WO2008005033A1 - Infant formulas for early brain development - Google Patents
Infant formulas for early brain development Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008005033A1 WO2008005033A1 PCT/US2006/034991 US2006034991W WO2008005033A1 WO 2008005033 A1 WO2008005033 A1 WO 2008005033A1 US 2006034991 W US2006034991 W US 2006034991W WO 2008005033 A1 WO2008005033 A1 WO 2008005033A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- infant
- weight
- sialic acid
- acid
- formula
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000013350 formula milk Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 178
- 230000004641 brain development Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 150000002270 gangliosides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid Natural products CC(=O)NC1C(O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)OC1C(O)C(O)CO SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-OQPLDHBCSA-N sialic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@](O)(C(O)=O)OC1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-OQPLDHBCSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 235000021342 arachidonic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229940114079 arachidonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000001537 neural effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008133 cognitive development Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 28
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 26
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 108010067454 caseinomacropeptide Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
- JZNWSCPGTDBMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerophosphorylethanolamin Natural products NCCOP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO JZNWSCPGTDBMEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000008104 phosphatidylethanolamines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N phosphatidylcholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC WTJKGGKOPKCXLL-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerophosphorylserin Natural products OC(=O)C(N)COP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003905 phosphatidylinositols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 54
- 229940067631 phospholipid Drugs 0.000 description 43
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 40
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 39
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 36
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 35
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 31
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 25
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 235000020256 human milk Nutrition 0.000 description 24
- 210000004251 human milk Anatomy 0.000 description 24
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 21
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 19
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 19
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 17
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 16
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 14
- 210000003757 neuroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 14
- SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-PFQGKNLYSA-N N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@](O)(C(O)=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-PFQGKNLYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 13
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 13
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 12
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 210000001525 retina Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 230000035611 feeding Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 10
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002414 normal-phase solid-phase extraction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 8
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229960000367 inositol Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 8
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N taurine Chemical compound NCCS(O)(=O)=O XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012863 analytical testing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- -1 gangliosides) Chemical compound 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000020183 skimmed milk Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 7
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N (+)-Biotin Chemical compound N1C(=O)N[C@@H]2[C@H](CCCCC(=O)O)SC[C@@H]21 YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 229960001231 choline Drugs 0.000 description 6
- DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenoic acid Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC(O)=O DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PFJKOHUKELZMLE-VEUXDRLPSA-N ganglioside GM3 Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC[C@@H]([C@H](O)/C=C/CCCCCCCCCCCCC)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@]2(O[C@H]([C@H](NC(C)=O)[C@@H](O)C2)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 PFJKOHUKELZMLE-VEUXDRLPSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001508 potassium citrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960002635 potassium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O QEEAPRPFLLJWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
- 235000011082 potassium citrates Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 210000004885 white matter Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-erythro-ascorbic acid Natural products OCC1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O ZZZCUOFIHGPKAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hexa-Ac-myo-Inositol Natural products CC(=O)OC1C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C(OC(C)=O)C1OC(C)=O SQUHHTBVTRBESD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 5
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N all-trans-retinol Chemical compound OC\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 235000018823 dietary intake Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 5
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N inositol Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229920001542 oligosaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 5
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000005629 sialic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 5
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108010076119 Caseins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000011632 Caseins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108010063045 Lactoferrin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000010445 Lactoferrin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N Riboflavin Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-SCRDCRAPSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- CSSYQJWUGATIHM-IKGCZBKSSA-N l-phenylalanyl-l-lysyl-l-cysteinyl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-tryptophyl-l-glutaminyl-l-tryptophyl-l-arginyl-l-methionyl-l-lysyl-l-lysyl-l-leucylglycyl-l-alanyl-l-prolyl-l-seryl-l-isoleucyl-l-threonyl-l-cysteinyl-l-valyl-l-arginyl-l-arginyl-l-alanyl-l-phenylal Chemical compound C([C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CSSYQJWUGATIHM-IKGCZBKSSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000021242 lactoferrin Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229940078795 lactoferrin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)(=O)O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridoxine Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229960003080 taurine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chick antidermatitis factor Natural products OCC(C)(C)C(O)C(=O)NCCC(O)=O GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Disodium Chemical compound [Na][Na] QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930186217 Glycolipid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 101001092197 Homo sapiens RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- QAQJMLQRFWZOBN-LAUBAEHRSA-N L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O QAQJMLQRFWZOBN-LAUBAEHRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011786 L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pteroyl-L-glutaminsaeure Natural products C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Niacin Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100035530 RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102000013674 S-100 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108700021018 S100 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiamine Natural products CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930003779 Vitamin B12 Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 description 3
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 229930003448 Vitamin K Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FGDQGIKMWOAFIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetonitrile;phosphoric acid Chemical compound CC#N.OP(O)(O)=O FGDQGIKMWOAFIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 3
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N all-trans beta-carotene Natural products CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000010385 ascorbyl palmitate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000013734 beta-carotene Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011648 beta-carotene Substances 0.000 description 3
- TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N beta-carotene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=CCCCC2(C)C TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960002747 betacarotene Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N choline Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)CCO OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960000304 folic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019152 folic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011724 folic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 3
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011147 magnesium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108010071421 milk fat globule Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000001968 nicotinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960003512 nicotinic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011664 nicotinic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229940055726 pantothenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019161 pantothenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011713 pantothenic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N phylloquinone Natural products CC(C)CCCCC(C)CCC(C)CCCC(=CCC1=C(C)C(=O)c2ccccc2C1=O)C SHUZOJHMOBOZST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000020777 polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960003975 potassium Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019157 thiamine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011721 thiamine Substances 0.000 description 3
- KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine Chemical compound CC1=C(CCO)SCN1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N KYMBYSLLVAOCFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019163 vitamin B12 Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011715 vitamin B12 Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019168 vitamin K Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011712 vitamin K Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003721 vitamin K derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940046010 vitamin k Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000003260 vortexing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001763 2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- PMYDPQQPEAYXKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-n-naphthalen-2-ylnaphthalene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(NC(=O)C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3O)=CC=C21 PMYDPQQPEAYXKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YDNKGFDKKRUKPY-JHOUSYSJSA-N C16 ceramide Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)C=CCCCCCCCCCCCCC YDNKGFDKKRUKPY-JHOUSYSJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019743 Choline chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-Lyxoflavin Natural products OCC(O)C(O)C(O)CN1C=2C=C(C)C(C)=CC=2N=C2C1=NC(=O)NC2=O AUNGANRZJHBGPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000032843 Hemorrhage Diseases 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-LUWBGTNYSA-N N-acetylneuraminic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO SQVRNKJHWKZAKO-LUWBGTNYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRJGESKKUOMBCT-VQTJNVASSA-N N-acetylsphinganine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)NC(C)=O CRJGESKKUOMBCT-VQTJNVASSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 2
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-XVFCMESISA-N Uridine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019742 Vitamins premix Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005862 Whey Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 2
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940106189 ceramide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- ZVEQCJWYRWKARO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceramide Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)C(=O)NC(CO)C(O)C=CCCC=C(C)CCCCCCCCC ZVEQCJWYRWKARO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M choline chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960003178 choline chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005417 food ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021255 galacto-oligosaccharides Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003271 galactooligosaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002339 glycosphingolipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011532 immunohistochemical staining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021125 infant nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019799 monosodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VVGIYYKRAMHVLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N newbouldiamide Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC VVGIYYKRAMHVLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000006180 nutrition needs Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000020610 powder formula Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000008160 pyridoxine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011677 pyridoxine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019192 riboflavin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960002477 riboflavin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002151 riboflavin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011655 sodium selenate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000018716 sodium selenate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960001881 sodium selenate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002640 tocopherol group Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- TYALNJQZQRNQNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N #alpha;2,6-sialyllactose Natural products O1C(C(O)C(O)CO)C(NC(=O)C)C(O)CC1(C(O)=O)OCC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(O)OC2CO)O)O1 TYALNJQZQRNQNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WWUZIQQURGPMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (-)-D-erythro-Sphingosine Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=CC(O)C(N)CO WWUZIQQURGPMPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e)-docosa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N (R)-carnitine Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-beta-D-Xylofuranosyl-NH-Cytosine Natural products O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZNPLUBHRSSFHT-RRHRGVEJSA-N 1-hexadecanoyl-2-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC PZNPLUBHRSSFHT-RRHRGVEJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CILYIEBUXJIHCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 102778-91-6 Natural products O1C(C(O)C(O)CO)C(NC(=O)C)C(O)CC1(C(O)=O)OC1C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(O)OC2CO)O)OC(CO)C1O CILYIEBUXJIHCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVGKRPYUFRZAQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3 prime Natural products CC(=O)NC1OC(CC(O)C1C(O)C(O)CO)(OC2C(O)C(CO)OC(OC3C(O)C(O)C(O)OC3CO)C2O)C(=O)O DVGKRPYUFRZAQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVCOBJNICQPDBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-[3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxydecanoyloxy]decanoic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC1C(OC(CC(=O)OC(CCCCCCC)CC(O)=O)CCCCCCC)OC(C)C(O)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(C)O1 HVCOBJNICQPDBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Ketone, O18-Me-Ussuriedine Natural products CC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010002091 Anaesthesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100021569 Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000005701 Calcium-Binding Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010045403 Calcium-Binding Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000584 Calmodulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010041952 Calmodulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000269333 Caudata Species 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N Crotonoside Natural products C1=NC2=C(N)NC(=O)N=C2N1[C@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-PSQAKQOGSA-N Cytidine Natural products O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1 UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-PSQAKQOGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UWTATZPHSA-N D-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-guanosine Natural products C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101000971171 Homo sapiens Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001202 Inulin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ketamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(Cl)C=1C1(NC)CCCCC1=O YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-HWQSCIPKSA-N L-arabinopyranose Chemical compound O[C@H]1COC(O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O SRBFZHDQGSBBOR-HWQSCIPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 1
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N L-cystine Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])CSSC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000942 Lactalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004407 Lactalbumin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUWJPTVQOMUZLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Luxol fast blue MBS Chemical compound [Cu++].Cc1ccccc1N\C(N)=N\c1ccccc1C.Cc1ccccc1N\C(N)=N\c1ccccc1C.OS(=O)(=O)c1cccc2c3nc(nc4nc([n-]c5[n-]c(nc6nc(n3)c3ccccc63)c3c(cccc53)S(O)(=O)=O)c3ccccc43)c12 LUWJPTVQOMUZLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090000362 Lymphotoxin-beta Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005913 Maltodextrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002774 Maltodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282341 Mustela putorius furo Species 0.000 description 1
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-CBQIKETKSA-N N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-CBQIKETKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acelyl-D-glucosamine Natural products CC(=O)NC1C(O)OC(CO)C(O)C1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acetyl-D-galactosamine Natural products CC(=O)NC(C=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)CO MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CILYIEBUXJIHCO-UITFWXMXSA-N N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucose Chemical compound O1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)[C@H](NC(=O)C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1(C(O)=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]1O CILYIEBUXJIHCO-UITFWXMXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine Chemical compound CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O OVRNDRQMDRJTHS-FMDGEEDCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N N-acetylglucosamine Natural products CC(=O)N[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBLBDJOUHNCFQT-LXGUWJNJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIZGSVFYNBZVIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acetylneuraminosyl-D-lactose Natural products O1C(C(O)C(O)CO)C(NC(=O)C)C(O)CC1(C(O)=O)OC1C(O)C(OC(C(O)CO)C(O)C(O)C=O)OC(CO)C1O OIZGSVFYNBZVIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000013534 Troponin C Human genes 0.000 description 1
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950003073 aceneuramic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003044 adaptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N adenosine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O UDMBCSSLTHHNCD-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N alpha-D-galactose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-PHYPRBDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TYALNJQZQRNQNQ-JLYOMPFMSA-N alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-Glcp Chemical compound O1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)[C@H](NC(=O)C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]1(C(O)=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)O[C@@H]2CO)O)O1 TYALNJQZQRNQNQ-JLYOMPFMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037005 anaesthesia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000540 analysis of variance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003146 anticoagulant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127219 anticoagulant drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003782 apoptosis assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006907 apoptotic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008135 aqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000009697 arginine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000001130 astrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- MGWWWSRHCOVLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3-diol;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 MGWWWSRHCOVLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-PSQAKQOGSA-N beta-L-uridine Natural products O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-PSQAKQOGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004166 bioassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012742 biochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000740 bleeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015155 buttermilk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004203 carnitine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000001549 ceramide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004720 cerebrum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004737 colorimetric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020247 cow milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960003067 cystine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-XVFCMESISA-N cytidine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 UHDGCWIWMRVCDJ-XVFCMESISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021196 dietary intervention Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021186 dishes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KURVIXMFFSNONZ-WFIJOQBCSA-L disodium;[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])([O-])=O)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 KURVIXMFFSNONZ-WFIJOQBCSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MWEQTWJABOLLOS-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;[[[5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-oxidophosphoryl] hydrogen phosphate;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Na+].[Na+].C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1C1OC(COP(O)(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP(O)([O-])=O)C(O)C1O MWEQTWJABOLLOS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Natural products COC(=O)C(C)NOCC1=CC=CC=C1 KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N eosin Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=C2C=C(Br)C(=O)C(Br)=C2OC2=C(Br)C(O)=C(Br)C=C21 YQGOJNYOYNNSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930182830 galactose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- QPJBWNIQKHGLAU-IQZHVAEDSA-N ganglioside GM1 Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC[C@H](NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@H](O)\C=C\CCCCCCCCCCCCC)O[C@H](CO)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@]2(O[C@H]([C@H](NC(C)=O)[C@@H](O)C2)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)C(O)=O)[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](CO)O1 QPJBWNIQKHGLAU-IQZHVAEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001030 gas--liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036397 gastrointestinal physiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001031 glucose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009554 growth spurt Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940029575 guanosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019534 high fructose corn syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010231 histologic analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002962 histologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011327 histological measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021244 human milk protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002055 immunohistochemical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N inulin Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)OC[C@]1(OC[C@]2(OC[C@]3(OC[C@]4(OC[C@]5(OC[C@]6(OC[C@]7(OC[C@]8(OC[C@]9(OC[C@]%10(OC[C@]%11(OC[C@]%12(OC[C@]%13(OC[C@]%14(OC[C@]%15(OC[C@]%16(OC[C@]%17(OC[C@]%18(OC[C@]%19(OC[C@]%20(OC[C@]%21(OC[C@]%22(OC[C@]%23(OC[C@]%24(OC[C@]%25(OC[C@]%26(OC[C@]%27(OC[C@]%28(OC[C@]%29(OC[C@]%30(OC[C@]%31(OC[C@]%32(OC[C@]%33(OC[C@]%34(OC[C@]%35(OC[C@]%36(O[C@@H]%37[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%37)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%36)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%35)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%34)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%33)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%32)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%31)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%30)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%29)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%28)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%27)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%26)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%25)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%24)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%23)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%22)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%21)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%20)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%19)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%18)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%17)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%16)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%15)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%14)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%13)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%12)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%11)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O%10)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O9)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O8)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O7)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O6)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O5)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O4)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O3)O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 JYJIGFIDKWBXDU-MNNPPOADSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940029339 inulin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);1,10-phenanthroline;dicyanide Chemical compound [Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YAQXGBBDJYBXKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000302 ischemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000004731 jugular vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010028463 kappa-casein glycomacropeptide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229960003299 ketamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001821 langerhans cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940049918 linoleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020888 liquid diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020978 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000018773 low birth weight Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000533 low birth weight Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000001165 lymph node Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003050 macronutrient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000021073 macronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036244 malformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940035034 maltodextrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940057917 medium chain triglycerides Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000012009 microbiological test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003068 molecular probe Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950006780 n-acetylglucosamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001613 neoplastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007472 neurodevelopment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017511 neuron migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014511 neuron projection development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002777 nucleoside Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003835 nucleoside group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108091008819 oncoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000027450 oncoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000005868 ontogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001328 optic nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019865 palm kernel oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009984 peri-natal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N periodic acid Chemical compound OI(=O)(=O)=O KHIWWQKSHDUIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003334 potential effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013406 prebiotics Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006041 probiotic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000018291 probiotics Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005522 programmed cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004176 reticulum cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960003471 retinol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020944 retinol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011607 retinol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940091258 selenium supplement Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003625 skull Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008347 soybean phospholipid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WWUZIQQURGPMPG-KRWOKUGFSA-N sphingosine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC\C=C\[C@@H](O)[C@@H](N)CO WWUZIQQURGPMPG-KRWOKUGFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N triolein Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYZXEMANQYHCFX-UHFFFAOYSA-K tripotassium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxymethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O FYZXEMANQYHCFX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tristearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N uracil arabinoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(CO)OC1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C=C1 DRTQHJPVMGBUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940045145 uridine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021241 α-lactalbumin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021246 κ-casein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
- A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
- A23L33/19—Dairy proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/40—Complete food formulations for specific consumer groups or specific purposes, e.g. infant formula
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
- A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
- A61K31/683—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols
- A61K31/685—Diesters of a phosphorus acid with two hydroxy compounds, e.g. phosphatidylinositols one of the hydroxy compounds having nitrogen atoms, e.g. phosphatidylserine, lecithin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7008—Compounds having an amino group directly attached to a carbon atom of the saccharide radical, e.g. D-galactosamine, ranimustine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
- A61K31/7032—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a polyol, i.e. compounds having two or more free or esterified hydroxy groups, including the hydroxy group involved in the glycosidic linkage, e.g. monoglucosyldiacylglycerides, lactobionic acid, gangliosides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to infant formulas comprising select combinations of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, phospholipids, gangliosides, and sialic acid, to better assimilate the natural composition of human milk and to accelerate early brain development in infants.
- infant formulas are designed to assimilate, as closely as possible, the composition and function of human milk.
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) defines infant formula as "a food which purports to be or is represented for special dietary use solely as a food for infants by reason of its simulation of human milk or its suitability as a complete or partial substitute for human milk.” (FFDCA 201 (Z)).
- the present invention is directed to infant formulas with select concentrations and types of those compounds inherently found in human milk, including docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, phospholipids, gangliosides, and sialic acid.
- select concentrations and types of those compounds inherently found in human milk including docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, phospholipids, gangliosides, and sialic acid.
- a first embodiment of the present invention is directed to infant formulas comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, and (D) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid. It is essential that the compositions also contain at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid, both by weight of total fatty acids.
- a second embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of accelerating neuroblast migration during the first 2-4 months of life, said method comprising the oral administration of an infant formula comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, (D) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid, and also include at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid, both by weight of total fatty acids.
- A at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides
- B at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids
- D at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid, and also include at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and
- a third embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of accelerating cognitive development in an infant, especially during the first 2-4 months of life, said method comprising the oral administration of an infant formulas comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, (C) at least about 70 mg/L of sialic acid with at least about 2.5% by weight as lipid-bound sialic acid.
- the composition also includes at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid by weight of total fatty acids and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid by weight of total fatty acids.
- Fig. 1.1 shows a pig brain segment for histological measurements in the animal study described herein.
- Fig. 1.2 is a magnified section of the Fig. 1.1 pig brain section, which shows subependymal area stained with hematoxilin:eosin; darker stained dots are nuclei; neuroblasts migrate from the subependymal area to the white matter.
- Fig. 1.3 shows Areas 1 , 2 and 3 from the Fig. 1.2 magnified pig brain section for nucleus counts; Area 1 is the subcallosal fasciculus, neuroblast migration and proliferation area; Area 2 is the migration area avoiding neuroblast aggregates; and Area 3 is the white matter next to the subcallosal fasciculus.
- Fig. 2 includes three graphs corresponding to the nuclei count for Area 1 , Area 2, and Area 3 of the subcallosal fasciculus in piglets fed with the different diets (A, B, C) during the period of study described herein.
- Data are Mean ⁇ SD. a: significantly different from initial time at p ⁇ 0.05; b: significantly different from 8-9 d at p ⁇ 0.05; *: significantly different from diet A at p ⁇ 0.05.
- compositions of the present invention comprise gangliosides, phospholipids, sialic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acids, each of which is described in detail hereinafter.
- infant refers to individuals not more than about one year of age, and includes infants from 0 to about 4 months of age, infants from about 4 to about 8 months of age, infants from about 8 to about 12 months of age, low birth weight infants at less than 2,500 grams at birth, and preterm infants born at less than about 37 weeks gestational age, typically from about 26 weeks to about 34 weeks gestational age.
- infant formulas of the present invention may also be substantially free of any optional or selected essential ingredient or feature described herein, provided that the remaining formula still contains all of the required ingredients or features as described herein.
