WO2007147218A1 - Closure with line having specified oxygen transmission rate - Google Patents
Closure with line having specified oxygen transmission rate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007147218A1 WO2007147218A1 PCT/AU2007/000877 AU2007000877W WO2007147218A1 WO 2007147218 A1 WO2007147218 A1 WO 2007147218A1 AU 2007000877 W AU2007000877 W AU 2007000877W WO 2007147218 A1 WO2007147218 A1 WO 2007147218A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- closure
- wine
- otr
- bottle
- cork
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
- B65D41/34—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt
- B65D41/348—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt the tamper element being rolled or pressed to conform to the shape of the container, e.g. metallic closures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
- B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
- B65D41/0435—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements
- B65D41/045—Discs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
- B65D51/16—Closures not otherwise provided for with means for venting air or gas
- B65D51/1605—Closures not otherwise provided for with means for venting air or gas whereby the interior of the container is maintained in permanent gaseous communication with the exterior
- B65D51/1616—Closures not otherwise provided for with means for venting air or gas whereby the interior of the container is maintained in permanent gaseous communication with the exterior by means of a filter
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of closures, particularly, although by no means exclusively closures for wine bottles .
- the present invention also relates to the packaging used in this field.
- the present invention relates to closures used on wine bottles and to bottles that are closed by such closures .
- Wine is produced by the yeast fermentation of the juice of grapes and occasionally other fruits .
- sulphur dioxide and/or analogues such as metabisulphite is often added to the wine for reasons including "the killing and growth inhibition of unwanted bacteria and yeast, the inhibition of phenoloxidase activity, the interaction with wine phenols in the competitive oxidation, the reaction of sulfite with peroxide, the binding of aldehydes and anthocyanin pigments and the delay of brown pigment development" 1 .
- Corks have been well accepted by consumers , but are known to have deficiencies relating to their variability, being a natural material.
- One aspect of this variability relates to variable oxygen permeation. Oxygen transmission is an issue as the oxygen reacts with some of the
- the alternative closures include plastic corks that have less variability and low price, but on average have higher oxygen permeability than natural corks, and have an adverse reaction with flavour components in the wine . Overall the wine flavour is altered 2 .
- the Zork closures described in International applications WO03068622 and WO04058586, are types of plastic closures that have different insertion mechanisms but the published gas barrier performances are similar to the plastic corks.
- ROTE closures also include roll-on tamper evident (ROTE) closures.
- ROTE closures have a long history of use as closures for wine, but only in recent times have found strong commercial acceptance.
- the stated advantages of ROTE closure include minimal gas transmission, easy opening and reclosing, clear tamper evidence, elimination of malodours from the closure, and elimination of variability compared to natural corks .
- ROTE closures are sealed with an inserted liner comprising a foam polymer situated in contact with the closure body, to which is laminated a metallic layer, usually tin, which acts as a gas barrier, to which is further laminated a thin layer of a high gas barrier polymer, typically
- PVDC polyvinylidene chloride
- ROTE closures comprise a cap and a skirt which are interconnected by frangible tamper evident ribs that are broken when the cap is removed from a bottle.
- the cap is typically screw threaded and can be repeatedly opened and closed as desired. When positioned on a bottle, the cap fits over a bottle finish and the skirt extends down a bottle neck.
- redox potential is used to describe this aspect of an environment. Published authors (Peter Godden, Leigh Francis, John Field, Mark Gishen, Adrian Coulter, Peter Valente, Peter Hoj and Ella Robinson, "Wine Bottle Closures: physical characteristics and effect on composition and sensory properties of a Semillon wine 1. Performance up to 20 months post-bottling" Australian Journal of Wine and Grape research, VoI 7, Number 2, 2001; “Taming the Screw” Tyson Stelzer; Wine Press, Brisbane, Australia 2005, ISBN 0 9580628 4 6; pp 209-227) attribute the reducing environment to wine making practices and propose correction of this issue through modification of these wine making practices .
- the inventors propose that the generation of a more reducing environment in packaged wine is an inevitable consequence of the use of sealing systems which greatly reduce the ingress of oxygen. A continuing ingress of oxygen will lead to a more oxidizing environment.
- the actual reducing environment inside the bottle will also depend on the wine making conditions, and the natural variability of the raw materials, including the varieties of grapes. Hence not all batches of wine will achieve the same redox potential in the bottled state, and hence the issue is not always apparent in the flavour of the wine .
- Another effect to be considered is the aging of the bottled wine. While a lot of wine is intended to be drunk within a few years of bottling, some wine, which tends to be higher quality is also intended to be stored for a period of time ranging from one year to fifty years or upwards so that the flavours improve with age. This process is known as ⁇ aging' or ⁇ cellaring' . It is thought by some winemakers that the use of natural cork closures is important for aging as the small amount of oxygen passing through the cork helps in the generation of desirable flavours, possibly through the oxygen taking part in certain oxidation reactions that are important in the generation of desirable flavours .
- Natural cork has a significant content of free gas and consists of a large number of individual cells, each with a reasonable gas barrier to adjacent cells. For this reason the inventors have found through experiment that the measurement takes a very long time to reach a true equilibrium. In particular, the inventors do not regard a 1% change in 24 hours as being a sufficient indicator of equilibrium, and instead look for no long term changes in the indicated OTR figure from the instrument described in the ASTM over a period of at least 5 days .
- the background leakage and thus reliability of the method is approximately 0.001 cc/sample/day (for convenience we refer hereinafter to permeability in units of mL/day) .
- the reliability of the method is thus approximately 0.0002 ml/day in air.
- the applicant has measured the OTR of around 30 corks from a variety of sources using the above criteria for equilibrium.
- the OTR of approximately 90% of samples was in the range of 0.0005 to 0.001 ml/day when measured in air ..
- the remaining OTR measurements fell in the range 0.001 to 5.0 mL/day.
- Table 2 set out below compares the measured data to a range of published OTR data for corks .
- Cork is a naturally variable material - in addition to this naturally variability , there will also be variability from the provenance of the cork , its length , or whether the sample is cracked . None of the studies shown above ,
- Cork is a natural product, and hence the variation in OTR values is not surprising.
- Cork is the bark of the Cork Oak ( ⁇ uerus suber) which is native to South Western Europe and North Western Africa.
- Cork oaks live for 150 - 250 years, with the first harvest after about 25 years, and subsequent harvests every 10 to 12 years. Being a long lasting and slow growing woody plant, breeding programs are slow, with in-vitro programs still in their infancy 7 . Hence most commercial cork production is from old stands 8 . This leads to significant genetic variability in even high rated commercial cork trees 9 .
- cork consists mostly of suberin, a waxy substance found in some plants.
- the oxygen permeability through the cork is not dominated by via a physical transmission of the oxygen through
- Some authors 10 have claimed the red wines continue to ⁇ evolve' when bottled using ROTE closures ⁇ primarily through is assumed to be anaerobic reactions .
- Some bottled wine may express "reductive" character in such an anaerobic environment, in contrast to the wine developing oxidised characters in a more aerobic environment, (but these reductive characteristics) are not thought to be commercially unacceptable' 11 .
- ROTE closures have a measurable level of OTR .
- the Australian Wine Research Institute has published data 12 showing measured levels of OTR of 0 . 0002 to 0 . 0008 ⁇ iL/day , with a mean of 0 . 0005 .
- Faculte d' Oenologie de Bordeaux has published data showing an OTR rate of 0 . 0003 to 0 . 0007 mL/day .
- the applicants 13 postulate that this high variability is due to the variability of the shape of the top edge of the bottle , which in turn would affect the mean path length between the headspace in the bottle and the unsealed environment .
- US 5,730,306 to Costa et al discloses a multilayer venting liner inside a screw cap closure where ventilation is assisted by channels in the top layer of the liner, holes in parts of one of the layers , and a gas permeable polyolefin in the bottom layer which is in contact with the top of the closure.
- the closure appears to be a standard flat plastic closure. Air is vented from the container firstly through the 0.004 to 0.005 inch (0.1 to 0.12 mm) gas permeable bottom liner , and though the holes (or body) of the top liner, along the channels cut
- the resulting OTR of this closure would be much greater than acceptable for closing premium red wine .
- a thickness of only 0.1 to 0.12 mm for the permeable polyolefin would lead to a much thick much higher ROTE than would be acceptable for premium wine .
- JP 2001/072097 to Kunihiko discloses a cork inside a screw closure. This too would be unsuitable for our objectives, as it would suffer from the natural variability in the OTR levels of cork closures .
- US 3,951,293 to Schulz discloses an unsintered tetrafluoroethylene liner with a fibrillated structure of a thickness of 0.1 to 0.3 mm and a ⁇ density' of less than 1.4 (the units for density were not given, but we . have assumed that the inventor meant a specific gravity of 1.4, i.e. 1400 kg/m3) .
- WO 1997/02994 to Vakharia discloses a closure with has a small internal gas permeable membrane to assist with ventilation.
