WO2007129039A1 - A turbo-expansion valve - Google Patents
A turbo-expansion valve Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007129039A1 WO2007129039A1 PCT/GB2007/001594 GB2007001594W WO2007129039A1 WO 2007129039 A1 WO2007129039 A1 WO 2007129039A1 GB 2007001594 W GB2007001594 W GB 2007001594W WO 2007129039 A1 WO2007129039 A1 WO 2007129039A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- compressor
- turbine
- turbo
- expansion valve
- expansion
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B11/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines
- F25B11/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines as expanders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/14—Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant
Definitions
- This invention concerns the work of expansion and adiabatic expansion cooling generated by the flow of high pressure saturated refrigerant vapour through a turbine, or any other type of reversible expansion engine to a low pressure evaporator.
- TEV thermostatic expansion valve
- IO thermal bulb at the outlet of the evaporator such that the temperature of vapour leaving the evaporator is maintained at a superheated condition relative to the refrigeration evaporating temperature; or the TEV may be electrically actuated and electronically controlled via the inputs of temperature sensors in S the evaporator and at it* s outlet.
- a TEV may also be pressure controlled to ⁇ aintain a constant evaporating pressure/temperature. In any case, a TEV simply operates as a pressure reducing valve: flashing—off high pressure liquid from a condenser into low pressure saturated vapour that is supplied to an O evaporator such that there is a coaplete loss of the potential static pressure energy difference between that of the condenser and the evaporator.
- high pressure liquid refrigerant is flashed-off into saturated vapour and subsequently pressure re- reduced and expansion cooled by a radial-flow turbine, or any other type of reversible expansion engine by braking it* s output shaft.
- Such expansion also adiabat ically cools the satu- O rated vapour, less a turbine efficiency loss heating effect.
- the output shaft of the turbine could, most simply and most efficiently, be co-axial Iy connected to the input shaft of a radial-flow centrifugal (1st stage) compressor.
- a 2nd stage refrigeration compressor and motor equal in capacity to the efficiency losses of the turbine and 1st stage compressor also O being required.
- a motor could be mounted on a co-axial shaft Joining the turbine to a (single stage) compressor — with the motor sized to power the compressor, less the power input of the turbine.
- the turbine could be co-axial Iy connected to a generator that may be speed variable.
- Means for controlling system capacity include! variable compressor inlet guide vanes; variable turbine expel ler guide blades and/or variable turbine outlet nozzles; compressor hot- 5 gas bypass; varying 2nd stage compressor output with a variable speed motor or variable speed CVT drive (gearing) system, and combinations of these methods.
- the most energy efficient means of capacity control is that of compressor motor speed control.
- Other systems that reduce flow rate will actually increase O motor amps as the compressor is unloaded.
- Hot gas bypass control tends to maintain relatively stable flow rates and pressure differentials across both the turbine and compressors to thereby avoid unstable surge operating conditions, even though motor amps would not reduce at low loads, this is 5 more than offset by the much reduced motor power requirement of a turbo-expansion valve system.
- compressors can be operated in conjunction with a co-axial Iy mounted turbine/compressor (turbo-expansion valve) O as a 2nd stage compressor.
- Turbo-expansion valve turbine/compressor
- standard available compressors would require their effective compression ratio to be reduced by speed reduction, or by a combination of a lower synchronous speed (and horsepower) motor and reduced compression ratio — but with unchanged mass flow. 5
- a single turbine may serve multiple evaporators whereby each evaporator has an inlet motorised control valve; the evapoi— ating temperature being sensed at the outlet of the expander, and superheat being sensed at the common suction inlet to the O refrigeration compressor.
- multiple evaporators, each with a turbo-expansion valve and coupled compressor may be connected to a single, common, 2nd stage compressor; as might suit the modulated operation of a large centrifugal compressor unit.
- the saturated vapour As the saturated vapour is expanded it is cooled, such that the enthalpy difference (RE) of the saturated vapour passing thro* the evaporator, per unit of mass flow, is increased: therefore, for the same evaporator cooling output as a conventional TEV system refrigerant mass flow and required compressor power re- O symbolizes.
- the enthalpy/RE increase for a theoretically 100 % efficient expander would typically be in the order of plus 15 to 20 *, from which should be subtracted the efficiency loss of the expander, which could be as much as 35 % for a small unit to as little as 15 % for a mult i-megaWatt unit.
- very small 5 coupled expander/lst stage compressors having efficiencies of say 65 * each, the 2nd stage compressor would still only require to input 57.75 it of the total pressure increase of an
- turbo-expansion valve Since a turbo-expansion valve is oilless, and since it is possible to also have a 2nd stage centrifugal compressor with an oilless planetary roller bearing traction drive gearing-up sys-
- the flow rate of liquid refrigerant 1 is controlled by valve S, Fitting 3 transforms from the liquid pipe size to the larger size of the inlet tract of the turbine 4 that accommodates the volume increase of liquid flashed—off in— O to saturated vapour after pressure reduction and diffusion through the perforated mesh, or plate 5.