- substantially free means that the selected composition contains less than a functional amount of the optional ingredient, typically less than 0.1% by weight, and also including zero percent by weight of such optional or selected essential ingredient.
- compositions of the present invention can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in nutritional formula applications.
- the infant formulas of the present invention preferably comprise enriched concentrations of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid, all of which can be added separately or in varied combinations to the infant formula. It is preferred, however, that a combination of all three ingredients come from an enriched whey protein concentrate as described below.
- the enriched whey protein concentrates for use in the infant formulas of the present invention are those having a high concentration of milk fat globule membrane materials.
- Milk fat globule membrane materials are the membrane and membrane- associated materials that surround the triacylglycerol-rich milk fat globules in bovine or other mammalian milk. Many of the compounds identified in the milk fat globule membrane materials are present in much higher concentrations in human milk than in commercial infant formulas.
- the resulting formula is more similar in composition to human milk, especially with respect to human milk concentrations of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid.
- enriched whey protein concentrate refers generally to any whey protein concentrate having at least about 3%, more typically at least about 5%, by weight of phospholipids, of which at least about 20% by weight of sphingomyelin; at least about 0.5%, typically at least about 1.2% by weight of a sialic acid; and at least about 0.05%, typically at least about 0.1%, by weight of gangliosides. At least about 2.5% by weight of the sialic acid from the concentrate is lipid-bound.
- Suitable sources of enriched whey protein concentrate for use herein include any whey protein concentrate having the above-described levels of enriched ingredients, non- limiting examples of which include LACPRODAN® MFGM-10, Whey Protein Concentrate, available from ArIa Food Ingredients, Denmark, which contains 6.5% phospholipids, 0.2% gangliosides, 1.80% sialic acid (at least 2.5% lipid-bound sialic acid by weight of total fatty acids), and 1.5% lactoferrin, by weight of the concentrate.
- LACPRODAN® MFGM-10 Whey Protein Concentrate
- Whey Protein Concentrate available from ArIa Food Ingredients, Denmark, which contains 6.5% phospholipids, 0.2% gangliosides, 1.80% sialic acid (at least 2.5% lipid-bound sialic acid by weight of total fatty acids), and 1.5% lactoferrin, by weight of the concentrate.
- the enriched whey protein concentrate preferably provides from about 10% to 100%, including from about 50% to about 90%, and also including from about 60% to about 85%, of the total phospholipid, ganglioside, and sialic acid in the infant formula.
- the latter compounds can be added individually, as isolated compounds from mammalian milk or other suitable sources, it is preferred that most if not all of such compounds be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate.
- the infant formulas of the present invention comprise sialic acid at a concentration, on an as fed basis, of at least 70 mg/L, including from about 75 mg/L to about 4000 mg/l, also including from about 90 mg/liter to about 250 mg/l, wherein at least 2.5%, including from about 2.6% to about 10%, including from about 2.7% to about 5%, by weight of the sialic acid is lipid-bound. Some or all of the sialic acid may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
- the lipid-bound sialic acid component of the infant formula is most typically in the form of a ganglioside, which inherently contain lipid-bound sialic acid.
- the ganglioside component of the present invention as described hereinafter, may therefore be a primary or sole source of the lipid-bound sialic acid component of the present invention.
- sialic acid refers to all conjugated and non-conjugated forms of sialic acid, including sialic acid derivatives.
- the sialic acid in the infant formula of the present invention may therefore include free sialic acid, protein-bound sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid (including gangliosides), carbohydrate- bound sialic acid, and combinations or derivatives thereof. All sialic acid concentrations described herein are based upon the weight percentage of the sialic acid compound or moiety itself, less protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or other conjugates bound to the sialic acid structure.
- Sialic acid sources for use in the infant formulas may be added or obtained as separate ingredients. More typically, however, the sialic acid is provided primarily as an inherent ingredient from a whey protein concentrate component, preferably from an enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein. Although less preferred, sialic acid may be obtained from and added as a separate ingredient to the infant formula, in which case the added sialic acid is combined with inherent sialic acid from other ingredients to provide the total sialic acid content in the infant formula.
- sialic acid is a 9 carbon amino sugar, the structure of which is readily described in the chemical literature.
- Other generally accepted names for N-acetylneuraminic acid include sialic acid; o-Sialic acid; 5-Acetamido-3,5- dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid; 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D- galactonulosonic acid; Aceneuramic acid; N-acetyl-neuraminate; N-Acetylneuraminic acid; NANA; NANA, Neu ⁇ Ac; and Neu ⁇ Ac.
- Suitable sialic acid sources may be either natural or synthetic, and include any of the more than 40 naturally occurring and currently identified sialic acid derivatives, which includes free sialic acid, oligosaccharide conjugates (e.g. sialyloligosaccharides), lipid conjugates (i.e., glycolipids), protein conjugates (i.e., glycoproteins), and combinations thereof.
- oligosaccharide conjugates e.g. sialyloligosaccharides
- lipid conjugates i.e., glycolipids
- protein conjugates i.e., glycoproteins
- Sialic acid suitable for use herein includes sialyloligosaccharides commonly found in human milk, whether natural or synthetic, the two most abundant of which are 3'sialyllactose (3'SL, NeuNAc ⁇ 2-3Galactose ⁇ 1-4Glucose) and 6'sialyllactose (6'SL, NeuNAc ⁇ 2-6Galactose ⁇ 1-4Glucose).
- Other suitable sialyloligosaccharides include those that contain one or more sialic acid molecules conjugated to larger human milk or other more complex oligosaccharides.
- sialic acids for use herein include any corresponding glycolipid that is also suitable for use in an infant formula, including gangliosides such as sialic acid- containing glycolipids comprising a fatty acid, sphingosine, glucose, galactose, N- acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid molecule.
- gangliosides such as sialic acid- containing glycolipids comprising a fatty acid, sphingosine, glucose, galactose, N- acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid molecule.
- sialic acid compounds may also include any one or more of the several glycoproteins commonly found in human milk that are known to be sialylated (e.g., ⁇ -casein, ⁇ -lactalbumin, lactoferrin)
- Suitable sources of sialic acid for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk.
- Bovine milk is a preferred source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
- Individual sources of sialic acid suitable for use herein includes Lacprodan CGMP- 10 (caseino glyco macropeptide with 4.2% sialic acid), available from ArIa Food Ingredients, Denmark; and Biopure glycomacropeptide (with 7-8% sialic acid), available from Davisco Foods International, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
- the infant formulaws may comprise glycomacropeptides as a source of sialic acid, the formulas are preferably substantially reduced in glycomacropeptide content.
- Glycomacropeptide is part of the bovine milk protein casein molecule. Only very small amounts of free glycomacropeptide are found in skim milk, but whey protein concentrate contains higher amounts of free glycomacropeptide. It has been found that glycomacropeptides are not tolerated by infants as well as other sialic acid sources. Thus, infant formulas made with whey protein concentrate have higher free glycomacropeptide content, but also could be less well tolerated by the infant.
- the term "substantially reduced” means that the infant formulas preferably contain less than 0.5%, including less than 0.4%, and also including less than 0.35%, and also including zero percent, by weight of the formula as free glycomacropeptide on an as-fed basis.
- Conventional infant formulas typically contain from 0.6 to 0.8% glycomacropeptide as an inherent ingredient from a typical whey protein concentrate from cheese whey.
- the infant formulas of the present invention comprise enriched concentrations of one or more gangliosides, a group of compounds composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (n-acetylneuraminic acid) linked to the oligosaccharide chain.
- gangliosides may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
- Gangliosides are normal components of plasma membranes of mammalian cells and are particularly abundant in neuronal membranes. They are acidic glycosphingolipids comprising a hydrophobic portion, the ceramide, and a hydrophilic portion, an oligosaccharide chain containing one or more molecules of sialic acid.
- the oligosaccharide moieties of the gangliosides have different chemical structures constituting the reference basis for gangliosides separation and their recognition as individual entities.
- the ceramide moiety of the most common gangliosides has a heterogeneous fatty acid composition with a prevalence of C18 and C20 derivatives.
- Gangliosides are most commonly named using M, D and T designations, which refer to mono-, di- and trisialogangliosides, respectively, and the numbers 1 , 2, 3, etc refer to the order of migration of the gangliosides on thin-layer chromatography.
- M, D and T designations refer to mono-, di- and trisialogangliosides, respectively
- the numbers 1 , 2, 3, etc refer to the order of migration of the gangliosides on thin-layer chromatography.
- the order of migration of monosialogangliosides is GM3 > GM2 > GM1.
- further subscripts are added, e.g. GM1a, GD1b, etc.
- the infant formulas of the presention invention comprise at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, including from about 7 mg/L to 50 mg/L, also including from about 10 to about 30 mg/L. These ganglioside concentrations are similar to that found in human milk, which typically contains at least about 3 mg/L of gangliosides, more typically from about 3 mg/L to about 30 mg/L of gangliosides. These gangliosides for use in the infant formulas typically comprise one or more, more typically all, of the gangliosides GD3, O-Acetyl-GD3 and GM3. These gangliosides generally represent at least about 80%, more typically at least about 90%, by weight of the total gangliosides in the infant formula herein.
- Suitable sources of gangliosides for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk. Bovine milk is a preferred ganglioside source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
- Individual sources of gangliosides suitable for use herein include Ganglioside 500 ( >0.5% GM3 and ⁇ 1.0% GD3) and Ganglioside 600 (>1.2% GD3), available from Fonterra, New Zealand.
- Ganglioside concentrations for purposes of defining the infant formulas of the present invention are measured in accordance with the ganglioside method described hereinafter.
- the infant formulas of the present invention comprise enriched concentrations of phospholipids. Such concentrations are higher than that found in conventional infant formulas but similar to that found in human milk. Some or all of the phospholipids may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
- Phospholipids suitable for use herein include those commonly found in bovine and other mammalian milk.
- Preferred phospholipids include sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, and combinations thereof. Most preferred are combinations of all five phospholipids, especially such combinations in which sphingomyelin represents at least 20% by weight of total phospholipids.
- Phospholipid concentrations in the infant formulas of the present invention are at least about 150 mg/L, including from about 200 mg/L to about 600 mg/L, also including from about 250 to about 450 mg/L.
- Human milk for comparison, generally contains from about 163 to about 404 mg/L of phospholipids, with sphingomyelin representing about 51% of the total phospholipids.
- Suitable sources of phospholipids for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk.
- Bovine milk is a preferred phospholipid source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
- Suitable phospholipid sources include soy, such as soy lecithin.
- the infant formulas of the present invention are preferably substantially free of phospholids from soy sources.
- the infant formulas are also preferrably substantially free of egg phospholipids.
- substantially free means that the infant formulas contain less than 0.5%, more preferably less than 0.1%, including zero percent, by weight of soy or egg phospholipids.
- Individual sources of phospholipids suitable for use herein include milk derived sources such as Phospholipid concentrate 600 (>18.0% Sphingomyelin, >36.0% Phosphatidyl Choline, >9.0% Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine, 4.0% Phosphatidylserine), available from Fonterra, New Zealand.
- milk derived sources such as Phospholipid concentrate 600 (>18.0% Sphingomyelin, >36.0% Phosphatidyl Choline, >9.0% Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine, 4.0% Phosphatidylserine), available from Fonterra, New Zealand.
- the infant formulas of the present invention further comprise docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid or sources thereof, wherein the formula must contain at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid. These two polyunsaturated fatty acids are also found in human milk.
- the infant formulas of the present invention must therefore contain arachidonic acid, minimum concentrations of which must be at least about 0.25%, preferably at least about 0.3%, more preferably at least about 0.4%, by weight of total fatty acids in the formula.
- Arachidonic acid concentrations in the infant formula may range up to about 2.0%, including up to about 1.0%, also including up to about 0.6%, by weight of the total fatty acids in the formula.
- the infant formulas of the present invention must likewise contain docosahexaenoic acid, minimum concentrations of which must be at least about 0.13%, preferably at least about 0.14%, more preferably at least about 0.15%, by weight of total fatty acids in the formula.
- Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in the infant formula may range up to about 1.0%, including up to about 0.5%, also including up to about 0.25%, by weight of the total fatty acids in the formula.
- Non-limiting examples of some suitable sources of arachidonic acid, and/or docosahexaenoic acid include marine oil, egg derived oils, milk fat, fungal oil, algal oil, other single cell oils, and combinations thereof.
- the compositions are preferably substantially free of egg derived oils, which in this context means less than about 0.05%, including zero percent, by weight of such egg derived oils.
- Arachidonic and docosahexaeonic acids may be added to the formula in any form that is suitable for use by an infant, including compounds or materials that can otherwise provide a source of such free fatty acids upon or following administration to the infant, including phospholipids and glyceride esters (mono-, di-, tri-) of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids and sources thereof are described in U.S. Patent 6,080,787 (Carlson, et al.) and U.S. Patent 6,495,599 (Auestad, et al.), which descriptions are incorporated by reference herein.
- phospholipid sources of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid are not included as a phospholipid component as described hereinbefore.
- the infant formulas of the present invention comprise fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals, all of which are selected in kind and amount to meet the nutrition needs of the targeted infant or defined infant population.
- Carbohydrates suitable for use in the formulas herein may be simple or complex, lactose-containing or lactose-free, or combinations thereof, non-limiting examples of which include hydrolyzed, intact, naturally and/or chemically modified cornstarch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, sucrose, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, rice or potato derived carbohydrate, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup and indigestible oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and combinations thereof.
- FOS fructooligosaccharides
- GOS galactooligosaccharides
- Proteins suitable for use in the formulas herein include hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed, and non-hydrolyzed or intact proteins or protein sources, and can be derived from any known or otherwise suitable source such as milk (e.g., casein, whey, human milk protein), animal (e.g., meat, fish), cereal (e.g., rice, corn), vegetable (e.g., soy), or combinations thereof.
- milk e.g., casein, whey, human milk protein
- animal e.g., meat, fish
- cereal e.g., rice, corn
- vegetable e.g., soy
- Proteins for use herein may also include, or be entirely or partially replaced by, free amino acids known for or otherwise suitable for use in infant formulas, non-limiting examples of which include alanine, arginine, asparagine, carnitine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, tryptophan, taurine, tyrosine, valine, and combinations thereof. These amino acids are most typically used in their L-forms, although the corresponding D-isomers may also be used when nutritionally equivalent. Racemic or isomeric mixtures may also be used.
- Fats suitable for use in the formulas herein include coconut oil, soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, algal oil, MCT oil (medium chain triglycerides), sunflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marine oils, cottonseed oils, and combinations thereof.
- the infant formulas of the present invention include those embodiments comprising less than about 1%, including less than about 0.2%, including zero percent, by weight of milk fat on an as-fed basis.
- Vitamins and similar other ingredients suitable for use in the formulas include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, salts and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
- Minerals suitable for use in the base formulas include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, chromium, iodine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and combinations thereof.
- the infant nutrition formulas of the present invention preferably comprise nutrients in accordance with the relevant infant formula guidelines for the targeted consumer or user population, an example of which would be the Infant Formula Act, 21 U. S. C. Section 350(a).
- Preferred carbohydrate, lipid, and protein concentrations for use in the formulas are set forth in the following table. Table 1:
- the infant formulas may also include per 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: vitamin A (from about 250 to about 750 IU), vitamin D (from about 40 to about 100 IU), vitamin K (greater than about 4 ⁇ m), vitamin E (at least about 0.3 IU), vitamin C (at least about 8 mg), thiamine (at least about 8 ⁇ g), vitamin B12 (at least about 0.15 ⁇ g), niacin (at least about 250 ⁇ g), folic acid (at least about 4 ⁇ g), pantothenic acid (at least about 300 ⁇ g), biotin (at least about 1.5 ⁇ g), choline (at least about 7 mg), and inositol (at least about 2 mg).
- vitamin A from about 250 to about 750 IU
- vitamin D from about 40 to about 100 IU
- vitamin K greater than about 4 ⁇ m
- vitamin E at least about 0.3 IU
- vitamin C at least about 8 mg
- thiamine at least about 8 ⁇ g
- vitamin B12 at
- the infant formulas may also include per 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: calcium (at least about 50 mg), phosphorus (at least about 25 mg), magnesium (at least about 6 mg), iron (at least about 0.15 mg), iodine (at least about 5 ⁇ g), zinc (at least about 0.5 mg), copper (at least about 60 ⁇ g), manganese (at least about 5 ⁇ g), sodium (from about 20 to about 60 mg), potassium (from about 80 to about 200 mg), chloride (from about 55 to about 150 mg) and selenium (at least about 0.5 meg).
- the infant formulas may further comprise fructopolysaccharides, concentrations of which may range up to about 5% by weight of the formula, on an as fed basis, including from about 0.05% to about 3%, and also including from about 0.1% to about 2%.
- These fructopolysaccharides may be long chain (e.g., inulin), short chain (e.g., FOS or fructooligosaccharides), or combinations thereof, with mixtures comprising varied chain length structures, most of which have a DP (degree polymerization) of from about 2 to about 60.
- the infant formulas may further comprise other optional ingredients that may modify the physical, chemical, aesthetic or processing characteristics of the compositions or serve as pharmaceutical or additional nutritional components when used in the targeted infant or infant population.
- Many such optional ingredients are known or are otherwise suitable for use in nutritional products and may also be used in the infant formulas of the present invention, provided that such optional materials are compatible with the essential materials described herein and are otherwise suitable for use in an infant formula.
- Non-limiting examples of such optional ingredients include additional anti-oxidants, emulsifying agents, buffers, colorants, flavors, lactoferrin, additional alpha lactalbumen, nucleotides and nucleosides, probiotics, prebiotics, and related derivatives, thickening agents and stabilizers, and so forth.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating brain development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating neural migration in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating vision development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating cognitive development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
- the present invention is also directed to a method of providing sole source, supplement, or primary nutrition to an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
- All of the methods of the present invention are directed to the selected use of the infant formulas during the first 2-4 months of life, although it is understood that such methods may include additional administration, so that after the initial 2-4 month period the infant continues to feed on the same formula for up to 9-12 months. To realize the benefits of the present invention, however, administration must still occur during the first 2-4 months of life, even if such administration extends well beyond that period of time.
- each method may also include the step of reconstituting the powder (or instructing a caregiver to reconstitute) with an aqueous vehicle, most typically water or human milk, to form the desired caloric density, which is then orally or enterally fed to the infant to provide the desired nutrition.
- the powder is reconstituted with a quantity of water, or other suitable fluid such as human milk, to produce a volume and nutrition profile suitable for about one feeding.
- the infant formulas of the present invention have a caloric density that most typically ranges from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz, more typically from about 20 to about 21 kcal/fl oz, on an as fed basis.
- Ganglioside concentrations for use herein are determined in accordance with the following analytical method.
- Total lipids are extracted from Lacprodan MFGM-10 or infant formula samples with a mixture of chloroform:methanol:water.
- Gangliosides are purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition and solid phase extraction through C-18 cartridges.
- DIPE diisopropyl ether
- Lipid-bound sialic acid (LBSA) in the purified gangliosides is measured spectrophotometrically by reaction with resorcinol.
- the amount of gangliosides in the samples is obtained by multiplying LBSA by a conversion factor. This factor is obtained from the molecular weight ratio of gangliosides and sialic acid units. Because gangliosides are a family of compounds with different molecular weights and number of sialic acid residues, HPLC separation is used to measure individual ganglioside distribution in order to calculate this conversion factor more accurately.
- Standards
- Disialoganglioside GD1a from bovine brain, min. 95% (TLC) SIGMA, ref G-2392.
- N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid, NANA) from Escherichia coli, min. 98% SIGMA, ref A-2388.
- Ganglioside standards are not considered as true standards since suppliers don't typically guarantee their concentrations. For this reason, concentrations are estimated as LBSA measured by the resorcinol procedure.
- the standards are diluted with chloroforrrcmethanol (C:M)1 :1 (v/v) to a theoretical concentration of 1-2.5 mg/ml depending on the type of ganglioside. Aliquots of 10, 20 and 40 ⁇ l are taken, brought to dryness under N2 stream and measured as explained below (Measurement of LBSA). An average concentration of the three aliquots is considered as concentration of ganglioside standards expressed as LBSA.
