WO2007134276A2 - Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production - Google Patents
Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007134276A2 WO2007134276A2 PCT/US2007/068848 US2007068848W WO2007134276A2 WO 2007134276 A2 WO2007134276 A2 WO 2007134276A2 US 2007068848 W US2007068848 W US 2007068848W WO 2007134276 A2 WO2007134276 A2 WO 2007134276A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fatty acid
- modifier
- liquor
- aluminum hydroxide
- water
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/04—Preparation of alkali metal aluminates; Aluminium oxide or hydroxide therefrom
- C01F7/14—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates
- C01F7/144—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates from aqueous aluminate solutions by precipitation due to cooling, e.g. as part of the Bayer process
- C01F7/145—Aluminium oxide or hydroxide from alkali metal aluminates from aqueous aluminate solutions by precipitation due to cooling, e.g. as part of the Bayer process characterised by the use of a crystal growth modifying agent other than aluminium hydroxide seed
Definitions
- the present invention relates to improved aluminum hydroxide crystal production from the Bayer Process.
- the invention relates to compositions and methods for increasing particle size of aluminum hydroxide crystals without an excessive decreased yield.
- Aluminum hydroxide also known as alumina trihydrate
- Aluminum hydroxide is used to produce primary aluminum metal using electrolytic reduction processes.
- Aluminum hydroxide is produced on an industrial scale by a well-established procedure known as the Bayer Process. In this process, the steps involving crystallization and precipitation of solubilized aluminum hydroxide values from process liquors, are critical relative to the economic recovery of aluminum values. Economic recovery is realized by optimization of two commercially significant parameters: yield and average particle size.
- 4,737,352 assigned to Nalco discloses a method providing a reduced percent of small size crystals and an increase in the yield of coarser aluminum hydroxide crystals by adding a blend of surfactant dispersed in oil to the pregnant liquor during the precipitation phase of the process.
- the claims in the patent limited the surfactant to a tall fatty acid.
- the specification of the '352 patent disclosed the surfactant as any fatty acid having at least a saturated or unsaturated four carbon alkyl backbone optionally containing at least one functional group.
- the specification discloses a functionalized Cs alkyl fatty acid as advantageous; the fatty acid was not claimed and the advantages of this fatty acid is not disclosed or taught by actual or constructive reduction to practice.
- the specification defines the improved method as treating hot caustic Bayer process green liquor with a surfactant/oil blend.
- the specification does not teach, describe, or remotely suggest that the length of the carbon chain of the fatty acid is a factor imparting novelty.
- Two commercial crystal growth modifiers having fatty acid chains of greater than ten carbons were commercialized and are referred to as Commercial Product 1 and Commercial Product 2 in examples exemplifying the inventive step of teaching fatty acid chain length in improved aluminum hydroxide production.
- the '352 parent discloses a genus of fatty acids in oil that result in an improved commercial product.
- the fatty acid composition described herein is directed to a fatty acid species imparting unexpected results from those described in the genus patent.
- a water-soluble crystallization modifier formulation comprising a first composition of a polyalkoxylated non-ionic surfactant and a second composition comprising a surfactant, or a precursor thereof, which is not polyalkoxylated.
- Ethylene oxide (EO) units are identified as essential components of the formulation in the polyalkoxylated non-ionic surfactant, preferably, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (PO) units which form an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer.
- the '767 patent discloses a composition which contains "substantially no mineral oil or silicone oil” and emphasizes regularly that the "advantage of the crystallization modifiers . . . is that they do not require the presence of oils.” (e.g., see column 2, lines 21-25; col. 4, lines 25-35; col. 5, lines 21- 33).
- the cost effectiveness of these components and their acceptance when compared to the surfactant/oil blends used in the majority of crystallization modifier formulations in most Bayer processing plants today remains questionable. Also affecting the particle size and product yield parameters in alumina recovery is the presence of oxalate in the pregnant liquor.
- Oxalate is a contaminate that can act as a seed site resulting in too many small hydroxide crystals, thereby lowering average particle size. Further, screening processes intended to remove oxalate impurities also remove alumina, thereby reducing product yield. These phenomena must be considered in any recovery process. Despite efforts to satisfy the demands made by continuous and ongoing development of the Bayer process worldwide, the industry needs for an improved alumina product remain unfulfilled.
- composition described and taught herein includes as an active ingredient a surfactant fatty acid, precursor, salt or blends thereof having an alkyl chain length of C 8 to Ci 0 saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched carbon atoms, said carbon atoms free of functional groups dissolved in an oil carrier having the boiling point above the temperature prevailing alumina hydrate crystallization.