- the static pressure of the saturated vapour is reduced as it' s velocity, and thereby it' s velocity pressure, is increased by the converging inlet tract and volute of turbine 4.
- the velocity pressure of the 5 saturated vapour discharged from the volute exerts a force on the vanes of the turbine 4 wheel that transmits this power via rotating shaft & to the centrifugal compressor 7.
- the flow rate through control valve 5 2 is directly controlled from the inputs of superheat sensors IO & 11, which may be overridden by sonic sensor 9 to maintain turbine 4 speed within manufacturer 1 s recommemded limits by controlling hot gas bypass 15 control valve 1&. Also, system capacity may be varied by controlling hot gas bypass 15 control O valve 1&.
- Diffusion flashing-off of liquid refrigerant may be signifi- icant Iy enhanced by means of ultrasonically vibrating diffuser 5, or by ultrasonically vibrating liquid in fitting 3, or 5 liquid droplets immediately downstream of diffuser 5.
- fitting 3 should have the internal sidewalls airfoil shaped with a refle ⁇ at the trailing edge, as per Patent No: GB2399552 O A, to ensure adequate static pressure regain through this fitting (in a practically short length) to inhibit unstable flash- ing-off of liquid prior to the perforated diffuser 5.
- the liquid nay be significantly sub-cooled and/or the condenser is located at a significant elevation above the turbo-expansion 5 valve such that there would be a significant pressure drop thro* valve 2 t such that liquid would spray diffuse out of it, then the diffuser plate and static pressure regain function of fitting 3 may be obviated.
- valve 2 could be substituted with a liquid (refrigeration sub—cooled) turbine powering a variable speed generator, or the 2nd stage compressor - with superheat and turbine speed controls controlling the speed of the generator 5 and valve 2 controlling pump—down.
- the turbo—expansion valve should be hermetically sealed within a casing to obviate the problem of moisture migration via the shaft seals into the refrigerant. 5
- Motor IA is better cooled by the lower temperature suction gas 17, when hermetically sealed with compressor IA, by locating it upstream of compressor 7, as shown in Figure 2.
- the Figure 1 configuration is suited to that of a condensing unit with a remote evaporator, whereas the Figure 2 arrangement is suited to that of a chiller or single package O/C unit.
- Figure 3 shows an additional pressure reducing turbine l ⁇ powering electrical generator 19 ⁇ that may be variable speed) - as nay be necessary to accommodate high pressure drops.
- Figure A shows an alternative arrangement whereby the outputs of tu»— bine l ⁇ and motor 7 power compressor 13. If three (3) stages of pressure reduction may be required, the turbine l ⁇ and gener— ator 19 of Figure 3 may be added upstream of the turbine l ⁇ of Figure A. Alternatively, although much less efficiently, a 2nd stage of turbine pressure reduction could be obviated simply by absorbing the excess pressure that a single stage turbine cannot handle by absorbing this pressure thro* valve 2.
- Figure 5A shows an automobile air-conditioning system whereby a multipiston swash-plate compressor 20 is belt and pulley 21
- FIG. 5B shows a further variation whereby compressor 13 is O driven by turbine 23 from the engine exhaust.
- Turbine 23 and compressor 13 are shown as being Joined with insulated connectors 25.
- Bypass valve 24 modulates to the closed position as the evaporating temperature increases, and vice versa. Ceramic shaft bearing seals will likely be required.
- bypass valve 17 can also be opened to regulate the output of the O oultipiston compressor 2O,
- the refrigerant inlet arrangement of cooling coil ⁇ requires to be different than for a conventional TEV system. As shown in Figure 1, there would require to be one, or more, inlet coil 5 header plenums, or tubes, preferably with bell mouthed inlets to the coil tubes. Also, the inlet to each coil tube should, ideally, be fitted with inlet guide vanes such that droplets of liquid refrigerant in suspension are centrifuged onto the tube walls such that the rate of heat transfer is increased, or O other means be employed for imparting rotation to the saturated vapour, e.g. spiral inner fins, or 'rifling*.
- the system may also be reverse—cycled to operate as a heat pump using two (2) conventional reversing valves 2 ⁇ .
- the heating 5 cycle C. O. P. would similarly be increased in the order of 2OO to AOO)C, as it is for cooling.
- Figures 6A A 6B show schematic flow ' diagrams for, respectively, the cooling and heating cycles of such a system; with coil 26 being the indoor coil and coil 27 the outdoor coil.