- lipid extracts are prepared as follows: samples of 1 g of formula or 100 mg of Lacprodan MFGM-10 are weighed into round-bottom glass centrifuge tubes (50 ml tubes for formula and 10 ml tubes for Lacprodan MFGM-10). Twenty-five ml chloroform:methanol:water (C:M:W) 50:50:10 (v/v) per g of sample are added, being samples completely dispersed by alternative vortexing and sonication for 1 min. Tubes are incubated for 45 min at room temperature with vigorous and continuous vortexing (2000 rpm) with bath sonication pulses of 1 min every 15 min. Samples are centrifuged (1500 x g, 10 min, 15 0 C).
- the supematants are transferred to 40 ml conical-bottom glass centrifuge tubes and started to bring to dryness under N2 at 37 0 C. Meanwhile, the pellets are reextracted with 12.5 ml of C:M:W per g for 15 min at room temperature with continuous vortexing (2000 rpm) and with bath sonication pulses of 1 min every 7.5 min. After centrifugation, the supematants are pooled with the first ones in the 40 ml tubes and the evaporation continued. The pellets are washed with C:M 1 :1 (v/v) and incubated 10 min in the same conditions than before, with sonication pulses every 5 min. After centrifugation, the supematants are also added to the 40 ml tubes and evaporated.
- the ganglioside fraction is purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of the diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition described by Ladisch S. and Gillard B. (1985) A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification, Anal. Biochem, 146:220-231. This is followed by solid phase extraction through C-18 cartridges as described by Williams M and McCluer R (1980), The use of Sep-PakTM C18 cartridges during the isolation of gangliosides, J. Neurochem, 35:266-269 with modifications.
- DIPE diisopropyl ether
- the lower-aqueous phase containing gangliosides is extracted twice with the original volume of fresh organic solvent.
- the samples are partially evaporated under a stream of N2 at 37 0 C during 30-45 min until the volume (nearly 2 ml) is reduced to approximately one half of the original volume.
- Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) through reversed-phase C-18 cartridges 500 mg C- 18 cartridges are fitted to a twenty four-port liner SPE vacuum manifold and activated with three consecutive washes of 5 ml of methanol, 5 ml of C:M 2:1 (v/v) and 2.5 ml of methanol. Then, cartridges are equilibrated with 2.5 ml of 0.1% aqueous NaCI:methanol 60:40 (v/v). The volumes of partially evaporated lower phases are measured, brought up to 1 ,2 ml with water, and added with 0.8 ml methanol.
- the resorcinol reagent is prepared as follows: 10 ml of resorcinol at 2% in deionised water, 0.25 ml of 0.1 M copper sulphate, 80 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, complete up to 100 ml with water.
- the reagent is prepared daily protected from light.
- a gradient with two mobile phases is used:
- Solvent A Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (83:17). This buffer is prepared with 0.6899 g NaH2PO4.H2O to 1 L water, pH adjusted to 5.6
- Solvent B Acetonitrile - 2OmM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (1 :1). This buffer is prepared with 2.7560 g NaH2PO4.H2O to 1 L water, pH adjusted to 5.6
- Samples are liquid-phase extracted, partitioned and solid-phase extracted as explained above. An aliquot of 0.5 ml from the 2 ml sample in C:M 1 :1 is evaporated under nitrogen and redissolved into 0.150 ml of water. For perfect reconstitution, the sample is vortexed and sonicated. The final solution is transferred to an HPLC vial. The injection volume is 30 ⁇ l for samples and standards.
- GD3 and GM3 standards are measured by the resorcinol procedure and true concentrations calculated as explained above.
- Four standard solutions containing GD3 and GM3, and a blank are prepared in water.
- the concentrations of the calibration standards ranged approximately from 0-0.5 mg/ml for GD3 and from 0-0.2 mg/ml for GM3.
- the exact concentration of each set of standards may vary depending on the purity of the standards.
- a set of standards is injected each time the system is set-up, e.g., for a new column. The proper performance of the system is checked by injecting one standard of intermediate concentration every ten runs. If the interpolated concentration is not between 95%-105% of the theoretical concentration, a new calibration set is injected and used for subsequent calculations.
- infant formulas of the present invention may be prepared by any known or otherwise effective technique, suitable for making and formulating infant or similar other formulas. Such techniques and variations thereof for any given formula are easily determined and applied by one of ordinary skill in the infant nutrition formulation or manufacturing arts in the preparation of the formulas described herein.
- Methods of manufacturing the infant formulas of the present invention may include formation of a slurry from one or more solutions which may contain water and one or more of the following: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, stabilizers, vitamins and minerals.
- This slurry is emulsified, homogenized and cooled.
- Various other solutions, mixtures or other materials may be added to the resulting emulsion before, during, or after further processing.
- This emulsion may then be further diluted, sterilized, and packaged to form a ready-to-feed or concentrated liquid, or it can be sterilized and subsequently processed and packaged as a reconstitutable powder (e.g., spray dried, dry mixed, agglomerated).
- the neonatal piglet constitutes an appropriate model to evaluate nutritional intervention prior to the design and implementation of human clinical trials. Its suitability resides in the similarities of the gastrointestinal physiology of the piglet to that of the human neonate (Miller, E.R., Ullrey, The pig as model for human nutrition, Annu Rev Nutr 1987; 7; 361-82).
- piglet brain growth spurt like that of human, extends from late prenatal to early postnatal life, which also constitutes a great advantage of this animal model (Pond WG et al. Perinatal Ontogeny of Brain Growth in the Domestic Pig. PSEBM 2000, 223:102-108).
- the critical period to consider is 70 through 140 days postconception (birth takes place around 112-113 days postconception).
- the present study is designed to provide a biological assessment of the effects of three test formulas, one of which is a conventional infant formula control.
- the study is longitudinal and includes 3 groups of piglets fed the experimental diets, A, B or C (see Table 2) with three time points of sacrifice after 8-9, 15-16 and 29-30 days of feeding. An additional group, sacrificed at the beginning of the study, is used as a reference. The study is divided into two experiments. Piglets in the study are supplied by a certified farm.
- Diet A Similar to Similac® Advance® Infant Formula, available from Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio USA (0.4% arachidonic acid, 0.15% docosahexaenoic acid, by weight of total fatty acids).
- Diet B Infant formula of the present invention with 0.4% arachidonic and 0.15% docosahexaenoic acid, by weight of total formula fatty acids.
- Diet C Infant formula similar to Diet B but with reduced arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations (0.2% and 0.1 %, respectively, by weight of total Tormuia tatty acids)
- Diets A, B and C are adapted in terms of micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) to the special requirements of neonatal piglets.
- the following table shows the composition of the standard pig diet and of diets A, B and C.
- each piglet Dietary intake and weight gain are monitored 4 times a day, twice weekly, respectively, for each piglet. [0113] At the appropriate time, each piglet is anaesthetized with Ketamine/Domtor after overnight fasting and then sacrificed by jugular puncture terminal bleeding. The composition and histology of the brain is subsequently evaluated.
- Piglets are deprived of food overnight and bled to death via jugular vein puncture while under anesthesia. Blood is collected with tripotassium EDTA (2.7 mmol/L) as anticoagulant and centrifuged at 1500xg for 10 min at 4 0 C.
- tripotassium EDTA 2.7 mmol/L
- Skulls are opened and brains removed and weighed.
- the left hemisphere is dissected and immersed in buffered 4% formaldehyde pH 7.4 and in ethanol at 70° for one week for histological analysis.
- the right hemisphere iss stored at -8O 0 C for biochemical analysis.
- Whole eyes are removed.
- the left eye is also immersed in formaldehyde. Two hours later the anterior pole of the eye is separated with a scalpel and the eye kept again in formaldehyde for 18h.
- the right eye is dissected and the retina removed and weighed. Plasma, right hemisphere and retina are stored at -8O 0 C until analysis.
- Plasma samples are methylated by the method of Lepage and Roy (6) and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Two hundred microliters ( ⁇ l_) of plasma are added with pentadecanoic acid as internal standard (0.04 mg/sample), 2 ml of a mixture of methanol:hexane (4:1) and 0.2 ml acethyl chloride. Tubes are capped and heated at 100 0 C for 1 hour. They are then cooled in an ice bath and added with 5 ml 6% K2CO3, and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500xg.
- hexane upper layer Three microliters of the hexane upper layer are injected into a Hewlett-Packard 6890 chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector and 60 m long, 0.32mm id, 0.2 ⁇ m film thickness capillary SP2330 column (Supelco). Helium flow rate 1 ml/min is used as carrier gas with split ratio 1 :40. Temperature programming consisted of 165 0 C for 3 min, increase of 2°C/min to 195 0 C, held 2 min, increase of 3°C/min to 211 0 C, held 10 min. Injector and detector temperatures are 25O 0 C. Fatty acids are identified by comparing their retention times with those of authentic standards (Sigma). Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area or concentrations for each fatty acid methyl ester.
- the right hemisphere is homogenized in a Heidolph homogenizer.
- One gram of the homogenized cerebrum is further homogenized with 15 ml PBS in ultraturrax for 1 min and diluted to 100 ml with PBS.
- the content of DNA is measured in 10 ⁇ L aliquots, in triplicate, by reaction with the Hoechst reagent and fluorimetry using the Molecular Probes kit F-2962.
- Protein content is determined in a 1:4 dilution of the 1g/100ml homogenate by the Lowry procedure using the Sigma kit TP0300 with modifications to measure in microplates. Briefly, 20 Dl of samples or standards, in triplicate, are placed in 96-well microplates. Eighty ⁇ l water, and 100 ⁇ l Lowry reagent are added and incubated for 20 min with mixing. Fifty ⁇ l of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent are added and incubated for 30 min with mixing. Absorbance is measured at 690nm.
- Cholesterol is measured by spectrophotometric-colorimetric method after extraction of sample with organic solvents. Two hundred mg of the homogenized brain are further homogenized in 1ml water in Heidolph homogenizer. Samples are added with 5 ml hexane:isopropanol (3:2), vortexed for 1 min, sonicated for 5 min, and centrifuged for at 4 0 C for 10 min at 1500xg. The upper layer is collected and the lower layer is reextracted with 3 ml solvents. The upper layer is collected, pooled with the first one and evaporated under N2 stream. The extract is dissolved in 3 ml chloroform, and 20 ⁇ l are taken in duplicate for cholesterol analysis. The solvent is evaporated and 100 ⁇ l of isopropanol are added. Cholesterol determination is done using the Randox kit n 0 CH201 according to the supplier instructions. Cholesterol calibration line is used from 0.25 to 2 mg/ml.
- Fatty acid composition is measured as explained above for plasma, using 40 mg of homogenate and without internal standard. Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area for each fatty acid methyl ester.
- Ganglioside content is measured both by HPLC and by spectrophotometry as lipid- bound sialic acid (LBSA) after extraction, partition and purification of lipids.
- LBSA lipid- bound sialic acid
- a portion of homogenized brain (1.250 g) is extracted with 18 ml chlorofornrmethanol (C:M) 1 :1 (v/v); the mixture is stirred for 45 min at 4 0 C and centrifuged at 1500xg for 10 minutes at 4 0 C. The supernatant is colleted and the pellet reextracted twice with 18 ml and 12 ml solvent mixture, respectively.
- the three supematants are pooled and brought to 50 ml with solvent mixture, and two aliquots of 20 ml are taken and incubated overnight at -3O 0 C. After incubation, the samples are centrifuged and the supematants collected and desiccated under N2 stream.
- Gangliosides are purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of the diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition (described by Ladisch and Gillard, 1985, A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification, Anal.
- DIPE diisopropyl ether
- Gangliosides are eluted with 5 ml methanol and 5 ml C:M 2:1 (v/v), dried under N2 stream and redissolved in 1 ml C:M 1 :1 (v/v). Total gangliosides are measured as LBSA. An aliquot of 50 ⁇ l is placed into 10 ml glass centrifuge tube, dried under N2, and measured by resorcinol assay (Svennerholm, L., 1957, Quantitative estimation of sialic acid: A colorimetric resorcinol-hydrochloric acid method, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 24:604-611).
- the resorcinol reagent is prepared as follows: 10 ml of resorcinol at 2% in deionised water, 0.25 ml of 0.1 M copper sulphate, 80 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, complete up to 100 ml with water. The reagent is prepared daily and protected from light.
- gangliosides are separated by HPLC in Alliance 2690 equipment with Dual Absorbance Detector, from Waters, using a Luna-NH2 column, 5 ⁇ m, 100 A, 250 x 4.6 mm from Phenomenex.
- a gradient with two mobile phases is used:
- Solvent A Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (83:17).
- Solvent B Acetonitrile - 2OmM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (1:1).
- GD3 solutions from 0-0.4 mg/ml are used as calibration standards and bovine brain solution is used to identify ganglioside classes.
- Retina is homogenized with 3.5 ml C:M 1 :1 (v/v) in ultraturrax for 1 min, vortexed for 45 minutes and centrifuged. The supernatant is collected and the pellets reextracted twice with 2 ml solvent mixture. The three supernatants are pooled and desiccated under N2. The extracts are dissolved in 1 ml chloroform and 100 ⁇ l aliquots are taken for analysis of fatty acids and phospholipids. The rest of the extract is desiccated again and subjected to the same partition and purification procedure than brain samples. The purified extracts are dissolved in 1 ml C:M 1 :1 , 0.5 ml are measured by resorcinol procedure and 0.5 ml are used for ganglioside analysis by HPLC.
- Fatty acid composition is measured in the 100 ⁇ l aliquots as explained above for plasma. Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area for each fatty acid methyl ester.
- Phospholipid content of retina samples is measured by HPLC in an Spherisorb silica column, 5 ⁇ m, 150x4.6 mm using the following solvent system: acetonitrile-phosphate buffer at different volume ratios and ionic strengths.
- a gradient with two mobile phases is used:
- Solvent A Acetonitrile.
- Solvent B Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5 (80:20).
- a sample of the optic nerve with minimum length of 5 mm is transversely sectioned, fixed in buffered formalin for 3 h and then preserved in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4-6 0 C.
- the eyes are frontally sectioned into 3 specimens, labeled and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections are made of all paraffin blocks for subsequent staining.
- S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes and stains astroglia cells.
- the immunogen used is purified bovine brain S100 protein (species reactivity: human, cow, rat, and mouse).
- NeuN Monoclonal antibody anti-neural nuclei
- NeuN or Neuronal Nuclei
- Species reactivity human, mouse, rat, pig, ferret, chick and salamander.
- Experiment 1 One piglet from group A is very small at birth and does not catch up with the rest of the piglets. One pig of group C dies 10 days after enrolment. Another pig of group C is a female, which is confirmed at the end of the experiment. Consequently, n for group A at 29-30 days is 3 instead of 4, and n of group C at the same age is 2 instead of 4.
- Experiment 2 One piglet dies during the period of adaptation. Another piglet of group B dies 6 days after enrolment. Two pigs of group A and one in group B are excluded of the study, because they are very small at birth and did not grow as the rest of piglets.
- the contents of protein, DNA and cholesterol in brain are measured as indexes of protein mass, cell number (DNA) and myelinization (cholesterol). There are no significant differences among groups at any time point. However, there are some evidences that can be concluded from the data. The amount of DNA did not increase in brain whereas protein tended to increase indicating that cell density in brain is similar in piglets during the period of study and that cell multiplication occurs as a consequence of brain growth. Cholesterol increased both per gram of tissue and when considering total brain, which means that myelinization takes place at least during the period of study considered in the experimental design.
- LBSA lipid bound sialic acid
- Routine histological techniques are used to quantify the total cell number in selected fields of subcallosal fasciculus and adjacent white matter. This area is selected because neuroblasts migrate and differentiate through several layers just behind the ependymo (see Fig. 1.1 and 1.2). Nucleus count is done in three different areas of the subcallosal fasciculus (see Figs. 1.2 and 1.3):
- Area 1 migration and proliferation area adjacent to ventriculus lateralis
- Area 2 area 1 avoiding neuroblast aggregates in the ependymo (see Fig. 1.3).
- Area 3 white matter next to subcallosal fasciculus.
- DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID 1.40 kg 1.05 kg 0.70 kg 1.40 kg
- Each of the exemplified may be prepared in a similar manner by making at least two separate slurries that are later blended together, heat treated, standardized, evaporated, dried and packaged.
- an oil slurry is prepared by combining high oleic sunflower oil, soybean oil and coconut oil, followed by the addition of ascorbyl palmitate, beta carotene, vitamin ADEK and mixed tocopherols. The tank is then agitated for 20 minutes and the QA analysis. Following QA clearance and immediately prior to processing the ARA oil, and DHA oil are added to the oil blend tank. The resulting oil slurry is held under moderate agitation at room temperature ( ⁇ 30°C) for until it is later blended with the other prepared slurry.
- Skim milk-oil slurry is prepared by combining the oil blend slurry in approximately 40% of the fluid skim milk at 35-45 0 C in a continuous agitation process followed by the addition of an enriched whey protein concentrate. This oil-protein slurry is heated to 65- 7O 0 C, two stages homogenised at 154-190/25-45 bars, cooled to 3-6 0 C and stored in the process silo.
- Skim milk - carbohydrate slurry is prepared by dissolving lactose and Skim milk powder in approximately 60% of the fluid skim milk at 60-75 0 C. This slurry is held under agitation in the solubilization tank for approximately 2 minutes before pumping to the plate exchanger where is cooled to 3-6 0 C and conveyed to the process silo where is blended with the skim milk-oil slurry.
- Mineral slurry 1 is prepared by dissolving magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and potassium citrate in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The mineral slurry 1 is added into the process silo.
- Mineral slurry 2 is prepared by dissolving tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in water at 40-60 0 C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The mineral slurry 2 added is into the process silo.
- Oligofructose slurry is prepared by dissolving oligofructose in water at 40-60 0 C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The oligofructose slurry is added into the process silo.
- the batch is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 45 minutes before take a sample for analytical testing. Based on the analytical results of the quality control tests, an appropriate standardization process is carried out.
- Vitamin C slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate and ascorbic acid in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The Vitamin C slurry is added into the process silo.
- Water-soluble vitamins-inositol slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate, water-soluble vitamin premix and inositol in water at 40-60 0 C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The water-soluble vitamin-inositol slurry is added into the process silo.
- Ferrous sulphate slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate and ferrous sulphate in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes.
- Nucleotides-choline slurry is prepared by dissolving nucleotide-choline premix in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The nucleotides-choline slurry is added into the process silo.
- the final batch is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 60 minutes before taking a sample for analytical testing. Based on the analytical results of the quality control tests, an appropriate vitamin C and pH correction could be carried out. The final batch is held under moderate agitation at 3-6 0 C.
- the resulting blend is preheated to 90-96 0 C, heated at 110-130 0 C for 3 seconds.
- the heated blend is passed through a flash cooler to reduce the temperature to 93-97°C and then through an evaporator to achieve the desired solids.
- the product is then heated to 75-78 0 C and pumped to the spray-drying tower.
- the resulting powder product is collected and stored in bulk powder silos and tested for quality.
- the finished product is then placed into suitable containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing both during in-process and at the finished product stages.
- Each of the exemplified may be prepared in a similar manner by making at least two separate slurries that are later blended together, heat treated, standardized, dried, dry blended and packaged.
- skim milk- mineral slurry is prepared by dissolving approximately 80% of the skim milk powder in demineralized water at 60-65 0 C, followed by the addition of potassium citrate and potassium hydroxide. The pH of the resulting blend is adjusted to 7.7- 8.7 with potassium hydroxide or citric acid.
- a new slurry is prepared by dissolving choline chloride and Inositol in demineralized water at room temperature,.
- the resulting slurry is combined with the skim milk-mineral slurry and is held under moderate agitation at 60-65°C for no longer than 1 hour until it is later blended with the additional ingredients.
- a new slurry is prepared by dissolving Taurine in demineralized water at 70 0 C 1 .
- the resulting slurry is combined with the skim milk-mineral slurry and is held under moderate agitation at 60-65 0 C for no longer than 1 hour until it is later blended with the additional ingredients.
- An enriched whey protein concentrate is added to the skim milk-mineral slurry followed by lactose and oligofructose.
- the slurry is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 30 minutes before take a sample for analytical testing.
- the pH of the resulting blend is adjusted to 6.5-7.1 with potassium hydroxide or citric acid.
- an oil slurry is prepared by combining high oleic sunflower oil, soybean oil and coconut oil, followed by the addition of vitamin ADEK Beta carotene, mixed tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, ARA oil, and DHA oil.
- the resulting oil slurry is held under moderate agitation at room temperature for no longer than six hours until it is later blended with the protein-carbohydrate-mineral slurry.