- This fatty acid/oil blend is emulsified and then dosed in the Bayer process liquor according to the method described herein.
- a second composition described and taught includes as an active ingredient a surfactant fatty acid, precursor, salt or blends thereof having an alkyl chain length of C 8 to C 10 saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched carbon atoms, said carbon atoms free of functional groups.
- This fatty acid is emulsified and dosed into the liquor according to the method described herein.
- the appropriate crystallization modifier composition is incorporated into the method in an amount effective to shift in the particle size distribution of aluminum hydroxide crystals so that the resulting crystals have a reduced formation of product fines without substantial reduction in the overall product yield of aluminum hydroxide.
- FIGURE 1 is a pair of scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs taken at 10Ox and 500Ox, respectively, of aluminum crystals from a blank test produced without a crystallization modifier.
- FIGURE 2 is a pair of SEM micrographs taken at 10Ox and 500x, respectively, of aluminum crystals from a test using 12 mg/m 2 of a commercial modifier.
- FIGURE 3 is a pair of SEM micrographs taken at 10Ox and 50Ox, respectively, of aluminum crystals from a test using 12 mg/m 2 of a C8-10 fatty acid modifier of the present invention.
- This term is used to modify a numeric value and should be interpreted as a value which is equal to or within 2 integers of the specified number.
- Commercial Product 1 and Commercial Product 2 Describes commercialized crystal growth modifiers (CGM) having fatty acid chains of greater than ten carbons as identified and used in the examples of the '352 patent referenced above.
- CGM crystal growth modifiers
- Crystallization modifier composition The list, description and designated proportions of raw materials used to make the said additive comprising a C8-10 fatty acid.
- Fatty acid having an alkyl chain length of Cs-Cjn carbon atoms Describes the product C- 810L available from Proctor and Gamble. It is a nearly colorless, clear liquid with a slight yellow tint. It has an average molecular weight of 154 g/mol and an approximate composition of the following fatty acid chain lengths: C 6 ⁇ 6%, C 8 53 - 60%, Cj 0 34 - 42% and C 12 ⁇ 2%.
- the carbon chain may be saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched and is free of functional groups. Many other commercial fatty acid products are known to those skilled in the art and would work suitably for the present invention.
- Oil carrier Comprises a hydrophobic liquid that can be selected from the aliphatic or aromatic compounds such as paraffinic oils, naphthenic oils, or fuel oils. Suitable is also the oil carrier comprised of the bottoms or residual waste materials remaining from the production of alkyl alcohols. Such materials are generally comprised of a mixture of hydroformylation reactants (olefins), finished products (alcohols), and the ethers and ester by-products. The materials suitable as an oil carrier can be used neat or in a mixture of any proportion.
- Heavy oxo fraction Is a useful solvent for the present invention. HOF is primarily comprised of residual waste materials remaining from the production of alkyl alcohols.
- High boiling alkyl alcohol bottom products are included in this category and contain a mixture of hydroformylation reactants (olefins), finished products (alcohols), as well as ethers and ester byproducts.
- Weight percent ratio The total weight fraction of one reagent within 100 grams of the composition or mixture. The corresponding fraction of the other component is the latter subtracted from 100.
- Free of functional group attachments Any alkyl chain of any length with hydrogen and carbon being the only atoms comprising that chain.
- Heated Bayer process liquor Any liquor within the Bayer process having a free alkalinity level above 100 g/L OfNa 2 CO 3 and a temperature above ambient or 25°C.
- Spent Liquor Describes the Bayer liquor after the final classification stage which returns back to digestion in the Bayer process.
- Percent (%) increase over control quantile particle size The particle size distribution is conventionally given by the three quantiles, d(0.1), d(0.5) and d(0.9). Thus, 10%, 50% and 90%, respectively, of the total particle volume (or mass) is less than the size given in the tables.
- the percent (%) increase over the control quantile particle size is the difference between the additive dosed and control for the respective quantile particle size divided by the control quantile particle size.
- Effective amount An effective amount is deemed any dosage of any additive that affords an increase in one or all three quantiles when compared to an undosed control sample.
- Increased product yield Describes when a greater aluminum hydroxide solid content within the precipitating vessel at the end of the precipitation run is achieved. This is generally indicated by a lower liquor aluminum hydroxide concentration for the corresponding vessel.
- the Processing Liquor employ a pregnant liquor (charge) for aluminum hydroxide precipitation, which is the hot caustic solution obtained after elimination of the red mud in the Bayer process.
- a Cs-Cio fatty acid in the presence or absence of oil carrier, emulsified in water.
- the green liquor after red mud separation, is a hot, caustic filtrate, the commercial production green liquor containing the aluminum values as dissolved sodium aluminate.
- This liquor and recirculated fine particle alumina trihydrate seeds are charged into a suitable precipitating tank or a series of connecting tanks.
- the charge is cooled under agitation to stress the contents, causing precipitation of aluminum hydroxide crystals on the seeds, which constitute growth sites.
- Complete elimination of the fine particle material e.g. -325 mesh or smaller
- the precipitation process involves nucleation followed by (a) initial crystal growth and (b) agglomeration of those crystals into a coarse or sand-like aluminum hydroxide particle which will later be dried, and often calcined to obtain Al 2 O 3 as the commercial product of value.
- C 8 -CiO fatty acid is the product C-810L available from Proctor and Gamble at a concentration of 150 g/L dispersed in a commercially available paraffinic hydrocarbon oil, ESCAID 110.
- ESCAID 110 a commercially available paraffinic hydrocarbon oil
- U.S. Patent No. 4,737,352 assigned to Nalco wherein generic tall oil fatty acid/oil formulations were first described, the invention in practice is unaffected by different proprietary precipitation techniques involving proprietary process parameters. This is of great significance because it establishes that regardless of the proprietary processing parameters maintained inside the precipitating tank, the present invention for actual practice only requires blending and in-line injection of an emulsion which composes the treatment.
- the constituents of the emulsion are (A) a C 8 -Ci O fatty acid together with (B) an oil carrier for the fatty acid, and (C) as much as 85% water, by weight.
- the oil need only be a solvent for the surfactant and have a boiling point safely above the temperature of the hot Bayer green liquor undergoing precipitation.
- the fatty acid may contain at least an eight carbon backbone free of any functional groups usually modifying such compounds.
- the oil carrier may be one selected from the paraffinic series, it may be an aromatic oil (e.g. naphthenic oil) or it may be any mixture of these.
- an emulsion of C 8 -Ci O unmodified fatty acid in a low aromatic or paraffinic oil as the oil carrier in the weight proportion of about 15:85, emulsified in water and having a dosage of from about 1 to about 50 ppm.
- the bottles were removed, quickly charged with the required quantity of seed (50 g/L, based on liquor volume) and immediately returned to the water bath.
- the temperature of the water bath was set to 72 0 C.
- the bottles were rotated overnight for 15 hours.
- the bottles were removed and for each bottle a 20-mL sample of the slurry was filtered through a syringe filter and submitted for liquor analysis.
- 10 mL of a sodium gluconate solution 400 g/L was added to the remaining slurry and mixed well. The solids were collected by vacuum filtration and were thoroughly washed with hot deionized water and dried at 110 0 C.
- the particle size distribution and specific surface area were determined on a Malvern Particle Sizer, which is well known in the art.
- the particle size distribution is conventionally given by three quantiles, d(0.1), d(0.5) and d(0.9). These represent the particle size at which the total particle volume (or mass) is less than about 10%, 50% and 90% respectively.
- Samples were evaluated first (TABLE 1) by comparing (1) an undosed control sample; (2) samples dosed with a hydrocarbon solution CGM as Comparative Example 1; and (3) samples dosed with the water-based C8-10/oil carrier blend of Example 2. Samples were then evaluated (TABLE 2) by comparing (1) an undosed control sample; (2) a Commercial Product CGM; and (3) samples dosed with the water-based C8-10/oil blend of Examples 3-5.
- the suitable CGM products can be prepared as water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions.
- CGM formulations prepared as microemulsions are preferred.
- Microemulsions are significantly different in structure from regular emulsions. Emulsions are comprised of separate oil droplets in water or water droplets in oil with a sharp transition between the two phases. Microemulsions have a particle size in the range from 10 to 600 nm, so that they appear as clear or opalescent one-phase formulations.
- microemulsions are thermodynamically stable. This means that microemulsions form spontaneously when the components are brought together and stay stable as long as the components are intact.
- microemulsions are not prone to separation or settling, which results in their long storage stability. Only gentle mixing is required to restore microemulsions upon their freezing or high temperature exposure.
- Comparative Example 1 (Hydrocarbon solution) 15% C8-10 fatty acid blend available from Proctor and Gamble Chemicals under the tradename C-810L, and
- paraffinic oil dearomatized aliphatic fluid available from Exxon Mobil Corporation under the tradename Escaid 110.
- paraffinic oil dearomatized aliphatic fluid
- Escaid 110 5% ethoxylated C 10- 16 alcohol emulsif ⁇ er
- Example 4 (Emulsion) 15% C8-10 fatty acid blend available from Proctor and Gamble Chemicals under the tradename C-810L,
- the emulsion Example 2 has a coarsening effect similar to that of the hydrocarbon Example 1.
- Table 1 Effect of C8-10 Fatty Acid Products on Particle Size of Bayer Aluminum
- Example 3 The results show that the C8-10 emulsion of Example 3 was as effective at the three dosages in increasing particle size as the Commercial Product. Examples 4 and 5 were more effective than the Commercial Product in increasing particle size at all three dosage levels for each quantile.
- Fatty acids of >98 ⁇ 99% purity including butanoic (C4), hexanoic (C6), octanoic (C8), decanoic (C 10), tetradecanoic (C 14) and octadecanonic (C 18) were purchased from Aldrich (www.aldrich.com).
- the Escaid 110 aliphatic solvent was used as the oil carrier.
- Alumina trihydrate C31 (from Alcoa, BET specific surface area of 0.38m 2 /g) was used as seed for precipitation. Spent liquor from a North American alumina facility and Alcoa C31 were used for the preparation of the pregnant liquor. Sodium gluconate (97% pure) was used for stopping the further crystal growth upon the bottle test completion.
- test parameters were used to simulate the common precipitation conditions in the Bayer process.
- CGM dosage 3 mg CGM/m 2 seed surface (60 ppm in the pregnant liquor)
- R-4277 (Escaid 1 10) hydrocarbon oil and used in the CGM bottle test to determine their coarsening performance.
- Example 6 was prepared comprising 15% C-810 and 85% HOF and studied against Comparative Example 1, of TABLE 1. Both coarse seed crystals and fine seed crystals were tested with liquor from a North American alumina facility.
- oxalate precipitates as invisible needles, which could be due to either too many oxalate needles precipitated or too little CGM dosed.
- oxalate spiked at a reduced level of 0.5 g/1 was tested. The results shown in TABLE 6 indicate that: a. CGM type greatly impacts oxalate ball formation under test conditions. Larger oxalate balls were formed with the Example 6 CGM and smaller oxalate balls were observed for the Comparative Example 1 while no visible oxalate balls being formed with the control (blank) tests; b. Example 6 can stabilize about ⁇ 0.3 g/1 oxalate (relative to Comparative Example 1); and c.
- FIGURES 1-3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.
- SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
- FIGURES 1-3 The SEM micrographs of the precipitates are shown in FIGURES 1-3.
- oxalate needles incorporated into the trihydrate without distinct oxalate balls were observed with both fine and coarse seeds.
- Comparative Example 1 referring to FIGURE 2, oxalate balls (up to 200 ⁇ m) co-precipitated with trihydrate were formed.
- Example 6 as shown in FIGURE 3, clean oxalate balls up to 500 ⁇ m were observed.
- the SEM micrographs also visually show that the oxalate balls formed with Example 6 have less trihydrate trapped in the oxalate balls. This could result in lower alumina losses through the oxalate removal system.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EA200802294A EA015656B1 (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
EP07783709.4A EP2018350B1 (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
CN2007800175199A CN101443274B (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
BRPI0711025-1A BRPI0711025B1 (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | process for the recovery of aluminum hydroxide crystals from a turgid liquor from the bayer process, and emulsified crystallization modifier for use in the recovery of aluminum hydroxide crystals from a turgid liquor from the bayer process |
AU2007249266A AU2007249266B2 (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/434,490 US7976820B2 (en) | 2005-06-23 | 2006-05-15 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
US11/434,490 | 2006-05-15 |
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WO2007134276A2 true WO2007134276A2 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
WO2007134276A3 WO2007134276A3 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
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PCT/US2007/068848 WO2007134276A2 (en) | 2006-05-15 | 2007-05-14 | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
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US (1) | US7976820B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2018350B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101443274B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007249266B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0711025B1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA015656B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007134276A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2094609A2 (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2009-09-02 | Nalco Company | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
WO2018048820A1 (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Cytec Industries Inc. | Oil-free crystal growth modifiers for the bayer process |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8282689B2 (en) * | 2009-07-01 | 2012-10-09 | Nalco Company | Composition and method for enhancing the production of crystal agglomerates from a precipitation liquor |
US8926939B2 (en) * | 2013-03-13 | 2015-01-06 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Neopolyols suitable for crystal growth modification in the Bayer process |
US8920768B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2014-12-30 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Crystallization aids for bayer aluminum hydroxide |
US9592456B2 (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2017-03-14 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Methods for enhancing production of aluminum hydroxide in an aluminum hydroxide production process |
BR112017019263B1 (en) | 2015-03-11 | 2022-12-27 | Cytec Industries Inc | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALUMIN TRI-HYDRATE CRYSTALS FROM THE CURRENT OF AN ALUMIN TRI-HYDRATE RECOVERY PROCESS |
US10427950B2 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2019-10-01 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Recovery of mining processing product using boronic acid-containing polymers |
CN109292804A (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2019-02-01 | 广西华银铝业有限公司 | A kind of minimizing technology of alumina producing Oxalate |
CN113461041B (en) * | 2021-08-03 | 2022-10-14 | 内蒙古鑫旺再生资源有限公司 | Method for removing oxalate from sodium aluminate solution |
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US2440378A (en) | 1946-09-13 | 1948-04-27 | Aluminum Co Of America | Treatment of sodium aluminate solutions |
US5167831A (en) | 1991-06-20 | 1992-12-01 | Nalco Chemical Company | Non-ionic surfactants plus fatty-acids as dewatering aids for alumina trihydrate |
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US4608237A (en) | 1985-04-24 | 1986-08-26 | Nalco Chemical Company | Use of polymers in alumina precipitation in the Bayer process of bauxite beneficiation |
US4737352A (en) | 1987-04-09 | 1988-04-12 | Nalco Chemical Company | Use of surfactants in alumina precipitation in the bayer process |
US5106599A (en) | 1990-02-06 | 1992-04-21 | Nalco Chemical Company | Alumina crystal growth additive |
DE4039053A1 (en) | 1990-12-07 | 1992-06-11 | Henkel Kgaa | POLYGLYCERINE IN THE BAYER PROCESS |
EP0602900B1 (en) | 1992-12-14 | 1997-03-12 | Nalco Chemical Company | Trihydrate crystal modification in the bayer process |
US5607598A (en) | 1995-07-14 | 1997-03-04 | Ormet Corporation | Treatment and disposal of red mud generated in the Bayer Process |
US6293973B1 (en) | 1996-10-11 | 2001-09-25 | Nalco Chemical Company | Method of controlling oxalate precipitation in bayer process liquor |
GB9800855D0 (en) | 1998-01-15 | 1998-03-11 | Allied Colloids Ltd | Production of alumina |
US6217622B1 (en) | 1998-10-22 | 2001-04-17 | Alcan International Limited | Method and apparatus for precipitating and classifying solids in high concentrations |
US7138472B2 (en) | 2001-01-29 | 2006-11-21 | Nalco Company | High molecular weight polymers containing pendant salicylic acid groups for clarifying bayer process liquors |
-
2006
- 2006-05-15 US US11/434,490 patent/US7976820B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-05-14 CN CN2007800175199A patent/CN101443274B/en active Active
- 2007-05-14 BR BRPI0711025-1A patent/BRPI0711025B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-05-14 EP EP07783709.4A patent/EP2018350B1/en active Active
- 2007-05-14 WO PCT/US2007/068848 patent/WO2007134276A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-05-14 EA EA200802294A patent/EA015656B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-05-14 AU AU2007249266A patent/AU2007249266B2/en active Active
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US2440378A (en) | 1946-09-13 | 1948-04-27 | Aluminum Co Of America | Treatment of sodium aluminate solutions |
US5167831A (en) | 1991-06-20 | 1992-12-01 | Nalco Chemical Company | Non-ionic surfactants plus fatty-acids as dewatering aids for alumina trihydrate |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2094609A2 (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2009-09-02 | Nalco Company | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
EP2094609A4 (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2012-03-28 | Nalco Co | Composition and method for improved aluminum hydroxide production |
WO2018048820A1 (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Cytec Industries Inc. | Oil-free crystal growth modifiers for the bayer process |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EA015656B1 (en) | 2011-10-31 |
EA200802294A1 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
BRPI0711025A2 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
EP2018350A4 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
US7976820B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 |
US20070081932A1 (en) | 2007-04-12 |
EP2018350B1 (en) | 2015-04-15 |
EP2018350A2 (en) | 2009-01-28 |
WO2007134276A3 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
AU2007249266A1 (en) | 2007-11-22 |
CN101443274B (en) | 2013-05-01 |
CN101443274A (en) | 2009-05-27 |
BRPI0711025B1 (en) | 2020-11-17 |
AU2007249266B2 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
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