner funnel. The meal pellet was suspended in 150- 16OmLs tap water and centrifuged again, and the supernatant filtered and combined with the previous supernatant. The meal residue was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C.

The filtered aqueous solution was centrifuged at 7000rpm in 20OmL centri fuge bottles in a fixed angle rotor. The floating emulsion layer was carefully removed with a spatula, and the aqueous layer transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the total volume.

The solution was then placed in a beaker and stirred, and brought to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by the addition of a 2M CaC12 solution. A solution of 5N HCl was added to bring the pH to 3.4-3.6, and the resulting slurry centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. The aqueous layer (SPS) was decanted into a flask, and the remaining pellet suspended in 10OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again.

The resulting wash solution supernatant was either combined with the SPS solution (high oleic safflower) or dialyzed against deionized water in a 6-8kd MWCO dialysis tubing and freeze dried (birdseed quality safflower). The wash solutions typically yielded only ~100mg dry material. The washed PPC pellet was suspended in a minimum volume of deionized water, frozen and lyophilized. The SPS solutions were adjusted to pH 6.5-7 by the addition of IN NaOH. The birdseed quality safflower extract was filtered through a 0.45um membrane filter directly, while the high oleic safflower was centrifuged prior to filtration to remove a precipitate that had formed. The filtered solutions were concentrated by ultrafiltration on a 5kd MWCO membrane system to -5OmLs, and then diafϊltered with ~300mLs deionized water. The concentrated diafiltered solution was recovered, centrifuged to remove any precipitate that formed, then frozen and freeze dried.

The oil content of the PPC-I protein was determined by exhaustive hexane extraction of an aliquot of freeze dried protein powder. The total N content of the samples were determined by Dumas combustion, and the total protein content calculated as total N x 6.25. The product yields are shown in the following table: Table 23.

EXAMPLE 13 - SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM)

A sample of white oilseed sesame was obtained. Presscake samples were prepared by extruding whole grain through a small oilseed press (Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE-705 94, Orebro, Sweden) to produce a presscake containing 39.2% protein and 31.90% oil.

Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing 25 g aliquots of presscake starting material in 20OmLs tap water containing 0.05M NaCl using a rotor-stator homogenizer at high speed. The slurry was adjusted to pH 11-12 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and stirred for 20 minutes. The slurry was then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm in a centrifuge with a swinging bucket rotor (Beckman J-6).

The supernatant solution was filtered through a coarse filter paper (Whatman 1 13) on a Buchner funnel. The meal pellet was suspended in 20OmLs tap water and centrifuged again, and the supernatant filtered and combined with the previous supernatant. The meal residue was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C.

The filtered aqueous solution was centrifuged at 7000rpm in 20OmL centrifuge bottles in a fixed angle rotor. The floating emulsion layer was carefully removed with a spatula, and the aqueous layer filtered through a glass fiber filter on a Buchner funnel (Fisherbrand G6 filter), then transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the total volume. The solution was then placed in a beaker and stirred, and brought to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by the addition of a 2M CaCI2 solution. A solution of 5N HCl was added to bring the pH to 3.4-3.6, and the resulting slurry centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes.

The aqueous layer (SPS) was decanted into a flask, and the remaining pellet suspended in 10OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again. The resulting wash solution supernatant was either combined with the SPS solution. A noticeable precipitate formed when the wash solution was added to the SPS solution. The SPS solution was centrifuged and the resulting pellet was either added back to the PPC- 1 pellet (Batch A) or suspended in a minimum volume of water and freeze dried (Batch B, PPC-2 fraction).

The washed PPC-I pellet was suspended in a minimum volume of deionized water, frozen and lyophilized. The SPS solutions were filtered through a 0,45um membrane filter then concentrated by ultrafiltration on a 5kd MWCO membrane system to ~50mLs, then transferred to dialysis tubing (6-8kd MWCO) and dialyzed against deionized water with several changes of water. The dialyzed solution was recovered, centrifuged to remove any precipitate that formed, then frozen and freeze dried.

EXAMPLE 14 - COTTONSEED (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM, GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE)

Samples for (Minted Acala (G. hirsutum) and Pima (G. barbadense) cottonseed were obtained from Phytogen Seeds, Corcoran Ca. The Acala cotton seed samples included glandless and glanded varieties. Presscake samples were prepared by extruding whole grain through a small oilseed press

(Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE-705 94, Orebro, Sweden). Protein extracts were prepared by homogenizing 4Og aliquots of presscake in 300-32OmLs tap water using a rotor-stator homogenizer at high speed.

The slurry was adjusted to pHl l-12 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and stirred for 20 minutes. The slurry was then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm in a centrifuge with a swinging bucket rotor (Beckman J-6). The supernatant solution was filtered through a coarse filter paper (Whatman 113 or Fisherbrand P8) on a Buchner funnel.

The meal pellet was suspended in 150-16OmLs tap water and centrifuged again, and the supernatant filtered and combined with the previous supernatant. The meal residue was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C. The filtered aqueous solution was centrifuged at 7000rpm in 20OmL centrifuge bottles in a fixed angle rotor.

The floating emulsion layer was carefully removed with a spatula, and the aqueous layer transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the total volume. The solution was then placed in a beaker and stirred, and brought to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by the addition of a 2M CaC12 solution. A solution of 5N HCl was added to bring the pH to 3.4-3.6, and the resulting slurry centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes.

The aqueous layer (SPS) was decanted into a flask, and the remaining pellet suspended in 10OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again. The resulting wash solution supernatant was either combined with the SPS solution (Pima cotttonseed) or dialyzed against deionized water using 6-8kd MWCO dialysis tubing and freeze dried (Acala cottonseed).

The wash solutions typically yielded 200-400mg dry material. The washed PPC pellet was suspended in a minimum volume of deionized water, frozen and lyophilized. The SPS solutions were adjusted to pH 6.5-7 by the addition of IN NaOH.

The filtered solution was concentrated by ultrafiltration on a 5kd MWCO membrane system to ~50mLs, then either dialyzed (Acala cottonseed) against deionized water using 5kd dialysis tubing, or diafiltered using a 5kd ultrafiltration membrane. The concentrated diafϊltered or dialyzed solution was recovered, centrifuged to remove any precipitate that formed (insoluble isolate protein), then frozen and freeze dried.

The oil content of the PPC-I protein was determined by exhaustive hexane extraction of an aliquot of freeze dried protein powder. The total N content of the samples were determined by Dumas combustion, and the total protein content calculated as total N x 6.25. The product yields are shown in the following tables:

EXAMPLE 15 - SOYBEAN (GL YCINE MAX)

Commercially produced soybean grain was obtained from a local grower, and was extruded through a small oilseed press (Taby Type 20, Skeppsta Maskin AB, Taby Skeppsta, SE- 705 94, Orebro, Sweden) to produce a presscake that contained 43.5% protein (total N x 6.25) and 10.3% oil. A 25 g sample of presscake was homogenized in 20OmLs tap water with a rotor- stator homogenizer at high speed, and the resulting slurry adjusted to pH 11.6 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The homogenate was stirred for 20 minutes and then vacuum filtered through a 250um mesh plastic screen on a Buchner funnel.

The filter cake was washed with an additional 10OmLs tap water. The filter cake comprising the meal was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C. The aqueous solution was transferred to centrifuge bottles and centrifuged in a fixed angle rotor at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. The bottles were uncapped, and the solid emulsion layer carefully removed with a spatula.