- the protein-carbohydrate-mineral slurry is deaerated at 70-80 0 C and further heated to 84-86 0 C.
- the oil slurry is injected on line at 50-8O 0 C.
- the final blend is cooled to 68-72 0 C and emulsified through a double stage homogeniser at 145-155 bars in the first stage and at 30-40 bars in the second stage.
- the heated blend is passed through a plate cooler to reduce the temperature to 3-5 00 C and is stored in a process silo.
- a mineral solution and an ascorbic acid solution are prepared separately by adding the following ingredients to the processed blended.
- the mineral solution is prepared by adding the following ingredients to sufficient amount of demineralized water with agitation: 2006/034991
- the ascorbic acid solution is prepared by adding ascorbic acid to a sufficient amount of demineralized water to dissolve the ingredient.
- the processed blend is held under moderate agitation at 3-5 0 C for no longer than 48 hours. Samples are taken for analytical testing.
- the cooled blend is then heated at 69-73 0 C and homogenised at 60-70/30-40 bars and sent to the spray drying tower.
- the base powder product is collected and stored into bulk powder containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing.
- the base powder product is released for the dry blending of the rest of ingredients.
- the quantities of the remaining ingredients required to obtain the final powder product are determined and entered in the automatic weight system.
- the system weighs every component of the dry blending premix (Lactose, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, water soluble premix, nucleotide cytidne 5-monophosphate, nucleotide disodium uridine 5-monophosphate, nucleotide disodium guanosine 5-monophosphate, nucleotide adenosine 5-monophosphate, copper sulphate and calcium phosphate tribasic.
- the base powder product and the dry blending premix are conveyed to the blender.
- the blend is held under agitation for a period of no lees than 20 minutes.
- the finished product is conveyed to the packaging machine and placed into suitable containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing.
- the exemplified formulas are non-limiting examples of powder formula embodiments of the present invention. Each formula is reconstituted with water prior to use to a caloric density ranging from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz, and then fed to an infant as a sole source of nutrition during the first 4 months of life, including the first 2 months of life.
- the formulas help accelerate neural migration, brain development, and cognitive development in the infants.
- Examples 1-4 are modified by conventional means to form ready-to-feed liquid formula embodiments (Examples 5-8) of the present invention.
- the ingredients for Examples 5-8 correspond to the ingredient listings recited in Examples 1-4, respectively.
- the exemplified formulas (Examples 5-8) are non-limiting examples of liquid formula embodiments of the present invention. Each formula is adjusted to a caloric density ranging from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz.
- the finished formula is fed to an infant as a sole source of nutrition during the first 4 months of life, including the first 2 months of life.
- the formulas help accelerate neural migration, brain development, and cognitive development in the infants.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Pediatric Medicine (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Dairy Products (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed are infant formulas comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis, at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid, at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid by weight of total fatty acids, and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid by weight of total fatty acids. Also disclosed are methods of accelerating brain development, neural migration, and cognitive development in an infant by administering the infant formulas during the first 2-4months of life, preferably as a sole source of nutrition.
Description
INFANT FORMULAS FOR EARLY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Technical Field
[001] The present invention relates to infant formulas comprising select combinations of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, phospholipids, gangliosides, and sialic acid, to better assimilate the natural composition of human milk and to accelerate early brain development in infants.
Background of the Invention
[002] Commercial infant formulas are commonly used today to provide supplemental or sole source nutrition early in life. These formulas comprise a range of nutrients to meet the nutritional needs of the growing infant, and typically include fat, carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients helpful for optimal infant growth and development.
[003] Commercial infant formulas are designed to assimilate, as closely as possible, the composition and function of human milk. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) defines infant formula as "a food which purports to be or is represented for special dietary use solely as a food for infants by reason of its simulation of human milk or its suitability as a complete or partial substitute for human milk." (FFDCA 201 (Z)).
[004] Commercial infant formulas, under FFDCA rules, are defined by basic nutrients that must be formulated into non-exempt infant formulas in the U.S. These nutrients include, per 100 kcal of formula: protein (1.8-4.5 g at least nutritionally equivalent to casein), fat (3.3- 6.Og), linoleate (at least 300mg), vitamin A as retinol equivalents (75-225mcg), vitamin D (40-100 IU), vitamin K (at least 4.0 meg), vitamin E (at least 0.7 IU/g linoleic acid), ascorbic acid (at least 8.0 mg), thiamine (at least 40 meg), riboflavin (at least 60 meg), pyridoxine (at least 35.0 meg with 15 mcg/g of protein in formula), vitamin B12 (at least 0.15 meg), niacin (at least 250 meg), folic acid (at least 4.0 meg), pantothenic acid (at least 300.0 meg), biotin (at least 1.5 meg), choline (at least 7.0 mg), inositol (at least 4.0 mg), calcium (at least 50.0 mg), phosphorous (at least 25.0 mg with calcium to phosphorous ratio of 1.1-2.0), magnesium (at least 6.0 mg), iron (at least 0.15 mg), iodine (at least 5.0 meg), zinc (at least 0.5 mg), copper (at least 60.0 meg), manganese (at least 5.0 meg), sodium (20.0-60.0 mg),
potassium (80.0-200.0 mg), and chloride (55.0-150.0 mg).
[005] Notwithstanding tight regulatory controls, commercial infant formulas are still not identical, in either composition or function, to human milk. Almost 200 different compounds have been identified in human milk, over 100 of which are still not typically found in significant amounts, or at all, in commercial formulas. Such compounds include various immunoglobulins, enzymes, hormones, certain proteins, lactoferrin, gangliosides, phospholipids (sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol), and so forth. Many of these materials are unique to human milk or are otherwise present in only minor concentrations in cow's milk or other protein source used in preparing a commercial infant formula.
[006] There is a continuing need, therefore, for new infant formulas that contain even more of the natural ingredients found in human milk, to thus potentially provide more of the nutritional benefits currently enjoyed by the breastfed infant.
[007] The present invention is directed to infant formulas with select concentrations and types of those compounds inherently found in human milk, including docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, phospholipids, gangliosides, and sialic acid. By virtue of these selected ingredients and their corresponding concentrations in the infant formulas, the nutrient profiles of the infant formulas described herein are more similar to human milk than are conventional infant formulas.
[008] It was discovered, however, that not only do these formulas better assimilate the natural ingredients found in human milk, but they may also accelerate neuroblast migration during the first 3-4 months of life, thus providing an infant formula that helps accelerate brain and cognitive development in infants. Interestingly, the effect on neuroblast migration was only noted during the early infancy phase (see animal study described herein) thus emphasizing the importance of the selected use of these formulas during this early infancy phase.
Summary of the Invention
[009] A first embodiment of the present invention is directed to infant formulas comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, and (D) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid. It is essential that the compositions also contain at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and
at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid, both by weight of total fatty acids.
[010] A second embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of accelerating neuroblast migration during the first 2-4 months of life, said method comprising the oral administration of an infant formula comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, (D) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% as lipid-bound sialic acid, and also include at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid, both by weight of total fatty acids.
[011] A third embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of accelerating cognitive development in an infant, especially during the first 2-4 months of life, said method comprising the oral administration of an infant formulas comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including on an as-fed basis (A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids, (C) at least about 70 mg/L of sialic acid with at least about 2.5% by weight as lipid-bound sialic acid. The composition also includes at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid by weight of total fatty acids and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid by weight of total fatty acids.
[012] It was discovered that, not only do these formulas better assimilate the natural ingredients found in human milk, they also accelerate neuroblast migration during the early phase of infancy, thus providing an infant formula that helps accelerate brain and cognitive development in infants. Interestingly, the effect on neuroblast migration was only noted during the early infancy phase (see animal study described herein) thus emphasizing the importance of the selected use of these formulas during the first 2-4 months of life.
[013] It was also discovered that the effect on neuroblast migration occurred only when the combination of phospholipid, ganglioside, and total sialic acid was used in combination with higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acids. Identical compositions, but with lower concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acids, did not significantly affect neuroblast migration in the selected animal model.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[014] Fig. 1.1 shows a pig brain segment for histological measurements in the animal study described herein.
[015] Fig. 1.2 is a magnified section of the Fig. 1.1 pig brain section, which shows subependymal area stained with hematoxilin:eosin; darker stained dots are nuclei; neuroblasts migrate from the subependymal area to the white matter.
[016] Fig. 1.3, shows Areas 1 , 2 and 3 from the Fig. 1.2 magnified pig brain section for nucleus counts; Area 1 is the subcallosal fasciculus, neuroblast migration and proliferation area; Area 2 is the migration area avoiding neuroblast aggregates; and Area 3 is the white matter next to the subcallosal fasciculus.
[017] Fig. 2 includes three graphs corresponding to the nuclei count for Area 1 , Area 2, and Area 3 of the subcallosal fasciculus in piglets fed with the different diets (A, B, C) during the period of study described herein. Data are Mean ± SD. a: significantly different from initial time at p<0.05; b: significantly different from 8-9 d at p<0.05; *: significantly different from diet A at p<0.05.
Detailed Description of the Invention
[018] The compositions of the present invention comprise gangliosides, phospholipids, sialic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acids, each of which is described in detail hereinafter.
[019] The term "infant" as used herein refers to individuals not more than about one year of age, and includes infants from 0 to about 4 months of age, infants from about 4 to about 8 months of age, infants from about 8 to about 12 months of age, low birth weight infants at less than 2,500 grams at birth, and preterm infants born at less than about 37 weeks gestational age, typically from about 26 weeks to about 34 weeks gestational age.
[020] The term "as fed" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to liquid formulas suitable for direct oral administration to an infant, wherein the formulas are ready- to-feed liquids, reconstituted powders, or diluted concentrates.
[021] All ingredient ranges as used herein, unless otherwise specified, to characterize the infant formulas of the present invention are by weight of infant formula on an as-fed basis.
[022] All percentages, parts and ratios as used herein are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwise specified. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level and, therefore, do not include solvents or by-
products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified.
[023] The infant formulas of the present invention may also be substantially free of any optional or selected essential ingredient or feature described herein, provided that the remaining formula still contains all of the required ingredients or features as described herein. In this context, and unless otherwise specified, the term "substantially free" means that the selected composition contains less than a functional amount of the optional ingredient, typically less than 0.1% by weight, and also including zero percent by weight of such optional or selected essential ingredient.
[024] All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present invention shall include the corresponding plural characteristic or limitation, and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made.
[025] All combinations of method or process steps as used herein can be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made.
[026] The methods and compositions of the present invention, including components thereof, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein or otherwise useful in nutritional formula applications.
Enriched Whey Protein Concentrate
[027] The infant formulas of the present invention preferably comprise enriched concentrations of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid, all of which can be added separately or in varied combinations to the infant formula. It is preferred, however, that a combination of all three ingredients come from an enriched whey protein concentrate as described below.
[028] The enriched whey protein concentrates for use in the infant formulas of the present invention are those having a high concentration of milk fat globule membrane materials. Milk fat globule membrane materials are the membrane and membrane- associated materials that surround the triacylglycerol-rich milk fat globules in bovine or other
mammalian milk. Many of the compounds identified in the milk fat globule membrane materials are present in much higher concentrations in human milk than in commercial infant formulas. By adding whey protein concentrates enriched in such materials to an infant formula, the resulting formula is more similar in composition to human milk, especially with respect to human milk concentrations of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid.
[029] The term "enriched whey protein concentrate" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers generally to any whey protein concentrate having at least about 3%, more typically at least about 5%, by weight of phospholipids, of which at least about 20% by weight of sphingomyelin; at least about 0.5%, typically at least about 1.2% by weight of a sialic acid; and at least about 0.05%, typically at least about 0.1%, by weight of gangliosides. At least about 2.5% by weight of the sialic acid from the concentrate is lipid-bound.
[030] Suitable sources of enriched whey protein concentrate for use herein include any whey protein concentrate having the above-described levels of enriched ingredients, non- limiting examples of which include LACPRODAN® MFGM-10, Whey Protein Concentrate, available from ArIa Food Ingredients, Denmark, which contains 6.5% phospholipids, 0.2% gangliosides, 1.80% sialic acid (at least 2.5% lipid-bound sialic acid by weight of total fatty acids), and 1.5% lactoferrin, by weight of the concentrate.
[031] The enriched whey protein concentrate preferably provides from about 10% to 100%, including from about 50% to about 90%, and also including from about 60% to about 85%, of the total phospholipid, ganglioside, and sialic acid in the infant formula. Although the latter compounds can be added individually, as isolated compounds from mammalian milk or other suitable sources, it is preferred that most if not all of such compounds be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate.
Sialic Acid
[032] The infant formulas of the present invention comprise sialic acid at a concentration, on an as fed basis, of at least 70 mg/L, including from about 75 mg/L to about 4000 mg/l, also including from about 90 mg/liter to about 250 mg/l, wherein at least 2.5%, including from about 2.6% to about 10%, including from about 2.7% to about 5%, by weight of the sialic acid is lipid-bound. Some or all of the sialic acid may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
[033] The lipid-bound sialic acid component of the infant formula is most typically in the form of a ganglioside, which inherently contain lipid-bound sialic acid. The ganglioside component of the present invention, as described hereinafter, may therefore be a primary or sole source of the lipid-bound sialic acid component of the present invention.
[034] The term "sialic acid" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, refers to all conjugated and non-conjugated forms of sialic acid, including sialic acid derivatives. The sialic acid in the infant formula of the present invention may therefore include free sialic acid, protein-bound sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid (including gangliosides), carbohydrate- bound sialic acid, and combinations or derivatives thereof. All sialic acid concentrations described herein are based upon the weight percentage of the sialic acid compound or moiety itself, less protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or other conjugates bound to the sialic acid structure.
[035] Sialic acid sources for use in the infant formulas may be added or obtained as separate ingredients. More typically, however, the sialic acid is provided primarily as an inherent ingredient from a whey protein concentrate component, preferably from an enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein. Although less preferred, sialic acid may be obtained from and added as a separate ingredient to the infant formula, in which case the added sialic acid is combined with inherent sialic acid from other ingredients to provide the total sialic acid content in the infant formula.
[036] As an individual compound or moiety, sialic acid is a 9 carbon amino sugar, the structure of which is readily described in the chemical literature. Other generally accepted names for N-acetylneuraminic acid include sialic acid; o-Sialic acid; 5-Acetamido-3,5- dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid; 5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D- galactonulosonic acid; Aceneuramic acid; N-acetyl-neuraminate; N-Acetylneuraminic acid; NANA; NANA, NeuδAc; and NeuδAc.
[037] Suitable sialic acid sources may be either natural or synthetic, and include any of the more than 40 naturally occurring and currently identified sialic acid derivatives, which includes free sialic acid, oligosaccharide conjugates (e.g. sialyloligosaccharides), lipid conjugates (i.e., glycolipids), protein conjugates (i.e., glycoproteins), and combinations thereof.
[038] Sialic acid suitable for use herein includes sialyloligosaccharides commonly found in human milk, whether natural or synthetic, the two most abundant of which are
3'sialyllactose (3'SL, NeuNAcα2-3Galactoseβ1-4Glucose) and 6'sialyllactose (6'SL, NeuNAcα2-6Galactoseβ1-4Glucose). Other suitable sialyloligosaccharides include those that contain one or more sialic acid molecules conjugated to larger human milk or other more complex oligosaccharides.
[039] Other suitable sialic acids for use herein include any corresponding glycolipid that is also suitable for use in an infant formula, including gangliosides such as sialic acid- containing glycolipids comprising a fatty acid, sphingosine, glucose, galactose, N- acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid molecule. These sialic acid compounds may also include any one or more of the several glycoproteins commonly found in human milk that are known to be sialylated (e.g., κ-casein, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin)
[040] Suitable sources of sialic acid for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk. Bovine milk is a preferred source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
[041] Individual sources of sialic acid suitable for use herein includes Lacprodan CGMP- 10 (caseino glyco macropeptide with 4.2% sialic acid), available from ArIa Food Ingredients, Denmark; and Biopure glycomacropeptide (with 7-8% sialic acid), available from Davisco Foods International, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA.
[042] Although the infant formulaws may comprise glycomacropeptides as a source of sialic acid, the formulas are preferably substantially reduced in glycomacropeptide content. Glycomacropeptide is part of the bovine milk protein casein molecule. Only very small amounts of free glycomacropeptide are found in skim milk, but whey protein concentrate contains higher amounts of free glycomacropeptide. It has been found that glycomacropeptides are not tolerated by infants as well as other sialic acid sources. Thus, infant formulas made with whey protein concentrate have higher free glycomacropeptide content, but also could be less well tolerated by the infant. In this context, the term "substantially reduced" means that the infant formulas preferably contain less than 0.5%, including less than 0.4%, and also including less than 0.35%, and also including zero percent, by weight of the formula as free glycomacropeptide on an as-fed basis. Conventional infant formulas typically contain from 0.6 to 0.8% glycomacropeptide as an inherent ingredient from a typical whey protein concentrate from cheese whey.
Gangliosides
[043] The infant formulas of the present invention comprise enriched concentrations of one or more gangliosides, a group of compounds composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (n-acetylneuraminic acid) linked to the oligosaccharide chain. Some or all of the gangliosides may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
[044] Gangliosides are normal components of plasma membranes of mammalian cells and are particularly abundant in neuronal membranes. They are acidic glycosphingolipids comprising a hydrophobic portion, the ceramide, and a hydrophilic portion, an oligosaccharide chain containing one or more molecules of sialic acid. The oligosaccharide moieties of the gangliosides have different chemical structures constituting the reference basis for gangliosides separation and their recognition as individual entities. The ceramide moiety of the most common gangliosides has a heterogeneous fatty acid composition with a prevalence of C18 and C20 derivatives.
[045] Gangliosides are most commonly named using M, D and T designations, which refer to mono-, di- and trisialogangliosides, respectively, and the numbers 1 , 2, 3, etc refer to the order of migration of the gangliosides on thin-layer chromatography. For example, the order of migration of monosialogangliosides is GM3 > GM2 > GM1. To indicate variations within the basic structures, further subscripts are added, e.g. GM1a, GD1b, etc.
[046] The infant formulas of the presention invention comprise at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides, including from about 7 mg/L to 50 mg/L, also including from about 10 to about 30 mg/L. These ganglioside concentrations are similar to that found in human milk, which typically contains at least about 3 mg/L of gangliosides, more typically from about 3 mg/L to about 30 mg/L of gangliosides. These gangliosides for use in the infant formulas typically comprise one or more, more typically all, of the gangliosides GD3, O-Acetyl-GD3 and GM3. These gangliosides generally represent at least about 80%, more typically at least about 90%, by weight of the total gangliosides in the infant formula herein.
[047] Suitable sources of gangliosides for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk. Bovine milk is a preferred ganglioside source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
[048] Individual sources of gangliosides suitable for use herein include Ganglioside 500 ( >0.5% GM3 and <1.0% GD3) and Ganglioside 600 (>1.2% GD3), available from Fonterra, New Zealand.
[049] Ganglioside concentrations for purposes of defining the infant formulas of the present invention are measured in accordance with the ganglioside method described hereinafter.
Phospholipids
[050] The infant formulas of the present invention comprise enriched concentrations of phospholipids. Such concentrations are higher than that found in conventional infant formulas but similar to that found in human milk. Some or all of the phospholipids may be provided by the enriched whey protein concentrate as described herein.
[051] Phospholipids suitable for use herein include those commonly found in bovine and other mammalian milk. Preferred phospholipids include sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, and combinations thereof. Most preferred are combinations of all five phospholipids, especially such combinations in which sphingomyelin represents at least 20% by weight of total phospholipids.
[052] Phospholipid concentrations in the infant formulas of the present invention are at least about 150 mg/L, including from about 200 mg/L to about 600 mg/L, also including from about 250 to about 450 mg/L. Human milk, for comparison, generally contains from about 163 to about 404 mg/L of phospholipids, with sphingomyelin representing about 51% of the total phospholipids.
[053] Suitable sources of phospholipids for use herein include isolates, concentrates, or extracts of mammalian milk or milk products, including human and bovine milk. Bovine milk is a preferred phospholipid source for use herein, including enriched whey protein concentrates as described herein.
[054] Other suitable phospholipid sources include soy, such as soy lecithin. The infant formulas of the present invention, however, are preferably substantially free of phospholids from soy sources. The infant formulas are also preferrably substantially free of egg phospholipids. In this context, the term "substantially free" means that the infant formulas
contain less than 0.5%, more preferably less than 0.1%, including zero percent, by weight of soy or egg phospholipids.
