WO2007137353A1 - Communications security system - Google Patents
Communications security system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007137353A1 WO2007137353A1 PCT/AU2007/000747 AU2007000747W WO2007137353A1 WO 2007137353 A1 WO2007137353 A1 WO 2007137353A1 AU 2007000747 W AU2007000747 W AU 2007000747W WO 2007137353 A1 WO2007137353 A1 WO 2007137353A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- computer
- identifier
- security policy
- secure communications
- provider
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/20—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for managing network security; network security policies in general
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
- G06F21/55—Detecting local intrusion or implementing counter-measures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/50—Monitoring users, programs or devices to maintain the integrity of platforms, e.g. of processors, firmware or operating systems
- G06F21/57—Certifying or maintaining trusted computer platforms, e.g. secure boots or power-downs, version controls, system software checks, secure updates or assessing vulnerabilities
- G06F21/577—Assessing vulnerabilities and evaluating computer system security
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/606—Protecting data by securing the transmission between two devices or processes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/60—Protecting data
- G06F21/62—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules
- G06F21/6218—Protecting access to data via a platform, e.g. using keys or access control rules to a system of files or objects, e.g. local or distributed file system or database
- G06F21/6245—Protecting personal data, e.g. for financial or medical purposes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
- H04L63/14—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for detecting or protecting against malicious traffic
- H04L63/1441—Countermeasures against malicious traffic
- H04L63/1483—Countermeasures against malicious traffic service impersonation, e.g. phishing, pharming or web spoofing
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to the field of establishing and maintaining secure connections over a network such as the Internet.
- the Internet enables people across the globe to buy and sell, and interact as never before.
- Internet activities however, whether involving email, personal information such as credit card details, visiting an e-commerce based website or logging into an online banking system, require effective security and encryption mechanisms to ensure personal data and sensitive information are safe from misappropriation and online fraud.
- Threats to this security include fraudulent attacks from third parties or programs such as computer viruses, worms, trojan horses and spyware which usually install themselves on a user's computer through deception, and are typically capable of accessing and compromising important data, affecting the performance of the computer and/or monitoring the activities of users.
- An alternative approach to dealing with such threats is to install a security firewall and/or antivirus software, which typically run in the background of an operating system, detecting and ideally removing any suspicious processes or software. While such security programs are capable of protecting a computer from the large proportion of threats, a computer will only continue to be protected from such threats if these programs are constantly updated to deal with new viruses and worms being developed everyday. Therefore, if a computer is not protected by effective security programs or these programs are not regularly updated, the computer is potentially left open to attacks from viruses or worms. As the abovementioned threats are typically passed from computer to computer, a compromised computer is not only an issue for its own users, but also users of other computers on the network, such as the Internet, to which the compromised computer may connect.
- Clicking on a link within the email typically forwards the user to a mock site which is made to look like the official site of the bank or institution the user is accustomed to and invites the user to enter their login and password. Once these details are in the possession of third parties, they may use the information to gain access to the user's financial accounts or other sensitive information.
- firewall and antivirus security programs discussed above are primarily directed at protecting user's from malicious attacks or programs on the computer or network system, rather than from phishing attacks where the dissemination of a user's information occurs via a website to which the user is misdirected by deception.
- Security applications that do deal with phishing attacks only manage to secure users from known phishing sites by adopting a black list approach. However, new phishing sites and malicious applications are identified everyday and until these threats are verified and placed on a black list, a user's computer is left vulnerable.
- the invention allows secure communications to be established between two computers by ensuring that at least one of the communicating computers is aware of the configuration of the other before a determination is made that secure communications is allowed to be established.
- the decision of whether or not to establish secure communications is made with knowledge of whether there exist any threats and/or potential threats that may be affect the security of the communications. If the decision is made to establish secure communications, restrictions may be placed on the activity that can be conducted over the secure connections once established.
- the present invention provides a method of establishing secure communications between a first computer and a second computer, the method including the steps of: a) communicating to the first computer at least one security policy relating to the second computer; b) initiating an examination process on the first computer in order to evaluate whether the first computer complies with the security policy; c) the first computer communicating the results of the examination process to the second computer; and d) determining at least one aspect of the secure communications between the first computer and the second computer; wherein the determination of at least one aspect of the secure communications between the first computer and second computer is based at least in part on the results of the examination process.