The floating emulsion layer was carefully removed with a spatula, and the aqueous layer filtered through a glass fiber filter on a Buchner funnel (Fisherbrand G6 filter), then transferred to a graduated cylinder to determine the total volume before transferring to a beaker with a stir bar. The stirred solution was adjusted to a concentration of 0.15M CaC12 by addition of a 2M calcium chloride solution. The pH of the solution was then adjusted to pH 3.5 with the addition of 5N HCl.

The solution was transferred to centrifuge bottles and centrifuged at 7000 rpm in a fixed angle rotor for 10 minutes, and the aqueous supernatant decanted into a flask (SPS solution). The solid pellet was resuspended in 10OmLs deionized water and centrifuged again at 7000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant (PPC wash solution) was decanted, dialyzed against deionized water using 5kd MWCO dialysis tubing, then frozen and freeze dried. Only -40mg of dry material was recovered in this wash solution.

The protein pellet was suspended in a minimum amount of deionized water, transferred to a flask, frozen, and freeze dried. The recovered powder was designated as the PPC-I fraction. The SPS solution was filtered through a 0.45um membrane filter, and concentrated on by ultrafiltration using a 1 Okd MWCO device. After the solution volume had been reduced to -10OmLs, the solution was dialyzed against several changes of deionized water using a 6-8kd MWCO dialysis tubing. The dialyzed solution was centrifuged to recover a precipitated protein fraction (SPS-ppt) and both the pellet and supernatant fractions were frozen and freeze dried. The oil content of the PPC-I protein was determined by exhaustive hexane extraction of an aliquot of freeze dried protein powder. The total N content of the samples were determined by Dumas combustion, and the total protein content calculated as total N x 6.25. The product yields are shown in the following table:

EXAMPLE 16 - PROTEIN PROFILES IN CANOLA CONCENTRATES AND ISOLATES In order to characterize the proteins in various canola protein fractions, eight samples were submitted. They were delivered in a solid powder in clear labeled bottles.

1. 1082-78 SPI Nexera canola soluble extract

2. 1 127-10 SPI Conventional canola soluble extract

3. 1 182-73 SPI Brassica juncea soluble extract

4. 1194-11 SPT Brassica rapa concentrate, soluble extract

5. 1082-78 Cone Nexera canola concentrate, defatted insoluble extract

6. 1 127-10 Cone Conventional canola concentrate, defatted insoluble extract

7. 1182-73 Cone Brassica juncea concentrate, defatted insoluble extract

8. 1194-11 Cone Brassica rapa concentrate, defatted insoluble extract

The samples 1 through 4 are soluble in conventional buffers; the samples 5 through 8 are not soluble (requiring detergent and/or high concentration urea for solublization).

The tasks include 1) dissolve samples in an appropriate buffer; 2) SDS PAGE to profile the proteins; 3) identification of major protein components using (a) N-terminal sequencing, (b) MALDI-TOF MS and (c) LC-MS/MS analysis. Due to time constraints, not all the samples will go through all of these analyses. For example, the insoluble samples will not be analyzed by LC- MSMS. METHODS

Sample preparation. For soluble SPI samples 5 mg protein each were dissolved in one milliliter of 25 mM (NH₄)₂CO₃ buffer (pH 8.0). For the insoluble concentrates 10 mg each was dissolved in 8 M urea, votex and sonicated for 5 min. each. The protein solutions were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatants were use for all the analysis described below. SDS PAGE

See Figures 12 and 13. Invitrogen's 12% NuPAGE gels were used for all the SDS gel protein separation. MOPS SDS running buffer was supplied by Invitrogen. Five to 10 ul of protein samples prepared above were typically mixed with SDS sample loading buffer (Invitrogen), boiled for 5 min and loaded to the gel. The electrophoresis is typically performed at constant voltage of 200 V and stopped when the dye front reaches the bottom of the gel. After the electrophoresis the gels were rinsed with distill water once, stained with Coomassie Bue R250 (Bio-Rad) for one hr, destained with gel destaining solution I for one hr and destaining II until the gel background becomes clear. The image of the gel is captured using Bio-Rad's FluorS Max2 system.

Protein in-gel digestion and MALDI Analysis. Bands of interest were excised and processed according to typical protocol established in the Proteomics facility. Briefly the bands were destained using 25% acetonitrile, dried usning a SpeedVac, digested using trypsin in a ratio of 1 :20 (trypsin:protein) over night. The tryptic peptides were extracted and cleaned using C 18 ZipTip. The peptides eluted from the Ziptip were mixed with alpha-cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid solution and spotted onto stainless MALDI sample plate. Voyager DE Pro instrument was used for MALDI analysis. Protein reduction and alkylation for LC-MSMS analysis. Only the soluble samples were treated for this analysis. One hundred microliter of each protein sample were diluted with 8 M urea and 1 M (NH₄)₂CO₃ (pH 10.8) to a final concentration of 1 M urea and 50 rnM (NH₄)₂CO₃ in a final volume of 200 ul. One hundred microliter of reduction/alkylation cocktail (97.5% acetonitrile, 2% iodoethanol and 0.5% triethylphosphine) was added to each sample vile. The reduction and alkylation were carried out at 37⁰C for one hr. The protein samples were then dried using a SpeedVac, reconstituted with 200 ul of 25 mM (NH₄)₂CO₃ (pH 8.2) containing 10 ug of sequencing grade trypsin. The trypsin digestion is performed at 37⁰C overnight. The digestion was stopped by adding 20ul of formic acid, centrifuged before submitted to LC-MS/MS analysis. LC-MS/MS analysis. Tryptic digests of the canola protein extracts were analyzed by

LC-MS with data dependent MS2 designed to generate peptide sequence spectra for database searching. HPLC separation of the peptides was carried out using a capillary column (Hy per SiI Gold, Thermo, 50 mm x 0.32 mm dia, 1.9 um particle size) operated at 40 uL/min, 7OC. An extended shallow solvent of water: acetonitrile containing 0.05% formic acid was used to maximize separation of peptides in the complex digest. Analysis was carried out using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ, Thermo Scientific) programmed to automatically generate MS2 sequence spectra on the top 5 most abundant ions observed. The resulting data files were searched using the Mascot search algorithm using a database of Brassica protein sequences described below. N-terminal sequencing. For N-terminal sequencing proteins were first separated by SDS

PAGE as described above. The gels were rinsed with distilled water once, sandwiched into a Western blot apparatus (Bio-Rad). Proteins in the gels were blotted onto PVDF membrane following the protocol established in proteomics lab. After the transfer the membrane is rinsed with distilled water once, stained with Coomessie Blue for 5 seconds, destained with water until the background is clear. The bands of interest are removed from membrane, send to Procise Protein Sequencer for sequencing.

Database searching and data analysis. The protein sequence database was constructed using sequences obtained from PlantGDB (website plantgdb.org), NCBI (website ncbi.nih.gov) and Brassic ASTRA (website hornbill.cspp.latrobe.edu.au). The sequences from PlantGDB and ASTRA are EST assembly. The redundant sequences (98% identity) between PlantGDB and ASTRA were removed from the collection. The remaining unique sequences were combined with NCBI Brassica sequences, installed to Mascot search engine for database search.

The LC-MS/MS and MALDI data were sent to Mascot search engine for protein identification. The search results were exported to Excel sheets. Most of the sequences in the newly constructed protein database do not have a functional description. For the hit proteins without functional description a blast search of these sequences against NCBΪ NR database was performed. The description of top hit from the Blast search was assigned to the protein in the new database.

The following Genbank sequence contains a PAGPFRIPKxR fragment: LOCUS P09893 186 aa linear PLN 01-MAY-2007

DEFINITION Napin embryo-specific precursor (1.7S seed storage protein) [Contains: Napin embryo-specific small chain; Napin embryo- specific large chain]. ACCESSION P09893 VERSION P09893 GLl 12747

DBSOURCE swissprot: locus 2SSE_BRANA, accession P09893;

The following sequence in Genbank contains a PQGPQQRPPLL fragment: LOCUS AAA81909 180 aa linear PLN 28-NO V- 1995 DEFINITION napin.

ACCESSION AAA81909 VERSION AAA81909.1 GL468022

Protein identification by MALDI-TOF.

Protein identification by LC-MS/MS. Several additional BLAST searches were also conducted as reported below. The rank denotes the confidence levels of protein identification. Proteins with high ranks tend to have better peptide coverage. There is a positive correlation between raking and abundance.

Table 33. Proteins found in soluble Nexera canola sample:

Rank Prot_acc Genbank Acc_| D and description gι|112742|sp|P17333!2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1.7S seed storage

1 Bn_42948915 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι|1699236]gb|AAB37414.1| napin large chain L1 B=calmodulιn aπtagonist/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

2 Bn_44648911 napus=kohfrabi, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 88 aa] gi|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1.7S seed storage

3 Bn_45648908 protein) [Contains. Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gi|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1.7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Naptn

4 Bn_43448915 embryo-specific large chain]

5 f16_99ol_1as gι|17878|emb|CAA46783.1 | 2S storage protein [Brassica oleracea]

6 Bn_45948911 gιj169694|gb|AAA63470.1 | storage protein gi[112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1.7S seed storage protein) [Contains: Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

7 Bn_43248916 embryo-specific large chain] gi|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_mBRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains. Napin embryo-specific small chain, Naptn

8 Bn_43548909 embryo-specific large chain] gi|112746[sp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

9 Bn__42448917 protein) [Contains. Napin-B small chain, Napin-B large chain]

10 Bn_44048909 gι|169694|gb|AAA63470 1 | storage protein gi|108935945|sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nlll) (1.7S seed storage protein) [Contains: Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn™3

11 Bn_48527 large chain] gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

12 Bn__45548916 protein) [Contains: Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

13 gι|1699238 gi|1523806lemb|CAA52813 1 [ 2S storage prepropeptide [Brassica caπnata] gι|21537070|gb|AAM61411.1 | putative sister-chromatide cohesion protein

14 Bn_45048910 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

15 Bn_48448908 gι|169698|gb|AAA63472.1 | storage protein gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

16 Bn_42648911 protein) [Contains Napin small chain; Napin large chain] gi|112747|sp|P09893S2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

17 Bn_43548908 embryo-specific large chain]

18 Bn_46248913 gi|349402|gb|AAA32998.1 | napin gi|108935945|sp|[P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napin-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nlll) (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains" Napιn-3 small chain, Napin-3

19 Bn_45548913 large chain] gi|112746|sp|P27740j2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor {1 7S seed storage

20 Bn_3648913 protein) [Contains. Napin-B small chain; Napin-B large chain] gi|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

21 Bn_41948914 protein) [Contains Napin small chain; Napin large chain] gi|85539361 |emb|CAJ44305.1 | rapeseed putative trypsin inhibitor 1 [Brassica

22 Bn 36750 napus] Rank Prot_acc Genbaπk Acc_ID and description gf|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor {1 7S seed storage

23 Bn_45948914 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι[60593486|pdb|1SM7|A Chain A, Solution Structure Of The Recombinant

24 gi[26985163 Pronapin Precursor, Bnib

25 Bπ_34048917

26 Bπ_2122 gι| 15226403|ref| NP_180416 1j cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|108935945|sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nil I) (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3

27 Bn_48348915 large chain] gι[913407|gb|AAB33170 1j acyl-binding/hpid-transfer protein isoform III,

28 gι|913407 AB/LTP ill [rape, seedlings, Peptide, 92 aa] gi|1699240|gbiAAB37418 1| napin large chain L2C=calmodulιn antagonist/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

29 Bn_47248911 napus=koh!rabι, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 91 aa] gι|112746|sp|P27740j2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

30 Bn_22745 protein) [Contains Napin-B smal! chain, Napin-B large chain]

31 Bn_34048916 gi]18403467|ref|NP_566714 1| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι]2465461|gb|AAB72109 1 | low molecular weight heat-shock protein

32 Bn_9998 [Brassica rapa]

33 Bn_2260 gι[15238383|ref|NP_196121 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

34 z68_99na_1 bs gι|1655824|gb|AAC08048 1j myrosinase-binding protein [Brassica napus]

36 Bn_26048916 putative / LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana]

37 gι|17805 gι|17805|emb|CAA40980 1] crucifeπn cru4 subunit [Brassica napus]

38 gι|17801 gι|167136]gb[AAA32989 1 | crucifeπn precursor

39 Bn_2853 gι|34365581 |gb]AAQ65102 1] At2g42560 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

41 Bn_32594 putative / LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana]

42 Bn_2123 gι|15226403]ref|NP_180416 1j cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|15228768]ref|NP_188888 1] late embryogenesis abundant protein,

43 Bn_1148914 putative / LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|18421009|ref|NP_568484 1j mepπn and TRAP homology domain-

44 Bn_5648911 containing protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

45 Bn_28948917 gi|4115337|gb|AAD03343 1 | ubiquitin [Pisum sativum] gi[45597904jemb|CAG15244 1 [ putative trypsin inhibitor I2 [Arabidopsis

46 Bn_6020 lyrata subsp petraea] gi|22328929|ref|NP_194288 2[ stress-responsive protein-related [Arabidopsis

47 Bn_20171 thaliana] gι|15234781 |ref| N P_195585 1 f ROC1 (rotamase CyP 1), peptidyl-prolyl cis-

48 Bn_18681 trans isomerase [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|7381260|gb]AAF61460 1jAF139817_1 peroxiredoxin antioxidant [Brassica

49 Bn_22010 napus]

50 Bn_33336 gι| 16071 |emb|CAA48140 1 | ubiquitin [Antirrhinum majus] gι|802164|gb|AAB33005 1 | crambin precursor=thιonιn variant Thι2Ca3

51 Bn_45435 [Crambe abyssinica, seeds, Peptide Partial, 133 aa] gι|1345840|sp|P33523|CRU1_BRANA Crucifeπn BnC1 precursor (11 S globulin) (12S storage protein) [Contains Cruciferin BnC1 subunit alpha,

52 b69_99na_1bs Crucifeπn BnC 1 subunit beta]

53 Bn_819 gι|15230652|ref|NP_187902 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

54 Bn_11308 gι|3335171 |gb|AAC27073 1| embryo-specific protein 3 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

55 Bn_35980 gι|79410716|ref|NP_188775 2[ unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaiiana]

56 Bn 39283 gι|3335171 |gb]AAC27073 1| embryo-specific protein 3 [Arabidopsis thaliana] Rank Prot_acc Genbank Acc_| D and description

57 Bn_. _.30522 gι|15242474[ref|NP_199381 1| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

58 Bn_. _.12443 gι|21618084[gb|AAM67134 1j glutaredoxin-hke protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι]30687521 |ref|NP_849696 1 | ATPDIL1-1 (PDI-LIKE 1-1), protein disulfide

59 Bn. _„21389 isomerase [Arabidopsis ihaliana] gιj18421006|ref|NP_568483 1 | meprin and TRAF homology domain-

60 Bn_. _.18653 containing protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|134105056jpdb]2O66|A Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Arabidopsis

61 Bn_ _23435 Thahana Pu Bound To Citrate gι|30914537|sp||P24565_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-1A (Napin BnIa)

62 Bn_. _39560a [Contains Napιn-1A small chain, Napιn-1 A large chain] gι|122939101 |gb|ABM69132 1 | lipid transfer protein precursor [Brassica rapa

63 Bn. .24951 subsp pekinensis] gι|15231736|ref|NP_190872 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein,

64 Bn. .15915 putative / LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana]

65 gι|7488516 #N/A gi| 18391081 |ref|NP_563856 1| histidine acid phosphatase family protein

66 Bn_. .39491 [Arabidopsis thahana]

67 Bn_. .43731 gι]33284990|dbj|BAC80213 1| crucifeπn [Brassica napus]

69 Bn_. .27350 DESSICATiON 29B) [Arabidopsis thahana]

70 Bn_. _.30457 gι|18413362|ref|NP_567364 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

71 Bn 13624 gι|30686478[ref[NP_850250 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

Table 34. Proteins found in soluble Brassica Juncea sample

Rank Prot_acc NCBI Acc_| D and description

1 gι|32363444 gι|1009436|embjCAA62910 1 | allergen sin a 1 0105 [Smapis alba] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

2 Bn_45848916 embryo-specific large chain]

3 Bn_45448917 gι|169698|gbjAAA63472 1 | storage protein gι|112747]sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

4 Bn_43248916 embryo-specific large chain] gι|112747jsp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

5 Bn_43548909 embryo-specific large chain] gι|1699236|gb|AAB37414 1 | napin large chain L1 B=calmodulιn antagonist/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

6 Bn 44648911 napus=kohlrabi, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 88 aaj gi|1699240[gb|AAB37418 1 | napin large chain L2C=calmoduhn antagonist/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

7 gι| 1699240 πapus=kohlrabι, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 91 aa]

8 bO5_99nMas gι|17728|emb|CAA46784 1 | 2S storage protein [Brassica nigra] gι]112742|sp|P17333j2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

9 Bn_47248913 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] 10 Bn 45548911 gij17805|emb|CAA40980 1| cruciferin cru4 subunit [Brassica napus] gij 1699240|gb|AAB37418 1 | napin large chain L2C=calmodulιn antagomst/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

11 Bn_45248916 πapus=kohlrabi, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 91 aa] gιi108935945|sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 {Napin BnIII) {Napin nlll)

12 Bn 48527 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιπ-3 large chain] Rank Prot_acc NCBI Acc_| D and description gι[112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

13 gι|75107016 protein) [Contains Napin small chain Napin large chain] gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

14 Bn_42248917 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor {1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

15 Bn_47448908 embryo-specific large chain] gι|913407|gb|AAB33170 1 | acyl-binding/lipid-transfer protein isoform IiI AB/LTP

16 gι|913407 IiI [rape, seedlings, Peptide, 92 aa] gι|21537070]gb|AAM61411 1 | putative sister-chromatide cohesion protein

17 Bn _45048910 [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

18 Bn_42648911 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

19 Bn_45048914 gι|12751302jgb|AAK07609 1|AF319771 J crucifeπn subunit [Brassica napus] gι|45597904]emb|CAG15244 1 | putative trypsin inhibitor !2 [Arabidopsis lyrata

20 Bn_6020 subsp petraea]

21 Bn_2122 gι|15226403jref|NPJ80416 1 | cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

22 Bn_28948917 gι[4115337|gb|AAD03343 1 | ubiquitin [Pisum sativum]

23 gι|17801 gι|167136|gb|AAA32989 1| cruciferin precursor gι|15228768|ref|NPJ88888 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

24 Bn_32593 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana]

25 BnJ 9932 gι|30690736|ref| NPJ 95388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|15228768|ref|NPJ88888 1| late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

26 Bn_26048916 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana] gι[15231736|ref|NPJ90872 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

27 Bn_28348914 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana] gι[22328929|ref|NPJ94288 2| stress-responsive protein-related [Arabidopsis

28 Bπ_20171 thahana]

30 Bn_45435 abyssiπica, seeds, Peptide Partial 133 aa] gι|15228768|ref|NPJ88888 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

31 Bπ_1148914 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana] gι[2465461 |gb|AAB72109 1] low molecular weight heat-shock protein [Brassica

32 Bn_9998 rapa]

33 gι| 17805 gι[17805|emb|CAA40980 1 | cruciferin cru4 subunit [Brassica napus]

35 BnJ 634 (japonica cuJtivar-group)]

36 d39_99raj bs gι]111218906jgb|ABH08754 1 | ubiquitin [Arabsdopsis thahana]

37 Bn_3726 gι|30690736|ref]NPJ95388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

39 Bn_5648911 protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabtdopsts thahana] gi|85539361|emb|CAJ44305 1 | rapeseed putative trypsin inhibitor 1 [Brassica

40 Bn_36750 napus]

41 BnJ6580 gi|18404883|ref|NP_030435 1| protease inhibitor, putative [Arabidopsis thahana]

42 Bn_46748915 gi|17807]emb|CAA40978 1 | cruciferin cru4 subunit [Brassica napus]

43 Bπ_32519 gι|841208|gb|AAB68964 1 | trypsin inhibtor propeptide [Brassica oleracea]

44 Bn_26205 gι|18400173|ref|NP_565548 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

45 Bn_819 gι|15230652[ref| NPJ 87902 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|30698182jref|NP_851278 1 | senescence-associated family protein

46 Bn_24926 [Arabidopsis thahana]

47 Bn 2260 gι|15238383|ref|NPJ 96121 1| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana] Rank Prot_acc NCBI Acc_| D and description

48 Bn_. _.12443 gt|21618084|gbjAAM67134 1 | glutaredoxin-hke protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

49 Bn_ _.24386 gt|18399803|ref|NP_565518 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

50 z68 ι_99na_1 bs gι|1655824|gb|AAC08048 1 | myrosinase-binding protein [Brassica napus] gι| 15228014|ref| NP_181202 1| ATECP63 (EMBRYONiC CELL PROTEIN 63)

51 Bn_. _.6909 [Arabidopsis thahana]

52 Bn 41548912 gι|17805|emb|CAA40980 1 | cruciferin cru4 subunit [Brassica napus] gι|61211685|sp|Q9LEZ3|BlM1_ARATH Transcription factor BIM1 (BES1- interacting Myc-like protein 1) (Transcription factor EN 126) (Basic hehx-loop-

53 u55 99ra 1as helix protein 46) (bHLH 46) (AtbHLH046) gι|15222937[ref| NPJ 72827 1| CYP78A5 (cytochrome P450, family 78,

54 Bn 47869 subfamily A₁ polypeptide 5), oxygen binding [Arabidopsis thaliana]

Table 35. Proteins found in soluble Brassica napus sample

Rank Prot_acc Gi_| D gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

1 Bn_42948915 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι|1699236|gb]AAB37414 1 | napin large chain L1B=calmodulιn antagonist/calcium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

2 Bn_44648911 napus=kohlrabi, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 88 aa] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

3 Bn_43448915 embryo-specific large chain]

4 f16_99ol_1as gι|17878|emb|CAA46783 1| 2S storage protein [Brassica oleraceaj gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

5 Bn_45648908 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

6 Bn_45348914 gι|468018|gb|AAA81907 1 | napin gι|112742|sp|P17333j2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

7 Bn_46048913 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι|112746|sp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

8 Bn_42448917 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Napin-B large chain] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

9 Bn_43248916 embryo-specific large chain] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

10 Bn_43548909 embryo-specific large chain] gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

11 Bn_48248913 embryo-specific large chain]

12 Bn_45948911 gι|169694jgb|AAA63470 1 | storage protein

13 Bn_44048909 gι|169694[gb|AAA63470 1 | storage protein

14 gι|1699238 gι|1523806|emb|CAA52813 1| 2S storage prepropeptide [Brassica carinata] gι|112746Isp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

15 Bn_22745 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Napin-B large chain] gι|21537070]gb[AAM61411 1 | putative sister-chromatide cohesion protein

16 Bn_45048910 [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|108935945|sp[|P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Naριn-3 (Napin BnIlI) (Napin nil!)

17 Bn_48527 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 iarge chain] gι|112742]sp|P17333[2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

18 Bn 41948914 protein) [Contains Napin smali chain, Napin large chain] Rank Prot_acc GI_| D gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napiπ precursor (1 7S seed storage

19 Bn_ 42648911 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι|112746|sp|P27740j2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor {1 7S seed storage

20 Bn_ 3648913 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Napin-B large chain] gι|112742|sp|P17333[2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

21 Bn_ 45948914 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gι[913407|gb|AAB33170 1 | acyl-biπding/lipid-transfer protein isoform III, AB/LTP

22 gι|913407 III [rape, seedlings, Peptide, 92 aa] gi[108935945[sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nil!)

23 Bn_ 48348915 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 large chain]

24 Bn_ .11948911 gsj30690736|ref|NP_195388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

25 Bn_ 48448908 gι[169698|gb|AAA63472 1 | storage protein gι|108935945!sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) {Napin nli!)

26 Bn_ 46548910 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 large chain]

27 Bn_ _.46248913 gι|349402|gb|AAA32998 1 | napin

28 Bn_ .2122 gιj15226403|ref|NP_180416 1 | cupin famsiy protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

29 Bπ_ _.3726 gιj30690736|ref|NP_195388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

30 Bn_ 34048917 #N/A

31 Bn_ _.45259 gι|28393457|gb|AAO42150 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

32 Bn_ _.28948917 gι|4115337[gb|AAD03343 1j ubiquitin [Pisum sativum] gιj85539361 |emb|CAJ44305 1j rapeseed putative trypsin inhibitor 1 [Brassica

33 Bn_ 36750 napus] gι|15228768|ref|NP_188888 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

34 Bn_ .32593 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|1699240[gb|AAB37418 1 | napin large chain L2C=calmoduhn antagonist/caicium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

35 Bn_ _.47248911 napus=kohirabι, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 91 aa] gιj45597904|emb[CAG15244 1| putative trypsin inhibitor I2 [Arabidopsis lyrata

36 Bn_ _.6020 subsp petraeaj

37 Bn_ 2260 gιj15238383|ref|NP_196121 1 [ unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

38 z68 _99na_1bs gι|1655824]gb[AAC08048 1 | myrosinase-binding protein [Brassica napus]

39 Bn_ 32519 gs|841208|gb|AAB68964 1 | trypsin inhibitor propeptide [Brassica oleracea] gi|18421009jref|NP_568484 1 | meprin and TRAF homology domain-containing

40 Bn_ _.5648911 protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gi|15234781 |ref|NP_195585 1 | ROC1 (rotamase CyP 1 ), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans

41 Bπ_ _.43624 isomerase [Arabidopsis thaliana]

42 Bn_ _.34048916 gι|18403467jref|NP_566714 1 j cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|802164|gb|AAB33005 1 | crambin precursor=thιonιn variant Thι2Ca3 [Crambe

43 Bn_ .45435 abyssinica, seeds, Peptide Partial, 133 aa] g 11184210061 ref | N P_568483 1j meprin and TRAF homology domain-containing

44 Bn_ _.18653 protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|1699240|gb|AAB37418 1| naptn large chain L2C=calmodulιn antagonist/caicium-dependent protein kinase substrate [Brassica

45 Bn_ 42348911 napus=kohlrabι, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 91 aa] gι|27373045|gblAAO12209 1 | thaumatin-like cytokinin-binding protein [Brassica

46 Bn_ 6459 oleracea] gι|15218740|ref|NP_171821 1| extracellular dermal glycoprotein, putative /

47 Bn_ _.14224 EDGP, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι| 15228768]ref|NP_188888 1| late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

48 Bn_ .1148914 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana]

49 Bn_ _.26457 gι|79410716|ref|NP_188775 2| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|15234637|ref|NP_192427 1 | PSBQ/PSBQ-2 (photosystem Il subunιt Q-2),

50 d74 _99na_1as calcium ion binding [Arabidopsis thaliana]

51 Bn 2853 gιj34365581 |gb|AAQ65102 1 j At2g42560 [Arabidopsis thaliana] Rank Prol t_acc Gi_| D gι|15230476|ref|NP_187845 1 | nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha

52 Bn_ _,11720 chain protein, putative / alpha-NAC, putative [Arabidopsss thahanaj gι|7381260]gb|AAF61460 1 |AF139817_1 peroxsredoxin antioxidant [Brassica

53 Bn_ 22010 napus] 54 Bn_ _.15468 gι|15242674|ref|NP_198853 1 | giutaredoxiπ, putative [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|8250119jemb]CAB93512 1 | HSP17 7-a protein [Brassica oleracea var

55 d71 _99ol_1as alboglabra] gι| 15233587I ref]NP_193860 1 | PS BQ/PSBQ-1 /PSBQA, calcium ion binding

56 8n_81 1 [Arabidopsis thahana] 57 gι|17805 gι|17805[embjCAA40980 1 | crucifeπn cru4 subunit [Brassica napus] 58 gι|17801 gι|167136|gb|AAA32989 1| cruciferin precursor 59 Bn_11948910 gι|30690736|ref|NP_195388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gi|27754300|gb|AAO22603 1 | putative cysteine proteinase inhibitor [Arabidopss

60 Bn_ 5307 thahana] gι|30914537|sp||P24565_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napin-1A (Napιn BnIa) [Contains

61 Bn_ 39560a Napιn-1 A small chain, Napιn-1A large chain] gι[30914536|sp||P24565_1 [Segment 1 of 2] Napιn-1A (Napin BnIa) [Contains

62 gι|228365 Napιn-1 A small chain, Napιn-1A large chain] gι|30683369|ref|NP_850097 1| CAM2 (CALMODULIN-2), calcium ion binding

63 Bn_ 220 [Arabidopsis thahana] 64 Bn_ _.819 gij15230652| ref|NP_187902 1| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι[134105056|pdb|2O66|A Cham A, Crystal Structure Of Arabidopsis Thahana Pis

65 Bπ_ 23435 Bound To Citrate 66 Bn_ .11308 gιj3335171 |gbjAAC27073 1 | embryo-specific protein 3 [Arabidopsis thahana] gιji 5231736[ref|NP_190872 1 | iate embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

72 Bn_27350 29B) [Arabidopsis thaliana] 73 gι|7488516 74 Bn_30948913 gι|32395581 |gb|AAP37972 1 | seed specific protein Bn15D33A [Brassica napus] gι|1345840|sp|P33523|CRU1J3RANA Cruciferin BnC1 precursor (11 S globulin)

(12S storage protein) [Contains Cruciferin BnC1 subunit alpha, Crucifeπn BnC1

75 b69_. _99na_1 bs subunit beta] gι|21593447|gbjAAM65414 1 [ 4OS πbosomal protein S17-lιke [Arabidopsis

76 o85 _99ra_1bs thaliana] gι| 11073S350[dbj| BAF01102 1| putative proline-πch protein [Arabidopsis

77 Bn_ .27148913 thahana] 78 Bn_ .30002 gι|32395573|gb|AAP37968 1 | seed specific protein Bn15D12A [Brassica napus] 79 Bn_ _.15146 gι|2305111 [gb|AAD05576 1 | Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase [Raphanus sativus] gι|15228048|ref|NP_181225 1 | MAT3 (METHIONINE

ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE 3), methionine adenosyltransferase [Arabidopsis

80 Bn 37873 thahana] Table 36. Proteins found in soluble Brassica rapa sample

Rank Prot_acc NCBI Ace J D and description gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

1 Bn_42948915 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napsn large chain] gι|1699236|gbJAAB37414 1 | napin large chain L1 B=calmodulιn antagonist/calcium-dependeπt protein kinase substrate [Brassica

2 Bn_44648911 napus=kohlrabι, rapifera, seeds, Peptide, 88 aa]

3 Bπ_44048909 gι|169694jgb|AAA63470 1| storage protein gι|108935945|spj|P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nlll)

4 Bn_45148917 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 large chain] gι|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

5 gι|108935945 protesn) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

6 Bn_45948911 gι|169694|gb|AAA63470 1 | storage protein gι|112747|sp|P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor {1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

7 Bn_43448915 embryo-specific large chain] gι|913407|gb|AAB33170 1| acyl-binding/hpid-transfer protein isoform III, AB/LTP

8 gι|913407 III [rape, seedlings, Peptide, 92 aa] gι|21537070|gb[AAM61411 1 [ putative sister-chromatide cohesion protein

9 Bn_45048910 [Arabidopsis thahana] gi|112742|sp|P17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

10 Br\_42648911 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain] gιj112746|sp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA NapirvB precursor (1 7S seed storage

11 gi|17835 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Napin-B large chain]

12 Bn_45948912 gιI169694|gb[AAA63470 1 | storage protein

13 Bn_45048914 gιj12751302|gb|AAK07609 1 [AF319771_1 crucifenn subunit [Brassica napus] gι[108935945|sp|[P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nil!)

14 Bn_48348917 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 large chain]

15 Bn_47848912 gι|169694|gb|AAA63470 1 | storage protein

16 Bn_43748917 gι|15232227jref|NP_189403 1| 0LEO4 (OLEOSIN4) [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|2494843|sp|Q39366|LGUL_BRAOG Putative lactoylglutathione lyase

(Methylglyoxalase) (Aldoketomutase) (Glyoxalase I) (GIx I) (Ketone-aldehyde

17 Bn_48148917 mutase) (S-D-lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase) gι|112742]spjP17333|2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

18 Bn_41948914 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

19 Bn_48448908 gι|169698jgb|AAA63472 1] storage protesn gι|108935945|sp||P80208_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-3 (Napin BnIII) (Napin nil!)

20 Bπ_48527 (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napιn-3 small chain, Napιn-3 large chain]

21 Bn_2122 gι|15226403[ref|NP_180416 1 | cupin family protein [Arabsdopsis thahana] gι|112747|sp[P09893|2SSE_BRANA Napin embryo-specific precursor (1 7S seed storage protein) [Contains Napin embryo-specific small chain, Napin

22 Bn_43548909 embryo-specific large chain]

23 Bπ_32519 gι|841208jgb|AAB68964 1| trypsin inhibitor propeptide [Brassica oleracea] gι|112746jsp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

24 Bn_22745 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Naptn-B large chain] gι|112742[sp|P17333j2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

25 Bn_45948914 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

26 Bn_15248912 gι|841208|gb]AAB68964 1 | trypsin inhibitor propeptide [Brassica oleracea]

27 Bπ_2290 gι|15226403|ref|NP_180416 1 [ cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

28 Bn__3726 gι|30690736|ref|NP_195388 2| cupin family protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|2465461 |gb[AAB72109 1 | low molecular weight heat-shock protein [Brassica

29 gO4_99ra_1as rapa]

30 Bn 39283 gι|3335171 |gb|AAC27073 1 | embryo-specific protein 3 [Arabidopsis thaliana] Rank Prot_acc NCBI Acc_l D and description

31 Bn_34048917

32 Bn_28948917 gι|4115337|gb|AAD03343 1 | ubiquitin [P isum sativum]

33 Bn_40048 gι|1655824|gb|AAC08048 1 | myrosinase-binding protein [Brassica πapus] gι|15228768[reflNP_J 88888 1| late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

34 Bn_26048916 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|2494843|sp|Q39366jLGUL_BRAOG Putative lactoylglutathione lyase

(Methylglyoxalase) (Aidoketomutase) (Glyoxalase I) (GIx i) (Ketone-aldehyde

35 Bn_43761 mutase) (S-D-lactoylglutathione methyiglyoxa! lyase) gι|45597904|emb|CAG15244 1| putative trypsin inhibitor I2 [Arabidopsis lyrata

36 Bn_6020 subsp petraea]

38 8n_20627 thaliana]

39 Bn_20014 gi|34539778|gb|AAQ74768 1| dehydrin [Brassica napus] gιj18421006|ref|NP_568483 1| mepπn and TRAF homology domain-containing

40 Bn_18653 protein / MATH domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

42 gt|913408 [rape, seedlings, Peptide, 93 aa] gι|112746isp|P27740|2SSB_BRANA Napin-B precursor (1 7S seed storage

43 Bn_3648913 protein) [Contains Napin-B small chain, Napm-B large chain]

44 Bn_2260 gι|15238383[ref|NP_196121 1 [ unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana]

45 Bn_26205 gi|18400173|ref|NP_565548 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gij15228768|ref|NP_188888 1 | late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

46 BnJ 148914 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι[27373045|gb|AAO12209 1| thaumatin-hke cytokinin-binding protein [Brassica

47 Bn_6459 oleracea] gι|15228768|ref|NP_188888 1| late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

48 Bn_32593 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana]

49 d39_99ra_1 bs gι|111218906|gb|ABH08754 1| ubiquitin [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|7381260|gb|AAF61460 1 |AF139817_1 peroxiredoxin antioxidant [Brassica

50 Bn_22010 napus] gι|30683369[ref|NP_850097 1| CAM2 (CALMODULIN-2), calcium ion binding

51 Bn_220 [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|15221030|ref|NP_173259 1j calcium-binding protein putative [Arabidopsis

52 BnJ 2774 thahana]

53 Bn_1027 gtj1216389|gb|AAC49181 1 | myrosinase-associated protein gι[30914537|sp||P24565_2 [Segment 2 of 2] Napιn-1A (Napin BnIa) [Contains

54 Bn_39560a Napιπ-1 A smai! chain, Napιn-1A large chain]

55 Bn_24386 gi|18399803|ref|NP_565518 1| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|15230476|ref]NP_187845 1| nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha

56 Bn_11720 chain protein, putative / alpha-NAC, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|22328929JrefjNP_194288 2[ stress-responsive protein-related [Arabidopsis

57 Bn_20171 thahana] gι|15239594|ref|NP_197391 1 | oxidoreductase, 2OG-Fe(I!) oxygenase family

58 Bn_1307 protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|802164|gb|AAB33005 1 | crambin precursor=thιonιn variant Thι2Ca3 [Crambe

59 Bn_45435 abyssinica, seeds, Peptide Partial, 133 aa]

60 Bn_12882 gι|21594024|gb|AAM65942 1 | unknown [Arabidopsis thaliana]

61 Bn_27148913 gιj110738350|dbj|BAF01102 1 | putative proline-rich protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|15227965|ref|NP_181784 1j late embryogenesis abundant domain-containing

62 Bn_28490 protein / LEA domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thahana] gι|15231736|ref|NP_190872 1j late embryogenesis abundant protein, putative /

63 Bn_28348914 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thahana]

64 Bn 30488 gι|841208|gb|AAB68964 1| trypsin inhibitor propeptide [Brassica oieracea] Rank Prot_acc NCBI Acc_| D and description gi|21593095[gb|AAM65044 1 | 60S acidic πbosomal protein P2 [Arabidopsis

65 b66 _99ra_1 bs thaliaπa] gιj85539361 |emb|CAJ44305 1| rapeseed putative trypsin inhibitor 1 [Brassica

66 Bn_ _.36750 napus]

67 Bn_ _.12443 gι|21618084fgb|AAM67134 1 | glutaredoxin-like protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|134105056|pdb|2O66|A Chain A, Crystal Structure Of Arabidopsis Thafiana PM

68 Bn_ _.23435 Bound To Citrate

69 Bn_ _.23403 gι[16388[emb[CAA47902 1 [ Itι65 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

70 Bn_ 26312 gι|77744889jgb|ABB02398 1| temperature-induced lipocalin [Brassica napus]

71 Bn_ 30847 gι|15222928|ref|NP_177728 1| unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

72 Bn_ 3441 gι|8809633]dbj|BAA97184 1 | unnamed protein product [Arabidopsis thaliana]

73 gij17805 gι[17805[emb[CAA40980 1 j crucifeπn cru4 subunit [Brassica napus] gι|15229872]ref|NP_189996 1j M D-2- related iipid recognition domain-containing

74 i44_ _99ra_1bs protein / ML domain-containing protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

75 gι|24421235 gi|24421235|gb|AAN60796 1 | superoxide dismutase [Brassica juncea]

76 Bn_ 8312 gsj15004984|dbj|BAB62170 1| glutamate dehydrogenase [Brassica napus]

78 Bn_ .15915 LEA protein, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana]

79 Bπ_ _.15723 gι|30793991|gb|AAP40445 1 | unknown protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gιj1345840|sp|P33523|CRU1J3RANA Cruciferιn BnC1 precursor (11S globulin)

(12S storage protein) [Contains Crucifeπn BnC1 subunit alpha, Crucifeπn BnC1

80 b69. _99na_1bs subunit beta]

81 ii4. _99ra_1as gi|77744889|gb|ABB02398 1| temperature-induced lipocalin [Brassica napus]

82 bO5 _99na_1bs gιj840725|emb|CAA55685 1 | myrosinase [Brassica napus]

83 Bn_ .41672 gι[18404883|ref[NPJ)30435 1 | protease inhibitor, putative [Arabidopsis thaliana]

84 Bπ_ _.15468 gι|15242674|ref|NP_198853 1 | glutaredoxin, putative [Arabidopsis thalianaj gι|18423748[ref|NP_568824 1| protease inhibitor/seed storage/lipid transfer

85 8n_ _.19161 protein (LTP) family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|79330664|ref|NP_001032061 1 | RD29B (RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION

86 Bn_ _.27350 29B) [Arabidopsis thaliana] gι|21593447|gb[AAM654i4 1 | 4OS πbosomal protein S17-hke [Arabidopsis

87 o85 _99ra_1 bs thaliana] gi|112742|sp|P17333j2SS4_BRANA Napin precursor (1 7S seed storage

88 Bn 44948915 protein) [Contains Napin small chain, Napin large chain]

REMARKS and RESULTS.

1. Napins are the major component in the soluble extracts. There are other seed specific protems in the soluble fractions as demonstrated by LC-MS/MS based protein identification.

2 There are two major classes of napins in these samples

3 The insoluble fractions contain mostly cruciferins as evidenced by MALDI-MS and N-terminal sequencing analyses. Due to the lack of protocol for insoluble protein digestion these samples were not analyzed by LC-MS/MS SDS PAGE protein profile

Figure 12 - SDS PAGE of the soluble extracts nc Nexera canola; cc: conventional canola; bj: Brassica Juncea; br: Brassica rapa .

Triangles denote that the bands were processed for N-terminal sequencing and MALDI-TOF analysis

Figure 13 - SDS PAGE of the insoluble extracts nc Nexera canola, cc conventional canola; bj: Brassica Juncea; br: Brassica rapa . All marked bands were analyzed by MALDI-TOF; Bands marked with dots were also sequenced at their N- termini.

EXAMPLE 17 - AMINO ACID RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF NOP SAMPLES

One objective of this study was to use HPLC-FLD amino acid analysis to determine the amino acid residue composition of Nexera canola, conventional canola, Brassica juncea, and

Brassica rapa novel oil processed samples (NOP). Amino acid residues that will be quantitated with this analysis are asparagine, glutamine, serine, histidine, glycine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and proline Some results are reported in

Figure 14.

Sample Description There were a total of 8 dry/powdery samples in various glass vials with a bar code label on each Each sample is described as follows:

Reagents

. 12N HCl (Sigma #96208)

. Water (Sigma #14211)

. Phenol (Sigma #P5566)

. ION NaOH (Sigma #13171) . 0.4N Borate Buffer (Agilent #5061-3339 pH 10.2)

. FMOC (Agilent #5061-3337)

. OPA (Agilent #5061-3335)

. HK₂PO₄ (Sigma #229903)

. MeOH (Sigma #65548) . Acetonitriϊe (Sigma #00687)

. H₃PO₄ (Sigma #345245 85% in water)

. Acetic Acid (Sigma #338826)

Amino Acid Standard (Agilent 5061-3330 1 nmol/μL)

. Supplemental Amino Acids (Agilent 5062-2478 NVA, SAR, ASN₃ GLN, TRP, HYP, Ig each)

. Methionine Sulfone (Sigma #MO876)

Materials

Micro centrifuge tubes (Fisher #02-681 -375 - high temp.) . Mini-Uniprep vials (Whatman #UN203NPUGMF - glass fiber) 4 mm diameter glass beads (Fisher #21-312B)

Instrumentation

. Agilent 1 100 HPLC System: Degasser (Gl 316A), Binary Pump (Gl 312A), Auto Sampler (G1313A), Column Heater (G1316A), Florescence Detector (G1321A)

Analytical Balance (Metier AT20)

Preparation of Hydrolysis Solution

Dissolve 250 mg phenol into 5 ml water . Add 5 ml 12N HCl to the phenol solution . Mix with a glass rod

Let solution equilibrate to room temperature before use

Preparation of Standard Solutions

. Dissolve 5.9 mg norvaline (NVA) into 5 ml 0.1N HCl (10 nmol/μL of NVA internal standard)

Dissolve 4.5 mg methionine sulfone into 10 ml 0.1N HCl (1 nmol/μL)

Aliquot 1 ml of amino acid standard solution into a glass injection vial

Aliquot 1 ml of methionine sulfone standard solution into a glass injection vial

Add 100 μL internal standard solution to each and cap for analysis (909.1 pmoI/μL final standard concentration)

Sample Hydrolysis

Place 5 glass beads into a micro centrifuge tube

Weigh -1 mg sample into the micro centrifuge . Add 1 ml hydrolysis solution

Purge with argon or nitrogen and cap tightly

Homogenize on a vertical shaker for 1 minute

Place samples into a heating block at 100⁰C for 24 hours

Cool to room temperature, add 100 μL IS and mix • Aliquot 500 μL into a Mini-Uniprep vial, press filter and analyze by HPLC-FLD

Preparation of HPLC Eluent

Phase A: 2OmM HK₂PO₄ (2.3 g per liter) titrated with H₃PO₄ to pH 7.8 Phase B: acetonitrilermethanokwater 45:45:10 v/v/v

HPLC-FLD Method

Column: Phenomenex Luna Cl 8(2) 100 x 3.0 mm 2.5 μm Column temperature: 5O⁰C Gradient:

Detector: 340 run excitation, 450 nm emission, PMT gain 10, 0-31 minutes 266 gm excitation, 305 nm emission, PMT gain 9, 31-45 minutes Auto Sampler Routine:

Reagent tray positions:

Data Analysis

Chromatography integration was performed using Chemstation software (version Rev. B.01.03). The generated peak areas for were exported to acustom Microsoft Excel workbook for data analysis.

Single point internal standard methodology is used for the quantitation of all amino acid residues and is expressed as pmol/μL. The following equations are used:

IRFsc = (Areais x Amountsc) / (Amountis x Area_sc) pmol/μL = (Amountis ^χ Area_sc x IRFsc) / Areais

IS = Internal Standard (909.1 pmol/μL) SC = Specific Compound of Interest IRF = Internal Response Factor

After initial quantitation, a mass is calculated based on the amino acid residue formula weight of each targeted amino acid. The following equation is used: D = (((A x B) x 1O^-12) x C) x lO³) A = pmol/μL

B = hydrolysis solution used in μL

C = residue mass

D = mg of amino acid residue Once residue mass is calculated, the residue composition is determined for each targeted amino acid reside using the following equation: C = (A / B) x 100

A = mg of amino acid residue B = mg of total amino acid residue quantitated

C = percent composition of total amino acid residue mass analyzed

Asparagine and glutamine are both deaminated into aspartic acid and glutamic acid respectively during hydrolysis. It is not possible for this analysis to distinguish how much asparagine or glutamine contributed to the total quantitated amounts of aspartic or glutamic acid.

Methionine is partially oxidized into both methionine sulfone and methionine sulfoxide. Methionine sulfone is quantitated in pmol/μL and added to the total methionine quantitated prior to mass calculation. Methionine sulfoxide can not be quantitated as it co- elutes with OPA derivative byproducts. Recovery test of methionine show >85% is recovered without taking into account the methionine sulfoxide product.

Claims

1. A method of recovering a protein composition from oil seeds, said method comprising: removing at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition; milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles, where at least 10% of said milled particles are less than 20 microns in size; and extracting a protein composition from said milled particles.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising recovering at least one protein isolate from said protein composition.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil seeds are selected from the group consisting of canola seeds, rape seeds, Brassica juncea seeds, sunflower seeds, soybean seeds, and flax seeds.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said milling step is wet milling.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said milling step is conducted with at least one of an orbital mill, a high-shear mixer, a homogenizer, a colloid mill, a cone mill, and a rotor/stator mixer.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein said orbital mill is a Szegδ mill-type mill.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil seeds contain at least 70% oleic acid by weight.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil seeds contain at no more than 3% α- linolenic acid by weight.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil seeds contain at least 70% oleic acid by weight and contain at no more than 3% α-Iinolenic acid by weight.

10. The method of claim 1 further comprising producing a precipitated protein from said protein composition, where said precipitated protein comprises at least 10% oil by weight (dry basis).

11. An animal feed composition produced by the method of claim 1.

12. An animal feed composition produced by the method of claim 1 , comprising an amino acid profile substantially similar to the amino profiles shown in Table 11.

13. A method of producing a food composition, comprising: removing at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition; wet milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles, where at least 10% of said milled particles are less than 20 microns in size; and producing a food composition from said milled particles.

] 4. The method of claim 13 wherein the food composition comprises at least 10% oil by weight (dry basis).

15. The method of claim 13 wherein the food composition comprises at least 20% oil by weight (dry basis).

16. The method of claim 12 wherein the food composition comprises at least 40% oil by weight (dry basis).

17. An animal feed composition produced by the method of claim 13.

18. The animal feed composition of claim 17 comprising a crude fiber content of less than 1 % by weight.

19. A method of recovering protein from oil seeds, said method comprising: removing and recovering at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition; wet milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles with a mean particle size ranging from about 20 microns to about 200 microns; extracting protein from said milled particles to produce a soluble protein extraction; and recovering at least one protein isolate from said soluble protein extraction.

20. A method of producing a protein composition from oil seeds, said method comprising: removing at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition, said oil seeds containing at least 70% oleic acid by weight and containing at no more than 3% α-linolenic acid by weight; wet milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles with a mean particle size ranging from about 20 micron to about 200 microns; and extracting a protein composition from said milled particles.

21. A method of producing an animal feed composition, comprising: removing at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition, said oil seeds containing at least 70% oleic acid by weight and containing at no more than 3% α-linolenic acid by weight; wet milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles with a mean particle size ranging from about 20 microns to about 150 microns; and producing an animal feed composition from said milled particles.

22. A method of processing grain from oil seeds, comprising: removing and recovering at least a portion of oil from said oil seeds to produce a presscake composition and a crude oil composition, said oil seeds containing at least 70% oleic acid by weight and containing at no more than 3% α-linolenic acid by weight; separating said presscake composition from said crude oil composition; wet milling said presscake composition to produce milled particles with a mean particle size ranging from about 20 microns to about 200 microns; producing a food composition from said milled particles; and processing said crude oil composition to produce at least one of an edible oil or an industrial oil.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein the food composition has a crude fiber content of < 1 % by weight.

24. A nutriceutical composition produced by the method of claim 13.

25. The animal feed composition of claim 1 1 wherein said animal is a fish.

26. An animal feed composition comprising a feed composition according to claims 11, 12, 17, 18 and/or 25 blended together with another feed source.