[055] Individual sources of phospholipids suitable for use herein include milk derived sources such as Phospholipid concentrate 600 (>18.0% Sphingomyelin, >36.0% Phosphatidyl Choline, >9.0% Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine, 4.0% Phosphatidylserine), available from Fonterra, New Zealand.
Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids
[056] The infant formulas of the present invention further comprise docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid or sources thereof, wherein the formula must contain at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid and at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid. These two polyunsaturated fatty acids are also found in human milk.
[057] The infant formulas of the present invention must therefore contain arachidonic acid, minimum concentrations of which must be at least about 0.25%, preferably at least about 0.3%, more preferably at least about 0.4%, by weight of total fatty acids in the formula. Arachidonic acid concentrations in the infant formula may range up to about 2.0%, including up to about 1.0%, also including up to about 0.6%, by weight of the total fatty acids in the formula.
[058] The infant formulas of the present invention must likewise contain docosahexaenoic acid, minimum concentrations of which must be at least about 0.13%, preferably at least about 0.14%, more preferably at least about 0.15%, by weight of total fatty acids in the formula. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in the infant formula may range up to about 1.0%, including up to about 0.5%, also including up to about 0.25%, by weight of the total fatty acids in the formula.
[059] Non-limiting examples of some suitable sources of arachidonic acid, and/or docosahexaenoic acid include marine oil, egg derived oils, milk fat, fungal oil, algal oil, other single cell oils, and combinations thereof. The compositions are preferably substantially free of egg derived oils, which in this context means less than about 0.05%, including zero percent, by weight of such egg derived oils.
[060] Arachidonic and docosahexaeonic acids may be added to the formula in any form that is suitable for use by an infant, including compounds or materials that can otherwise
provide a source of such free fatty acids upon or following administration to the infant, including phospholipids and glyceride esters (mono-, di-, tri-) of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and sources thereof are described in U.S. Patent 6,080,787 (Carlson, et al.) and U.S. Patent 6,495,599 (Auestad, et al.), which descriptions are incorporated by reference herein. For purposes of defining the present invention, phospholipid sources of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid are not included as a phospholipid component as described hereinbefore.
[061] These fatty acids are also described in U.S. Patent 6,495,599 (Auestad et al.), which description is incorporated herein by reference.
Other Nutrients
[062] The infant formulas of the present invention comprise fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals, all of which are selected in kind and amount to meet the nutrition needs of the targeted infant or defined infant population.
[063] Many different sources and types of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins are known and can be used in the base formulas herein, provided that such nutrients are compatible with the added ingredients in the selected formulation and are otherwise suitable for use in an infant formula.
[064] Carbohydrates suitable for use in the formulas herein may be simple or complex, lactose-containing or lactose-free, or combinations thereof, non-limiting examples of which include hydrolyzed, intact, naturally and/or chemically modified cornstarch, maltodextrin, glucose polymers, sucrose, corn syrup, corn syrup solids, rice or potato derived carbohydrate, glucose, fructose, lactose, high fructose corn syrup and indigestible oligosaccharides such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and combinations thereof.
[065] Proteins suitable for use in the formulas herein include hydrolyzed, partially hydrolyzed, and non-hydrolyzed or intact proteins or protein sources, and can be derived from any known or otherwise suitable source such as milk (e.g., casein, whey, human milk protein), animal (e.g., meat, fish), cereal (e.g., rice, corn), vegetable (e.g., soy), or combinations thereof.
[066] Proteins for use herein may also include, or be entirely or partially replaced by, free amino acids known for or otherwise suitable for use in infant formulas, non-limiting examples of which include alanine, arginine, asparagine, carnitine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine, tryptophan, taurine, tyrosine, valine, and combinations thereof. These amino acids are most typically used in their L-forms, although the corresponding D-isomers may also be used when nutritionally equivalent. Racemic or isomeric mixtures may also be used.
[067] Fats suitable for use in the formulas herein include coconut oil, soy oil, corn oil, olive oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, algal oil, MCT oil (medium chain triglycerides), sunflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, palm and palm kernel oils, palm olein, canola oil, marine oils, cottonseed oils, and combinations thereof. The infant formulas of the present invention include those embodiments comprising less than about 1%, including less than about 0.2%, including zero percent, by weight of milk fat on an as-fed basis.
[068] Vitamins and similar other ingredients suitable for use in the formulas include vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, salts and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
[069] Minerals suitable for use in the base formulas include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, chromium, iodine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and combinations thereof.
[070] The infant nutrition formulas of the present invention preferably comprise nutrients in accordance with the relevant infant formula guidelines for the targeted consumer or user population, an example of which would be the Infant Formula Act, 21 U. S. C. Section 350(a). Preferred carbohydrate, lipid, and protein concentrations for use in the formulas are set forth in the following table.
Table 1: Macronutrient Ranges
All numerical values are preferably modified by the term "about"
[071] The infant formulas may also include per 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: vitamin A (from about 250 to about 750 IU), vitamin D (from about 40 to about 100 IU), vitamin K (greater than about 4 μm), vitamin E (at least about 0.3 IU), vitamin C (at least about 8 mg), thiamine (at least about 8 μg), vitamin B12 (at least about 0.15 μg), niacin (at least about 250 μg), folic acid (at least about 4 μg), pantothenic acid (at least about 300 μg), biotin (at least about 1.5 μg), choline (at least about 7 mg), and inositol (at least about 2 mg).
[072] The infant formulas may also include per 100 kcal of formula one or more of the following: calcium (at least about 50 mg), phosphorus (at least about 25 mg), magnesium (at least about 6 mg), iron (at least about 0.15 mg), iodine (at least about 5 μg), zinc (at least about 0.5 mg), copper (at least about 60 μg), manganese (at least about 5 μg), sodium (from about 20 to about 60 mg), potassium (from about 80 to about 200 mg), chloride (from about 55 to about 150 mg) and selenium (at least about 0.5 meg).
[073] The infant formulas may further comprise fructopolysaccharides, concentrations of which may range up to about 5% by weight of the formula, on an as fed basis, including from about 0.05% to about 3%, and also including from about 0.1% to about 2%. These fructopolysaccharides may be long chain (e.g., inulin), short chain (e.g., FOS or fructooligosaccharides), or combinations thereof, with mixtures comprising varied chain length structures, most of which have a DP (degree polymerization) of from about 2 to about 60.
[074] The infant formulas may further comprise other optional ingredients that may modify the physical, chemical, aesthetic or processing characteristics of the compositions or serve as pharmaceutical or additional nutritional components when used in the targeted
infant or infant population. Many such optional ingredients are known or are otherwise suitable for use in nutritional products and may also be used in the infant formulas of the present invention, provided that such optional materials are compatible with the essential materials described herein and are otherwise suitable for use in an infant formula.
[075] Non-limiting examples of such optional ingredients include additional anti-oxidants, emulsifying agents, buffers, colorants, flavors, lactoferrin, additional alpha lactalbumen, nucleotides and nucleosides, probiotics, prebiotics, and related derivatives, thickening agents and stabilizers, and so forth.
Method of Use
[076] The present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating brain development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
[077] The present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating neural migration in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
[078] The present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating vision development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
[079] The present invention is also directed to a method of accelerating cognitive development in an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
[080] The present invention is also directed to a method of providing sole source, supplement, or primary nutrition to an infant, by preparing the infant formulas as described herein and then administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months, preferably during the first 4 months, of life.
[081] All of the methods of the present invention are directed to the selected use of the infant formulas during the first 2-4 months of life, although it is understood that such methods may include additional administration, so that after the initial 2-4 month period the infant continues to feed on the same formula for up to 9-12 months. To realize the benefits of the present invention, however, administration must still occur during the first 2-4 months of life, even if such administration extends well beyond that period of time.
[082] In the context of the methods of the present invention, the infant formulas may provide sole, primary, or supplemental nutrition, although sole source nutrition is preferred. For powder embodiments, each method may also include the step of reconstituting the powder (or instructing a caregiver to reconstitute) with an aqueous vehicle, most typically water or human milk, to form the desired caloric density, which is then orally or enterally fed to the infant to provide the desired nutrition. The powder is reconstituted with a quantity of water, or other suitable fluid such as human milk, to produce a volume and nutrition profile suitable for about one feeding.
[083] The infant formulas of the present invention have a caloric density that most typically ranges from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz, more typically from about 20 to about 21 kcal/fl oz, on an as fed basis.
Ganglioside Analytical Method
[084] Ganglioside concentrations for use herein are determined in accordance with the following analytical method.
[085] Total lipids are extracted from Lacprodan MFGM-10 or infant formula samples with a mixture of chloroform:methanol:water. Gangliosides are purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition and solid phase extraction through C-18 cartridges. Lipid-bound sialic acid (LBSA) in the purified gangliosides is measured spectrophotometrically by reaction with resorcinol. The amount of gangliosides in the samples is obtained by multiplying LBSA by a conversion factor. This factor is obtained from the molecular weight ratio of gangliosides and sialic acid units. Because gangliosides are a family of compounds with different molecular weights and number of sialic acid residues, HPLC separation is used to measure individual ganglioside distribution in order to calculate this conversion factor more accurately. Standards
• Disialoganglioside GD1a, from bovine brain, min. 95% (TLC) SIGMA, ref G-2392.
• Monosialoganglioside GM1 , from bovine brain, min. 95% (TLC) SIGMA, ref G-7641.
• Disialoganglioside GD3 ammonium salt, from bovine buttermilk, min. 98% (TLC) Calbiochem, ref 345752 or Matreya, ref. 1503.
• Monosialoganglioside GM3 ammonium salt, from bovine milk, min. 98% (TLC) Calbiochem, ref 345733 or Matreya, ref. 1504.
• N-acetylneuraminic acid, (sialic acid, NANA) from Escherichia coli, min. 98% SIGMA, ref A-2388.
[086] Ganglioside standards are not considered as true standards since suppliers don't typically guarantee their concentrations. For this reason, concentrations are estimated as LBSA measured by the resorcinol procedure. The standards are diluted with chloroforrrcmethanol (C:M)1 :1 (v/v) to a theoretical concentration of 1-2.5 mg/ml depending on the type of ganglioside. Aliquots of 10, 20 and 40 μl are taken, brought to dryness under N2 stream and measured as explained below (Measurement of LBSA). An average concentration of the three aliquots is considered as concentration of ganglioside standards expressed as LBSA. Ganglioside concentration is obtained by multiplying LBSA by a conversion factor obtained from molecular weight ratios (Conversion factor: Ganglioside MW n x Sialic acid MW where n=number of siaNc acid units)_
Reagents
•Chloroform, HPLC grade, Prolabo. •Sodium dibasic phosphate, PA, •Methanol, HPLC grade, Merck. Panreac. •Diisopropyl ether, HPLC grade, Prolabo. •Hydrochloric acid 35%, PA, Panreac. •Butyl acetate, PA, Merck. •Copper sulphate, PA, Panreac. •1-Butanol, PA, Merck. •Resorcinol, 99%, Merck.
•Sodium chloride, PA, Panreac.
Equipment
•• Analytical balance, with a precision of 0,1 mg. • Centrifuge
•• HPLC vials, screws cap and inserts from Waters. • Ultrasonic bath
• Micro syringes Hamilton (50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 • SPE-Vacuum manifolds 24-port μl). model
•• HPLC: Alliance 2690 from Waters. • Diaphragm vacuum pump
• HPLC UV Detector, reference number 2487, • Triple-Block Reacti-Therm III from Waters. (Pierce)
•• HPLC Integrator: Waters Millennium 32. • Water-vacuum pump
• Solvac Filter Holder (polypropylene), ref. No. 4020. • Glass Pasteur pipette
• Durapore membrane filters of 0.45 μm, • Organic solvent dispenser (2.5-25 ref. No. VLP04700 ml)
• Multi-reax Vortex (Heidolph) • • Vortex (Heidolph)
• Digital pipettes (2-20, 5-50, 40-200, 200-1 OOOμl) • Water bath 40-1000C. •• Glass round-bottom 10ml centrifuge tube • Glass pipettes (5, 10, 25 ml).
• • Glass round-bottom 50ml centrifuge tube • Spectrophotometer
• • Class conic-bottom 40ml centrifuge tube (ThermoSpectronic UV500).
• 500 mg C-18 cartridges (5 ml, ref 52604-U, Supelco)
• Reacti-Vap III evaporator 27-port model (Pierce)
Procedure
[087] Lipid Extraction: lipid extracts are prepared as follows: samples of 1 g of formula or 100 mg of Lacprodan MFGM-10 are weighed into round-bottom glass centrifuge tubes (50 ml tubes for formula and 10 ml tubes for Lacprodan MFGM-10). Twenty-five ml chloroform:methanol:water (C:M:W) 50:50:10 (v/v) per g of sample are added, being samples completely dispersed by alternative vortexing and sonication for 1 min. Tubes are incubated for 45 min at room temperature with vigorous and continuous vortexing (2000 rpm) with bath sonication pulses of 1 min every 15 min. Samples are centrifuged (1500 x g, 10 min, 15 0C). The supematants are transferred to 40 ml conical-bottom glass centrifuge tubes and started to bring to dryness under N2 at 370C. Meanwhile, the pellets are reextracted with 12.5 ml of C:M:W per g for 15 min at room temperature with continuous vortexing (2000 rpm) and with bath sonication pulses of 1 min every 7.5 min. After centrifugation, the supematants are pooled with the first ones in the 40 ml tubes and the evaporation continued. The pellets are washed with C:M 1 :1 (v/v) and incubated 10 min in the same conditions than before, with sonication pulses every 5 min. After centrifugation, the supematants are also added to the 40 ml tubes and evaporated.
[088] The ganglioside fraction is purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of the diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition described by Ladisch S. and Gillard B. (1985) A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification, Anal. Biochem, 146:220-231. This is followed by solid phase extraction through C-18 cartridges as described by Williams M and McCluer R (1980), The use of Sep-PakTM C18 cartridges during the isolation of gangliosides, J. Neurochem, 35:266-269 with modifications.
[089] Diisopropyl ether/1 -Butanol/Aqueous NaCI partition: 4 ml of DIPE/1-butanol 60:40 (v/v) are added to the dried lipid extract. Samples are vortexed and sonicated to achieve fine suspension of the lipid extract. Two ml of 0.1 % aqueous NaCI are added, and the tubes alternately vortexed and sonicated for 15 second pulses during 2 min, and then centrifuged (1500 x g, 10 min, 150C). The upper organic phase (containing the neutral lipids and phospholipids) is carefully removed using a Pasteur pipette taking care of not removing the interphase. The lower-aqueous phase containing gangliosides is extracted twice with the original volume of fresh organic solvent. The samples are partially evaporated under a stream of N2 at 370C during 30-45 min until the volume (nearly 2 ml) is reduced to approximately one half of the original volume.
[090] Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) through reversed-phase C-18 cartridges: 500 mg C- 18 cartridges are fitted to a twenty four-port liner SPE vacuum manifold and activated with three consecutive washes of 5 ml of methanol, 5 ml of C:M 2:1 (v/v) and 2.5 ml of methanol. Then, cartridges are equilibrated with 2.5 ml of 0.1% aqueous NaCI:methanol 60:40 (v/v). The volumes of partially evaporated lower phases are measured, brought up to 1 ,2 ml with water, and added with 0.8 ml methanol. Then, they are centrifuged (1500 x g, 10 min) to remove any insoluble material and loaded twice onto C-18 cartridges. SPE cartridges are swished with 10 ml of distilled water to remove salts and water-soluble contaminants and then, dried 30 seconds under vacuum. Gangliosides are eluted with 5 ml of methanol and 5 ml of C:M 2:1 (v/v), dried under a stream of N2 and redissolved in 2 ml of C:M 1 :1 (v/v). Samples and solvents are passed through the cartridges by gravity or forced by weak vacuum with a flow rate of 1-1.5 ml/min. Gangliosides are stored at -300C until analysis. Total gangliosides are measured as LBSA. An aliquot of 500 μl is placed into a 10 ml glass centrifuge tube, dried under N2, and measured by resorcinol assay (3).
[091] Measurement of LBSA: 1 ml of the resorcinol reagent and 1 ml of water are added. The tubes are cupped and heated for 15 min at 1000C in a boiling water bath. After heating, the tubes are cooled in a ice-bath water, 2ml of butyl acetate: butanol 85:15 (v/v) are added, the tubes are sacked vigorously for 1 min and then centrifuged at 750 x g for 10 min. The upper phases are taken and measured at 580 nm in a spectrophotometer Standard solutions of NANA (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μg/ml) are treated the same way and are used to calculate the sialic acid concentration in samples.
[092] The resorcinol reagent is prepared as follows: 10 ml of resorcinol at 2% in deionised water, 0.25 ml of 0.1 M copper sulphate, 80 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid,
complete up to 100 ml with water. The reagent is prepared daily protected from light.
[093] Separation of gangliosides by HPLC: gangliosides are separated by HPLC in a
Alliance 2690 equipment with Dual Absorbance Detector, from Waters using a Luna-NH2 column, 5 μm, 100 A, 250 x 4.6 mm from Phenomenex, ref. 00G-4378-EO. They are eluted at room temperature with the following solvent system: acetonitrile-phosphate buffer at different volume ratios and ionic strengths according to the method of Gazzotti G., Sonnion
S., Ghidonia R (1985), Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of non-derivatized ganglioside mixtures. J Chromatogr. 348:371-378.
A gradient with two mobile phases is used:
Solvent A: Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (83:17). This buffer is prepared with 0.6899 g NaH2PO4.H2O to 1 L water, pH adjusted to 5.6
Solvent B: Acetonitrile - 2OmM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (1 :1). This buffer is prepared with 2.7560 g NaH2PO4.H2O to 1 L water, pH adjusted to 5.6
The following gradient elution program is used:
Time (min) Flow % A % B
(ml/min)
0 1 100 0
7 1 100 0
60 1 66 34
61 1 0 100
71 1 0 100
72 1 100 0
85 1 100 0
[094] Samples are liquid-phase extracted, partitioned and solid-phase extracted as explained above. An aliquot of 0.5 ml from the 2 ml sample in C:M 1 :1 is evaporated under nitrogen and redissolved into 0.150 ml of water. For perfect reconstitution, the sample is vortexed and sonicated. The final solution is transferred to an HPLC vial. The injection volume is 30 μl for samples and standards.
[095] GD3 and GM3 standards are measured by the resorcinol procedure and true concentrations calculated as explained above. Four standard solutions containing GD3 and GM3, and a blank are prepared in water. The concentrations of the calibration standards ranged approximately from 0-0.5 mg/ml for GD3 and from 0-0.2 mg/ml for GM3. The exact concentration of each set of standards may vary depending on the purity of the standards.
[096] A set of standards is injected each time the system is set-up, e.g., for a new column. The proper performance of the system is checked by injecting one standard of intermediate concentration every ten runs. If the interpolated concentration is not between 95%-105% of the theoretical concentration, a new calibration set is injected and used for subsequent calculations.
Method of Manufacture
[097] The infant formulas of the present invention may be prepared by any known or otherwise effective technique, suitable for making and formulating infant or similar other formulas. Such techniques and variations thereof for any given formula are easily determined and applied by one of ordinary skill in the infant nutrition formulation or manufacturing arts in the preparation of the formulas described herein.
[098] Methods of manufacturing the infant formulas of the present invention may include formation of a slurry from one or more solutions which may contain water and one or more of the following: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, stabilizers, vitamins and minerals. This slurry is emulsified, homogenized and cooled. Various other solutions, mixtures or other materials may be added to the resulting emulsion before, during, or after further processing. This emulsion may then be further diluted, sterilized, and packaged to form a ready-to-feed or concentrated liquid, or it can be sterilized and subsequently processed and packaged as a reconstitutable powder (e.g., spray dried, dry mixed, agglomerated).
[099] Other suitable methods for making infant formulas are described, for example, in U.S. Patent 6,365,218 (Borschel) and U.S. Patent Application 20030118703 A1 (Nguyen, et al.), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference.
EXPERIMENT
[0100] The purpose of this study is to compare the performance benefits in neonatal pigs fed either a control formula or one of two different formulas with enriched concentrations of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid, and varied concentrations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids.