- Refrigeraton effect ⁇ RE of refrigerant flowing through the 0 evaporator of a conventional TEV system:
- Expansion RE increase via a 1OO* efficient turbine expander is equal to (but opposite to) that of a 1OO* efficient compressor 1 s enthalpy increase effect - follows a line of constant entropy from the evaporator outlet condition to the condensing
- the mass flow rate reduces by: 5
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07732627A EP2013548A1 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2007-05-01 | A turbo-expansion valve |
GB0816082A GB2449590A (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2007-05-01 | A turbo-expansion valve |
US12/299,266 US20110061412A1 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2007-05-01 | Turbo-expansion valve |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0608572A GB0608572D0 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2006-05-02 | Power expansion valve |
GB0608572.4 | 2006-05-02 | ||
GB0609122.7 | 2006-05-09 | ||
GB0609122A GB0609122D0 (en) | 2006-05-09 | 2006-05-09 | Power generating & cooling refrigeration expansion 'valve' |
GBGB0609654.9A GB0609654D0 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2006-05-16 | Turbo refrigeration expansion valve |
GB0609654.9 | 2006-05-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007129039A1 true WO2007129039A1 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
Family
ID=36660221
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2007/001594 WO2007129039A1 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2007-05-01 | A turbo-expansion valve |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20110061412A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2013548A1 (en) |
GB (3) | GB0609326D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007129039A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120201698A1 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2012-08-09 | Carrier Corporation | Variable Speed Compressor |
GB2532103A (en) * | 2014-07-27 | 2016-05-11 | John Bayram Peter | An electronic pulse - modulated turbo expansion valve |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010020249A1 (en) * | 2008-08-19 | 2010-02-25 | Danfoss A/S | A superheat sensor |
WO2012134608A2 (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-10-04 | Carrier Corporation | Expander system |
US9010133B2 (en) * | 2012-06-20 | 2015-04-21 | Whirlpool Corporation | On-line energy consumption optimization adaptive to environmental condition |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3715225A1 (en) * | 1986-05-13 | 1987-11-19 | Vyzk Ustav Potravin | Expansion turbine |
US5131235A (en) * | 1990-03-31 | 1992-07-21 | Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha | Cooling system having coolant mass flow control |
EP0676600A2 (en) * | 1994-04-05 | 1995-10-11 | Carrier Corporation | Two phase flow turbine |
JP2000249411A (en) * | 1999-02-25 | 2000-09-14 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | Vapor compression type refrigeration unit |
JP2003279179A (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Refrigerating air conditioning device |
US6644062B1 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2003-11-11 | Energent Corporation | Transcritical turbine and method of operation |
EP1376030A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2004-01-02 | Carrier Corporation | Refrigeration cycle with a main compressor and a screw expander-compressor |
EP1416232A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | High pressure determining method in a refrigeration cycle system |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2004137979A (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-05-13 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Expansion machine |
-
2006
- 2006-05-11 GB GBGB0609326.4A patent/GB0609326D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-05-16 GB GBGB0609654.9A patent/GB0609654D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2007
- 2007-05-01 WO PCT/GB2007/001594 patent/WO2007129039A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-05-01 GB GB0816082A patent/GB2449590A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-05-01 EP EP07732627A patent/EP2013548A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-05-01 US US12/299,266 patent/US20110061412A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3715225A1 (en) * | 1986-05-13 | 1987-11-19 | Vyzk Ustav Potravin | Expansion turbine |
US5131235A (en) * | 1990-03-31 | 1992-07-21 | Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha | Cooling system having coolant mass flow control |
EP0676600A2 (en) * | 1994-04-05 | 1995-10-11 | Carrier Corporation | Two phase flow turbine |
JP2000249411A (en) * | 1999-02-25 | 2000-09-14 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | Vapor compression type refrigeration unit |
JP2003279179A (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Refrigerating air conditioning device |
EP1376030A1 (en) * | 2002-06-25 | 2004-01-02 | Carrier Corporation | Refrigeration cycle with a main compressor and a screw expander-compressor |
US6644062B1 (en) * | 2002-10-15 | 2003-11-11 | Energent Corporation | Transcritical turbine and method of operation |
EP1416232A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | High pressure determining method in a refrigeration cycle system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
SMITH IAN K ET AL: "EXPRESSOR: AN EFFICIENCY BOOST TO VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS BY POWER RECOVERY FROM THE THROTTLING PROCESS", SOLAR ENGINEERING. ASME INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ENERGY CONFERENCE, ASME, NEW YORK, NY, US, vol. 34, 12 November 1995 (1995-11-12), pages 173 - 181, XP008073960 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20120201698A1 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2012-08-09 | Carrier Corporation | Variable Speed Compressor |
US9080797B2 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2015-07-14 | Carrier Corporation | Variable speed compressor |
GB2532103A (en) * | 2014-07-27 | 2016-05-11 | John Bayram Peter | An electronic pulse - modulated turbo expansion valve |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0609654D0 (en) | 2006-06-28 |
EP2013548A1 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
GB2449590A (en) | 2008-11-26 |
US20110061412A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
GB0609326D0 (en) | 2006-06-21 |
GB0816082D0 (en) | 2008-10-08 |
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