- the present invention provides a computer program for establishing secure communications between a first computer and a second computer, said computer program including computer instruction code for executing tasks including: a) communicating to the first computer at least one security policy relating to the second computer; b) initiating an examination process on the first computer in order to evaluate whether the first computer complies with the security policy; c) receiving the results of the examination process; and d) determining at least one aspect of the secure communications between the first computer and the second computer; wherein the determination of at least one aspect of the secure communications between the first computer and second computer is based at least in part on the results of the examination process.
- the present invention provides a computer programmed in accordance with the above method.
- the present invention provides a computer system including a first computer and a second computer, each of the first computer and the second computer respectively programmed in accordance with the above method.
- At least one of the computers may also be configured in accordance with certain requirements set out in a security policy so as to minimise any threats or potential threats that may affect the security of the communications.
- each communicating computer is both a first and second computer, thereby allowing each computer to be aware of the configuration of the other or ensure that the other meets certain requirements before secure communications are established.
- the term computer is intended to be construed broadly and encompass any electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions, including personal desktop computers, laptops and notebooks, handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs), workstations, servers, mainframes, etc. Accordingly, in one form, the invention may be implemented where one or both of these computers are servers.
- list is intended to be construed broadly and include ordered or unordered listing of items, tables, databases and records, etc.
- Figure 1 is a schematic illustration in overview of the components of an implementation of the invention
- Figure 2 is a screenshot of one form of the policy generator application of the implementation in Figure 1 ;
- Figure 3 is context diagram illustrating the handshake process between client application and the server in the implementation in Figure 1 ;
- Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating the handshake process in Figure 3.
- Figure 1 shows a security system 200, which includes a client application
- the client application 10 installed on a client computer 20 which is used by a user to conduct online activity over a network 30 such as the Internet.
- the client application 10 regulates the security of the client computer 20 and the activities undertaken by user 40 when using the client computer 20.
- the client application 10 may also communicate with the system server 50 to secure a particular activity, by accessing the policy database 60, the community database 61 and/or the program database 62, each of which contain information relevant to the security of the client computer 20.
- the system 200 protects the user 40 against attacks such as phishing by allowing the client application 10 and/or the user 40 to identify, for example, the web server 70 to which they are trying to connect, and determine whether or not the web server 70 is authentic. If it is found that the web server 70 is not authentic, for example it may have been setup in an attempt at phishing, the connection is refused and the user 40 is informed.
- the client application 10 facilitates the connection to the web server 70 to carry out the required activities. During the connection process, and once a connection is established, all out-going data submissions are supervised by the client application 10. Furthermore, if the web server 70 belongs to a web service provider 80, such as an online bank which is a subscriber to system 200, the web server 70 may require that client application 10 initiate a configuration process on the client computer 20 to ensure that this computer adheres to certain security policies 85 and/or is secured in lockdown mode. These restrictions will minimise the chances of the activities being compromised or the transmitted data being misappropriated by third parties.
- a web service provider 80 such as an online bank which is a subscriber to system 200
- web server 70 may simply require an examination of client computer 20 be conducted and that information relating to the configuration of client computer 20 be communicated to web server 70 so that it can determine whether the communications should proceed and/or whether any restrictions need to be applied. Further details in relation to each of these aspects of the system 200 are included below.
- One aspect of the system 200 is identifying a server such as the web server 70 with web fingerprinting.
- a unique web fingerprint 100 is generated by the client application 10 for each communication request in order to identify the authenticity of the web server 70 or other server, (eg a bank website allowing financial transactions).
- the SHA-1 fingerprint 100 of the requested URL (without the HTTP parameters) is used to identify the web server 70.
- SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function belonging to the SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) family.
- SSL requests it will be appreciated that fingerprint 100 of the certificate is used in addition to the above fingerprint calculation. It will be appreciated that this is a high security attribute which is not forgeable.
- alternative hashing algorithms or other fingerprint generating approaches could be used.
- the web server 70 will present a digital certificate during the SSL-handshake and based on the SHA-1 (or similar hashing functions like SHA- 256) fingerprint 100, the web server 70 can be identified. It will be appreciated that the SSL certificate fingerprinting is not the only way to identify a web server 70 and that there could be other attributes used in the authentication process like the IP address, URL or other suitable protocol.
- the identification of the web server 70 is displayed to user 40, preferably using a non-forgeable browser-independent window 110.
- the system calculates the web fingerprint 100 for each web request and checks the authenticity of the web server 70 by comparing this unique fingerprint 100 to those already stored in the community database 61.
- the community database 61 contains web fingerprints which have already been authenticated by user 40 or other users of the system 200. If the web fingerprint 100 matches one of these already authenticated web fingerprints, the web server 70 is authenticated and the connection is allowed to proceed.
- the client application 10 prompts user 40 to confirm whether the connection to web server 70 should be allowed to proceed and whether web server 70 should be identified as being authentic. In order to assist user 40 is making this decision, client application 10 may display details such as the IP address, server location, etc of web server 70 in the browser- independent window 110. Furthermore, once the user 40 has indicated that the web server 70 is authentic, the client application 10 will relay this information to the system server 50 which will then create an entry in the community database 61 for reference by other users attempting to connect to web server 70. Preferably, this information is also stored locally by the client application 10 so that when the user 40 attempts to connect to the web server 70 at a later time, the web fingerprint 100 is simply compared to the local data maintained by the client application 10 and subsequently authenticated.
- An online business such as an online bank provides the client application 10 with details of a web server 70, such as hostnames/URLs, SSL certificate fingerprints and/or IP addresses/ranges. Based on this information, the client application generates a unique web fingerprint 100 which, once authenticated and stored by the client application 10, can be used in future transactions along with a typical login and password system to identify the web server 70 and establish a secure connection. In one embodiment, the client application 10 may also generate a unique web fingerprint 100 for the client computer 20 which is then transmitted to the web server 70 in order to identify the client computer 20 to the web server 70.
- the client application may alternatively identify web server 70 by reference to the policy database 60 without the need to compare fingerprints.
- GAP Guaranteed Authentication Program
- the Guaranteed Authentication Program (GAP) mode is part of the system 200 where once the web service provider 80 has been identified as a subscriber of the system 200, it allows security policies 85 to be applied to the client computer 20 and in some cases, the secure lockdown of the client computer 20 as described later.
- GAP Guaranteed Authentication Program
- the client application 10 will automatically enable the GAP mode if it will detects a connection between a client computer 20 having the client application and a web service provider 80 who is a subscriber of the system 200, ie a GAP participant. Once activated, the client application 10 shows a non-forgeable browser-independent window 110 with the image and name of the connected web service provider 80.
- the GAP mode also incorporates the IP address and SSL certificate fingerprints 100 and it is therefore not vulnerable to any DNS spoofing, man-in-the-middle or other pharming attacks, ie hacker's attack aiming to redirect a website's traffic to another (bogus) website.
- the web service provider 80 uses a policy generator application 120, which may be an application installed on the web service provider's internal systems or a web applet installed on the system server 50, or any other suitable location, to generate an XML file 130 consisting of information such as allowed URL's, certificate fingerprints 100, IP addresses, name, description, bitmap and the hashing-server URLs, as well as the hashing server SSL fingerprints and relevant security policies 85.
- the XML file 130 is signed using a SHA-256 (which is another cryptographic hash function of the Secure Hash Algorithm family) hash value and then incorporated into the policy database 60 and accessed by the users of the system 200 as required.
- SHA-256 which is another cryptographic hash function of the Secure Hash Algorithm family
- the hash value of XML file 130 may additionally be sent to a separate Internet update server, such as the GAP hash server 140 (not shown), which is preferably hosted in a secure environment with government certification.
- a separate Internet update server such as the GAP hash server 140 (not shown)
- the SHA-256 hash is available via HTTPS.
- the client application 10 calculates the hash of the XML file 130 and compares this hash to the value it retrieves either from either the secure GAP server 140 (this is done on top of the consistency check of the local settings, which prevents that any settings can be altered by an unknown source like spyware or virus), or from the hashing server 150 specified in the XML file 130.
- the client application 10 may configure the client computer 20 in accordance with the security policies 85 pre-defined by the web service provider 80, which may involve the initiation of the "lock down” process. It is to be understood that the "lock down” may be insisted on by the web service provider 80 so that it can pro- actively make sure that only "safe” computers, ie those that comply with the security policies 85 are granted access to their systems to conduct online activity.
- the client application 10 may examine the client computer 20 and simply notify the user 40 and/or the web service provider
- the client application 10 will automatically check all processes running on the client computer 20. A web service provider 80 can therefore make sure the client computer 20 is safe before any activity takes place.
- the client application refers to the program database 62 which stores information relating to known and common processes, and is continually updated by the administrators of the system 200. If an unknown process is detected by the client application 10, the user 40 and/or web server 70 are warned that there is an unknown process running on the client computer 20. To make sure that only known and "good" software is running, all unknown processes are marked as potentially malicious and the user 40 is then given the choice to close the corresponding programs 90, to let the client application 10 try to close programs 90 by terminating relevant processes or to proceed without closing the programs 90.
- the user 40 may not be able to proceed with the connection if the security policy 85 has not been complied with.
- the security policy 85 is if malicious programs 90 or processes are running on the client computer 20 and cannot be stopped by client application 10.
- the user 40 may be allowed to proceed only with certain activities or may have restrictions placed these activities.
- user 40 is restricted from conducting banking transactions for amounts greater than $1000.
- the Access control policies indicate which users are allowed to request and access an online service.
- the process of identification as discussed above may also form part of these policies.
- the trust policies define exactly which components have to be trusted in order to complete the online activity. These can include Hostnames, SSL Certificates, but can also be applied to the other sections and can include the identity or Internet access policies like Geo-IP.
- the system policies regulate user activity based on the overall connection topology and can apply different restrictions, for example, if user 40 has VPN access to web server 70.
- the network policies define who/when/what user/software is allowed to request either the Internet or a specific service.
- This policy can include, for example, a sophisticated personal firewall blocking Internet requests to non- related sites only during an online activity.
- the GAP participants can define the security policies 85 using the policy generator application 120 as discussed above.
- a screenshot of one form of the policy generator application 120 is illustrated at Figure 2.
- the behaviour of the client application 10 in relation to a particular web server 70 and/or web service provider 80, and all the corresponding options relating to the policy database 60, the lockdown mode and other aspects and components can be configured with the security policies 85 configuration processes provided by the policy generator application 120.
- the security policy 85 is defined by the web service provider 80 using policy generator application 120,
- the security policy 85 is saved to the XML file 130 (eg customer.xml),
- the policy 85 is stored in the policy database 60 and is able to be accessed by the users of the system 200 as required.
- This policy prevents a secure connection being established until the web server 70 is informed of the configuration of client computer 20. • Don 't allow other TCP/IP Connections.
- This policy prevents any concurrent internet connections not belonging to the web service provider 80 and therefore restricts the submission of any information to any other servers once the activity is taking place.
- This policy is directed at preventing any phishing attempts using bogus versions of the site.
- This policy limits the number of open internet browser windows to the preconfigured number. This policy is directed at preventing any pop-up windows or other unnecessary windows that might possibly be malicious.
- This policy only allows the client computer 20 to proceed in the secure lockdown mode, if an up-to-date antivirus scanner is found on the client computer 20. • Only allow the following process groups
- This policy follows a 'white list' approach to limit the processes running on the client computer 20 to those pre-approved on the program database 62, in order to minimise the chances of a malicious process running on the client computer 20. It will be appreciated that such an approach is directed at stopping any spyware/malware or other unwanted applications 90 (eg instant messaging applications) from running during the online activity. Preferably, this policy will simply initiate the lock down process which will then make reference to program database 62 to determine which process groups are allowed. • Disallow the following process program groups
- This policy follows a 'blacklist' approach and checks for running processes or programs 90 which are known to cause problems or to compromise internet security. If such programs 90 are found on the client computer 20, they are terminated before online activity is allowed. Preferably, this policy will simply initiate the lock down process which will then make reference to program database 62 to determine which process groups are not allowed. It will be appreciated that numerous other security policies to regulate various aspects of the relevant computer systems, network connections, activities undertaken or any other suitable aspect of the session may be generated and implemented, and are encompassed within the concept of a security policy. It will also be appreciated that a web service provider 80 can change their security policy 85 settings at anytime, and the new settings are applied to all the system 200 users when they connect to a web server owned by the web service provider 80. Furthermore, the web service provider 80 may either apply common security policies across all web servers under its control or different security policies to different or specific web servers.
- the transmission of the security policies 85 to client application 10 may occur during a handshake type scenario dynamically with the web server 70, or by using an already deployed database from a trusted third party.
- the policy enforcer aspect of the client application 10 will enforce the security policies 85 on client computer 20.
- the client application 10 may turn the result of the security policy 85 examination process into action.
- the client application 10 accepts the security policy 85 list as input and cycles through all security policies 85 that are non-compliant, and either allow or deny a specific process, application or connection, which may include a warning before acting.
- Each security policy 85 can have different policy enforcement statuses such as warn, allow, deny.
- the client application 10 cycles through the list of security policies 85 gathered from the policy database 60 and for all security policies 85 that the client computer 20 does not comply to, takes the appropriate action. For example, all non-compliant attributes with the policy enforcement status of warn are allowed by the client application 10 but the user 40 is required to accept and acknowledge that the client computer 20 does not comply.
- the allow and deny enforcement statuses either allow or deny the communication if non-compliant attributes are found by the client application 10. It will be appreciated that all the policy enforcement statuses can be used in conjunction, for example, warn and deny and that furthermore, the policy enforcement types are an extensible list and not limited to the specific enforcement types stated above.
- the evaluation of how and whether the client computer 20 complies with a particular security policy may be in the form of binary yes/no attributes, but are not limited in this manner and could also involve a percentage threshold, for example.
- this evaluation is communicated to the web server 70.
- the client application 10 refers to the community database 61 as described above under the heading Identification. Further aspects of the community database 61 are now described.
- the information in the community database 61 is updated by users of the system 200 and therefore provides a continually updated resource containing all the information the client application 10 needs to evaluate whether a particular site, certificate, application or process should be trusted by users of the system 200. In some cases, this information may be automatically updated to the community database 61 by each user's client application 10 on a periodic basis or at some other suitable time.
- Examples of the type of information available in the community database 61 include:
- This field tells the user 40 whether the web fingerprint 100 of the web server 70 has a longstanding history or not.
- This field indicates the actions other users of the system 200 have taken in respect of this particular web server 70 or web service provider 80.
- this user community based approach of the system 200 will provide inexperienced users of the system 200 with a means to leverage the knowledge of a large internet community and take this into consideration before deciding whether the user 40 should trust, for example, the web server 70 or not.
- the system 200 includes a feature called "community autotrust" where the client application 10 automatically enables or disables access to web servers that are verified in the community database 61.
- the autotrust feature may take any of the following attributes into account in reaching a determination:
- the web server 70 is automatically trusted by client application 10 if the associated web fingerprint 100 is known for more than 3 days in the user community, is verified by a third party (by means of a white list) and/or at least 90% of the other system 200 users have already trusted the site hosted by the web server 70.
- an example of a web server 70 that would automatically be blocked is with a web server with a web fingerprint 100 which is known for less than 3 days or appears on a third party blacklist.
- the client application 10 submits an evaluation of whether the client computer 20 adheres to the relevant security policies 85 of the web server 70 using an encrypted HTTPS post request.
- the evaluation is sent to the web server 70 so that the web server 70 can determine whether the communication should proceed, whether certain restriction on the communications or the activities being conducted need to be applied, or whether the client computer 20 needs to be configured in a manner complying with the security policies 85 of web server 70, such as, for example the initiation of lockdown mode.
- Some examples of information that may be transmitted during this post request include the unique identifier of the client computer 20 along with details of whether or not:
- a quiet mode is provided which allows the client application 10 to perform all the actions discussed above without any interaction from the user 40. Consequently, no pop-ups or any other user interactions dialogs are displayed when a particular security policy is enabled. It will be appreciated that in such a situation, the web service provider 80 will receive the status of the client computer 20 during the handshake process and from the user's 40 perspective, the notifications can be completely integrated into the online application or activity process.
- the client application 10 is an executable that can be deployed in either a self running executable mode which does not require installation on the client computer 20, or as a full installation in which the client application 10 is installed on the client computer 20 and automatically analyses all outgoing Internet transmissions.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/303,094 US8234687B2 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Communications security system |
AU2007266332A AU2007266332A1 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Communications security system |
CA2653633A CA2653633C (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Security system and method for establishing and regulating secure communications over a network |
EP07718992A EP2030141A4 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Communications security system |
US13/533,278 US9003476B2 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2012-06-26 | Communications security systems |
US14/636,295 US20150195306A1 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2015-03-03 | Communications security systems |
US14/927,937 US20160149955A1 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2015-10-30 | Communications security systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2006902878 | 2006-05-29 | ||
AU2006902878A AU2006902878A0 (en) | 2006-05-29 | Security policy enforcement system | |
AU2006905620A AU2006905620A0 (en) | 2006-10-10 | Communications security system | |
AU2006905620 | 2006-10-10 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/303,094 A-371-Of-International US8234687B2 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Communications security system |
US13/533,278 Continuation US9003476B2 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2012-06-26 | Communications security systems |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007137353A1 true WO2007137353A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
Family
ID=38778014
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/AU2007/000747 WO2007137353A1 (en) | 2006-05-29 | 2007-05-29 | Communications security system |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US8234687B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2030141A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007266332A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2653633C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007137353A1 (en) |
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US8468586B2 (en) * | 2009-11-03 | 2013-06-18 | Oracle International Corporation | Methods and systems for implementing policy based trust management |
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CA2653633A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
EP2030141A4 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
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AU2007266332A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
US20090271842A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
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CA2653633C (en) | 2016-01-05 |
US8234687B2 (en) | 2012-07-31 |
US9003476B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
EP2030141A1 (en) | 2009-03-04 |
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