Background
[0101] The neonatal piglet constitutes an appropriate model to evaluate nutritional intervention prior to the design and implementation of human clinical trials. Its suitability resides in the similarities of the gastrointestinal physiology of the piglet to that of the human neonate (Miller, E.R., Ullrey, The pig as model for human nutrition, Annu Rev Nutr 1987; 7; 361-82). In addition, piglet brain growth spurt, like that of human, extends from
late prenatal to early postnatal life, which also constitutes a great advantage of this animal model (Pond WG et al. Perinatal Ontogeny of Brain Growth in the Domestic Pig. PSEBM 2000, 223:102-108). The critical period to consider is 70 through 140 days postconception (birth takes place around 112-113 days postconception). The present study is designed to provide a biological assessment of the effects of three test formulas, one of which is a conventional infant formula control.
Summary
[0102] The data from the study show significant neural migration at 12-13 days of age in the neonatal piglets. This time period in the piglet would correspond to between 3 and 4 months in a human infant. (Miller, E. R., Ullrey, The pig as model for human nutrition, Annu Rev Nutr 1987; 7; 361-82).
Experimental Design
[0103] The study is longitudinal and includes 3 groups of piglets fed the experimental diets, A, B or C (see Table 2) with three time points of sacrifice after 8-9, 15-16 and 29-30 days of feeding. An additional group, sacrificed at the beginning of the study, is used as a reference. The study is divided into two experiments. Piglets in the study are supplied by a certified farm.
[0104] In the first of two experiments in the study, 33 male domestic piglets (4-5-day old) are housed in stainless steels wire cages (2 animals per cage) in a conditioned room at 27- 3O0C. The animals are fed 4 times a day with an adapted pig diet, according to their nutritional requirements. After an adaptation period of 3 days, 3 piglets are sacrificed. The time at which these animals are sacrificed is considered "Time Zero" in the study. The rest of the piglets are paired by weight and litter, and are divided into 3 groups (n=10, n=10, and n=10, respectively) that are fed also 4 times a day with the following diets:
[0105] Diet A: Similar to Similac® Advance® Infant Formula, available from Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio USA (0.4% arachidonic acid, 0.15% docosahexaenoic acid, by weight of total fatty acids).
[0106] Diet B: Infant formula of the present invention with 0.4% arachidonic and 0.15% docosahexaenoic acid, by weight of total formula fatty acids.
[0107] Diet C: Infant formula similar to Diet B but with reduced arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations (0.2% and 0.1 %, respectively, by weight of total
Tormuia tatty acids)
[0108] Diets A, B and C are adapted in terms of micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) to the special requirements of neonatal piglets. The following table shows the composition of the standard pig diet and of diets A, B and C.
Table 2: Experimental Diets
[0109] All diets, once prepared, are used immediately or are stored in inert atmosphere cans at 40C and used within 24 hours. Diets are in powder form and are reconstituted with water to 18.8% by weight for the adapted pig diet and to 12.85% by weight for Diets A, B, and C. The reconstituted liquid diets are poured on the cage feeders. The remaining liquid is removed and measured and the feeders are cleaned prior to subsequent feedings.
[0110] For each group, 3 or 4 piglets are sacrificed at 8-9, 15-16 and 29-30 days after the initiation of feeding with control (Diet A) or experimental formulas (Diets B and C).
[0111] In the second experiment of the study, 44 male domestic piglets (4-5-day old) are housed individually in the same type of cages and in the same room described for the first experiment. The feeding protocol is the same and 4 piglets are sacrificed, after the adaptive period, to complete the reference group. The rest of the piglets are paired by weight and litter and divided into 3 groups (n=13, n=13, and n=14, respectively) that are fed with diets A, B and C. One or two piglets more are included on each group to replace withdrawals.
[0112] Dietary intake and weight gain are monitored 4 times a day, twice weekly, respectively, for each piglet.
[0113] At the appropriate time, each piglet is anaesthetized with Ketamine/Domtor after overnight fasting and then sacrificed by jugular puncture terminal bleeding. The composition and histology of the brain is subsequently evaluated.
Sample preparation
[0114] Piglets are deprived of food overnight and bled to death via jugular vein puncture while under anesthesia. Blood is collected with tripotassium EDTA (2.7 mmol/L) as anticoagulant and centrifuged at 1500xg for 10 min at 40C.
[0115] Skulls are opened and brains removed and weighed. The left hemisphere is dissected and immersed in buffered 4% formaldehyde pH 7.4 and in ethanol at 70° for one week for histological analysis. The right hemisphere iss stored at -8O0C for biochemical analysis. Whole eyes are removed. The left eye is also immersed in formaldehyde. Two hours later the anterior pole of the eye is separated with a scalpel and the eye kept again in formaldehyde for 18h. The right eye is dissected and the retina removed and weighed. Plasma, right hemisphere and retina are stored at -8O0C until analysis.
Fatty acid composition of plasma
[0116] Plasma samples are methylated by the method of Lepage and Roy (6) and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Two hundred microliters (μl_) of plasma are added with pentadecanoic acid as internal standard (0.04 mg/sample), 2 ml of a mixture of methanol:hexane (4:1) and 0.2 ml acethyl chloride. Tubes are capped and heated at 1000C for 1 hour. They are then cooled in an ice bath and added with 5 ml 6% K2CO3, and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500xg. Three microliters of the hexane upper layer are injected into a Hewlett-Packard 6890 chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector and 60 m long, 0.32mm id, 0.2μm film thickness capillary SP2330 column (Supelco). Helium flow rate 1 ml/min is used as carrier gas with split ratio 1 :40. Temperature programming consisted of 1650C for 3 min, increase of 2°C/min to 1950C, held 2 min, increase of 3°C/min to 2110C, held 10 min. Injector and detector temperatures are 25O0C. Fatty acids are identified by comparing their retention times with those of authentic standards (Sigma). Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area or concentrations for each fatty acid methyl ester.
Brain composition
[0117] The right hemisphere is homogenized in a Heidolph homogenizer. One gram of the homogenized cerebrum is further homogenized with 15 ml PBS in ultraturrax for 1 min and diluted to 100 ml with PBS. The content of DNA is measured in 10 μL aliquots, in triplicate,
by reaction with the Hoechst reagent and fluorimetry using the Molecular Probes kit F-2962.
[0118] Protein content is determined in a 1:4 dilution of the 1g/100ml homogenate by the Lowry procedure using the Sigma kit TP0300 with modifications to measure in microplates. Briefly, 20 Dl of samples or standards, in triplicate, are placed in 96-well microplates. Eighty μl water, and 100 μl Lowry reagent are added and incubated for 20 min with mixing. Fifty μl of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent are added and incubated for 30 min with mixing. Absorbance is measured at 690nm.
[0119] Cholesterol is measured by spectrophotometric-colorimetric method after extraction of sample with organic solvents. Two hundred mg of the homogenized brain are further homogenized in 1ml water in Heidolph homogenizer. Samples are added with 5 ml hexane:isopropanol (3:2), vortexed for 1 min, sonicated for 5 min, and centrifuged for at 40C for 10 min at 1500xg. The upper layer is collected and the lower layer is reextracted with 3 ml solvents. The upper layer is collected, pooled with the first one and evaporated under N2 stream. The extract is dissolved in 3 ml chloroform, and 20 μl are taken in duplicate for cholesterol analysis. The solvent is evaporated and 100 μl of isopropanol are added. Cholesterol determination is done using the Randox kit n0 CH201 according to the supplier instructions. Cholesterol calibration line is used from 0.25 to 2 mg/ml.
[0120] Fatty acid composition is measured as explained above for plasma, using 40 mg of homogenate and without internal standard. Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area for each fatty acid methyl ester.
[0121] Ganglioside content is measured both by HPLC and by spectrophotometry as lipid- bound sialic acid (LBSA) after extraction, partition and purification of lipids. A portion of homogenized brain (1.250 g) is extracted with 18 ml chlorofornrmethanol (C:M) 1 :1 (v/v); the mixture is stirred for 45 min at 40C and centrifuged at 1500xg for 10 minutes at 40C. The supernatant is colleted and the pellet reextracted twice with 18 ml and 12 ml solvent mixture, respectively. The three supematants are pooled and brought to 50 ml with solvent mixture, and two aliquots of 20 ml are taken and incubated overnight at -3O0C. After incubation, the samples are centrifuged and the supematants collected and desiccated under N2 stream. Gangliosides are purified from the total lipid extract by a combination of the diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/1-butanol/aqueous phase partition (described by Ladisch and Gillard, 1985, A solvent partition method for microscale ganglioside purification, Anal. Biochem., 46:220-231) followed by solid phase extraction through C-18 cartridges (according to the method of Williams and McCluer, 1980, The use of Sep-Pak™ C18 cartridges during the isolation of
gangliosides, J. Neurochem. 35:266-269) with modifications.
[0122] Four ml of DIPE/1-butanol 60:40 (v/v) are added to the dried lipid extracts. Samples are vortexed and sonicated to achieve fine suspension of lipids. Two ml 0.3 % aqueous NaCI are added, and the tubes alternately vortexed and sonicated for 15 second pulses during 2 min, and then centrifuged. The upper organic phase (containing neutral lipids and phospholipids) is carefully removed using a Pasteur pipette taking care of not removing the interphase. The lower-aqueous phase containing gangliosides is extracted twice with the original volume of fresh organic solvent. The samples are partially evaporated under N2 stream at 370C during 30-45 min, until volume (nearly 2 ml) is reduced to approximately one half of the original volume.
[0123] Five hundred mg C-18 cartridges are fitted to a twenty four-port liner SPE vacuum manifold and activated with three consecutive dishes of 5 ml methanol, 5 ml C:M 2:1 (v/v) and 2.5 ml methanol. Then, cartridges are equilibrated with 2.5 ml 0.3% aqueous NaCkmethanol 60:40 (v/v). The volumes of partially evaporated lower phases are measured, brought up to 1 ,2 ml with water, and added with 0.8 ml methanol. Then, they are centrifuged to remove any insoluble material and loaded twice onto C-18 cartridges. SPE cartridges are finished with 10 ml distilled water to remove salts and water-soluble contaminants and then, dried 30 seconds under vacuum. Gangliosides are eluted with 5 ml methanol and 5 ml C:M 2:1 (v/v), dried under N2 stream and redissolved in 1 ml C:M 1 :1 (v/v). Total gangliosides are measured as LBSA. An aliquot of 50 μl is placed into 10 ml glass centrifuge tube, dried under N2, and measured by resorcinol assay (Svennerholm, L., 1957, Quantitative estimation of sialic acid: A colorimetric resorcinol-hydrochloric acid method, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 24:604-611).
[0124] One ml of the resorcinol reagent and 1 ml of water are added. The tubes are cupped and heated for 15 min at 1000C in boiling water bath. After heating, the tubes are cooled in ice-bath water, and 2ml butyl acetate: butanol 85:15 (v/v) are added. Tubes are shaked vigorously for 1 min and then centrifuged at 75Ox g for 10 min. The upper phases are taken and measured at 580 nm in a spectrophotometer. Standard solutions of NANA from 2- 64 Dg/ml are treated the same way and are used to calculate sialic acid concentration in samples.
[0125] The resorcinol reagent is prepared as follows: 10 ml of resorcinol at 2% in deionised water, 0.25 ml of 0.1 M copper sulphate, 80 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid,
complete up to 100 ml with water. The reagent is prepared daily and protected from light.
[0126] One hundred and fifty meg of the rest of the purified lipid extract is used for ganglioside analysis by HPLC. Gangliosides are separated by HPLC in Alliance 2690 equipment with Dual Absorbance Detector, from Waters, using a Luna-NH2 column, 5 μm, 100 A, 250 x 4.6 mm from Phenomenex.
[0127] They are eluted at room temperature with the following solvent system: acetonitrile- phosphate buffer at different volume ratios and ionic strengths (according to the method of
Gazzotti, Sonnino, and Ghidoni, 1985, Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of non-derivitized ganglioside mixtures, J. Chromotogr.,
348:371-378).
A gradient with two mobile phases is used:
Solvent A: Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (83:17).
Solvent B: Acetonitrile - 2OmM phosphate buffer, pH 5.6 (1:1).
The following gradient elution program is used:
Time (min) Flow % A % B
(ml/min)
0 1 100 0
7 1 100 0
60 1 66 34
80 1 36 64
81 1 0 100
90 1 0 100
91 1 100 0
105 1 100 0
[0128] GD3 solutions from 0-0.4 mg/ml are used as calibration standards and bovine brain solution is used to identify ganglioside classes.
Retina composition
[0129] Retina is homogenized with 3.5 ml C:M 1 :1 (v/v) in ultraturrax for 1 min, vortexed for 45 minutes and centrifuged. The supernatant is collected and the pellets reextracted twice with 2 ml solvent mixture. The three supernatants are pooled and desiccated under N2. The extracts are dissolved in 1 ml chloroform and 100 μl aliquots are taken for analysis of fatty acids and phospholipids. The rest of the extract is desiccated again and subjected to
the same partition and purification procedure than brain samples. The purified extracts are dissolved in 1 ml C:M 1 :1 , 0.5 ml are measured by resorcinol procedure and 0.5 ml are used for ganglioside analysis by HPLC.
[0130] Fatty acid composition is measured in the 100 μl aliquots as explained above for plasma. Results are expressed as normalized percentages of area for each fatty acid methyl ester.
[0131] Phospholipid content of retina samples is measured by HPLC in an Spherisorb silica column, 5 μm, 150x4.6 mm using the following solvent system: acetonitrile-phosphate buffer at different volume ratios and ionic strengths.
A gradient with two mobile phases is used:
Solvent A: Acetonitrile.
Solvent B: Acetonitrile - 5mM phosphate buffer, pH 5 (80:20).
The following gradient elution program is used with column working at 550C:
Time (min) Flow % A % B
(ml/min)
0 2 95 5
2 2 95 5
5 2 70 30
12 2 10 90
20 2 95 95
[0132] Twenty μl of the 100 μl aliquot are injected into the system (Alliance 2690 with Dual Absorbance Detector, from Waters). The detection is done at 201 nm. Multicompound calibration standards of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) are used from 0.2-5 mg/ml. Phosphatidylinositol is injected separately because it contained PE as contaminant. The same range of concentrations is used.
Histologic analysis of brain and eye
[0133] Brian hemispheres are transversely sectioned into 50-mm thick specimens. After a preliminary analysis, central blocks (4, 5 or 6 according to brain size) are selected for the quantifications.
[0134] A sample of the optic nerve with minimum length of 5 mm is transversely sectioned, fixed in buffered formalin for 3 h and then preserved in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4-60C.
[0135] The eyes are frontally sectioned into 3 specimens, labeled and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections are made of all paraffin blocks for subsequent staining.
[0136] After serial sectioning on a microtome and mounting on normal and special slides for immunohistochemical procedures, they are stained with the classic staining: Haematoxylin-Eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Reaction, and Klϋver-Barrera Luxol Fast Blue. Immunohistochemical staining is also performed on histologic sections from the same series used for classic staining. The following markers are used:
[0137] Monoclonal antibody S100 Protein Ab-1. S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin and troponin C. S100 protein is also expressed in the antigen presenting cells such as the Langerhans cells in skin and interdigitating reticulum cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes and stains astroglia cells. The immunogen used is purified bovine brain S100 protein (species reactivity: human, cow, rat, and mouse).
[0138] Monoclonal antibody anti-neural nuclei (NeuN). NeuN (or Neuronal Nuclei) reacts with most neuronal cell types. Developmentally, immunoreactivity is first observed shortly after neurons have become postmitotic; no staining has been observed in proliferative zones. The immunohistochemical staining is primarily localized in the nucleus of the neurons with lighter staining in the cytoplasm. Species reactivity: human, mouse, rat, pig, ferret, chick and salamander.
[0139] Monoclonal antibody bcl-2. Expression of bcl-2alpha oncoprotein inhibits programmed cell death (apoptosis). Species reactivity: human and pig.
[0140] Thirty images of subcallosal fasciculus and others from adjacent white matter are captured with a black and white Sony XC-ST500CE video camera (Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) coupled to an Olympus BH-2 microscope (20 watt) with MTV-3 adapter (Olympus Optical Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Use of 2Ox and 6Ox power objectives Olympus PLCN60X (60X/0.80) yielded a total magnification of 60Ox. The image processing is done using Visilog 6.0 software (Noesis S.A. Courteboeuf, France).
Results
Withdrawals
[0141] Experiment 1 : One piglet from group A is very small at birth and does not catch up with the rest of the piglets. One pig of group C dies 10 days after enrolment. Another pig of group C is a female, which is confirmed at the end of the experiment. Consequently, n for group A at 29-30 days is 3 instead of 4, and n of group C at the same age is 2 instead of 4.
[0142] Experiment 2: One piglet dies during the period of adaptation. Another piglet of group B dies 6 days after enrolment. Two pigs of group A and one in group B are excluded of the study, because they are very small at birth and did not grow as the rest of piglets.
[0143] Consequently, the complete study target of 7 piglets for each time point and group is met in all of the groups except for group A at 29-30 days (n=6).
Body weight and dietary intake
[0144] The evolution of body weight and dietary intake is very similar for the 3 different dietary groups. There are no differences in body weight evolution among groups for the duration of the experiment. Dietary intake is significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B, only for the interval of time between 16 and 28 days. For the rest of the time there are no differences among groups. When the intake is represented as accumulated dietary intake there are no differences among groups. Likewise, the evolution of the food efficiency, calculated as grams of body weight / 100 kcal of intake is similar for the 3 groups. There are no differences among the groups when different intervals of time are considered or for the entire study period.
Fatty acid composition of plasma
[0145] All fatty acids tended to decrease at 8-9 days and then increased over time until 29-30 days of feeding. This is likely due to lower intake of formula during the first week of study due to the incidence of diarrhea and/or adaptation issues. Regarding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, there are no significant differences among groups at each time point. However, group C had the lowest concentration of these fatty acids at the end of the study resembling the composition of the formula.
Brain composition
[0146] The contents of protein, DNA and cholesterol in brain are measured as indexes of protein mass, cell number (DNA) and myelinization (cholesterol). There are no significant
differences among groups at any time point. However, there are some evidences that can be concluded from the data. The amount of DNA did not increase in brain whereas protein tended to increase indicating that cell density in brain is similar in piglets during the period of study and that cell multiplication occurs as a consequence of brain growth. Cholesterol increased both per gram of tissue and when considering total brain, which means that myelinization takes place at least during the period of study considered in the experimental design.
[0147] Regarding fatty acid composition, there are no significant differences among groups for any fatty acid concentrations at any time point. There are some trends over time for the study groups: decrease of 16:0 and 20:4n-6 and increase of dimethyl acetals, 18:1n- 9, and 18:2n-6.
[0148] Total ganglioside and lipid bound sialic acid (LBSA) concentrations, expressed per organ, did not change with time or among groups and a high variability is found especially for those gangliosides at low concentrations. However, the total content of LBSA and gangliosides increased over time for all three groups. Therefore, LBSA and gangliosides increased in brain as a function of brain growth and no enrichment of per gram of tissue occurs over time.
Retina composition
[0149] There are no significant differences in fatty acid composition of retina between the feeding groups. Similar trends to brain are found in retina regarding the time-course of fatty acid percentages except that percent of 22:6n-3 increased overtime. This result is in agreement with the important role of this fatty acid for retina development.
[0150] There are no significant differences among groups at any time or among times within each group as to the content of LBSA, total gangliosides, and main gangliosides classes in the retina. The same is true for the total content of phospholipids and main individual classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In spite of the lack of significant differences, it is still notable that these important lipids tended to increase with time and that the higher content is found after a week of feeding in group B.
Brain histology
[0151] Neuronal migration and development and maturation of the central nervous system are evaluated. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the brains showed neither
gross lesions (hemorrhages, ischemic areas, malformations or neoplastic lesions) nor signs of disease.
[0152] Routine histological techniques are used to quantify the total cell number in selected fields of subcallosal fasciculus and adjacent white matter. This area is selected because neuroblasts migrate and differentiate through several layers just behind the ependymo (see Fig. 1.1 and 1.2). Nucleus count is done in three different areas of the subcallosal fasciculus (see Figs. 1.2 and 1.3):
Area 1: migration and proliferation area adjacent to ventriculus lateralis
Area 2: area 1 avoiding neuroblast aggregates in the ependymo (see Fig. 1.3).
Area 3: white matter next to subcallosal fasciculus.