- the preferred membrane listed is a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , especially a micro- porous sheet which has a microstructure of nodes connected with fibrils.
- the preferred porosity is a ⁇ Gurley number' of 600, or 600 seconds per 100 ml of air. This equates to 1.4 mis/day, or significantly above the required level of less than 0.003 ml/day.
- WO 2007/25334 to Balog discloses a concept of a ROTE screw cap with a permeable liner (cork or plastic, paper etc) and a hole in the top of the closure .
- a liner is used to separate the cork from the wine, therefore preventing TCA contamination of the cork .
- the drawings showing the cork embodiment illustrate a piece of cork of about 25 % of the exterior diameter of the closure, which equate to a height of about 6 mm for a typical 25 mm ROTE closure.
- the OTR of a cork is inversely proportional to its length, and cork lengths are typically between 38 and 50 mm long.
- the ROTE of this closure would be about 6.3 to 8.3 time greater than the typical ROTE of a cork, which would likely to be unacceptable in practice for reasons discussed above.
- ROTE levels of the closure will be much greater than acceptable for premium red wines .
- OTR mean oxygen transmission rate
- the mean OTR level is greater than 0.0006 ml/day.
- the mean OTR level is greater than 0.001 ml/day.
- the mean OTR level is greater than 0.0015 ml/day.
- the mean OTR level is greater than 0.002 ml/day.
- variation is defined as the one sigma variation ( ⁇ 68.3%) of the data, or in other words the range of values between the mean measured value less the standard deviation of the data, and the mean value plus one standard deviation of the data. At least 10 samples need to be tested for a meaningful variation figure to be collected. Also the closures need to be tested in a dry state, i.e. either with a closed bottle in a vertical position or as a stand-alone test of a closure. While the applicant appreciates the effect that testing a closed bottle in a horizontal position may have on the results , they also postulate that in practice most filled bottles of wine will be stored in a vertical position, and hence testing in a vertical position is appropriate.
- the OTR variation between samples tested is less than 15% . More preferably the OTR variation between samples tested is less than 10%.
- the OTR variation between samples tested is less than 5% .
- the closure comprises an internal liner that has a contact surface that, in use, is exposed to direct contact with wine in a wine bottle.
- the contact surface is formed from a material or materials that do not affect the flavour components contained within the wine .
- the internal liner may comprise a single layer of one material only, a single layer of a plurality of materials, multiple layers of one material, or multiple layers of different materials .
- the internal liner does not include a metallic layer so that oxygen permeability is controlled entirely by the contact layer .
- the internal liner is formed from any one or more of a range of materials that have different oxygen diffusion rates so that a wine maker can select closures having OTR levels suitable for different wine varieties, different wine making processes, and different options for storing wine.
- the internal liner may be made from a range of materials including, but not limited to aromatic polyesters and polyester copolymers, aliphatic polyesters and copolymers , polyamide polymers and copolymers , and polybutylene terephthalate (sometimes known as PBT) .
- the closure may comprise an outer shell which is preferably an aluminium outer shell .
- the internal liner comprises one or more than one layer of a material that is selected to prevent interaction of the wine and the outer shell of the closure.
- This layer or layers may comprise polymers , metal foils , combinations thereof , or other materials suitable for this function.
- the internal liner may comprise one or more than one layer of a material that is selected to provide compressibility between the shell of the closure and the wine bottle.
- This layer or layers may comprise paperboard, polymer foam, solid polymer, rubber, and other suitable materials .
- the wine bottle/closure assembly is formed so that there is a smooth sealing surface between the bottle and the contact surface of the closure.
- the wine bottle/closure assembly is formed so that there is a minimum contact length (for a line originating at the axis of the bottom and going radially outwards) between the bottle and the contact surface of the closure of at least 2 mm, where "contact length” is defined herein as the length of the liner in intimate contact with the surface of the bottle, as measured from a cross-sections cut through the axis of a bottle and closure assembly.
- Figure 1 is a partially cut-away side view of one embodiment of a ROTE closure in accordance with the present invention.
- Figure 2 is longitudinal cross-section of the closure shown in Figure 1.
- the ROTE closure 3 shown in Figures 1 and 2 is a conventional closure in terms of the basic shape of the outer aluminium shell 5 shown in the Figure .
- the ROTE closure 3 is characterised by by the internal liner 7.
- the internal liner 7 is formed so that the there is a variation in OTR of less than 20% between samples tested.
- the internal liner 7 comprises the following layers, a top layer 9 of expanded polyethylene, a paper layer 11, a tin layer 13, and a lower layer 15 of PVDC that has a lower surface 17 that defines a contact surface of the liner 7.
- the OTR levels of two developmental wine bottle closures consisting of ROTE closures having an internal liner made from different materials and applied to Amcor glass bottles, were measured.
- the internal liner materials used comprised an ethylvinyl acetate (EVA) liner and a cork wadding.
- EVA ethylvinyl acetate
- Oxygen permeability evaluation was carried out by the applicant.
- the closures on the glass finishes were cut from wine bottle necks prior to preparation for mounting and gluing onto Oxtran instrument package fittings .
- the samples were conditioned in air (23°C, 50% RH, 21% 02), up to approx. 2.5 weeks to establish equilibrium, and tested by the Mocon instrument method using Oxtran 702 instrumentation.
- Table 3 lists the oxygen transmission rate results for the ROTE wine closures fitted with experimental liner seals applied to glass : two samples with EVA liner and two samples with cork wadding liners .
- Table 3 OTR of ROTE Wine Closures with Experimental Liner Seals
- results in Table 1 show that the measured OTR for the EVA liner had an OTR variability
- the wine bottle be selected so that the top of a glass wine bottle is smooth. Examination of samples by cutting a cross-section through the centre of a bottle and closure assembly showed that the top of the glass had a smooth radius, and this allows the padding material to have a long contact path to the edge of the bottle . This in turn will ensure a good seal between the edge of the liner and the glass, which will mean that OTR will be controlled by the careful selection of the liner material.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2007262671A AU2007262671B2 (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2007-06-25 | Closure with line having specified oxygen transmission rate |
NZ574167A NZ574167A (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2007-06-25 | Closure for wine bottle with line having specified oxygen transmission rate |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2006903401 | 2006-06-23 | ||
AU2006903401A AU2006903401A0 (en) | 2006-06-23 | A closure |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2007147218A1 true WO2007147218A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
Family
ID=38833007
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2007/000877 WO2007147218A1 (en) | 2006-06-23 | 2007-06-25 | Closure with line having specified oxygen transmission rate |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU2007262671B2 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ574167A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007147218A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2310287A1 (en) * | 2008-03-12 | 2011-04-20 | Vinperfect, Inc. | Vented screwcap closure with diffusive membrane liner |
WO2013096881A2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | G3 Enterprises, Inc. | Method for controlling oxygen ingress in cap closure |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3951293A (en) * | 1974-01-24 | 1976-04-20 | Riedel-De Haen Aktiengesellschaft | Gas-permeable, liquid-tight closure |
US4188457A (en) * | 1976-04-29 | 1980-02-12 | Metal Box Limited | Closures for liquid product containers |
WO1980001559A1 (en) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-07 | Metal Box Co Ltd | Closures for containers for wine or wine-based products |
US5730306A (en) * | 1994-03-31 | 1998-03-24 | The Clorox Company | Bi-directional venting liner |
WO2002102670A1 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2002-12-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Hermetically closed container and process for its manufacture |
-
2007
- 2007-06-25 AU AU2007262671A patent/AU2007262671B2/en active Active
- 2007-06-25 NZ NZ574167A patent/NZ574167A/en unknown
- 2007-06-25 WO PCT/AU2007/000877 patent/WO2007147218A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3951293A (en) * | 1974-01-24 | 1976-04-20 | Riedel-De Haen Aktiengesellschaft | Gas-permeable, liquid-tight closure |
US4188457A (en) * | 1976-04-29 | 1980-02-12 | Metal Box Limited | Closures for liquid product containers |
WO1980001559A1 (en) * | 1979-01-30 | 1980-08-07 | Metal Box Co Ltd | Closures for containers for wine or wine-based products |
US5730306A (en) * | 1994-03-31 | 1998-03-24 | The Clorox Company | Bi-directional venting liner |
WO2002102670A1 (en) * | 2001-06-14 | 2002-12-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Hermetically closed container and process for its manufacture |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2310287A1 (en) * | 2008-03-12 | 2011-04-20 | Vinperfect, Inc. | Vented screwcap closure with diffusive membrane liner |
EP2310287A4 (en) * | 2008-03-12 | 2011-06-29 | Vinperfect Inc | Vented screwcap closure with diffusive membrane liner |
WO2013096881A2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | G3 Enterprises, Inc. | Method for controlling oxygen ingress in cap closure |
EP2794412A4 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2016-06-08 | G3 Entpr Inc | Method for controlling oxygen ingress in cap closure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NZ574167A (en) | 2012-02-24 |
AU2007262671B2 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
AU2007262671A1 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
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