[0153] In Area 1, regardless of dietary group, there is a peak in the number of nuclei at 8-9 days of feeding. This peak is mainly due to the higher number of nuclei in the group B at this time (Fig. 2), although differences with other groups did not reach statistical significance (p=0.108 vs. group C). This is likely due to aggregation of stained nuclei next to the border of the lateral ventriculus that increased the variability of the measurement. When the area of aggregated nuclei is avoided (measurement in area 2) the same pattern is obtained, with a reduced variability; thus the number of nuclei in group B is higher than in the other groups being significantly different from group A. No differences are found in area 3.
Conclusions
[0154] There are no significant differences among groups at any time point for contents of protein, DNA and cholesterol in brain. Increases in brain protein and cholesterol contents over time reflect the normal processes of brain growth and myelinization, respectively, that took place during the period of study.
[0155] The fatty acid composition of retina followed a similar trend to that found in brain, with no significant differences among groups and similar time-course of fatty acid percentages except for 22:6n-3, which increased overtime. There are no significant differences among groups at any time or among times within each group for the total retina content of lipid-bound sialic acid, gangliosides and phospholipids as well as for individual gangliosides and phospholipids. In spite of the lack of significant differences, it is important to point out that a higher content of all these lipids is found at 8-9 days of feeding for group B. In fact, splitting out the experimental design and performing 1-way ANOVA at 8-9 days among groups A, B, and C, significant differences are found for a higher content of total
phospholipids and fatty acids, as well as of phosphatidylethanolamine, and of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids in group B.
[0156] In the brain histological analysis of total cell number in selected fields of subcallosal fasciculus and adjacent white matter, an area of neuroblast migration, a higher number of nuclei for group B is detected. This transient effect is due to a higher proportion of neuroblast migration at 8-9 days of feeding (12-13 days of life) in animals fed the diet B containing both Lacprodan MFGM-10 and higher levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids.
[0157] Results described in conclusions 2 and 3 above suggest a potential effect of diet B (containing both Lacprodan MFGM-10 and higher levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) on neural and visual development. The fact that these effects are not found in group C also containing Lacprodan MFGM-10 or in group A containing the same levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, pointed out a synergistic effect of both ingredients (Lacprodan MFGM-10 and arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) only when arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids are at least at the level used in diet B. This suggests a causative role of the diet B ingredients (gangliosides, phospholipids, n- acetylneuraminic acid, and high arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations (especially gangliosides and docosahexaenoic acid) in neural migration and neurite growth.
EXAMPLES
[0158] The following examples represent specific embodiments within the scope of the present invention, each of which is given solely for the purpose of illustration and is not to be construed as limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All exemplified amounts are weight percentages based upon the total weight of the composition, unless otherwise specified.
Powder Infant formulas
[0159] The following are powder formula embodiments of the present invention, including methods of using the formula in infants. Ingredients for each formula are listed in the table below.
Table 5: Examples 1-4
AMOUNT PER 1000 kg DF FORMULA
INGREDIENT EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
AA 0.4% AA 0.4% AA 0.2% AA 0.4%
DHA 0.2% 1 DHA 0.15% 1 DHA 0.1 °/ O 1 DHA 0.2% 1
LACTOSE 428.76 kg 428.76 kg 428.76 kg 525.02 kg
NON FAT DRY MILK LOW HEAT 197.62 kg 197.62 kg 197.62 kg N/A kg
HIGH OLEIC SUNFLOWER OIL 106.53 kg 106.53 kg 106.53 kg 102.97 kg
COCONUT OIL 90.74 kg 91.09 kg 92.87 kg 87.57 kg
SOY OIL 86.37 kg 86.37 kg 86.37 kg 83.49 kg
LACPRODAN MFGM-10 53.96 kg 53.96 kg 53.96 kg 154.18 kg
POTASSIUM CITRATE 7.20 kg 7.20 kg 7.20 kg 7.20 kg
OLIGOFRUCTOSE (FRUCTO-
OLIGOSACCHARIDE) 7.04 kg 7.04 kg 7.04 kg 7.04 kg
CALCIUM CARBONATE 4.018 kg 4.02 kg 4.02 kg 9.563 kg
ARACHIDONIC ACID (AA) 2.87 kg 2.87 kg 1.44 kg 2.87 kg
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 1.614 kg 1.61 kg 1.61 kg 1.717 kg
DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) 1.40 kg 1.05 kg 0.70 kg 1.40 kg
SODIUM CHLORIDE 1.303 kg 1.30 kg 1.30 kg 3.280 kg
CHOLINE CHLORIDE 1.04 kg 1.04 kg 1.04 kg 1.04 kg
ASCORBIC ACID 766.88 g 766.88 G 766.88 g 766.88 g
VITAMIN PREMIX 25913 746.460 g 746.46 G 746.46 g 746.460 g
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE 641.63 g 641.63 G 641.63 g 2.18 g
FERROUS SULFATE 511.98 g 511.98 G 511.98 g 508.79 g
TAURINE 373.84 g 373.84 G 373.84 g 373.84 g
ASCORBYL PALMITATE 349.22 g 349.22 G 349.22 g 349.22 g
VITAMIN A, D, RRR-E, K PREMIX 345.00 g 345.00 G 345.00 g 345.00 g
M-INOSITOL 254.64 g 254.64 G 254.64 g 254.64 g
CYTIDINE δ'-MONOPHOSPHATE 243.188 g 243.19 G 243.19 g 243.188 g
DISODIUM URIDINE 5'-MONOP.25% 192.286 g 192.29 g 192.29 g 192.286 g
DISODIUM GUANOSINE 5'-
MONOPHO. 175.452 g 175.45 g 175.45 g 175.452 g
ΓOCOPHEROL-2 FOOD GRADE
ANTIOXIDANT 166.37 g 166.37 g 166.37 g 166.37 g
ZINC SULFATE 165.70 g 165.70 g 165.70 g 206.02 g
ADENOSINE 5'-M0N0PH0SPHATE 92.043 g 92.04 g 92.04 g 92.043 g
COPPER SULFATE
ENCAPSULATED 26.136 g 26.14 g 26.14 g 27.691 g
BETA CAROTENE 30% 11.64 g 11.64 g 11.64 g 11.64 g
TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE 3.000 g 3.00 g 3.00 g 3.000 g
MANGANESE SULFATE 1.00 g 1.00 g 1.00 g 1.00 g
SODIUM SELENATE 232.03 mcL 232.03 mg 232.03 mg 232.03 mg
AA and DHA - percentages by weight of total fatty acids in formula
[0160] Each of the exemplified may be prepared in a similar manner by making at least two separate slurries that are later blended together, heat treated, standardized, evaporated, dried and packaged.
[0161] Initially, In a oil blend tank, under Nitrogen conditions, an oil slurry is prepared by combining high oleic sunflower oil, soybean oil and coconut oil, followed by the addition of
ascorbyl palmitate, beta carotene, vitamin ADEK and mixed tocopherols. The tank is then agitated for 20 minutes and the QA analysis. Following QA clearance and immediately prior to processing the ARA oil, and DHA oil are added to the oil blend tank. The resulting oil slurry is held under moderate agitation at room temperature (<30°C) for until it is later blended with the other prepared slurry.
[0162] Skim milk-oil slurry is prepared by combining the oil blend slurry in approximately 40% of the fluid skim milk at 35-450C in a continuous agitation process followed by the addition of an enriched whey protein concentrate. This oil-protein slurry is heated to 65- 7O0C, two stages homogenised at 154-190/25-45 bars, cooled to 3-60C and stored in the process silo.
[0163] Skim milk - carbohydrate slurry is prepared by dissolving lactose and Skim milk powder in approximately 60% of the fluid skim milk at 60-750C. This slurry is held under agitation in the solubilization tank for approximately 2 minutes before pumping to the plate exchanger where is cooled to 3-60C and conveyed to the process silo where is blended with the skim milk-oil slurry.
[0164] Mineral slurry 1 is prepared by dissolving magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and potassium citrate in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The mineral slurry 1 is added into the process silo.
[0165] Mineral slurry 2 is prepared by dissolving tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in water at 40-600C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The mineral slurry 2 added is into the process silo.
[0166] Oligofructose slurry is prepared by dissolving oligofructose in water at 40-600C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The oligofructose slurry is added into the process silo.
[0167] The batch is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 45 minutes before take a sample for analytical testing. Based on the analytical results of the quality control tests, an appropriate standardization process is carried out.
[0168] Vitamin C slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate and ascorbic acid in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The Vitamin
C slurry is added into the process silo.
[0169] Water-soluble vitamins-inositol slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate, water-soluble vitamin premix and inositol in water at 40-600C and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The water-soluble vitamin-inositol slurry is added into the process silo.
[0170] Ferrous sulphate slurry is prepared by dissolving potassium citrate and ferrous sulphate in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes.
[0171] Nucleotides-choline slurry is prepared by dissolving nucleotide-choline premix in water at room temperature and held under agitation for a minimum of 5 minutes. The nucleotides-choline slurry is added into the process silo.
[0172] The final batch is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 60 minutes before taking a sample for analytical testing. Based on the analytical results of the quality control tests, an appropriate vitamin C and pH correction could be carried out. The final batch is held under moderate agitation at 3-60C.
[0173] After waiting for a period of not longer than 7 days, the resulting blend is preheated to 90-960C, heated at 110-1300C for 3 seconds. The heated blend is passed through a flash cooler to reduce the temperature to 93-97°C and then through an evaporator to achieve the desired solids. The product is then heated to 75-780C and pumped to the spray-drying tower. The resulting powder product is collected and stored in bulk powder silos and tested for quality. The finished product is then placed into suitable containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing both during in-process and at the finished product stages.
Alternative Process
[0174] Each of the exemplified may be prepared in a similar manner by making at least two separate slurries that are later blended together, heat treated, standardized, dried, dry blended and packaged.
[0175] Initially, skim milk- mineral slurry is prepared by dissolving approximately 80% of the skim milk powder in demineralized water at 60-650C, followed by the addition of potassium citrate and potassium hydroxide. The pH of the resulting blend is adjusted to 7.7-
8.7 with potassium hydroxide or citric acid.
[0176] The rest of the skim milk powder and magnesium chloride is added to the previous blend. The pH of the resulting blend is adjusted to 6.7-7.2 with potassium hydroxide or citric acid.
[0177] In a separate tank a new slurry is prepared by dissolving choline chloride and Inositol in demineralized water at room temperature,. The resulting slurry is combined with the skim milk-mineral slurry and is held under moderate agitation at 60-65°C for no longer than 1 hour until it is later blended with the additional ingredients.
[0178] In a separate tank a new slurry is prepared by dissolving Taurine in demineralized water at 700C1. The resulting slurry is combined with the skim milk-mineral slurry and is held under moderate agitation at 60-650C for no longer than 1 hour until it is later blended with the additional ingredients.
[0179] An enriched whey protein concentrate is added to the skim milk-mineral slurry followed by lactose and oligofructose. The slurry is agitated in the process silo for a minimum of 30 minutes before take a sample for analytical testing. The pH of the resulting blend is adjusted to 6.5-7.1 with potassium hydroxide or citric acid.
[0180] In a oil process tank, under Nitrogen condition, an oil slurry is prepared by combining high oleic sunflower oil, soybean oil and coconut oil, followed by the addition of vitamin ADEK Beta carotene, mixed tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, ARA oil, and DHA oil. The resulting oil slurry is held under moderate agitation at room temperature for no longer than six hours until it is later blended with the protein-carbohydrate-mineral slurry.
[0181] After waiting for a period of not less than 30 minute nor greater than 6 hours, the protein-carbohydrate-mineral slurry is deaerated at 70-800C and further heated to 84-860C. At this point of the process the oil slurry is injected on line at 50-8O0C. The final blend is cooled to 68-720C and emulsified through a double stage homogeniser at 145-155 bars in the first stage and at 30-40 bars in the second stage. The heated blend is passed through a plate cooler to reduce the temperature to 3-500C and is stored in a process silo.
[0182] A mineral solution and an ascorbic acid solution are prepared separately by adding the following ingredients to the processed blended. The mineral solution is prepared by adding the following ingredients to sufficient amount of demineralized water with agitation:
2006/034991
citric acid, manganese sulphate, sodium selenate and zinc sulphate. The ascorbic acid solution is prepared by adding ascorbic acid to a sufficient amount of demineralized water to dissolve the ingredient. The processed blend is held under moderate agitation at 3-50C for no longer than 48 hours. Samples are taken for analytical testing.
[0183] The cooled blend is then heated at 69-730C and homogenised at 60-70/30-40 bars and sent to the spray drying tower. The base powder product is collected and stored into bulk powder containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing.
[0184] After the corresponding analytical and microbiological tests are completed, the base powder product is released for the dry blending of the rest of ingredients. The quantities of the remaining ingredients required to obtain the final powder product are determined and entered in the automatic weight system. The system weighs every component of the dry blending premix (Lactose, calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, water soluble premix, nucleotide cytidne 5-monophosphate, nucleotide disodium uridine 5-monophosphate, nucleotide disodium guanosine 5-monophosphate, nucleotide adenosine 5-monophosphate, copper sulphate and calcium phosphate tribasic. The base powder product and the dry blending premix are conveyed to the blender. The blend is held under agitation for a period of no lees than 20 minutes.
[0185] After the blend is completed, the finished product is conveyed to the packaging machine and placed into suitable containers. Samples are taken for microbiological and analytical testing.
[0186] The exemplified formulas (Examples 1-4) are non-limiting examples of powder formula embodiments of the present invention. Each formula is reconstituted with water prior to use to a caloric density ranging from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz, and then fed to an infant as a sole source of nutrition during the first 4 months of life, including the first 2 months of life. The formulas help accelerate neural migration, brain development, and cognitive development in the infants.
Liquid Infant formulas
[0187] Examples 1-4 are modified by conventional means to form ready-to-feed liquid formula embodiments (Examples 5-8) of the present invention. The ingredients for Examples 5-8 correspond to the ingredient listings recited in Examples 1-4, respectively.
[0188] The exemplified formulas (Examples 5-8) are non-limiting examples of liquid formula embodiments of the present invention. Each formula is adjusted to a caloric density ranging from about 19 to about 24 kcal/fl oz. The finished formula is fed to an infant as a sole source of nutrition during the first 4 months of life, including the first 2 months of life. The formulas help accelerate neural migration, brain development, and cognitive development in the infants.
Claims
1. Infant formula comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including, on an as-fed basis:
(A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides,
(B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids,
(C) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% by weight of the sialic acid as lipid-bound sialic acid,
(D) at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid by weight of total fatty acids, and
(E) at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid by weight of the total fatty acids.
2. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein from about 50% to 100% by weight of the combination of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid is from an enriched whey protein concentrate.
3. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the lipid-bound sialic acid represents from about 2.7% to about 5% by weight of the total sialic acid.
4. An infant formula according to claim 1 comprising, on an as-fed basis, (A) from about 7 mg/L to about 50 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) from about 200 mg/L to about 600 mg/L of phospholipids, and (C) from about 90 mg/L to about 250 mg/L of sialic acid.
5. An infant formula according to claim 1 comprising, by weight of total fatty acids, from about 0.4% to about 2.0% arachidonic acid and from about 0.15% to about 1.0% of docosahexaenoic acid.
6. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the total phospholipid comprises at least 20% by weight of sphingomyelin.
7. An infant formula according to claim 6 wherein the phospholipid comprises sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl serine.
8. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the formula comprises less than about 0.5% by weight of free glycomacropeptides, on an as-fed basis.
9. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the infant formula is substantially free of soy phospholipids, egg phospholipids, and combinations thereof.
10. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the formula contains less than about 0.2% by weight of milk fat.
11. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the infant formula is a powder.
12. An infant formula according to claim 1 wherein the infant formula is a ready-to-feed liquid.
13. A method of accelerating brain development in an infant, comprising
(I) preparing an infant formula comprising fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals, including, on an as-fed basis:
(A) at least about 5 mg/L of gangliosides,
(B) at least about 150 mg/L of phospholipids,
(C) at least about 70 mg/L of total sialic acid with at least about 2.5% by weight of the sialic acid as lipid-bound sialic acid,
(D) at least about 0.13% docosahexaenoic acid by weight of total fatty acids, and
(E) at least about 0.25% arachidonic acid by weight of the total fatty acids.
(II) administering or instructing a caregiver to administer the formula to an infant during the first 2 months of life.
14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the formula is administered during the first 4 months of life.
15. A method according to claim 14 wherein from about 50% to 100% by weicfht of the combination of gangliosides, phospholipids, and sialic acid is from an enriched whey protein concentrate.
16. A method according to claim 14 wherein the lipid-bound sialic acid represents from about 2.7% to about 5% by weight of the total sialic acid.
17. A method according to claim 14, wherein the infant formula comprises, on an as-fed basis, (A) from about 7 mg/L to about 50 mg/L of gangliosides, (B) from about 200 mg/L to about 600 mg/L of phospholipids, and (C) from about 90 mg/L to about 250 mg/L of sialic acid.
18. A method according to claim 14 wherein the formula comprises, by weight of total fatty acids, from about 0.4% to about 2.0% arachidonic acid and from about 0.15% to about 1.0% of docosahexaenoic acid.
19. A method according to claim 14 wherein the total phospholipid comprises at least 20% by weight of sphingomyelin.
20. A method according to claim 14 wherein the phospholipid comprises sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl serine.
21. A method according to claim 14 wherein the formula contains less than about 0.2% by weight of milk fat.
22. A method according to claim 14 wherein the formula contains less than about 0.5% by weight of free glycomacropeptides.
23. A method according to claim 14 wherein the infant formula is substantially free of soy phospholipids and egg phospholipids.
24. A method of accelerating neural migration in an infant, comprising adminstering or instructing a caregiver to administer as a sole source of nutrition the infant formula of claim 1 to an infant during the first 4 months of life.
25. A method of accelerating vision development in an infant, comprising adminstering or instructing a caregiver to administer as a sole source of nutrition the infant formula of claim 1 to an infant during the first 4 months of life.
26. A method of accelerating cognitive development in an infant, comprising adminstering or instructing a caregiver to administer as a sole source of nutrition the infant formula of claim 1 to an infant during the first 4 months of life.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/479,621 US20080003330A1 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2006-06-30 | Infant formulas for early brain development |
US11/479,627 | 2006-06-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2008005033A1 true WO2008005033A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
Family
ID=38736540
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2006/034991 WO2008005033A1 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2006-09-08 | Infant formulas for early brain development |
PCT/US2007/072541 WO2008005869A2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2007-06-29 | Infant formulas for early brain development |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2007/072541 WO2008005869A2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2007-06-29 | Infant formulas for early brain development |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20080003330A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2048973A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009542227A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101484025A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007269255A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0713329A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2656170A1 (en) |
CR (1) | CR10541A (en) |
EC (1) | ECSP089022A (en) |
IL (1) | IL195718A0 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2008016340A (en) |
RU (1) | RU2009103063A (en) |
WO (2) | WO2008005033A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200810294B (en) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008081934A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-10 | Meiji Dairies Corporation | Agent for facilitating the development of brain in infant comprising milk-derived phospholipid and food composition comprising the same |
WO2009051502A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-04-23 | Steven Charles Hodgkinson | Methods of maintaining or increasing growth or cognitive development |
EP2251030A1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-17 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
WO2011115476A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes later in life |
EP2397038A1 (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | Abbott Laboratories | Early programming of brain function through soy protein feeding |
US8883219B2 (en) | 2008-12-11 | 2014-11-11 | N. V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with coated lipid globules |
WO2016024864A1 (en) | 2014-08-15 | 2016-02-18 | N.V. Nutricia | Lipid composition for improving behaviour |
US9320294B2 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2016-04-26 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with lipid globules with a core comprising vegetable lipids and a coating comprising phospholipids or polar lipids |
EP2775852B1 (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2016-08-17 | Nestec S.A. | Composition for use in brain growth and/or cognitive and/or psychomotor development |
WO2017102717A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2017-06-22 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for promoting de novo myelination |
WO2017102720A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2017-06-22 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional compositions and infant formulas to promote myelination in the brain |
WO2018104512A1 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-14 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional composition for improving cell membranes |
US10525016B2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2020-01-07 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing an elevated level of inositol and uses thereof |
US11376222B2 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2022-07-05 | N.V. Nutricia | Lipid composition for improving body composition during catch-up growth |
US11389403B2 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2022-07-19 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant formula with special lipid architecture for promoting healthy growth |
Families Citing this family (74)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SI2190304T1 (en) * | 2007-09-17 | 2012-04-30 | Nutricia Nv | Nutritional formulation with high energy content |
CA2713527A1 (en) * | 2008-01-28 | 2009-08-06 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional composition containing dha, rumenic acid, and gangliosides |
NL2001377C2 (en) * | 2008-03-14 | 2009-09-15 | Friesland Brands Bv | Process for isolating sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides, as well as the compositions containing sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides. |
US9119866B2 (en) | 2008-04-08 | 2015-09-01 | Huiru Wang | Glycan-based drugs, therapies and biomarkers |
US8498729B2 (en) | 2008-08-29 | 2013-07-30 | Smp Logic Systems Llc | Manufacturing execution system for use in manufacturing baby formula |
NZ571856A (en) * | 2008-10-09 | 2011-02-25 | Fonterra Corporate Res And Dev Ltd | Use of a phospholipid and ganglioside composition for the treatment or prevention of gout |
DK2183984T3 (en) * | 2008-11-10 | 2012-04-02 | Nestec Sa | Sialic acid producing bacteria |
WO2010062197A1 (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2010-06-03 | Eduard Nekrasov | Dairy product and process |
US9149452B2 (en) | 2009-04-20 | 2015-10-06 | Women's & Children's Health Research Institute Inc. | Methods and compositions for promoting the neurological development of an infant |
EP2251031A1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-17 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and neuronal health and development in the infant gut |
EP2258217A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-08 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional Composition for Supporting Brain Development and Function of Children |
EP2258218A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-08 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional Composition for Supporting Brain Development and Function of Toddlers |
EP2258216A1 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-08 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional Composition for Supporting Brain Development and Function of Toddlers |
WO2011027344A2 (en) * | 2009-09-01 | 2011-03-10 | Hadasit Medical Research Services And Development Ltd. | Combination of vitamin e and beta-glycosphingolipids in compositions and methods for preventing and treating hepatic disorders |
BR112012013766A2 (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2015-09-15 | Nestec Sa | "infant formula with probiotics and milk fat globule membrane components" |
US20110208153A1 (en) * | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | John Alvey | Formulations and methods for nutrient delivery |
KR101910203B1 (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2018-10-19 | 디에스엠 아이피 어셋츠 비.브이. | Maternal sialic acid supplementation |
EP2554058A4 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2013-12-25 | Vegenat S A | Functional food supplement intended, in particular, for nutrition and for prevention and improvement in cases of neurological alterations, neurodegenerative alterations or cognitive disorders |
US20130136800A1 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2013-05-30 | Vegenat, S.A. | Enteral Or Oral Food Product Intended, In Particular, For nutrition And For The Prevention And Improvement Of Neurological Alterations, Neurodegenerative Alterations or Cognitive Disorders |
BE1019290A5 (en) * | 2010-04-14 | 2012-05-08 | Nutrition Sciences Nv Sa | FOOD SUPPLEMENT INCLUDING OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS. |
EP2658401A2 (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2013-11-06 | Abbott Laboratories | Human milk oligosaccharides to promote growth of beneficial bacteria |
BR112013016936A2 (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2019-09-24 | Abbott Lab | Methods of Using Human Milk Oligosaccharides to Improve Airway Respiratory Health |
CA2822497C (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2020-07-28 | Abbott Laboratories | Methods for reducing the incidence of oxidative stress using human milk oligosaccharides, vitamin c and anti-inflammatory agents |
US9539269B2 (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2017-01-10 | Abbott Laboratories | Methods for decreasing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants, toddlers, or children using human milk oligosaccharides |
CA2822664C (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2021-07-20 | Abbott Laboratories | Nutritional formulations including human milk oligosaccharides and antioxidants and uses thereof |
NZ612105A (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2015-02-27 | Abbott Lab | Human milk oligosaccharides for modulating inflammation |
EP3510873A1 (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2019-07-17 | Abbott Laboratories | Nutritional compositions comprising human milk oligosaccharides and nucleotides and uses thereof for treating and/or preventing enteric viral infection |
EP2690973B1 (en) * | 2011-03-29 | 2016-03-23 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional compositions having reduced sodium content and methods for making same |
US8183227B1 (en) | 2011-07-07 | 2012-05-22 | Chemo S. A. France | Compositions, kits and methods for nutrition supplementation |
EP2734210B1 (en) | 2011-07-22 | 2017-11-22 | Abbott Laboratories | Galactooligosaccharides for preventing injury and/or promoting healing of the gastrointestinal tract |
MY169326A (en) | 2011-08-29 | 2019-03-21 | Abbott Lab | Human milk oligosaccharides for preventing injury and/or promoting healing of the gastrointestinal tract |
US8168611B1 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2012-05-01 | Chemo S.A. France | Compositions, kits and methods for nutrition supplementation |
EP2594282B1 (en) * | 2011-11-21 | 2014-07-23 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and the white matter |
EP2825065A1 (en) * | 2012-03-14 | 2015-01-21 | Abbott Laboratories | Nutritional compositions including rrr -alpha tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SE536599C3 (en) * | 2012-04-10 | 2017-01-10 | Hero Ag | Nutritional composition with low calorie and low protein content |
EP2943082B1 (en) * | 2013-01-09 | 2017-04-12 | N.V. Nutricia | Improvement of cognitive function in preterm infants that are small for gestational age |
US9980506B2 (en) | 2013-03-11 | 2018-05-29 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Co. | Nutritional compositions containing structured fat globules and uses thereof |
US9661874B2 (en) | 2013-03-11 | 2017-05-30 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing structured fat globules and uses thereof |
US10455854B2 (en) | 2013-03-11 | 2019-10-29 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing structured fat globules and uses thereof |
EP2983516A1 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2016-02-17 | Abbott Laboratories | A composition for enhancing newborn infant cognitive, brain and/or cns development and method of using same |
CN105188409A (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-12-23 | 雅培制药有限公司 | Infant nutritional product with RRR alpha-tocopherol |
SE537951C2 (en) * | 2013-07-01 | 2015-12-01 | Hero Ag | Prophylactic use of infant formula for otitis |
CN103315299B (en) * | 2013-07-08 | 2014-11-19 | 北京东方红航天生物技术股份有限公司 | Health-care food with function of enhancing immunity and memory |
US9226914B2 (en) * | 2013-07-16 | 2016-01-05 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Methods for promoting neuronal development and/or health |
US9241923B2 (en) | 2013-07-16 | 2016-01-26 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Methods for promoting neuronal development and/or health |
US9609888B2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2017-04-04 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing synergistic combination and uses thereof |
US10709770B2 (en) | 2013-07-31 | 2020-07-14 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing a prebiotic and lactoferrin and uses thereof |
WO2015031637A1 (en) * | 2013-08-29 | 2015-03-05 | Abbott Laboratories | Nutritional composition having lipophilic compounds with improved solubility and bioavailability |
WO2015069097A1 (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2015-05-14 | N.V. Nutricia | Efficacy of dietary dha-phospholipid for brain dha and dpa accretion in neonates |
EP2880993A1 (en) * | 2013-12-04 | 2015-06-10 | Abbott Laboratories | Method of achieving memory and learning improvement by the administration of sialic acid |
EP3079500B1 (en) | 2013-12-12 | 2019-06-19 | Nestec S.A. | Synthetic milk compositions for optimal growth and development and prevention of obesity in male and female infant and children |
ES2725610T3 (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2019-09-25 | Nestle Sa | Synthetic milk compositions comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAS) to promote the healthy establishment of cognitive function in infants and male and female children |
AU2014361232B2 (en) * | 2013-12-12 | 2018-08-30 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Synthetic milk compositions comprising n-6 eicosatrienoic acid and polar lipids for infants younger and older than three months for healthy establishment of cognitive function |
MX2016007630A (en) * | 2013-12-13 | 2016-09-09 | Nestec Sa | Use of a modified sweet whey and a modified sweet whey containing infant formula for promoting the postnatal development of the infant central nervous system and related cognitive functions. |
CN105992520A (en) * | 2013-12-19 | 2016-10-05 | 雅培公司 | Nutritional composition comprising hydrolyzed protein |
US20150305384A1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2015-10-29 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Pediatric nutritional composition with human milk oligosaccahrides, prebiotics and probiotics |
US20150305385A1 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2015-10-29 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Pediatric nutritional composition with human milk oligosaccahrides, prebiotics and probiotics |
CN103989184A (en) * | 2014-06-08 | 2014-08-20 | 宁波市成大机械研究所 | Algal oil soft capsule containing arachidonic acid |
US9238090B1 (en) | 2014-12-24 | 2016-01-19 | Fettech, Llc | Tissue-based compositions |
JP6446265B2 (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2018-12-26 | 花王株式会社 | Solid composition |
US10617701B2 (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2020-04-14 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and docosahexaenoic acid |
US20170006897A1 (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2017-01-12 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions and methods for promoting cognitive development |
US10582714B2 (en) | 2015-07-10 | 2020-03-10 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions and methods for promoting cognitive development |
US11478011B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2022-10-25 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Nutritional compositions and infant formula for promoting de novo myealination |
CN105638906A (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2016-06-08 | 东北农业大学 | Infant formula milk powder meeting lipid individual nutritional requirement of infant |
US10821130B2 (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2020-11-03 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Omega 3 fatty acids, no releasing compound and vitamin B12 as neuroprotectant in patients with no dementia |
CN106912614A (en) * | 2017-03-10 | 2017-07-04 | 海普诺凯营养品有限公司 | A kind of humanized formula milk and preparation method thereof |
CN107467673B (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2018-07-03 | 北京亦贝安生物医药科技有限公司 | A kind of compound preparation contained there are three types of unrighted acid and zinc |
CN107467667B (en) * | 2017-07-17 | 2018-06-26 | 北京亦贝安生物医药科技有限公司 | A kind of compound preparation contained there are two types of unrighted acid and sialic acid |
US11849747B1 (en) * | 2019-06-24 | 2023-12-26 | PBM Nutritionals, LLC | Nutritional compositions with MFGM and certain human milk oligosaccharides and uses thereof |
US12005083B1 (en) | 2019-06-24 | 2024-06-11 | PBM Nutritionals, LLC | Nutritional compositions with MFGM and certain human milk oligosaccharides and uses thereof |
US20220386671A1 (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2022-12-08 | Aak Ab (Publ) | Nutritional composition comprising milk and egg phospholipids |
CN115191604B (en) * | 2021-07-27 | 2024-07-12 | 黑龙江飞鹤乳业有限公司 | Nutritional composition, food containing nutritional composition and application |
CN117378762A (en) * | 2023-12-12 | 2024-01-12 | 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 | Nutritional composition for influencing richness of fiber bundles in sea horse and application thereof |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004093557A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2004-11-04 | Bristol Myers Squibb Company | Compositions and methods of formulation for enteral formulas containing sialic acid |
WO2005000040A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2005-01-06 | University Of Kansas Medical Center | Infant formula |
WO2005051091A1 (en) * | 2003-10-22 | 2005-06-09 | Enzymotec Ltd. | Mimetic lipids and dietary supplements comprising the same |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3626M (en) * | 1963-11-13 | 1965-10-18 | Lucien Nouvel | Medicine for intestinal complaints. |
US4762822A (en) * | 1985-08-08 | 1988-08-09 | Ettinger Anna C | Reduction of gastrointestinal disease-producing organisms with sialic acid and gangliosides |
JP3187187B2 (en) * | 1993-01-14 | 2001-07-11 | 明治乳業株式会社 | Infant formula with breast milk-like lipid composition |
DE4344342C2 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1996-08-08 | Milupa Ag | Whey protein dominant infant formula |
JP3419897B2 (en) * | 1994-07-22 | 2003-06-23 | 明治乳業株式会社 | Hypoallergenic formula |
ID22744A (en) * | 1997-02-21 | 1999-12-09 | Abbott Lab Cs | METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF ENTERCOLYTIC NECROTISATION |
JP3203485B2 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2001-08-27 | 明治乳業株式会社 | Infant food composition with adjusted phospholipid and fatty acid composition |
IL150240A (en) * | 2002-06-16 | 2005-07-25 | Lipogen Ltd | Infant formula supplemented with phospholipids |
US6998392B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2006-02-14 | Mti Meta Tech Inc. | Formulation to treat or prevent parasitic infection |
-
2006
- 2006-06-30 US US11/479,621 patent/US20080003330A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-09-08 WO PCT/US2006/034991 patent/WO2008005033A1/en active Application Filing
-
2007
- 2007-06-29 RU RU2009103063/13A patent/RU2009103063A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-29 BR BRPI0713329-4A patent/BRPI0713329A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-29 CA CA002656170A patent/CA2656170A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-29 EP EP07799196A patent/EP2048973A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-06-29 WO PCT/US2007/072541 patent/WO2008005869A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-06-29 AU AU2007269255A patent/AU2007269255A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-29 US US11/771,417 patent/US20080064635A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-06-29 JP JP2009518587A patent/JP2009542227A/en active Pending
- 2007-06-29 CN CNA200780025058XA patent/CN101484025A/en active Pending
- 2007-06-29 MX MX2008016340A patent/MX2008016340A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2008
- 2008-12-03 ZA ZA200810294A patent/ZA200810294B/en unknown
- 2008-12-04 IL IL195718A patent/IL195718A0/en unknown
- 2008-12-19 CR CR10541A patent/CR10541A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2008-12-29 EC EC2008009022A patent/ECSP089022A/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004093557A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2004-11-04 | Bristol Myers Squibb Company | Compositions and methods of formulation for enteral formulas containing sialic acid |
WO2005000040A1 (en) * | 2003-06-24 | 2005-01-06 | University Of Kansas Medical Center | Infant formula |
WO2005051091A1 (en) * | 2003-10-22 | 2005-06-09 | Enzymotec Ltd. | Mimetic lipids and dietary supplements comprising the same |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
GIL A ET AL: "ROLE OF LONG-CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN INFANT NUTRITION", September 2003, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, XX, XX, PAGE(S) S31-S34, XP009079816 * |
KAWAKAMI H: "BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SIALIC ACID-CONTAINING SUBSTANCES IN MILK AND THEIR APPLICATION", 1997, RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, PAGE(S) 193-208, XP001064913 * |
SANCHEZ-DIAZ A ET AL: "A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOTAL SIALIC ACID AND SIALOGLYCOCONJUGATE CONTENTS OF BOVINE MILK-BASED INFANT FORMULAS", April 1997, JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION, RAVEN PRESS, NEW YORK, NY, US, PAGE(S) 405-410, ISSN: 0277-2116, XP008000726 * |
WANG B ET AL: "Brain ganglioside and glycoprotein sialic acid in breastfed compared with formula-fed infants", 2003, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, BETHESDA,MD, US, PAGE(S) 1024-1029, ISSN: 0002-9165, XP002415483 * |
Cited By (39)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008081934A1 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2008-07-10 | Meiji Dairies Corporation | Agent for facilitating the development of brain in infant comprising milk-derived phospholipid and food composition comprising the same |
WO2009051502A1 (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2009-04-23 | Steven Charles Hodgkinson | Methods of maintaining or increasing growth or cognitive development |
EP2211629B1 (en) | 2007-10-19 | 2020-07-08 | Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited | Methods of maintaining or increasing growth or cognitive development |
US9707240B2 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2017-07-18 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with lipid globules with a core comprising vegetable lipids and a coating comprising phospholipids or polar lipids |
US9345259B2 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2016-05-24 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with coated lipid globules |
US9320294B2 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2016-04-26 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with lipid globules with a core comprising vegetable lipids and a coating comprising phospholipids or polar lipids |
US9700568B2 (en) | 2008-09-02 | 2017-07-11 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with coated lipid globules |
US8883219B2 (en) | 2008-12-11 | 2014-11-11 | N. V. Nutricia | Nutritional compositions with coated lipid globules |
RU2688671C2 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2019-05-22 | Нестек С.А. | Lactoferrin and healthy brain developing in infants |
JP2012526746A (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2012-11-01 | ネステク ソシエテ アノニム | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
EP2429572B1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2018-12-19 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
US8524658B2 (en) | 2009-05-12 | 2013-09-03 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
WO2010130643A1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-18 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
EP2251030A1 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2010-11-17 | Nestec S.A. | Lactoferrin and brain health and development in infants |
US10548869B2 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2020-02-04 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes |
WO2011115490A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes |
WO2011115476A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes later in life |
US9474764B2 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2016-10-25 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes |
WO2011115491A1 (en) | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant nutrition for improving fatty acid composition of brain membranes |
WO2011163174A1 (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-29 | Abbott Laboratories | Early programming of brain function through soy protein feeding |
EP2397038A1 (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2011-12-21 | Abbott Laboratories | Early programming of brain function through soy protein feeding |
CN103037714A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2013-04-10 | 雅培制药有限公司 | Early programming of brain function through soy protein feeding |
EP2775852B1 (en) | 2011-10-18 | 2016-08-17 | Nestec S.A. | Composition for use in brain growth and/or cognitive and/or psychomotor development |
US11376222B2 (en) | 2013-11-01 | 2022-07-05 | N.V. Nutricia | Lipid composition for improving body composition during catch-up growth |
WO2016024864A1 (en) | 2014-08-15 | 2016-02-18 | N.V. Nutricia | Lipid composition for improving behaviour |
US10525016B2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2020-01-07 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing an elevated level of inositol and uses thereof |
US11389403B2 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2022-07-19 | N.V. Nutricia | Infant formula with special lipid architecture for promoting healthy growth |
US11297872B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2022-04-12 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for promoting de novo myelination |
WO2017102717A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2017-06-22 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for promoting de novo myelination |
RU2766598C2 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2022-03-15 | Сосьете Де Продюи Нестле С.А. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for stimulating primary myelination |
CN108495561A (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2018-09-04 | 雀巢产品技术援助有限公司 | Alimentation composition and infant formula for promoting again myelin to be formed |
WO2017102720A1 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2017-06-22 | Nestec S.A. | Nutritional compositions and infant formulas to promote myelination in the brain |
AU2021204014B2 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2023-06-01 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for promoting de novo myelination |
EP4233906A3 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2023-09-06 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Nutritional compositions and infant formulas to promote myelination in the brain |
EP4233875A3 (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2023-09-06 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Nutritional composition an infant formula for prmoting de novo myelination |
US11986003B2 (en) | 2015-12-14 | 2024-05-21 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Nutritional composition and infant formula for promoting de novo myelination |
EP3874959A1 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2021-09-08 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional composition for use in improving cognitive performance and/or preventing cognitive impairment |
WO2018104512A1 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2018-06-14 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional composition for improving cell membranes |
US11632974B2 (en) | 2016-12-09 | 2023-04-25 | N.V. Nutricia | Nutritional composition for improving cell membranes |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2009103063A (en) | 2010-08-10 |
MX2008016340A (en) | 2009-01-16 |
ZA200810294B (en) | 2009-10-28 |
EP2048973A2 (en) | 2009-04-22 |
WO2008005869A3 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
CR10541A (en) | 2009-02-05 |
CA2656170A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
BRPI0713329A2 (en) | 2012-03-13 |
US20080003330A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
WO2008005869A2 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
JP2009542227A (en) | 2009-12-03 |
AU2007269255A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
ECSP089022A (en) | 2009-01-30 |
CN101484025A (en) | 2009-07-15 |
IL195718A0 (en) | 2009-09-01 |
US20080064635A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20080003330A1 (en) | Infant formulas for early brain development | |
EP2046149B1 (en) | Enriched infant formulas | |
Lawrence | Biochemistry of human milk | |
CN102894369B (en) | Keep or increase the method for growth or cognitive development | |
US20230270151A1 (en) | Nutritional composition having lipophilic compounds with improved solubility and bioavailability | |
CN1842277A (en) | Infant formula | |
EP3574771B1 (en) | Infant formula with special lipid architecture for promoting healthy growth | |
EP2753190B1 (en) | Use of infant formula with cholesterol | |
CN102958385A (en) | Modulation of post - prandial fat absorption | |
CN101384184A (en) | Infant nutritional compositions for preventing obesity | |
JP2021526510A (en) | Lipid emulsion for parenteral nutrition containing GPC | |
EP2753191B1 (en) | Use of infant formula with large lipid globules | |
EP3550985B1 (en) | Nutritional composition for improving cell membranes | |
AU2020397226C1 (en) | Infant formula with special lipid architecture for improving postnatal growth of infants born by Caesarean section | |
RU2740905C2 (en) | Nutritive product for reducing phenylalanine levels in the patients with pku | |
NZ716779B2 (en) | Nutritional composition having lipophilic compounds with improved solubility and bioavailability |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 06814332 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: RU |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 06814332 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |