WO2007126799A2 - Compositions and methods of use for antibodies of c-met - Google Patents

Compositions and methods of use for antibodies of c-met Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007126799A2
WO2007126799A2 PCT/US2007/007543 US2007007543W WO2007126799A2 WO 2007126799 A2 WO2007126799 A2 WO 2007126799A2 US 2007007543 W US2007007543 W US 2007007543W WO 2007126799 A2 WO2007126799 A2 WO 2007126799A2
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Prior art keywords
antibody
met
seq
cancer
antibodies
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PCT/US2007/007543
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French (fr)
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WO2007126799A3 (en
Inventor
David Raymond Stover
Josef Prassler
Catrin Berger
Bodo Brocks
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Novartis Ag
Novartis Pharma Gmbh
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Priority to CN2007800120247A priority Critical patent/CN101415730B/en
Priority to AU2007245181A priority patent/AU2007245181A1/en
Priority to ES07754114T priority patent/ES2386738T3/en
Priority to CA002646048A priority patent/CA2646048A1/en
Priority to MX2008012485A priority patent/MX2008012485A/en
Priority to BRPI0709917-7A priority patent/BRPI0709917A2/en
Priority to JP2009502939A priority patent/JP5536445B2/en
Priority to EP07754114A priority patent/EP2004693B1/en
Priority to US12/295,535 priority patent/US8101727B2/en
Publication of WO2007126799A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007126799A2/en
Publication of WO2007126799A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007126799A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2863—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for growth factors, growth regulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
    • C07K2317/567—Framework region [FR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
    • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/81—Packaged device or kit

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions containing antibodies that specifically bind to the protein target c-Met, methods of making these antibodies, and methods of use to treat proliferative conditions, such as cancers and metastases, and inflammatory conditions.
  • the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor herein referred to as c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be over-expressed and/or mutated in a variety of malignancies, specifically, a number of c-Met mutations are found in various solid phase tumors.
  • the c-Met ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF) binds to c-Met in a pathway that is implicated in invasion and metastasis of tumor cells (Ma et al., 2003 Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22:309-325).
  • HGF HGF/c-Met pathway
  • Binding of HGF results in activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of c-Met and autophosphorylation of several tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain (Ma et al., 2003 Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22:309-325).
  • Activation of the HGF/c-Met pathway results in a wide array of cellular responses including cell scattering, angiogenesis, proliferation, enhanced cell motility, invasion and metastasis.
  • Antagonism may act to inhibit autophosphorylation and/or to induce internalization of the surface cMet, and/or to down regulate cMet activity.
  • Tumor cells can invade a tissue boundary, degrading and remodeling the surrounding extracellular matrix, such that the tumor cells can migrate through the extracellular matrix tissue boundary permitting dissemination and formation of metastases.
  • HGF/c-Met signaling is a pathway that mediates normal and malignant invasive growth. Missense mutations of c-Met have been identified in a variety of cancers, with most mutations located in the kinase domain. Mutants are characterized by increased tyrosine kinase activity thereby promoting the biological actions of c-Met.
  • compositions and methods to treat cancers, metastasis of cancers and inflammatory conditions such as agents that interfere with HGF/c-Met signaling in which c-Met activity contributes to invasion and/or metastasis.
  • c-Met The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is involved in the processes of migration, invasion and morphogenesis that accompany embryogenesis and tissue regeneration.
  • c-Met also plays a role in tumor pathogenesis.
  • Activating germ line mutations within the kinase domain of c-Met are associated with development of hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Mutations within the kinase domain have also been reported, albeit rarely, in sporadic forms of PRCC, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and in gastric carcinoma. Elevated levels of c-Met, together with its unique ligand HGF/SF, are observed at high frequency in multiple clinically relevant tumors.
  • PRCC hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma
  • Antibodies of the invention specifically bind c-Met with high affinity and modulate the effect of c-Met of the disease.
  • Antibodies that antagonize c-Met levels or activity are contemplated for treating proliferative diseases or inflammatory diseases.
  • Proliferative diseases believed treatable by the antibodies of the invention include especially cancers.
  • Antibodies that agonize c-Met levels or activity are contemplated for organ regeneration, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the like.
  • An embodiment of the invention herein provides an antibody that selectively binds to a c-Met protein, or an immunologically active portion of this antibody, or a functional antibody fragment.
  • the antibody or immunologically active portion of this antibody is from a mammal, having an origin such as rodent, human or camelid, or is a humanized antibody.
  • the anti-c-Met antibody is characterized as having an antigen-binding region that is specific for target protein c-Met, and the antibody or functional fragment binds to c-Met or a fragment of c-Met.
  • the antibody may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
  • the antibody or immunologically active portion of this antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
  • Further embodiement of the invention includes, e.g., a functional fragment, such as an antigen binding portion, or such a fragment provided on a non-traditional or non-immunoglobulin based scaffold or framework.
  • the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein, c-Met, with a K D of 2.0 x 10 '5 M or less, 2.0 x 10 " * M or less, 2.0 x 10 '7 M or less, 2.0 x 10 "8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10 '9 M or less.
  • the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody has an off rate (K off ) for target protein c-Met of 1.0 x 10 '2 per sec or smaller, 1.0 x 10 '3 per sec or smaller, 1 x 10 "4 per sec or smaller, or 1.0 x 10 '5 per sec or smaller.
  • the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met with a K D of 2.0 x 10 "5 M or less, 2.0 x 10 "6 M or less, 2.0 x 10 "7 M or less, 2.0 x 10 "8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10 "9 M or less, and inhibits HGF binding to c-Met.
  • the antibody or functional fragment thereof antagonizes cMet activity.
  • the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met and modulates, i.e., either activates (agonizes) or inhibits (antagonizes), c-Met activity, including but not limited to phosphorylation, especially autophosphorylation.
  • agonism or activation of c-Met phosphorylation stimulates at least one of an activity selected from the group of organ regeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.
  • the organ is kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, stomach, intestine, skin, thymus, or thyroid.
  • the antibody of the invention antagonized cMet, wherein antagonism results in at least one activity selected from: inhibition of cellular proliferation, inhibition of cell migration, inhibition of cell survival, inhibition of metastasis and/or inhibition of HGS binding or from induction of cMet internalization.
  • the cMet antibody antagonist of the invention may be used in the treatment of a proliferative disease, especially a cancer or inflammatory disease.
  • the binding is determined by one or more assays that can be used to measure an activity which is either antagonism or agonism by the antibody.
  • the assays measure at least one of the effects of the antibody on a c-Met iigand that include at least: induction of an activity of c-Met signal transduction pathway enzyme; induction of expression of a c-Met signal transduction pathway gene; electrochemi luminescence-based direct binding to c-Met; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of binding to c-Met; and proliferation, survival, migration or metastasis of a cell.
  • Whether the antibody has an antagonistic or an agonistic effect is determined by comparing results to controls lacking the HGF natural ligand. Thus an antagonistic antibody blocks cMet induction even in the presence of HGF, while an agonistic antibody causes induction in the absence of HGF.
  • the invention provides isolated amino acid and nucleotide sequences providing antibodies and the encoding isolated nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 85-88.
  • the invention provides isolated amino acid sequences encoded by these nucleotide sequences, respectively, and conservative variants of these amino acid sequences.
  • the isolated nucleotide sequence of each of SEQ IDNOs: 1-20 encodes an amino acid sequence of antigen binding light chain.
  • the isolated nucleotide sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 encodes an amino acid sequence of an antigen binding heavy chain.
  • the invention provides an isolated amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89-96, and conservative variants of these sequences.
  • the isolated amino acid sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 31- 54 includes an antigen binding light chain.
  • the isolated amino acid sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 includes an antigen binding heavy chain.
  • the invention provides an isolated amino acid sequence having at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89- 96.
  • the invention provides an isolated nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 89-96.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region of any of these antibodies, or a functional fragment of any of these antibodies.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20, and a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-34.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 31-54.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a heavy chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54 and conservative variants these sequences, and a heavy chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and conservative variants these sequences.
  • the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig lambda light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO: 73. In a related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig kappa light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76. [00019] In a further embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig lambda light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 77-80. In another related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig kappa light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84.
  • the invention provides an isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment of the antibody, the antibody having an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope found in c-Met protein, such that the antibody or functional fragment binds to c-Met surface receptors on a cell, and prevents or ameliorates development or metastasis of a cancer.
  • the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional fragment having an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of the target protein c-Met, the epitope containing one or more amino acid residues of an extracellular domain (ECD) of c-Met.
  • ECD extracellular domain
  • the epitope is a conformational epitope.
  • the isolated antibody or functional fragment as described above is a Fab or scFv antibody fragment, or is a camelid nanobody.
  • the Fab or scFv in certain embodiments are monovalent.
  • the monovalent nature of the antibody is particularly suitable for an agent designed to antagonize c-Met protein.
  • any of the IgG antibodies is an IgG.
  • any of the above antibodies is an IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or an IgG4.
  • the IgG is an IgG4.
  • the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88.
  • the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88. In a further related embodiment, the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96 and conservative variants of these sequences.
  • the anti-c-Met antibody herein is an IgA, an IgD. an IgE or an IgM.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the above antibodies or functional fragments or conservative variants of these antibodies, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of it.
  • the invention provides a transgenic animal or a transgenic cell carrying a gene encoding any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of them.
  • the invention provides a method for treating a c-Met related disorder or condition, which involves administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of the above pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the disorder or condition is a cancer or an inflammatory condition.
  • the cancer is esophageal, breast, kidney including but not limited to papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastric, gastrointestinal, stomach, colon, intestine, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, or prostate, as well as other tumors known to one skilled in the art.
  • the cancer is liver or esophageal or is a sarcoma.
  • the cancer is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, stomach cancer, genital cancer, urinary cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer (superficial and muscle invasive), breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma (including glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including childhood HCC, head and neck cancer (including head and neck squamous-cel!
  • HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
  • sarcomas in particular osteosarcomas, clear cell sarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas
  • thyroid carcinoma including alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, alveolar soft part sarcomas); thyroid carcinoma (papillary and other subtypes).
  • one exemplary inflammatory condition is due to an . infection.
  • the method of treatment would be to block pathogen infection.
  • the infection is a bacterial infections, including, e.g., a Listeria infection.
  • the treatment stimulates a cellular response, e.g., a wound healing response.
  • any of the above methods involve further administering a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the chemotherapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent. Specific combinations are provided throughout the application.
  • any of the above methods involve further administering a pathway specific inhibitor.
  • the pathway specific inhibitor may be a chemotherapeutic agent or may be a biologic agent, e.g., such as antibodies.
  • Pathway specific inhibitors include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of EGFR, VEGFR, etc.
  • the invention provides a method for treating an unwanted cell that involves contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies.
  • the cell bears c-Met on the cell surface.
  • the above method further involves treating the cell with a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
  • these methods can further involve observing amelioration or retardation of development or metastasis of the cancer.
  • the invention provides a method for identifying a cell bearing the c-Met surface receptor, the method involving contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments such that the antibodies or functional fragments have a detectable label.
  • the label is radioactive, fluorescent, magnetic, paramagnetic, or chemiluminescent.
  • the above method further involves a step of imaging or separating the cell. For example, separating the cell is isolating the c-Met-bearing cell away from a larger population of cells.
  • the above human or humanized antibody or antibody fragment is a synthetic antibody, for example, a polypeptide produced by a solid phase amino acid synthesizer.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that includes any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies and an additional therapeutic agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anticancer agent; an antibiotic; an anti-inflammatory agent; a growth factor; and a cytokine.
  • the invention further relates to a method of preventing or treating proliferative diseases or diseases, such as a cancer, in a mammal, particularly a human, with a combination of pharmaceutical agents which comprises:
  • compositions comprising:
  • the present invention further relates to a commercial package or product comprising:
  • the invention provides an isolated antibody having a first amino acid sequence which is a heavy chain such as SEQ ID NOs: 55-72, or a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72; and a second amino acid sequence which is a light chain such as SEQ ID NOs: 31-54, or a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 % sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54.
  • the invention provides an immunoconjugate having a first component which is an antibody or fragment as described above and a second component which is a second amino acid sequence.
  • the second compound of the immunoconjugate is a cytotoxin, or is a binding protein or antibody having a binding specificity for a target that is different from c-Met.
  • the target of the binding specificity different from c-Met is a tumor antigen or tumor-associated protein on a surface of a cancer cell.
  • the invention provides any of the above antibodies as a bispecific antibody.
  • the invention provides a kit having any of the above antibodies or antibody fragments.
  • the kit further contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of it.
  • any of the above antibodies in the kit is present in a unit dose.
  • the kit includes instructions for use in administering any of the above antibodies, or functional fragments of these antibodies, to a subject, or for research use or screening.
  • Therapeutic agents that antagonize cMet activity would be predicted to have a beneficial impact on treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant tumors. Included in the invention are fully human antibodies that directly binds to the extracellular domain of c-Met and blocks interaction with HGF/SF.
  • FIG. 1 is a sequence alignment of the V H chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain.
  • FIG. 2 is a sequence alignment of the V L lambda chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain.
  • FIG. 3 is a sequence alignment of the V L kappa chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain.
  • the present invention relates to isolated antibodies, particularly antibodies having a human or humanized amino acid sequence, that bind specifically to c-Met, specifically to an extracellular portion of the c-Met protein and that inhibit functional properties of c-Met.
  • the antibodies of the invention are derived from particular heavy and light chain sequences and/or comprise particular structural features such as CDR regions comprising particular amino acid sequences.
  • the invention provides isolated antibodies, methods of making such antibodies, assays for detecting such antibodies, immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules comprising such antibodies and pharmaceutical compositions containing the antibodies, immunoconjugates or bispecific molecules of the invention.
  • the invention also relates to methods of using the antibodies to inhibit, i.e., antagonize, function of c-Met in order to inhibit development of a disorder or condition associated with the presence of cell receptor target c-Met resulting in the treatment of a proliferative disease, e.g., a cancer or an inflammatory condition.
  • the invention in a different embodiment also relates to antibodies that activate, i.e., agonize, c-Met phosphorylation, and methods of use of agonistic antibodies, which stimulate, for example, organ regeneration, wound healing, or tissue regeneration.
  • inflammatory condition is an infection.
  • the method of treatment would be to block pathogen infection.
  • the infection is a bacterial infections, including, e.g., a Listeria infection.
  • a "c-Met polypeptide” or "c-Met receptor” or “c-Met” refers to the receptor tyrosine kinase that binds Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Specific examples include, e.g., a human polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence provided in GenBank accno. NM_000245, or the human protein encoded by the polypeptide sequence provided in GenBank accno. NP_000236, or the extracellular domain of thereof.
  • the primary single chain precursor protein is post- translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor.
  • the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is involved in cell processes, including, e.g., the processes of migration, invasion and morphogenesis that accompany embryogenesis and tissue regeneration.
  • c-Met related disorder or condition refers to any disease, disorder or condition that results from undesired expression or lack of expression, undesired regulation or lack of regulation, or undesired activity or lack of activity, of c-Met, or that may be modulated, treated, or cured by modulating c-Met expression or activity.
  • activation of the HGF/c-Met pathway can be expected in a large proportion of cancer patients, or in patients whose disease is really driven by alterations related to the c-Met pathway.
  • up-regulation may be due to different mechanisms like overexpression of HGF and/or c-Met, or constitutive activation by c-Met mutation.
  • a c-Met related disorder or condition includes, but is not limited to, e.g., proliferative diseases and disorders and inflammatory diseases and disorders.
  • Proliferative diseases include but are not limited to, e.g., cancers including, e.g., gastric, esophageal, breast, kidney including papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, and prostate, as well as other tumors known to one skilled in the art.
  • cancers including, e.g., gastric, esophageal, breast, kidney including papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, stomach,
  • Inflammatory diseases include, but are not limited to, e.g., bacterial infection including, e.g., by Listeria. Further disorders are described herein and, e.g., in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ("OMIM") entries for, e.g., Met proto-oncogene in OMIN accno. 164860 and for Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Scatter Factor in OMIM accno. 142409. Other examples will be known to those skilled in the art, e.g., as reviewed by Corso et al., TRENDS in MoI. Med. 11(6): 2841 (2005) and Christensen et al., Cancer Letts.
  • OMIM Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
  • immuno response refers to any activity of lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, phagocytic cells, granulocytes, and soluble macromolecules produced by these cells or by the liver (including production and/or secretion of antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective binding to, damage to, destruction of, or elimination from the human body of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancerous cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues.
  • a “signal transduction pathway” refers to a biochemical causal relationship generally initiated by a protein-protein interaction such as binding of a growth factor to a receptor, resulting in transmission of a signal from one portion of a cell to another portion of a cell.
  • the transmission involves specific phosphorylation of one or more tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues on one or more proteins in the series of reactions causing signal transduction.
  • Penultimate processes typically include nuclear events, resulting in a change in gene expression.
  • a "surface receptor” includes, for example, molecules and complexes of molecules capable of receiving a signal and capable of the transmission of such a signal across the plasma membrane of a cell.
  • a cell surface receptor of the present invention is c-Met, to which a growth factor protein molecule binds e.g., a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • the term "antibody” encompasses any moiety having imrnu ⁇ oglobin-like binding function.
  • the term includes whole antibody molecules and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., "antigen-binding portion") or single chains thereof, camelid antibodies including, e.g., nanobodies, phage-display binding constructs, and the like.
  • a naturally occurring antibody is a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
  • Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V H ) and a heavy chain constant region.
  • the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHl, CH2 and CH3.
  • Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V L ) and a light chain constant region.
  • the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, C L .
  • the V H and V L regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
  • CDR complementarity determining regions
  • each V H and V L is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino- terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • the variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
  • the constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (CIq) of the classical complement system.
  • An antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal.
  • antigen-binding portion of an antibody (or simply “antigen portion”) refers to full length or one or more fragments of an antibody having the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., a portion of c-Met). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody molecule.
  • binding fragments containing an antigen-binding portion of an antibody include a Fab fragment, which is a monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , C L and CHl domains; a F(ab)2 fragment, which is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; a Fd fragment having the V H and CHl domains; a Fv fragment having the V L and V H domains of a single amino acid sequence of an antibody chain; a dAb fragment (Ward et al., 1989 Nature 341 :544-546), which has a V H domain; and an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR).
  • Fab fragment which is a monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , C L and CHl domains
  • F(ab)2 fragment which is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region
  • a Fd fragment having the V H and CH
  • Reference to an antibody fragments that contain the antigen-binding portions may contemplate the isolated fragment or conjugated to chemical or biological moieties, or to fragments attached to non-traditional immunoglobul in-derived frameworks or scaffolds, including but not limited to, e.g., ankyrins, fibronectins, domain antibodies, Hpocalin, small modular immuno- pharmaceuticals, maxybodies, nanobodies, protein A, affilin, gamma-crystallin and ubiquitin, and other contemplated scaffolds known to one skilled in the art.
  • V L and V H which are encoded by separate genes
  • they can be joined using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be recombinantly expressed as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions form one monovalent molecule (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al., 1988 Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:5879-5883).
  • single chain Fv single chain Fv
  • Such single chain antibodies are also encompassed within the term antigen-binding portion of an antibody.
  • These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those of skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies or other fragments thereof.
  • an "isolated antibody” refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds to a determinant that is a set of amino acids on c-Met is substantially free of antibodies that bind specifically and substantially to antigens other than c-Met).
  • An isolated antibody that specifically binds to a c-Met protein such as human c-Met may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as to c-Met molecules from other species, or to proteins having a high amount of homology to a human c-Met amino acid sequence.
  • an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
  • monoclonal antibody or “monoclonal antibody composition” refer to a preparation of antibody molecules, all of which share a single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition thus displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
  • polyclonal antibody refers to an antibody composition having a heterogeneous antibody population. Polyclonal antibodies are often derived from the pooled serum from immunized animals or from selected humans.
  • human antibody is intended to include antibodies having variable regions in which at least one and generally both the framework and CDR regions are derived from sequences of human origin. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from such human sequences, e.g., human germline sequences, or mutated versions of human germline sequences.
  • the human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human sequences (e.g., mutations such as substitutions introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).
  • human monoclonal antibody refers to antibodies displaying a single binding specificity which have variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human sequences.
  • the human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic nonhuman animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a heavy chain transgene, generally of human origin, and a light chain transgene, generally of human origin, fused to an immortalized cell, generally of human origin.
  • recombinant human antibody includes human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the human antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of all or a portion of one or more human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
  • Such recombinant human antibodies have variable regions in which the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis), so that the amino acid sequences of the V H and V L regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V H and V L sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.
  • “isotype” refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgA, IgD, IgM, IgE, or
  • IgG such as IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or IgG4
  • IgG such as IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or IgG4
  • an antibody recognizing an antigen and "an antibody specific for an antigen” are used interchangeably herein with the term “an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen.”
  • an antibody that "specifically binds to human c-Met" is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to human c-Met with a K D of 2.0 x 10 's M or less, 2.O x 10 "6 M or less, 2.0 x 10 '7 M or less, 2.0 x 10 '8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10 "9 M or less.
  • K D 2.0 x 10 's M or less, 2.O x 10 "6 M or less, 2.0 x 10 '7 M or less, 2.0 x 10 '8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10 "9 M or less.
  • cross-reactivity refers to an antibody or population of antibodies binding to epitopes on other antigens. This can be caused either by low avidity or specificity of the antibody or by multiple distinct antigens having identity or very similar epitopes. Cross reactivity is sometimes desirable when one wants general binding to a related group of antigens or when attempting cross-species labeling if the antigen epitope sequence is not highly conserved in evolution.
  • An antibody that "cross-reacts with an antigen other than human c-Met” refers to an antibody that binds that antigen with a K D of 0.5 x 10 "7 M or less, 5 x 10 "8 M or less, or 2 x 10 "9 M or less.
  • An antibody that "does not cross-react with a particular antigen” is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to that antigen, if at all, with a K D of 1.5 x 10 "8 M or greater, or a K D of 5-10 x
  • such antibodies that do not cross-react with the antigen exhibit essentially undetectable binding against these proteins in standard binding assays.
  • an antibody that "inhibits binding to c-Met” refers to an antibody that inhibits HGF/SF ligand binding to the c-Met surface receptor with a K 1 of 10 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 1 nM or less, 0.75 nM or less, 0.5 nM or less, or 0.25 nM or less.
  • an antibody that "inhibits c-Met signal transduction activity" is intended to refer to an antibody that inhibits c-Met induced proliferative activity or other induced activity with an IC 50 less than 10 nM, 5 nM, 2.5 nM, 1.0 nM, 0.5 nM, or less.
  • Kassoc or "K a ", as used herein, is intended to refer to the association rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction
  • Kd, s or "K D ,” as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction
  • K D is intended to refer to the dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of Kj to K a
  • KVK a molar concentration
  • M molar concentration
  • the term "agonist antibody” or “activating antibody” is intended to refer to an antibody that increases one or more c-Met induced activities by at least 20%-40% when added to a cell, tissue or organism expressing c-Met.
  • the antibody activates c-Met activity by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100% or greater than 100%.
  • an agonist antibody of the invention increases at least one activity of c-Met by 10-fold. Generally, this increase is observed in the absence of the biological inducer, HGF. However, in some embodiments, such as in a control for an assay, the activating antibody is added in the presence of HGF.
  • the term “affinity” refers to the strength of interaction between antibody and a portion of the antigen known as the "epitope", at a single antigenic site. Within each antigenic site, the variable region of the antibody “arm” interacts through weak non-covalent forces with antigen at numerous atomic locations or amino acid residue atoms of the antibody; generally, the larger the number of such interactions, the stronger the affinity of the antibody for the antigen.
  • the term “avidity” refers to an informative measure of the overall stability or strength of the antibody-antigen complex.
  • antibody-epitope affinity The valence of each of the antigen and antibody; and the structural arrangement or three-dimensional configuration of these interacting parts.
  • these factors define the specificity of the antibody, that is, the likelihood that the particular antibody binds to a precise antigen epitope and the stability and duration of the bond.
  • a dimeric conjugate two molecules of an antibody protein or polypeptide coupled to a FACS marker
  • Another means to increase the avidity of antigen binding involves generating dimers or multimers of any of the constructs described herein of the c-Met antibodies.
  • Such multimers may be generated through covalent binding between individual modules, for example, by imitating the natural C-to-N- terminus binding or by imitating antibody dimers that are held together through their constant regions.
  • the bonds engineered into the Fc/Fc interface may be covalent or non-covalent.
  • dimerizing or multimerizing partners other than Fc can be used in constructing anti-c-Met antibody hybrids such as bi-functional antibodies, to create such higher order structures.
  • high affinity for an IgG antibody refers to an antibody having a K D of 1 O *8 M or less, 10 "9 M or less, or 10 "10 M or less for a target antigen.
  • high affinity binding can vary for other antibody isotypes.
  • high affinity binding for an IgM isotype refers to an antibody having a K D of 10 "7 M or less, or 10 "8 M or less.
  • subject includes any mammal, including a human, or a nonhuman mammal, or other animal.
  • nonhuman animal includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals, such as nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows, and non-mammals such as birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
  • the term, "optimized” means that a nucleotide sequence has been altered to encode an amino acid sequence using codons that are preferred in the production cell or organism, generally a eukaryotic cell, for example, a cell of a yeast such as Pichia, a mammalian cell such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) or a human cell.
  • the optimized nucleotide sequence is engineered to retain completely or as much as possible the amino acid sequence encoded by the original starting nucleotide sequence, which is also known as the "parental" sequence.
  • optimized sequences herein have been engineered to have codons with nucleotide sequences that are preferred in human cells, however optimized expression of these sequences in other eukaryotic cells is also envisioned herein.
  • the amino acid sequences of antibodies herein encoded by optimized nucleotide sequences are also referred to as optimized.
  • Standard assays to evaluate the binding ability of the antibodies toward c-Met of various species are known in the art, including for example, ELISAs, western blots and RIAs. Suitable assays are known to ones skilled in the art. See, e.g., F. Ausubel, et al., ed. 2006, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York.
  • the binding kinetics (e.g., binding affinity) of the antibodies also can be assessed by standard assays known in the art, such as by Biacore analysis.
  • an antibody that "inhibits" one or more of these c-Met functional properties e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like
  • c-Met functional properties e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like
  • An antibody that inhibits c-Met activity effects such a statistically significant decrease by at least 10% of the measured parameter, by at least 50%, 80% or 90%, and in certain embodiments an antibody of the invention may inhibit greater than 95%, 98% or 99% of c-Met functional activity.
  • the decrease of activity is measured following an induction event, such as addition of HGF.
  • an antibody that "agonizes" one or more of these c-Met functional properties e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like
  • c-Met functional properties e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like
  • An antibody that stimulates or agonizes c-Met activity effects such a statistically significant increase by at least 10% of the measured parameter, by at least 50%, 80% or 90%, and in certain embodiments an antibody of the invention may agonize greater than 95%, 98% or 99% or greater, of c-Met functional activity.
  • Antibodies of the invention are the recombinant antibodies, isolated and structurally characterized as described in the Examples.
  • the V H nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 respectively.
  • Tables C-E provide examples of V H nucleotide sequences of different antibodies of the invention.
  • the V L nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 respectively.
  • Tables C-E provide examples of V L nucleotide sequences of different antibodies of the invention).
  • the Ig lambda and kappa light chain nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 73-76 and in Tables C-E.
  • the lgG4 nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 and in Tables C-E.
  • Other antibodies of the invention include nucleotides that have been mutated, yet have at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with the sequences described above.
  • V H amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 respectively and in Tables A-B and E.
  • the V L amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31-54 respectively and in Tables A-B and E.
  • the Ig lambda light chain amino acid sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 respectively and in Tables A-B and E.
  • the Ig kappa light chain amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 respectively and in Tables A-B and E.
  • the IgG4 amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 89-96 respectively and in Tables A-B and E.
  • Additional antibodies of the invention include amino acids that have been mutated, and retain at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with the sequences described above.
  • each of these antibodies can bind to a site on an extracellular portion of c-Met
  • the V H / V L nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences
  • V H / Ig lambda light chain nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences
  • V H / Ig kappa light chain nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences
  • c-Met binding of such antibodies can be tested using the binding assays described above and in the Examples (e.g., ELlSAs).
  • V H , V L , Ig lambda light chain, and Ig kappa light chain sequences of the antibodies of the present invention are particularly amenable for novel combinations, since these antibodies use V H , V L , Ig lambda light chain, and Ig Kappa light chain sequences derived from the same or similar germline sequences and thus exhibit structural similarity.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a heavy chain variable region (V H ) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72; and a light chain variable region (V L )comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54; wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
  • V H heavy chain variable region
  • V L light chain variable region
  • Examples of heavy and light chain combinations include at least: a V H of SEQ ID NO: 1
  • Tables A-B illustrate examples of "mixed and matched" pairings of V H and V L amino acid sequences of different antibodies of the invention.
  • FIGs. 1-3 are tables illustrating examples of a V H and V L amino acid sequence illustrating FR and CDR regions that may be provided on alternative scaffolds to provide constructs having same or similar cMet antagonistic activity as the antibodies herein.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a V H region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a Ig lambda light chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
  • V H / Ig lambda light chain combinations include at least: a V H of SEQ
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a V H region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a Ig kappa light chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
  • V H / Ig kappa light chain combinations include at least: a V H region of
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a V H chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and a V L chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20.
  • examples of heavy and light chain combinations include at least: a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 ; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; or a V H region comprising the
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a V H chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and an Ig lambda light chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 73.
  • a V H / Ig lambda light chain combination includes: a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and an Ig lambda light chain comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a V H chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and an Ig kappa light chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76.
  • V H and Ig kappa light chain combinations include at least: a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; or a V H region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • a human antibody comprises heavy or light chain variable regions that are "the product of or "derived from” a particular germline sequence if the variable regions of the antibody are obtained from a system that uses human germline immunoglobulin genes.
  • Such systems include immunizing a transgenic mouse carrying human immunoglobulin genes with the antigen of interest, or screening a human immunoglobulin gene library displayed on phage with the antigen of interest.
  • a human antibody that is the product of or derived from a human germline immunoglobulin sequence can be identified as such by comparing the amino acid sequence of the human antibody to the amino acid sequences of human germline immunoglobulins and selecting the human germline immunoglobulin sequence that is closest in sequence (i.e., greatest % identity) to the sequence of the human antibody.
  • a human antibody that is the product of or derived from a particular human germline immunoglobulin sequence may contain amino acid differences as compared to the germline sequence. Such differences are due to, for example, at least one naturally occurring somatic mutations or an intentionally introduction of site-directed mutation.
  • a selected human antibody typically is at least 90% identical in amino acids sequence to an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline immunoglobulin gene and contains amino acid residues that identify the human antibody as being of human origin when compared to the germline immunoglobulin amino acid sequences of other species (e.g., murine germline sequences).
  • a human antibody may be at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or at least 95%, or even at least 96%, 91%, 98%, or 99% identity in amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence encoded by a germline immunoglobulin gene.
  • a human antibody derived from a particular human germline sequence will display no more than 10 amino acid differences from the amino acid sequence encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin gene.
  • the human antibody may display no more than 5, or even no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid difference from the amino acid sequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulin gene.
  • an antibody of the invention has at least variable region heavy and light chain nucleotide sequences, or variable region heavy and light chain amino acid sequences, or Ig lambda nucleotide sequences, or Ig lambda amino acid sequences, or Ig kappa nucleotide sequences, or Ig kappa amino acid sequences or IgG4 nucleotide sequences, or IgG4 amino acid sequences that have homology or identity to the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the antibodies described herein, and wherein the antibodies retain the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention, i.e., demonstrate the parental functional activity or activities.
  • the parental functional activities can be antagonistic or agonistic. In most embodiments, the activity is antagonistic.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a VH region and a light chain variable region, such that the VH region comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72, the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs: 31-54, wherein the antibody specifically binds to c-Met and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional antagonistic properties: the antibody induces internalization of the cMet receptor or the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, or the antibody inhibits autophosphorylation of c-Met thereby preventing activation of the c-Met pathway, or the antibody inhibits cMet pathway upregulation resulting from signal transduction, or the antibody inhibits c-Met
  • the antibody is responsive and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the cellular response is a wound healing response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80.
  • the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties: the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet receptor, the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, with such inhibition thereby preventing activation of the receptor, e.g., preventing pathway upregulation resulting from cMet activation and/or signal transduction, or the antibody preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, or the antibody antagonizes c-Met activity, thereby preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis.
  • the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet receptor
  • the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, with such inhibition thereby preventing activation of the receptor, e.g., preventing pathway upregulation resulting from cMet activation and/or signal transduction, or the antibody preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, or the
  • the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain wherein: the Ig kappa light chain has an amino acid sequence that has at .least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular ⁇ response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, br antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4 such that the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody is agonistic, and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the antagonistic functional properties discussed herein.
  • the antibody can be, for example, a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a V H region and a light chain variable region, such that the V H region is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30; the light chain variable region is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 73; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody is agonistic and activates- c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain wherein: the Ig kappa light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4 in which the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification.
  • the antibody is agnoistic, and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three of the antagonistic functional properties discussed herein.
  • the antibody can be, for example, a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
  • V H and/or V L amino acid sequences may be 50%, 60%,
  • An antibody having V H and V L regions having high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the V H and V L regions of SEQ ID NOs: 31-72 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • variable regions of heavy chain and/or light chain nucleotide sequences may be 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequences set forth above.
  • An antibody having a variable region heavy chain and light chain having high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the variable region heavy chains of SEQ ID NO: 21-30 and variable region light chains of SEQ ID NO: 1-20 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1- 30 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the Ig lambda light chain amino acid sequences may be 50%,
  • an antibody having a Ig lambda light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig lambda light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 respectively can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • the Ig lambda light chain nucleotide sequence may be 60%,
  • An antibody having an Ig lambda light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 73 respectively can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the Ig kappa light chain amino acid sequences may be 50%,
  • An antibody having a Ig kappa light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig kappa light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 respectively can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 81-84, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the Ig kappa light chain nucleotide sequence may be 60%
  • An antibody having an Ig kappa light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig kappa light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76 respectively can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site- directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 74-76 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site- directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the antibody that is an IgG4 may be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
  • IgG4 with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the IgG4 compositions of SEQ IDNOs: 89-96 respectively can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of the nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 89-96, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody derived by mutagenesis for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the antibody is an IgG4 that is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,
  • an IgG4 with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the IgG4's of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
  • mutagenesis e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis
  • the percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences is equivalent to the percent identity between the two sequences, and these terms are used interchangeably herein.
  • the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples below. [000119]
  • the percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl.
  • the percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. MoI, Biol.48:444-453, 1970) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • the protein sequences of the present invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences.
  • Such searches can be performed using the XBLAST program (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al., 1990 J.Mol. Biol.215:403-10.
  • Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997 Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402.
  • the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST
  • the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST
  • Conditions which will permit nucleotide sequences to hybridize to the nucleotide sequences shown herein, can be determined in accordance with known techniques. Hybridization of nucleotide sequences are carried out under conditions of reduced stringency, medium stringency or even stringent conditions. Exemplary low stringency conditions are a buffer containing 35-40% formamide with 5* Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and IxSSPE at 37° C. Exemplary medium stringency conditions are a buffer containing 40-45% formamide with 5*Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, and 1 x SSPE at 42°C.
  • Exemplary high stringency conditions are a buffer containing 50% formamide with 5* Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 1 xSSPE at 42°C or higher temperature, depnding on the percent G + C and length of the polynucleotides. See J. Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2 nd ed.) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). [000122] Hybridization of nucleotide sequences under any of the above exemplary stringency conditions is performed in solution and collected on a filter. Alternatively, hybridization of nucleotide sequences under any of the above exemplary stringency conditions is performed in gels, e.g. Southern Blotting. Antibodies with conservative modifications
  • an antibody of the invention has a V H region including sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a light chain variable region including sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54, such that one or more of these sequences have specified amino acid sequences based on the antibodies described herein or conservative modifications thereof, and the antibodies have the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • the invention provides an isolated antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a V H chain and a V L chain such that the V H chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and conservative modifications thereof; and the V L chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties: the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet receptor, the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, with such inhibition thereby preventing activation of the receptor, e.g., preventing pathway upregulation resulting from cMet activation and/or signal transduction, or the antibody preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, or the antibody antagonizes c-Met activity, thereby preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis.
  • the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet
  • the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • an antibody of the invention is an Ig lambda light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, such that one or more of these sequences have amino acid sequences derived from the amino acid sequences of the antibodies described herein, having conservative modifications thereof, such that the derived antibodies retain the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • the invention provides an isolated parental antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional antagonistic properties described herein.
  • the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the invention provides an antibody with an Ig kappa light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84, such that one or more of these antibodies have an amino acid sequence derived from the antibodies described herein, having conservative modifications thereof, and wherein the antibodies demonstrate the functional properties of the parent anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • the invention provides an isolated monoclonal antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain such that the Ig kappa light chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 81-84 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided herein.
  • the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • an antibody of the invention is an IgG4 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96, wherein one or more of these sequences has an amino acid sequence dervived from a parental amino acid sequence of the antibodies described herein or conservative modifications thereof, and the antibodies demonstrate the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • the invention provides an isolated antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4, wherein: the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 89-96 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional antagonistic properties described herein.
  • the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
  • the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the antagonistic functional properties listed discussed above.
  • Such antibodies can be, for example, human antibodies, humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies.
  • conservative modifications include amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions as described herein. Modifications are introduced into an antibody of the invention by standard techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis.
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions replace an amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue having a chemically and physically similar side chain.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains are know in the art. These families include amino acids with baste side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isole ⁇ cine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).
  • a wide variety of antibody/ immunoglobulin frameworks or scaffolds can be employed so long as the resulting polypeptide includes one or more binding region which is specific for the cMet protein of the exemplary sequences herein.
  • Such frameworks or scaffolds include the 5 main idiotypes of human immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof (such as those disclosed elsewhere herein), and include immunoglobulins of other animal species, preferably having humanized aspects. Single heavy-chain antibodies such as those identified in came I ids are of particular interest in this regard. Novel frameworks, scaffolds and fragments continue to be discovered and developed by those skilled in the art.
  • non-tmmunoglobulin frameworks and scaffolds may be employed, as long as they comprise a binding region specific for the c-Met protein.
  • Such compounds are known herein as "polypeptides comprising a c-Met-specif ⁇ c binding region”.
  • Non-immunoglobulin frameworks or scaffolds include Adnectins (fibronectin) (Compound Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA), ankyrin (Molecular Partners AG, Zurich, Switzerland), domain antibodies (Domantis, Ltd (Cambridge, MA) and Ablynx nv (Zwijnaarde, Belgium)), lipocalin (Anticalin) (Pieris Proteolab AG, Freising, Germany), small modular immuno-pharmaceuticals (Trubion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Seattle, WA), maxybodies (Avidia, Inc. (Mountain View, CA)), Protein A (Aff ⁇ body AG, Sweden) and affilin (gamma-crystallin or ubiquitin) (Scil Proteins GmbH, Halle, Germany).
  • Adnectins fibronectin
  • ankyrin Molecular Partners AG, Zurich, Switzerland
  • domain antibodies Domantis, Ltd (Cambridge, MA) and Ablynx nv (Zwijn
  • Antibodies that bind to the same epitope as anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention provides antibodies that bind to the same epitope as do the various anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention provided herein.
  • Such additional antibodies can be identified based on their ability to cross-compete (e.g., to competitively inhibit the binding of, in a statistically significant manner) with other antibodies of the invention in standard c-Met binding assays.
  • the ability of a test antibody to inhibit the binding of antibodies having known ability to bind to human c-Met demonstrates that the test antibody can compete with that antibody.
  • Such an antibody may, according to non-limiting theory, bind to the same or a related (e.g., a structurally similar or spatially proximal) epitope on human c-Met as the antibody with which it competes.
  • a related epitope on human c-Met as the antibody with which it competes.
  • Such antibodies can be prepared and isolated as described in the Examples. Camelid antibodies
  • Antibody proteins obtained from members of the camel and dromedary family [000137] Antibody proteins obtained from members of the camel and dromedary family
  • IgG antibodies from this family of mammals as found in nature lack light chains, and thus have structures that are distinct from the typical four chain quaternary structure having two heavy and two light chains, characteristic of antibodies from other animals. See PCT/EP93/02214 (WO 94704678 published 3 March 1994).
  • a region of the camelid antibody which is the small single variable domain identified as V HH can be obtained by genetic engineering to yield a small protein having high affinity for a target, resulting in a low molecular weight antibody-derived protein known as a "camelid nanobody”.
  • V HH camelid antibody
  • the camelid nanobody has a molecular weight approximately one-tenth that of a human IgG molecule, and the protein has a physical diameter of only a few nanometers.
  • camelid nanobodies are useful as reagents to detect antigens that are otherwise cryptic using classical immunological techniques, and are also useful as possible therapeutic agents.
  • a camelid nanobody can inhibit as a result of binding to a specific site in a groove or narrow cleft of a target protein, and hence can serve in a capacity that more closely resembles the function of a classical low molecular weight drug than that of a classical high molecular weight antibody.
  • the low molecular weight and compact size further result in camelid nanobodies being extremely thermostable, stable to extreme pH and to stable proteolytic digestion, and have low antigenicity.
  • camelid nanobodies readily move from the circulatory system into tissues, i.e., to extravasate, and even cross the blood-brain barrier and so can be engineered to treat disorders that affect nervous tissue.
  • Nanobodies can further facilitate drug transport across the blood brain barrier. See U.S. patent application 20040161738 published August 19, 2004. These features combined with the low antigenicity to humans indicate great therapeutic potential. Further, these molecules can be fully expressed in prokaryotic cells such as E. coli are expressed as fusion proteins with bacteriophage, and the proteins so expressed are functional. [000141] Accordingly, a feature of the present invention is a camelid antibody or nanobody having high affinity for target protein c-Met.
  • the camelid antibody or nanobody is naturally produced in the camelid animal, i.e., is produced by the camelid following immunization with target protein c-Met or a peptide fragment thereof, using techniques described herein for other antibodies, or is recombinantly produced in a transgenic camelid animal.
  • the anti-c-Met camelid nanobody is engineered, i.e., produced by selection for example from a library of phage displaying appropriately mutagenized camelid nanobody proteins using panning procedures, with c-Met as a target as described in the examples herein.
  • Engineered nanobodies can further be customized by genetic engineering to have a half-life in a recipient subject of from 45 minutes to two weeks. Engineered and modified antibodies
  • An antibody of the invention can be prepared using an antibody having one or more of the V H and/or V L sequences, Ig lambda light chain sequences, or Ig Kappa light chain sequences shown herein as starting material, i.e., as a parental sequence, to engineer a derivative modified antibody, which is a modified antibody, which may have altered and improved properties compared to the starting antibody.
  • An antibody can be engineered by modifying one or more residues within one or both variable regions (i. e., V H and/or V L ) or within the Ig lambda light chain only, or within the Ig kappa light chain only, within one or more CDR regions and/or within one or more framework regions. Additionally or alternatively, an antibody can be engineered by modifying residues within the constant region(s), for example to alter an effector function of the antibody.
  • One type of variable region engineering that can be performed is CDR grafting.
  • Antibodies interact with target antigens predominantly through amino acid residues that are located in the heavy and light chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs). For this reason, the amino acid sequences within CDRs are more diverse between individual antibodies than sequences outside of CDRs. Because CDR sequences are responsible for most antibody-antigen interactions, it is possible to express recombinant antibodies that mimic the properties of specific naturally occurring antibodies by constructing expression vectors that include CDR sequences from the a naturally occurring antibody, grafted onto framework sequences from a different antibody with different properties (see, e.g., Riechmann, L. et al., 1998 Nature 332:323-327; Jones, P. et a!., 1986 Nature 321:522-525; Queen, C.
  • Such framework sequences can be obtained from public DNA databases or published references that include germline antibody gene sequences.
  • germline DNA sequences for human heavy and light chain variable region genes can be found in the "VBase" human germline sequence database (available on the Internet at www.mrc- cpe.cam.ac.uk/vbase), as well as in Kabat, E. A., et a!., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242; Tomlinson, I. M., et al., 1992 J. MoI. Biol. 227:776-798; and Cox, J. P. L.
  • variable region modification is mutation of amino acid residues within the V H and/or V L CDRl, CDR2 and/or CDR3 regions to thereby improve one or more binding properties (e.g., affinity) of the antibody of interest, known as "affinity maturation.”
  • Site- directed mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis can be performed to introduce the mutation(s), and the consequential effect on antibody binding or on another functional property of interest is evaluated by in vitro or in vivo assays as described herein and provided in the Examples. Conservative modifications (as discussed above) can be introduced.
  • the mutations may be amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions.
  • Engineered antibodies of the invention include those in which modifications have been made to framework residues within V H and/or V L , and/or Ig lambda light chains, and/or Ig kappa light chains, e.g. to improve the properties of the antibody.
  • framework modifications are made to decrease the immunogenicity of the antibody.
  • one approach is to "back mutate" one or more framework residues to that of the corresponding germline sequence. More specifically, an antibody that has undergone somatic mutation may contain framework residues that differ from the germline sequence from which the antibody is derived.
  • Such residues can be identified by comparing the antibody framework sequences to the germline sequences from which the antibody is derived. To return the framework region sequences to their germline configuration, the somatic mutations are back mutated to the germline residues by, for example, site- directed mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Such back mutated antibodies are also encompassed within the invention.
  • Another type of framework modification involves mutating one or more residues within the framework region, or even within one or more CDR regions, to remove T cell -epitopes to thereby reduce the potential immunogenicity of the antibody. This approach is also referred to as "deimmunization" and is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030153043 by Carr et al. [000148]
  • antibodies of the invention may be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
  • an antibody of the invention may be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody.
  • the numbering of residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index of Kabat.
  • the hinge region of CHl is modified such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased. This approach is described further in U.S. Patent No. 5,677,425 by Bodmer et al.
  • the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region of CHl is altered to, for example, facilitate assembly of the light and heavy chains or to increase or decrease the stability of the antibody.
  • the Fc hinge region of an antibody is mutated to decrease the biological half-life of the antibody. More specifically, one or more amino acid mutations are introduced into the CH2-CH3 domain interface region of the Fc-hinge fragment such that the antibody has impaired Staphylococcyl protein A (SpA) binding relative to native Fc-hinge domain SpA binding.
  • SpA Staphylococcyl protein A
  • the antibody is modified to increase its biological half-life.
  • the antibody can be altered within the CHl or CL region to contain a salvage receptor binding epitope taken from two loops of a CH2 domain of an Fc region of an IgG, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,869,046 and 6,121,022 by Presta et al. [000152]
  • the Fc region is altered by replacing at least one amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue to alter the effector functions of the antibody.
  • one or more amino acids can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has an altered affinity for an effector ligand but retains the antigen-binding ability of the parent antibody.
  • the effector ligand to which affinity is altered can be, for example, an Fc receptor or the Cl component of complement.
  • one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has altered CIq binding and/or reduced or abolished complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • one or more amino acid residues are altered to thereby alter the ability of the antibody to fix complement. This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 94/29351 by Bodmer et al.
  • the Fc region is modified to increase the ability of the antibody to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or to increase the affinity of the antibody for an Fc ⁇ receptor by modifying one or more amino acids.
  • ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 00/42072 by Presta.
  • the binding sites on human IgGl for Fc ⁇ Rl, Fc ⁇ RII, Fc ⁇ RIII and FcRn have been mapped and variants with improved binding have been described (see Shields, R.L. et al., 2001 J. Biol. Chem.276:6591-6604). Antibodies having such modified Fc regions are within the scope of the compositions herein.
  • the glycosylation of an antibody is modified.
  • an aglycoslated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation).
  • Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for the c-Met target antigen.
  • Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by; for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence.
  • one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site.
  • Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen.
  • an antibody can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNac structures.
  • Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC activity of antibodies.
  • carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation enzymatic machinery. Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies of the invention to thereby produce an antibody with altered giycosylation.
  • glycoprotein-modifying glycosyl transferases e.g., beta(l,4)-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTlII)
  • GnTlII glycoprotein-modifying glycosyl transferases
  • An antibody can be pegylated to, for example, increase the biological (e.g., serum) half-life of the antibody.
  • the antibody, or fragment thereof typically is reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG), such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under conditions in which one or more PEG groups become covalently attached to the antibody or antibody fragment.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the pegylation can be carried out by an acylation reaction or by an alkylation reaction with a reactive PEG molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer).
  • polyethylene glycol is intended to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize other proteins, such as mono (Cl-ClO) alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol-maleimide.
  • the antibody to be pegylated is an aglycosylated antibody. Methods for pegylating proteins are known in the art and can be applied to the antibodies of the invention. See for example, EP 0 154 316 by Nishimura et al. and EP 0401 384 by Ishikawa et al. Methods of engineering antibodies
  • the anti-c-Met antibodies having V H , V L , Ig lambda light chain, or Ig kappa light chain sequences shown herein can be used to engineer additional anti-c-Met antibodies by modifying residues in the V H and/or, V L , and/or Ig lambda light chains, and/or Ig kappa light chain sequences, or by modifying the constant region(s) attached thereto.
  • an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention are used to create structurally related anti-c-Met antibodies that retain at least one functional property of the parental antagonistic or agonistic antibodies of the invention, such as binding to human c-Met and also inhibiting one or more functional properties of c-Met (e.g., inducing internalization, preventing activation, e.g., an upregulation resulting from signal transduction, preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology or the antibody inhibits c-Met receptor binding preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis) or in the agonistic case, activating c-Met phosphorylation and stimulating a cellular response, as well as other functional properties provided herein.
  • c-Met e.g., inducing internalization, preventing activation, e.g., an upregulation resulting from signal transduction, preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology or the antibody inhibits c-Met receptor binding preventing or amelior
  • one or more CDR regions of the antibodies of the present invention, or mutations thereof can be combined recombinantly with known framework regions and/or other CDRs to create additional, recombinantly-engineered, anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention, as discussed above.
  • Other types of modifications include those described in the previous section.
  • the starting material for the engineering method is one or more of the V H and/or V L sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof to be used as a parental sequence.
  • To create the engineered antibody it is not necessary to actually prepare (i.e., express as a protein) an antibody having one or more of the V H and/or V L sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof.
  • nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s) is used as the starting material for mutational techniques known in the art to create a "second generation" sequence(s) derived from the original sequence(s) and then the "second generation" nucleotide sequence(s) is prepared and expressed as a protein.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing an anti-c-Met antibody having as starting parental material a V H antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a V L antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54.
  • the method involves altering at least one amino acid residue within the V H and/or V L antibody parental sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing an anti-c-Met antibody comprising: an Ig lambda light chain antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, and altering at least one amino acid residue within the Ig lambda light chain antibody sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing an antic-Met antibody comprising: an Ig kappa light chain antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84; altering at least one amino acid residue within the Ig kappa light chain antibody sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein.
  • the altered antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the functional properties discussed herein.
  • mutations can be introduced randomly or selectively along all or part of an anti-c-Met antibody coding sequence and the resulting modified anti-c-Met antibodies can be expressed and screened for binding activity and/or other functional properties as described herein.
  • Mutational methods have been described in the art.
  • PCT Publication WO 02/092780 by Short describes methods for creating and screening antibody mutations using saturation mutagenesis, synthetic ligation assembly, or a combination thereof.
  • PCT Publication WO 03/074679 by Lazar et al. describes methods of using computational screening methods to optimize physiochemical properties of antibodies.
  • nucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the antibodies of the invention are provided below.
  • the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the parental, or first screen, antibodies are provided in Table A and Table C, respectfully.
  • the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the affinity improved antibodies as compared to the parental antibodies are provided in Table B and Table D, respectfully.
  • DIVMTQSPD LQAEDVAVYYCQQYYNHPHTFGQGTKVEIKRT
  • Table B Amino Acid Sequences of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions of Affinity-Improved Anti-cMet Fab Antibodies
  • SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05101 VL
  • Additional related nucleotide sequences are contemplated within the scope of the invention that have, e.g., wobble base changes, optimized codon usage, optimized sequences for host expression, e.g., modifications to remove cryptic splice sequences, and conservative mutations.
  • Additional related polypeptide sequences are contemplated within the scope of the invention that have, e.g., conservative amino acid changes, or contain additional amino acid sequences such as 6xHis tags or other tags or are fused to a second polypeptide sequence, or contain residue changes that reduce immune response to the antibody therapeutic, or that have modified FRl, FR2, FR3 or FR4 residues.
  • FR and CDR regions are provided in FIG. 1-3. Preferred CDR sequences are as provided in the Figures.
  • Protein kinase dependent diseases are especially proliferative diseases, preferably a benign or especially malignant tumour, more preferably carcinoma of the brain, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach (especially gastric tumors), ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma, or a tumour of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, especially psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, especially of epithelial character, preferably mammary carcinoma, or a leukaemia, especially as far as c-Met is involved.
  • proliferative diseases preferably a benign or especially malignant tumour, more preferably carcinoma of the brain, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach (especially gastric tumors), ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancre
  • tumour metastases are able to bring about the regression of tumours and to prevent the formation of tumour metastases and the growth of (also micro)metastases.
  • they can be used in epidermal hyperproliferation (e.g. psoriasis), in prostate hyperplasia, in the treatment of neoplasias, especially of epithelial character, for example mammary carcinoma, and in leukaemias.
  • epidermal hyperproliferation e.g. psoriasis
  • prostate hyperplasia in the treatment of neoplasias, especially of epithelial character, for example mammary carcinoma, and in leukaemias.
  • the antibodies of the invention in the treatment of diseases of the immune system insofar as several or, especially, individual tyrosine protein kinases and/ or (further) serine/threonine protein kinases are involved; furthermore, the antibodies of the invention can be used also in the treatment of diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system where signal transmission by at least one tyrosine protein kinase and/or (further) serine/threonine protein kinase is involved.
  • the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met and modulates, i.e., either activates or inhibits, c-Met phosphorylation.
  • activation of c-Met phosphorylation stimulates at least one of an activity selected from the group of organ regeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.
  • the organ is skin, kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, intestine, thymus, or thyroid.
  • antibodies to c-Met would block pathogen infection, particularly Listeria infection, or ameliorate pathogenic diseases such as malaria (Carrolo, et al., Nature Med. 9: 1363- 1369, 2003).
  • Antibodies that show inhibition of c-Met are useful in the treatment of colon cancer, including metastases, e.g. in the liver, and of non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
  • Anti-cMet antibodies may also be used in the treatment of hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (Schmidt, L. et al. Nat. Genet. 16, 68-73, 1997) and other proliferative diseases in which c-MET is overexpressed or constitutively activated by mutations (Jeffers and Vande Woude. Oncogene 18, 5120-5125, 1999; and reference cited therein) or chromosomal rearrangements (e.g. TPR-MET; Cooper et al. Nature 311, 29-33, 1984; Park, et al.
  • Antibody antagonists of the invention are especially useful for treating an unwanted cell, in particular, a cell associated with a c-Met-related condition such as a cancer, a metastasis, or an inflammatory condition.
  • exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, e.g., esophageal, breast, kidney including but not limited to papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastric, gastrointestinal, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, and prostate. Additional cancers and conditions are provided herein or known in the art.
  • antibodies that show antagonism of c-Met are useful in the treatment of bladder cancer (superficial and muscle invasive), breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma (including glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including childhood HCC, head and neck cancer (including head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Hurthle cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, leukemias, non- small cell lung cancer (including all histological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenosquamous mixed type), small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer
  • the invention provides a method for treating a c-Met related disorder or condition, which involves administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of the above pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the disorder or condition is a cancer or an inflammatory condition.
  • the cancer is esophageal, breast, kidney, head and neck, epithelial, lung, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, stomach, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, or prostate.
  • the cancer is liver or esophageal.
  • any of the above methods involve further administering a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • the chemotherapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
  • the invention provides a method for treating an unwanted cell that involves contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies.
  • the cell bears a c-Met receptor.
  • the above method further involves treating the cell with a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
  • the antibody is responsive and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response, such as in wound healing.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that includes any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies and an additional therapeutic agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anticancer agent; an antibiotic; an anti-inflammatory agent; a growth factor; and a cytokine.
  • Another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acid molecules that encode the antibodies of the invention.
  • V H sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21-30.
  • V L sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20.
  • An example of an Ig lambda nucleotide sequence is shown in SEQ ID NOs: 73.
  • Ig kappa nucleotide sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 74-76.
  • Examples of IgG4 nucleotide sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs:
  • nucleic acids provided herein that encode the antibodies may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or may be nucleic acids in a partially purified or in a substantially pure form.
  • a nucleic acid is isolated or rendered substantially pure when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. 2006, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York.
  • a nucleic acid of the invention can be, for example, DNA or RNA and may or may not contain intronic sequences.
  • the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule.
  • the nucleic acid may be present in a vector such as a phage display vector, or in a recombinant plasm id vector.
  • Nucleic acids of the invention can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques.
  • hybridomas e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below
  • cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques.
  • nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be recovered from various phage clones that are members of the library.
  • V H and V L segments are obtained, these DNA • fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to an scFv gene by ligating the encoding nucleotides into known vectors.
  • a V L - or V H -encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA molecule, or to a fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker.
  • operatively linked is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined in a functional manner, for example, such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame, or such that the protein is expressed under control of a desired promoter.
  • the isolated DNA encoding the V H region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the V H -encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (CHl, CH2 and CH3).
  • heavy chain constant regions CHl, CH2 and CH3
  • the sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat, E. A., el al., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification.
  • the heavy chain constant region can be an IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region.
  • the V H -encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CHl constant region.
  • the isolated DNA encoding the V L region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as to a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the V L -encodi ⁇ g DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL.
  • the sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification.
  • the light chain constant region can be a kappa or a lambda constant region.
  • V H - and V L -encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly4 -Ser) 3 , such that the V H and V L sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the V L and V H regions joined by the flexible linker (see e.g., Bird et al., 1988 Science 242:423-
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be produced by a variety of techniques, including conventional monoclonal antibody methodology e.g., the standard somatic cell hybridization technique of Kohler and Milstein, 1975 Nature 256: 495. Many techniques for producing monoclonal antibody can be employed e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes.
  • An animal system for preparing hybridomas is the murine system.
  • Hybridoma production in the mouse is a well-established procedure.
  • Immunization protocols and techniques for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the art.
  • Fusion partners e.g., murine myeloma cells
  • fusion procedures are also known.
  • Chimeric or humanized antibodies of the present invention can be prepared based on the sequence of a murine monoclonal antibody prepared as described above.
  • DNA encoding the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins can be obtained from the murine hybridoma of interest and engineered to contain non-murine (e.g., human) immunoglobulin sequences using standard molecular biology techniques.
  • the murine variable regions can be linked to human constant regions using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S.
  • Patent No. 4,816,567 to Cabilly et al. To create a humanized antibody, the murine CDR regions can be inserted into a human framework using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Patent No.
  • the antibodies of the invention are human monoclonal antibodies.
  • Such human monoclonal antibodies directed against c-Met can be generated using transgenic or transchromosomic mice carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse system. These transgenic and transchromosomic mice include mice referred to herein as
  • HuMAb mice and KM mice are collectively referred to herein as "human Ig mice.”
  • the HuMAb mouse ® (Medarex, Inc.) contains human immunoglobulin gene miniloci that encode un-rearranged human heavy ( ⁇ and ⁇ ) and K light chain immunoglobulin sequences, together with targeted mutations that inactivate the endogenous ⁇ and K chain loci (see e.g., Lonberg, et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859). Accordingly, the mice exhibit reduced expression of mouse IgM or K, and in response to immunization, the introduced human heavy and light chain transgenes undergo class switching and somatic mutation to generate high affinity human
  • production of the human antibodies of the invention can be elicited ("raised") using a mouse that carries human immunoglobulin sequences on transgenes and transchomosomes such as a mouse that carries a human heavy chain transgene and a human light chain transchromosome.
  • KM mice KM mice
  • transgenic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to raise anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • an alternative transgenic system referred to as the Xenomouse (Abgenix, Inc.) can be used; such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,939,598; 6,075,181; 6,114,598; 6, 150,584 and 6,162,963 to Kucherlapati et al.
  • mice carrying both a human heavy chain transchromosome and a human light chain tranchromosome referred to as "TC mice” can be used; such mice are described in Tomizuka et al., 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:722-727.
  • cows carrying human heavy and light chain transchromosomes have been described in the art (Kuroiwa et al., 2002 Nature Biotechnology 20:889-894) and can be used to raise anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention.
  • Human antibodies or human monoclonal antibodies can also be prepared using phage display methods for screening libraries of human immunoglobulin genes.
  • phage display methods for identifying and cloning human antibodies are established in the art. See for example: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,223,409; 5,403,484; and 5,571 ,698 to Ladner et al.; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,427,908 and 5,580,717 to Dower et al.; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,969,108 and 6,172,197 to McCafferty et al.; and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,885,793; 6,521,404; 6,544,731; 6,555,313; 6,582,915 and 6,593,081 to Griffiths etal.
  • Human monoclonal antibodies of the invention can also be prepared using SCED mice into which human immune cells have been reconstituted such that a human antibody response can be generated upon immunization. Such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
  • c-Met conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin is used as the antigen.
  • Other sources of expressed c-Met are also contemplated as being within the scope of the invention, including, e.g., cMet isolated from expression systems such as baculovirus, CHO cells, and other known to one skilled in the arts.
  • Fully human monoclonal antibodies to c-Met are prepared using HCo7, HCo 12 and
  • the endogenous mouse kappa light chain gene can be homozygously disrupted as described in Chen et al., 1993
  • EMBO J.12:811-820 and the endogenous mouse heavy chain gene can be homozygously disrupted as described in Example 1 of PCT Publication WO 01109187.
  • Each of these mouse strains carries a human kappa light chain transgene, KCo5, as described in Fishwild et al., 1996 Nature
  • the HCo7 strain carries the HCo7 human heavy chain transgene as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,545,806; 5,625,825; and 5,545,807.
  • the HCol2 strain carries the
  • HCol2 human heavy chain transgene as described in Example 2 of PCT Publication WO 01/09187.
  • the HCoI 7 stain carries the HCoI 7 human heavy chain transgene.
  • the KNM strain contains the
  • HuMab mice and KM mice are immunized with purified recombinant c-Met extracellular domain expressed in E. coli or with c-Met-KLH conjugate as antigen.
  • General immunization schemes for HuMab mice are described in Lonberg, N. et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859; Fishwild, D. et al., 1996 Nature
  • mice are 6-16 weeks of age upon the first infusion of antigen.
  • a purified recombinant preparation (5-50 ⁇ g) of c-Met antigen
  • HuMab mice e.g., purified from transfected E. coli cells expressing c-Met extracellular domain
  • HuMab mice e.g., purified from transfected E. coli cells expressing c-Met extracellular domain
  • KM mice intraperitonealy, subcutaneously (Sc) or by footpad injection.
  • Transgenic mice are immunized twice with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant or Ribi adjuvant either intraperitonealy (IP), subcutaneously (Sc) or by footpad (FP), followed by 3-
  • mice 21 days IP, Sc or FP immunization (up to a total of 11 immunizations) with the antigen in incomplete Freund's or Ribi adjuvant.
  • the immune response is monitored by retroorbital bleeds.
  • the plasma is screened by ELISA, and mice with sufficient titers of anti-c-Met human immunogolobulin are used for fusions. Mice are boosted intravenously with antigen 3 and 2 days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen. Typically, 10-35 fusions for each antigen are performed. Several dozen mice are immunized for each antigen. A total of 82 mice of the HCo7, HCol2, HCoI 7 and KM mice strains are immunized with c-Met.
  • mice producing antibodies that bound c-Met
  • sera from immunized mice can be tested by ELISA as described by Fishwild, D. et al., 1996. Briefly, in an exemplary protocol, microtiter plates are coated with purified recombinant c-Met from E. coli at 1-2 ⁇ g /ml in PBS, 50 ⁇ l/wells incubated 4 0 C overnight then blocked with 200 ⁇ l/well of 5% chicken serum in PBS/Tween (0.05%). Other alternative concentrations and sources may also be used. Dilutions of plasma from c-Met-immunized mice are added to each well and incubated for 1-2 hours at ambient temperature.
  • the plates are washed with PBS/Tween and then incubated with a goat- anti-human IgG Fc polyclonal antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, the plates are developed with ABTS substrate (Sigma, A-1888, 0.22 mg/ml) and analyzed by spectrophotometer at a wavelength ⁇ of 415-495 ran. Alternatively, other types of detection are possible, and may be provided be one skilled in the art. Mice that develop the highest titers of anti-c-Met antibodies are used to obtain cells for fusions. Fusions are performed and hybridoma supernatants are tested for anti-c-Met activity by ELISA.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • Cells are plated at approximately 1x1 oVwell in flat bottom microtiter plate, followed by about two week incubation in selective medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 10% P388D 1(ATCC, CRL TIB-63) conditioned medium, 3-5% Origen ® (IGEN) cloning factor in DMEM (Mediatech, CRL 10013, with high glucose, L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate) plus 5 mM HEPES, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 mg/1 gentamycin and Ix HAT (Sigma, CRL P-7185). After 1-2 weeks, cells are cultured in medium in which the HAT is replaced with HT.
  • selective medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 10% P388D 1(ATCC, CRL TIB-63) conditioned medium, 3-5% Origen ® (IGEN) cloning factor in DMEM (Mediatech, CRL 10013, with high glucose, L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate
  • mice used to raise human antibodies of the invention are immunized with a purified or enriched preparation of c-Met antigen and/or recombinant c-Met, or a c-Met fusion protein, as described by Lonberg, N. et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859; Fishwild, D. et al., 1996 Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851 ; and PCT Publication.WO 98124884 and WO 01/14424.
  • the mice are 6-16 weeks of age upon the first infusion.
  • a purified or recombinant preparation (5-50 ⁇ g) of c-Met antigen is used to immunize the human Ig mice intraperitoneally.
  • mice with sufficient titers of anti-c-Met human immunoglobulin can be used for fusions.
  • Mice can be boosted intravenously with antigen 3 days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen. It is expected that 2-3 fusions for each immunization may need to be performed. Between 6 and 24 mice are typically immunized for each antigen. Usually both HCo7 and HCo 12 strains are used. In addition, both HCo7 and HCo 12 transgene can be bred together into a single mouse having two different human heavy chain transgenes (HCo7/HCol2).
  • splenocytes and/or lymph node cells from immunized mice are isolated and fused to an appropriate immortalized cell line, such as a mouse myeloma cell line.
  • an appropriate immortalized cell line such as a mouse myeloma cell line.
  • the resulting hybridomas are screened for the production of antigen-specific antibodies.
  • single cell suspensions of splenic lymphocytes from immunized mice are fused to one-sixth the number of P3X63-Ag8.653 nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (ATCC, CRL 1580) with 50% PEG.
  • cells are plated in flat bottom microtiter plates, followed by a two week incubation in selective medium containing 20% fetal Clone Serum, 18% "653" conditioned media, 5% Origen ® (IGEN), 4 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5mM HEPES, 0:055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 units/ml penicillin, 50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, 50 ⁇ g/ml gentamycin and IX HAT (Sigma; the HAT is added 24 hours after the fusion). After approximately two weeks, cells can be cultured in medium in which the HAT is replaced with HT.
  • selective medium containing 20% fetal Clone Serum, 18% "653" conditioned media, 5% Origen ® (IGEN), 4 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5mM HEPES, 0:055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 units/m
  • Antibodies of the invention are also produced in a host cell transfectoma using, for example, a combination of recombinant DNA techniques and gene transfection methods as is well known in the art (e.g., Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229:1202).
  • DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains can be obtained by standard molecular biology techniques (e.g., PCR amplification or cDNA cloning using a hybridoma that expresses the antibody of interest) and the DNAs can be inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences.
  • operatively linked is intended to mean that an antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene.
  • the expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used.
  • the antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector.
  • the antibody genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present).
  • the light and heavy chain variable regions of the antibodies described herein can be used to create full-length antibody genes of any antibody isotype by inserting them into expression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant regions of the desired isotype such that the V H segment is operatively linked to the CH segment(s) within the vector and the V L segment is operatively linked to the CL segment within the vector.
  • the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell.
  • the antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene.
  • the signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the invention carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell.
  • the term "regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylatio ⁇ signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes.
  • Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel (Gene Expression Technology. Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1990). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc.
  • Regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), and polyoma.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • SV40 Simian Virus 40
  • AdMLP adenovirus major late promoter
  • polyoma e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)
  • nonviral regulatory sequences may be used, such as the ubiquitin promoter or P-globin promoter.
  • regulatory elements composed of sequences from different sources such as the SRa promoter system, which contains sequences from the SV40 early promoter and the long terminal repeat of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (Takebe, Y. et al., 1988 MoI.
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes.
  • the selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017, all by Axel et al.).
  • the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced.
  • Selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr- host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • the expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques.
  • the various forms of the term "transfection" are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. It is theoretically possible to express the antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells.
  • Mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells), including dhfr- CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, 1980 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • DH FR selectable marker e.g., as described in RJ. Kaufman and P.A. Sharp, 1982 MoI. Biol. 159:601-621
  • NSO myeloma cells COS cells and SP2 cells.
  • another expression system is the GS gene expression system shown in WO 87/04462, WO 89/01036 and EP 338,841.
  • the antibodies When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods. Immunoconiugates
  • the present invention features an anti-c-Met antibody, or a fragment thereof, conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, such as a cytotoxin, a drug (e.g., an immunosuppressant) or a radiotoxin.
  • a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a drug (e.g., an immunosuppressant) or a radiotoxin.
  • Examples include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1 -dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof.
  • Therapeutic agents also include, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), ablating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thiotepa, chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis- dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin, anthracyclines (e.g., daunor ⁇ bicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g.
  • An example of a calicheamicin antibody conjugate is commercially available (MylotargTm; Wyeth-Ayerst).
  • Cytoxins can be conjugated to antibodies of the invention using linker technology available in the art. Examples of linker types that have been used to conjugate a cytotoxin to an antibody include, but are not limited to, hydrazones, thioethers, esters, disulfides and peptide- containing linkers.
  • a linker can be chosen that is, for example, susceptible to cleavage by low pH within the lysosomal compartment or susceptible to cleavage by proteases, such as proteases preferentially expressed in tumor tissue such as cathepsins (e.g., cathepsins B, C, D).
  • proteases such as proteases preferentially expressed in tumor tissue such as cathepsins (e.g., cathepsins B, C, D).
  • Antibodies of the present invention also can be conjugated to a radioactive isotope to generate cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals, also referred to as radioimmunoconjugates.
  • radioactive isotopes that can be conjugated to antibodies for use diagnostically or therapeutically include, but are not limited to, iodine 131 , indium 111 , yttrium 90 , and lutetium 177 .
  • Method for preparing radioimmunconjugates are established in the art. Examples of radioimmunoconjugates are commercially available, including ZevalinTM (DEC Pharmaceuticals) and BexxarTM (Corixa Pharmaceuticals), and similar methods can be used to prepare radioimmunoconjugates using the antibodies of the invention.
  • the antibody conjugates of the invention can be used to modify a given biological response, and the drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents.
  • the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity.
  • Such proteins may include, for example, an enzymaticatly active toxin, or active fragment thereof, such as abrin, ricin A, Pseudomonas exotoxin, or Diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor or interferon- ⁇ ; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 (IL-I), interIeukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), or other growth factors.
  • IL-I interleukin-1
  • IL-2 interIeukin-2
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • the present invention features bispecific molecules comprising an anti-c-Met antibody, or a fragment thereof, of the invention.
  • An antibody of the invention, or antigen-binding portions thereof can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) to generate a bispecific molecule that binds to at least two different binding sites or target molecules.
  • the antibody of the invention may in fact be. derivatized or linked to more than one other functional molecule to generate multi-specific molecules that bind to more than two different binding sites and/or target • molecules; such multi-specific molecules are also intended to be encompassed by the term "bispecific molecule" as used herein.
  • an antibody of the invention can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other binding molecules, such as another antibody, antibody fragment, peptide or binding mimetic, such that a bispecific molecule results.
  • bispecific molecules are directed against other receptor tyrosine kinases, including but not limited to, e.g., cRon or EGFR, or other targets in the cMet pathway. Additional bispecific molecule targets include receptors and ligands targeted by anticancer therapeutics, such as those provided herein.
  • the present invention includes bispecific molecules comprising at least one first binding specificity for c-Met and a second binding specificity for a second target epitope.
  • the second target epitope is an Fc receptor, e.g., human Fc ⁇ Rl (CD64) or a human Fc ⁇ receptor (CD89). Therefore, the invention includes bispecific molecules capable of binding both to Fc ⁇ R, Fc ⁇ R or Fc ⁇ R expressing effector cells (e.g., monocytes, macrophages or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and to target cells expressing c-Met.
  • effector cells e.g., monocytes, macrophages or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs
  • bispecific molecules target c-Met expressing cells to effector cell and trigger Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activities, such as phagocytosis of an c-Met expressing cells, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion.
  • ADCC antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • the molecule can further include a third binding specificity, in addition to an anti-Fc binding specificity and an anti-c-Met binding specificity.
  • the third binding specificity could be an anti-enhancement factor (EF) portion, e.g., a molecule which binds to a surface protein involved in cytotoxic activity and thereby increases the immune response against the target cell.
  • EF anti-enhancement factor
  • the "anti- enhancement factor portion” could be an antibody, functional antibody fragment or a ligand that binds to a given molecule, e.g., an antigen or a receptor, and thereby results in an enhancement of the effect of the binding determinants for the Fc receptor or target cell antigen.
  • the "anti-enhancement factor portion” can bind an Fc receptor or a target cell antigen.
  • the anti-enhancement factor portion could bind to an entity that is different from the entity to which the first and second binding specificities bind.
  • the anti- enhancement factor portion can bind a cytotoxic T-cell (e.g. by CD2, CD3, CD8, CD28, CD4, CD44, ICAM-I or other immune cell that results in an increased immune response against the target cell).
  • the bispecif ⁇ c molecules of the invention comprise as a binding specificity at least one antibody, or an antibody fragment thereof, including, e.g., an Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, or a single chain Fv.
  • the antibody may also be a light chain or heavy chain dimer, or any minimal fragment thereof such as a Fv or a single chain construct as described in Ladner et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778, the contents of which are expressly incorporated by reference.
  • the binding specificity for an Fc ⁇ receptor is provided by a monoclonal antibody, the binding of which is not blocked by human immunoglobulin G (IgG).
  • IgG receptor refers to any of the eight ⁇ -chain genes located on chromosome 1. These genes encode a total of twelve transmembrane or soluble receptor isoforms which are grouped into three F ⁇ receptor classes: Fc ⁇ Rl (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII(CD32), and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD 16).
  • Fc ⁇ receptor is a human high affinity Fc ⁇ RI. Human Fc ⁇ RI is a 72 kDa molecule, and has high affinity for monomeric IgG (10 8 -10 9 M "1 ).
  • the hybridoma producing mAb 32 is available from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC Accession No. HB9469.
  • the anti-Fc ⁇ receptor antibody is a humanized form of monoclonal antibody 22 (H22).
  • H22 monoclonal antibody 22
  • the production and characterization of the H22 antibody is described in Graziano, R.F. et al., 1995 J. Immunol 155 (10): 4996-5002 and PCT Publication WO 94/10332.
  • the 1122 antibody producing cell line was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection under the designation HA022CL1 and has the accession no. CRL 11177.
  • the binding specificity for an Fc receptor is provided by an antibody that binds to a human IgA receptor, e.g., an Fc-alpha receptor Fc ⁇ RI (CD89), the binding of which does not have to be blocked by human immunoglobulin A (IgA).
  • IgA receptor is intended to include the gene product of one a gene (Fc ⁇ RI) located on chromosome 19. This gene is known to encode several alternatively spliced transmembrane isoforms of 55 to 110 kDa.
  • Fc ⁇ RJ (CD89) is constitutively expressed on monocytes/macrophages, eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, but not on non-effector cell populations.
  • Fc ⁇ RI has an intermediate or medium affinity (5 x 10 7 M "1 ) for both IgAl and lgA2, which is increased upon exposure to cytokines such as G-CSF or GM-CSF (Morton, H.C. et al., 1996 Critical Reviews in Immunology 1 16:423-440).
  • cytokines such as G-CSF or GM-CSF
  • Fc ⁇ RI and Fc ⁇ RI are trigger receptors for use in the bispecific molecules of the invention because they are expressed primarily on immune effector cells, e.g., monocytes, PMNs, macrophages and dendritic cells; expressed at high levels (e.g., 5,000-100,000 per cell); mediators of cytotoxic activities (e.g., ADCC, phagocytosis); mediate enhanced antigen presentation of antigens, including self-antigens, targeted to them.
  • immune effector cells e.g., monocytes, PMNs, macrophages and dendritic cells
  • mediators of cytotoxic activities e.g., ADCC, phagocytosis
  • antibodies which can be employed in the bispecific molecules of the invention are murine, chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies.
  • the bispecific molecules of the present invention can be prepared by conjugating the constituent binding specificities, e.g., the anti-FcR and anti-c-Met binding specificities, using methods known in the art. For example, each binding specificity of the bispecific molecule can be generated separately and then conjugated to one another. When the binding specificities are proteins or peptides, a variety of coupling or cross-linking agents can be used for covalent conjugation.
  • cross-linking agents examples include protein A, carbodiimide, N-succinimidyl-S-acetyl- thioacetate (SATA), 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), o-phenylenedimaleimide (oPDM), N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), and sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohaxane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) (see e.g., Karpovsky et al., 1984 J. Exp. Med.
  • Antibodies are conjugated by sulfhydryl bonding of the C-terminus hinge regions of the two heavy chains.
  • the hinge region is modified to contain an odd number of sulfhydryl residues, for example one, prior to conjugation.
  • genes encoding both binding specificities can be engineered into the same vector and expressed and assembled, e.g., as a fusion protein, in the same host cell.
  • This method is particularly useful where the bispecific molecule is a mAb x mAb, mAb x Fab, Fab x F(ab') 2 ⁇ r ligand x Fab fusion protein.
  • a bispecific molecule of the invention can be a single chain molecule comprising one single chain antibody and a binding determinant, or a single chain bispecific molecule comprising two binding determinants. Bispecific molecules may comprise at least two single chain molecules. Methods for preparing bispecific molecules are described for example in U.S. Patent Number 5,260,203; U.S.
  • Binding of the bispecific molecules to their specific targets can be confirmed by, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (REA), FACS analysis, bioassay (e.g., growth inhibition), or Western Blot assay.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • REA radioimmunoassay
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • bioassay e.g., growth inhibition
  • Western Blot assay Western Blot assay.
  • Each of these assays generally detects the presence of protein-antibody complexes of particular interest by employing a labeled reagent (e.g., an antibody) specific for the complex of interest.
  • the FcR-antibody complexes can be detected using e.g., an enzyme-linked antibody or antibody fragment which recognizes and specifically binds to the antibody-FcR complexes.
  • the complexes can be detected using any of a variety of other immunoassays.
  • the antibody can be radioactively labeled and used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub; B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein).
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • the radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a ⁇ counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
  • Assays for modulation of c-Met activity fagonism or antagonism for modulation of c-Met activity fagonism or antagonism
  • the anti-c-Met antibodies are assayed for having a c-Met agonistic or antagonistic ability.
  • Agonism is the ability to replace the positive effector HGF by binding to and activating c-Met, for example, a human c-Met receptor carried on a cell of an established cell line in culture, or carried on a primary cell line established from a sample of human tissue, or purified c-Met protein that is commercially available (R&D Systems #358 MT) which is immobilized on an assay plate or on a bead.
  • a measure of the agonistic activity is the concentration of the effector, in this case an antibody or antibody fragment herein, which produces 50% of control HGF activity, i.e., EC 50 .
  • the EC 50 can be determined using a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RIA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorphogenesis assay).
  • a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RIA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorphogenesis assay).
  • the EC S0 inhibitory activity is less than 5 ⁇ g/ml, less than 1 ⁇ g/ml, less than 0.5 ⁇ g/ml, less than 0.1 ⁇ g/ml, and even preferably less than 50 ng/ml, as measured, for example, by ELISA.
  • Antagonism is the ability to prevent interaction with and inhibit the action of the positive effector HGF by binding to the c-Met receptor, for example, a human c-Met carried on a cell of an established cell line in culture, or carried on a primary cell line established from a sample of human tissue, or purified c-Met protein that is commercially available (R&D Systems #358 MT) which is immobilized on an assay plate or on a bead.
  • a measure of the antagonistic activity is the concentration of the effector, in this case an antibody or antibody fragment herein, which inhibits 50% of control HGF activity, i.e., IC 50 .
  • the ICso can be determined using a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RJA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorph ⁇ genesis assay).
  • a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RJA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorph ⁇ genesis assay).
  • the IC 50 inhibitory activity is less than 5 ⁇ g/ml, less than 1 ⁇ g/ml, less than 0.5 ⁇ g/ml, less than 0.1 ⁇ g/ml, and even preferably less than 50 ng/ml, as measured, for example, by ELISA
  • Agonism or antagonism by anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention is measured by activation or inhibition of c-Met phosphorylation in cells with and without stimulation with HGF.
  • Cells of a cell line such as A549 cells are plated at a density of 3 X lO 4 cells per well in a total, volume of 100 ⁇ l/well DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture • treated plates (Costar, #3595).
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which the medium is gently aspirated from each well of the plates and a volume of 100 ⁇ l/well DMEM added.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which a sample of a purified antibody to be tested, 100 ⁇ l per well of the antibody or a dilution, is added to cells in the well diluted in DMEM.
  • a sample' of an unrelated antibody having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants
  • buffer is added to designated wells. . . .
  • the cells are incubated at 37 0 C for a short time period (e.g., 2 hours) or a longer . time period (e.g., 24 hours). Where appropriate, cells are stimulated by the addition of HGF in serum-free DMEM media at a final concentration of 200 ng/well.
  • HGF is omitted from the test sample antibody wells.
  • HGF is included in the test sample antibody wells. Plates are further incubated for 10 min at 37 0 C, then the medium is gently aspirated from the wells of the plates.
  • the cells are washed with cold PBS and the solution is gently aspirated from the plates.
  • the cells are lysed with 50 ⁇ l lysis buffer (NP-40 Lysis buffer: 120 mM NaCI, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% NPr40, 1 mM • EDTA, 6mM EGTA, 2OmM NaF, ImM Benzamidine with freshly added 0.5 mM Na 3 VO 4 , and 0.1 mM. PMSF .
  • the plates are shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes, and are then stored at — 80 0 C until needed for ELISA.
  • An ELISA is used to determine c-Met phosphorylation levels.
  • Nunc-lmmunoTM Plate, MaxiSorbTM Surface VWR International AG, N°391-8786
  • wash buffer PBS-0.05%Tween Biorad #670-6531
  • 100 ⁇ l of c-Met monoclonal capture antibody (DO-24) in PBS is added.
  • the plates are incubated overnight at 4°C washed three times with PBS-0.05%Tween.
  • Non-specific binding sites are blocked with 200 ⁇ l/well 3% BSA in PBS-T for 2 hours at room temperature, with shaking. Immediately before use blocking solution in removed.
  • Frozen cell lysates are melted by shaking at room temperature and 40 ⁇ l of lysate is added to the Nunc-Immuno plates and the plates are incubated at 4°C for 4 hours. The plates are washed three times with PBS-T, and 50 ⁇ l/well of 0.2 ⁇ g/ml anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20- HRP (ZYMED, # 03-7722) in 3% bovine serum aJbumin-PBS-T. The plates are incubated overnight at 4°C and washed three times with PBS-T.
  • An assay is performed to measure the antagonistic or agonistic effect of anti-c-Met antibodies, in the absence or upon stimulation with HGF.
  • Cells of a cell line, such as 4MBr-5 are plated at a density of 3 X 10 3 cells per well in a total volume of 100 ⁇ l/well Ham's F12K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610). The plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50 ⁇ l of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added.
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50 ⁇ l of the medium alone or 50 ⁇ l containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l to about 50ng/ml ) is added.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669915.
  • NCI-H44I cells that express c-Met
  • Assays are performed using NCI-H441 cells where the ability of the anti-cMet antibodies to modulate migration through a perforated membrane
  • the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 ⁇ L of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber). 100 ⁇ L of 5-10 x 10 4 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber. The plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at
  • the binding affinity of purified antibody is determined using surface plasmon resonance using the BIACORETM 3000 instrument (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and
  • the present invention provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, containing one or a combination of monoclonal antibodies, or antigen- binding portion(s) thereof, of the present invention, formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can comprise a combination of antibodies (or immunoconjugates or bispecifics) that bind to different epitopes on the target antigen or that have complementary activities.
  • compositions of the invention also can be administered in combination therapy, i.e., combined with other agents.
  • the combination therapy can include an anti-c-Met antibody of the present invention combined with at least one other anti-cancer or anti-inflammatory agent.
  • therapeutic agents that can be used in combination therapy are described in greater detail below in the section on uses of the antibodies of the invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • the carrier should be suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).
  • the active compound i.e., antibody, immunoconjuage, or bispecific molecule
  • the pharmaceutical compounds of the invention may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that does not affect the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S.M., et al., 1977 J. Pharm. Sci.
  • salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like.
  • Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
  • alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like
  • nontoxic organic amines such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention also may include a pharmaceutically acceptable anti-oxidant.
  • antioxidants include at least: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulf ⁇ te, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulf ⁇ te, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT
  • aqueous and non-aqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
  • Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze- drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the particular mode of administration.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier • material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 per cent to about 70 per cent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the • desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the ' limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
  • the dosage ranges from about 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg, and more usually 0.01 to 5 mg/kg, of the host body weight.
  • dosages can be 0.3 mg/kg body weight, 1 mg/kg body weight, 3 mg/kg body weight, 5 mg/kg body weight or 10 mg/kg body weight or within the range of 1-10 mg/kg.
  • An exemplary treatment regime entails administration once per week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once a month, once every 3 months or once every three to 6 months.
  • Dosage regimens for an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention include 1 mg/kg body weight or 3 mg/kg body weight by intravenous administration, with the antibody being given using one of the following dosing schedules: every four weeks for six dosages, then every three months; every three weeks; 3 mg/kg body weight once followed by 1 mg/kg body weight every three weeks.
  • two or more antibodies with the same or different binding specificities are administered simultaneously, in which case the dosage of each antibody administered falls within the ranges indicated.
  • Antibody is usually administered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single dosages can be, for example, weekly, monthly, every three months or yearly. Intervals can also be irregular as indicated by measuring blood levels of antibody to the target antigen in the patient.
  • dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasma antibody concentration of about 1-1000 ⁇ g/ml and in some methods about 25-300 ⁇ g ⁇ nl.
  • antibody can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the antibody in the patient. In general, human antibodies show the longest half-life, followed by humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and nonhuman antibodies. The dosage and frequency of administration can vary depending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. In prophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage is administered at relatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Some patients continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated or until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patient can be administered a prophylactic regime.
  • compositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a "therapeutically effective dosage" of an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention results in a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction.
  • Disease symptoms include standard diagnostic criteria of cancer, such as stage, size of primary tumor, member and size of metastases, or extent of inflammation.
  • a composition of the present invention can be administered by one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. Routes of administration for antibodies of the invention include intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion.
  • parenteral administration means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion.
  • an antibody of the invention can be administered by a nonparenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically.
  • the active compounds can be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.
  • Therapeutic compositions can be administered with medical devices known in the art.
  • a therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824 or 4,596,556.
  • a needleless hypodermic injection device such as the devices shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824 or 4,596,556.
  • Examples of well known implants and modules useful in the present invention include at least: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which shows an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,486,194, which shows a therapeutic device for administering medicants through the skin; U.S. Patent No.
  • the antibodies of the invention can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo.
  • the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds.
  • the therapeutic compounds of the invention cross the BBB (if desired), they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes.
  • liposomes For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Patents 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.
  • the liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V.V. Ranade, 1989 J. Cline Pharmacol. 29:685).
  • exemplary targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al., 1988 Biochem.
  • the invention further relates to a method of preventing or treating proliferative diseases or diseases, such as a cancer, in a mammal, particularly a human, with a combination of pharmaceutical agents which comprises
  • compositions comprising:
  • the present invention further relates to a commercial package or product comprising:
  • pharmaceutically active agents is a broad one covering many pharmaceutically active agents having different mechanisms of action. Combinations of some of these with C-Met antagonist antibodies/compositions can result in improvements in cancer therapy. Generally, pharmaceutically active agents are classified according to the mechanism of action. Many of the available agents are anti-metabolites of development pathways of various tumors, or react with the DNA of the tumor cells. There are also agents which inhibit enzymes, such as topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II, or which are anti-mitotic agents. [000271] By the term “ pharmaceutically active agent” is meant especially any pharmaceutically active agent other than a c-Met antibody antagonist composition or a derivative thereof. It includes, but is not limited to: i.
  • an aromatase inhibitor ii. an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen or a gonadorelin agonist; iii. a topoisomerase I inhibitor or a topoisomerase II inhibitor; iv. a microtubule active agent, an alkylating agent, an anti-neoplastic anti-metabolite or a platin compound; v. a compound targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity, a further anti-angiogenic compound or a compound which induces cell differentiation processes; vi. monoclonal antibodies; vii.
  • a cyclooxygenase inhibitor a bisphosphonate, a heparanase inhibitor, a biological response modifier
  • viii an inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms
  • ix. a telomerase inhibitor
  • x. a protease inhibitor, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, a methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor, or a proteasome inhibitor
  • xi agents used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies or compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3
  • an HSP90 inhibitor xiii. antiproliferative antibodies
  • xiv a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor
  • xv histone deacetylase
  • a compound which targets, decreases or inhibits the activity/function of serine/threonine mTOR kinase xvi. a somatostatin receptor antagonist
  • XX a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor
  • xxi an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor
  • xxii a monoclonal antibody of VEGF or VEGFR
  • xxiii photodynamic therapy
  • xxiv an angiostatic steroid
  • XXV an implant containing corticosteroids
  • xxvi an ATI receptor antagonist
  • xxvii an ACE inhibitor
  • aromatase inhibitor relates to a compound which inhibits the estrogen production, i.e., the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and . testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively.
  • the term includes, but is not limited to, steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane; and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole,- ⁇ vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole.
  • Exemestane is marketed as AROMASIN; formestane as LENTARON; fadrozole as AFEMA; anastrozole as ARlMIDEX; letrozole as FEMARA or FEMAR; and aminoglutethimide as ORIMETEN.
  • a combination of the invention comprising a pharmaceutically active agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, e.g., breast tumors.
  • anti-estrogen relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level.
  • the term includes, but is not limited to, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride.
  • Tamoxifen can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g., NOLVADEX; and raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed as EVISTA.
  • Fulvestrant can be formulated as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,659,516 and is marketed as FASLODEX.
  • a combination of the invention comprising a pharmaceutically active agent which is an anti-estrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, e.g., breast tumors.
  • anti-androgen relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (CASODEX), which can be formulated, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,636,505.
  • CASODEX bicalutamide
  • gonadorelin agonist includes, but is not limited to, abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin is disclosed in U.S. Patent No.4,100,274-and is marketed as ZOLADEX. Abarelix can be formulated, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,843,901. •
  • topoisomerase I inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148 (compound Al in WO 99/17804).
  • Irinotecan can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark CAMPTOSAR.
  • Topotecan can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark HYCAMTIN.
  • topoisomerase II inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, the anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., CAELYX, daunorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., DAUNOSOME, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin; the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone; and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide.
  • the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., CAELYX, daunorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., DAUNOSOME, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin
  • the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone include the podophillotoxines etoposide and tenipos
  • Etoposide is marketed as ETOPOPHOS; teniposide as VM 26-BRISTOL; doxorubicin as ADRIBLASTIN or ADRIAMYCIN; epirubicin as FARMORUBICIN; idarubicin as ZAVEDOS; and mitoxantrone as NOVANTRON.
  • microtubule active agent as used herein, relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing agents and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, ⁇ but not limited to, taxanes, e.g., paciltaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, e.g., vinblastine, especially vinblastine sulfate; vincristine, especially vincristine sulfate and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilonesand derivatives thereof, e.g., epothilone B or a derivative thereof.
  • taxanes e.g., paciltaxel and docetaxel
  • vinca alkaloids e.g., vinblastine, especially vinblastine sulfate
  • vincristine especially vincristine sulfate and vinorelbine
  • discodermolides cochicine and epothilonesand derivatives thereof, e.g
  • Paclitaxel is marketed as TAXOL; docetaxel as TAXOTERE; vinblastine sulfate as VINBLASTIN R.P; and vincristine sulfate as FARMISTIN. Also included are the generic forms of paclitaxel as well as various dosage forms of paclitaxel. Generic forms of paclitaxel include, but are not limited to, betaxolol hydrochloride. Various dosage forms of paclitaxel include, but are not limited to albumin nanoparticle paclitaxel marketed as ABRAXANE; ONXOL. CYTOTAX Discodermolide can be obtained, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,010,099.
  • Epotholine derivatives which are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,194,181, WO 98/10121, WO 98/25929, WO 98/08849, WO 99/43653, WO 98/22461 and WO 00/31247. Especially preferred are Epotholine A and/or B.
  • alkylating agent includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel), or temozolamide (TEMODAR).
  • Cyclophosphamide can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark CYCLOSTIN; and ifosfamide as HOLOXAN.
  • anti-neoplastic anti-metabolite includes, but is not limited to, 5- fluorouracil (5-FU); capecitabine; gemcitabine; DNA de-methylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine; methotrexate; edatrexate; and folic acid antagonists such as, but not limited to, pemetrexed.
  • Capecitabine can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark XELODA; and gemcitabine as GEMZAR.
  • platinum compound includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum, oxaliplatin, Satraplatin and platinum agents such as ZD0473.
  • Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., CARBOPLAT; and oxaliplatin as ELOXATIN.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor-receptors
  • AEE788 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  • BAY 43-9006 isolcholine compounds disclosed in WO 00/09495 such as (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-94-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-
  • Compounds include but are not limited to the compounds disclosed in WO 02/092599 and derivatives thereof of 4-amino-5-phenyl- 7-cyclobutyl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives (AEW541); v) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family; vi) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; vii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor; viii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; ix) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase; x) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases (part of the PDGFR family), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit
  • Patent No. 5,093,330 e.g., midostaurin
  • examples of further compounds include, e.g., UCN-01; safingol; BAY 43-9006; Bryostatin 1 ; Perifosine; Ilmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds, such as those disclosed in WO 00/09495; FTIs; PDl 84352 or QAN697, a P13K inhibitor; xiii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC); tyrphostin or pyrymidylaminobenzamide and derivatives thereof (AMN 107).
  • GLEEVEC imatinib mesylate
  • a tyrphostin is preferably a low molecular weight (Mr ⁇ 1500) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially a compound selected from the •benzyl idenemalonitrile class or the S arylbenzenemalonirile or bisubstrate quinoline class of compounds, more especially any compound selected from the group consisting of Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810, AG 99, Tyrphostin AG 213, Tyrphostin AG 1748, Tyrphostin AG 490, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer, Tyrphostin AG 555, AG 494, Tyrphostin AG 556; AG957 and adaphostin (4- ⁇ [(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino ⁇ -benzoic acid adamantyl ester, NSC 680410, adaphostin); xiv) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor
  • Erlotinib can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g. TARCEVA, and gefitinib as IRESSA, human monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor including ABX-EGFR; and xv)
  • Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity/function of serine/theronine mTOR kinase are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which target/inhibit members of the mTOR kinase family, e.g., RAD, RADOOl, CCI-779, ABT578, SAR543, rapamycin and derivatives/analogs thereof, AP23573 and AP23841 from Ariad, everolimus (CERTICAN) and sirolimus.
  • CERTICAN an investigational novel proliferation signal inhibitor that prevents proliferation of T-cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • antibody it is to include intact monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
  • the phrase "compound which targets, decreases or inhibits the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase” as used herein includes but is not limited to inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, PTEN or CDC25, e.g., okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.
  • the term "monoclonal antibodies”, as used herein, includes, but is not limited to bevacizumab, cetuximab, trastuzumab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, denosumab, anti-CD40, anti-GM- CSF, and tositumomab and iodine 1 13 V
  • Bevacizumab can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g.
  • hetero-angiogenic compounds includes but is not limited to compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g., unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition, e.g., thalidomide (THALOMID) and TNP-470.
  • TAALOMID thalidomide
  • TNP-470 TNP-470.
  • cyclooxygenase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, e.g., Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (CELEBREX), rofecoxib (VIOXX), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2- arylaminophenylacetic acid, e.g., 5-methyl-2-(2'-chloro-6'-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.
  • Cox-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib (CELEBREX), rofecoxib (VIOXX), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2- arylaminophenylacetic acid, e.g., 5-methyl-2-(2'-chloro-6'-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.
  • bisphosphonates includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid.
  • Etridonic acid can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., DIDRONEL; "clodronic acid” as BONEFOS; “tiludronic acid” as SKELID; “pamidronic acid” as AREDIA; “alendronic acid” as FOSAMAX; “ibandronic acid” as BONDRANAT; “risedronic acid” as ACTONEL; and “zoledronic acid” as ZOMETA.
  • heparanase inhibitor refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulphate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI 88.
  • biological response modifier includes, but is not limited to lymphokine or interferons, e.g., interferon ⁇ .
  • inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms includes, but is not limited to H-Ras, K-Ras or N-Ras, as used herein, refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras, e.g., a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI), e.g., L-744832,
  • FTI farnesyl transferase inhibitor
  • telomerase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase.
  • Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, e.g., telomestatin.
  • matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and non-peptidomimetic inhibitors; tetracycline derivatives, e.g., hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat; and its orally- bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS
  • methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to s compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase.
  • Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase are, e.g., bengamide or a derivative thereof.
  • proteasome inhibitors includes compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteosome.
  • Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteosome include, but are not limited to, PS-341; MLN 341. bortezomib or
  • agent used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, e.g., compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (FU-3R); interferon, 1 -b-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, e.g., compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
  • FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors e.g., compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (FU-3R); interferon, 1 -b-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, e.g., compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinas
  • HSP90 inhibitors includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway.
  • Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, e.g., 17- allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamvcin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin- related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.
  • an antiproliferative antibody includes, but is not limited to trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN), trastuzumab-DMl, erlotinib (TARCEVA), bevacizumab (AVASTIN), rituximab (RlTUXAN), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody.
  • HERCEPTIN trastuzumab
  • trastuzumab-DMl erlotinib
  • TARCEVA bevacizumab
  • AVASTIN bevacizumab
  • RlTUXAN rituximab
  • PRO64553 anti-CD40
  • 2C4 Antibody 2C4 Antibody.
  • antibodies is meant e.g. intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
  • HDAC inhibitor relates to relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacerylase and which possess anti-proliferative activity. This includes but is not limited to compounds disclosed in WO 02/22577, especially N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[(2-hydroxyethyl)[2- (lH-indol-3-yl)ethyI]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2- methyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (LBH589).
  • SAHA Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
  • [4-(2-amino- ⁇ henylcarbamoyl)-benzyl]-carbamic acid pyridine-3-ylmethyl ester and derivatives thereof butyric acid, pyroxamide, trichostatin A, Oxamflatin,.apicidin, Depsipeptide; depudecin and trapox ⁇ n.
  • CERTICAN everolimus, RAD
  • an investigational novel proliferation signal inhibitor that prevents proliferation of T-cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • somatostatin receptor antagonist includes, but is not limited to, agents which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor, such as octreoride and SOM230.
  • anti-Ieukemic compound includes, but is not limited to
  • Ara-C a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2'-fjfc-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate.
  • ionizing radiation means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays, such as X-rays and gamma rays; or particles, such as alpha, beta and gamma particles. Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Cancer, 4th Edition, Vol. 1, Devita et al., Eds., pp.
  • EDG binder includes, but is not limited to, a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720.
  • ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or ara-C; 6-thioguanine; 5-FU; cladribine; 6-mercaptopurine, especially in combination with ara-C against ALL; and/or pentostatin.
  • Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or
  • 2-hydroxy-lH-isoindole-l,3-dione derivatives such as PL-I, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, PL-6, PL-7 or
  • S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors includes, but is not limited to, the compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,461,076.
  • VEGF or VEGFR includes but is not limited to, compounds disclosed in WO 98/35958, e.g., l-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4- pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., the succinate, or in
  • VEGF receptor antibodies e.g., rhuMAb and RHUFab
  • VEGF aptamer e.g., Macugon
  • FLT-4 inhibitors e.g., FLT-3 inhibitors
  • VEGFR-2 IgGl antibody e.g., Angiozyme (RPl 4610); and Avastan.
  • photodynamic therapy refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing agents to treat or prevent cancers.
  • photodynamic therapy include, but are not limited to, treatment with agents, such as, e.g.,
  • angiostatic steroid includes, but is not limited to agents which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 1 l-6t- epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17i5thydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethaso ⁇ e.
  • agents which block or inhibit angiogenesis such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 1 l-6t- epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17i5thydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethaso ⁇ e.
  • transplant containing corticosteroids includes, but is not limited to agents, such as, e.g., fluocinolone and dexamethasone.
  • ATI receptor antagonist includes, but is not limited to agents, such as DIOVAN.
  • ACE inhibitor includes, but is not limited to CIBACEN, benazepril, enazepril (LOTENSIN), captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, quinapril, ramipril, perindopril and trandolapril.
  • Other pharmaceutically active agents include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal agents and antagonists, biological response modifiers, preferably Iymphokines or interferons, antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; or miscellaneous agents or agents with other or unknown mechanism of action.
  • references to the components (a) and (b) are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the active substances.
  • active substances comprised by components (a) and/or (b) have, for example, at least one basic center, they can form acid addition salts.
  • Corresponding acid addition salts can also be formed having, if desired, an additionally present basic center.
  • Active substances having an acid group e.g., COOH, can form salts with bases.
  • the active substances comprised in components (a) and/or (b) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in form of a hydrate or include other solvents used for crystallization.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the prevention of treatment of proliferative diseases or diseases that are triggered by persistent angiogenesis in a mammal, preferably a human patient, which comprises treating the patient concurrently or sequentially with pharmaceutically effective amounts of a combination of:
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising:
  • one or more pharmaceutically active agents selected from the group consisting of an aromatase inhibitor; an antiestrogen; an anti-androgen; a gonadorelin agonist; a topoisomerase I inhibitor; a topoisomerase II inhibitor; a microtubule active agent; an alkylating agent; an anti- • neoplastic anti-metabolite; a platin compound; a compound targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid'
  • any of the combination of components (a) and (b), the method of treating a warmblooded animal comprising administering these two components, a pharmaceutical composition comprising these two components for simultaneous, separate or sequential use, the use of the combination for the delay of progression or the treatment of a proliferative disease or for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation for these purposes or a commercial product comprising such a combination of components (a) and (b), all as mentioned or defined above, will be referred to subsequently also as combination of the invention (so that this term refers to each of these embodiments which thus can replace this term where appropriate).
  • Simultaneous administration may, e.g., take place in the form of one fixed combination with two or more active ingredients, or by simultaneously administering two or more active ingredients that are formulated independently.
  • Sequential use (administration) preferably means administration of one (or more) components of a combination at one time point, other components at a different time point, that is, in a chronically staggered manner, preferably such that the combination shows more efficiency than the single compounds administered independently (especially showing synergism).
  • Separate use (administration) preferably means administration of the components of the combination independently of each other at different time points, preferably meaning that the components (a) and (b) are administered such that no overlap of measurable blood levels of both compounds are present in an overlapping manner (at the same time).
  • delay of progression means administration of the combination to patients being in a pre-stage or in an early phase, of the First manifestation or a relapse of the disease to be treated, in which patients, e.g., a pre-form of the corresponding disease is diagnosed or which patients are in a condition, e.g., during a medical treatment or a condition resulting from an accident, under which it is likely that a corresponding disease will develop.
  • “Jointly therapeutically active” or “joint therapeutic effect” means that the compounds may be given separately (in a chronically staggered manner, especially a sequence- specific manner) in such time intervals that they preferably, in the warm-blooded animal, especially human, to be treated, still show a (preferably synergistic) interaction (joint therapeutic effect). Whether this is the case, can inter alia be determined by following the blood levels, showing that both compounds are present in the blood of the human to be treated at least during certain time intervals. .
  • "Pharmaceutically effective” preferably relates to an amount that is therapeutically or in a broader sense also prophylactically effective against the progression of a proliferative disease. ' . .
  • kit of parts in the sense that the components (a) and (b) as defined above can be dosed independently or by use of different fixed combinations with distinguished amounts of the components (a) and (b), i.e., simultaneously or at different time points.
  • these terms comprise a commercial package comprising (especially combining) as active ingredients components (a) and (b), together with instructions for simultaneous, sequential (chronically staggered, in time-specific sequence, preferentially) or (less preferably) separate use thereof in the delay of progression or treatment of a proliferative disease.
  • the parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., be administered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is at different time points and with equal or different time intervals for any part of the kit of parts.
  • the time intervals are chosen such that the effect on the treated disease in the combined use of the parts is larger than the effect which would be obtained by use of only any one of the combination partners (a) and (b) (as can be determined according to standard methods.
  • the ratio of the total amounts of the combination partner (a) to the combination partner (b) to be administered in the combined preparation can be varied, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient sub-population to be treated or the needs of the single patient which different needs can be due to the particular disease, age, sex, body weight, etc. of the patients.
  • there is at least one beneficial effect e.g., a mutual enhancing of the effect of the combination partners (a) and (b), in particular a more than additive effect, which hence could be achieved with lower doses of each of the combined drugs, respectively, than tolerable in the case of treatment with the individual drugs only without combination, producing additional advantageous effects, e.g., less side effects or a combined therapeutic effect in a non-effective dosage of one or both of the combination partners (components) (a) and (b), and very preferably a strong synergism of the combination partners (a) and (b).
  • a beneficial effect e.g., a mutual enhancing of the effect of the combination partners (a) and (b)
  • a more than additive effect which hence could be achieved with lower doses of each of the combined drugs, respectively, than tolerable in the case of treatment with the individual drugs only without combination
  • additional advantageous effects e.g., less side effects or a combined therapeutic effect in a non-effective dosage of one or both of the combination partners
  • any combination of simultaneous, sequential and separate use is also possible, meaning that the components (a) and (b) may be administered at one time point simultaneously, followed by administration of only one component with lower host toxicity either chronically, e.g., more than 3-4 weeks of daily dosing, at a later time point and subsequently the other component or the combination of both components at a still later time point (in subsequent drug combination treatment courses for an optimal anti-tumor effect) or the like.
  • the COMBINATION OF THE INVENTION can also be applied in combination with other treatments, e.g., surgical intervention, hyperthermia and/or irradiation therapy.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be prepared by conventional means and are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, and parenteral administration to mammals including man, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a VEGF inhibitor and at least one pharmaceutically active agent alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, especially those suitable for enteral or parenteral application.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.00002 to about 100%, especially, e.g., in the case of infusion dilutions that are ready for use, of 0.0001 to 0.02%, or, e.g., in case of injection or infusion concentrates or especially parenteral formulations, from about 0.1% to about 95%, preferably from about 1% to about 90%, more preferably from about 20% to about 60% active ingredient (weight by weight, in each case).
  • Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be, e.g., in unit dose form, such as in the form of ampoules, vials, dragees, tablets, infusion bags or capsules.
  • each of the combination partners employed in a formulation of the present invention may vary depending on the particular compound or pharmaceutical compositions employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily
  • Sl determine the effective amount of each of the active ingredients necessary to prevent, treat or inhibit the progress of the condition.
  • Tyrphostins are preferably administered to a warm-blooded animal, especially a human in a dosage in the range of about 1-6000 mg/day, more preferably 25- 5000 mg/day, most preferably 50-4000 mg/day. Unless stated otherwise herein, the compound is preferably administered from one to 5, especially from 1-4 times per day.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for the combination therapy for enteral or parenteral administration are, e.g., those in unit dosage forms, such as sugar-coated tablets, capsules or suppositories, and furthermore ampoules.
  • these formulations are prepared by conventional means, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes. It will be appreciated that the unit content of a combination partner contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount can be reached by administration of a plurality of dosage units. One of skill in the art has the ability to determine appropriate pharmaceutically effective amounts of the combination components.
  • the compounds or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are administered as an oral pharmaceutical formulation in the form of a tablet, capsule or syrup; or as parenteral injections if appropriate.
  • any pharmaceutically acceptable media may be employed such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include starches, sugars, microcrystalline celluloses, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents.
  • Solutions of the active ingredient, and also suspensions, and especially isotonic aqueous solutions or suspensions are useful for parenteral administration of the active ingredient, it being possible, e.g., in the case of lyophilized compositions that comprise the active ingredient alone or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., mannitol, for such solutions or suspensions to be produced prior to use.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., mannitol
  • compositions may be sterilized and/or may comprise excipients, e.g., preservatives, stabilizers, wetting and/or emulsifying agents, solubilizers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers, and are prepared in a manner known per se, e.g., by means of conventional dissolving or lyophilizing processes.
  • the solutions or suspensions may comprise viscosity-increasing substances, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone or gelatin.
  • Suspensions in oil comprise as the oil component the vegetable, synthetic or semi-synthetic oils customary for injection purposes.
  • the isotonic agent may be selected from any of those known in the art, e.g. mannitol, dextrose, glucose and sodium chloride.
  • the infusion formulation may be diluted with the aqueous medium.
  • the amount of aqueous medium employed as a diluent is chosen according to the desired concentration of active ingredient in the infusion solution.
  • Infusion solutions may contain other excipients commonly employed in formulations to be administered intravenously such as antioxidants.
  • the present invention further relates to "a combined preparation", which, as used herein, defines especially a "kit of parts” in the sense that the combination partners (a) and (b) as defined above can be dosed independently or by use of different fixed combinations with distinguished amounts of the combination partners (a) and (b), i.e., simultaneously or at different time points.
  • the parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., be administered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is at different time points and with equal or different time intervals for any part of the kit of parts.
  • the ratio of the total amounts of the combination partner (a) to the combination partner (b) to be administered in the combined preparation can be varied, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient sub-population to be treated or the needs of the single patient based on the severity of any side effects that the patient experiences.
  • the antibodies (and immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the present invention have in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic utilities.
  • these molecules can be administered to cells in culture, e.g. in vitro or in vivo, or in a subject, e.g., in vivo, to treat, prevent or diagnose a variety of disorders.
  • Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows, horses, chickens, and non-mammals, such as birds, amphibians and reptiles.
  • the methods are particularly suitable for treating human patients having a disorder associated with aberrant c-Met expression. When antibodies to c-Met are administered together with another agent, the two can be administered in either order or simultaneously.
  • the antibodies (and immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the invention can be used to detect levels of c-Met, or levels of cells that contain c-Met. This can be achieved, for example, by contacting a sample (such as an in vitro sample) and a control sample with the anti-c-Met antibody under conditions that allow for the formation of a complex between the antibody and c-Met. Any complexes formed between the antibody and c-Met are detected and compared in the sample and the control. For example, standard detection methods, well known in the art, such as ELISA and flow cytometic assays, can be performed using the compositions of the invention.
  • the invention further provides methods for detecting the presence of c-Met (e.g., human c-Met antigen) in a sample, or measuring the amount of c-Met, comprising contacting the sample, and a control sample, with an antibody of the invention, or an antigen binding portion thereof, which specifically binds to c-Met, under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or portion thereof and c-Met. The formation of a complex is then detected, wherein a difference in complex formation between the sample compared to the control sample is indicative of the presence of c-Met in the sample.
  • c-Met e.g., human c-Met antigen
  • kits consisting of the compositions (e.g., antibodies, human antibodies, immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the invention and instructions for use.
  • the kit can further contain a least one additional reagent, or one or more • additional antibodies of the invention (e.g., an antibody having a complementary activity which binds to an epitope on the target antigen distinct from the first antibody).
  • Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit.
  • the term label includes any writing, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or which otherwise accompanies the kit.
  • Therapeutic antibodies against human c-Met protein are generated by selection of clones having high binding affinities, using as the source of antibody variant proteins in a commercially available phage display library, the MorphoSys HuCAL GOLD ® library.
  • HuCAL GOLD ® is a Fab library (Knappik et al., 2000 J.Mol. Biol. 296:57-86; Krebs et al., 2001 J Immunol. Methods 254:67-84; Rauchenberger et al., 2003 J Biol Chem.
  • the HuCAL GOLD ® library is amplified in standard rich bacterial medium (2xYT) containing 34 ⁇ g/ml chloramphenicol and 1% glucose (2xYT-CG). After infection of cells at an OD 60 onm of 0.5 with VCSM 13 helper phages (incubating the mix of cells and phage for 30 min at 37°C without shaking followed by 30 min at 37°C shaking at 250 rpm), cells are centrifuged (4120 g; 5 min; 4°C), are resuspended in 2xYT/ 34 ⁇ g/ml chloramphenicol/ 50 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin/ 0.25 mM IPTG, and are grown overnight at 22°C.
  • Phage amplification between two panning rounds is conducted as follows: mid-log phase E. coli strain TG 1 cells are infected with phages that are eluted following the selection with c-Met protein, and are plated onto LB-agar supplemented with 1% of glucose and 34 ⁇ g/ml of chloramphenicol (LB-CG plates).
  • bacterial colonies are scraped off the agar surface, and used to inoculate 2xYT-CG broth to obtain an OD 60 o nm of 0.5, then VCSM 13 helper phages are added to obtain a productive infection as described above.
  • MagStrep beads is incubated with 46 ⁇ g of His-Strep- tagged c-Met for 1 h at room temperature and the sample is divided into four pre-blocked Eppendorf tubes. One tube serves as the positive control (no washing) and the other three samples are washed with different stringencies according to the HuCAL GOLD ® manual panning section. Detection of binding of the His-Strep-tagged c-Met to the MagStrep beads (Strep-Tactin coated Magnetic beads obtained from IBA, G ⁇ ttingen, Germany) is performed in BioVeris using a goat anti-c-Met antibody and a Rubidium-labeled anti-goat detection antibody.
  • HuCAL GOLD ® phage-antibodies are divided into four pools comprising different combinations of V H master genes (pool 1 contained VH1/5 ⁇ ic; pool 2 contained V H 3 ⁇ K; pool 3 contained V H 2/4/6 ⁇ iq and pool 4 contained V H 1-6 ⁇ ic). These pools are individually subjected to two rounds of solution panning on His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto
  • StrepTactin magnetic beads (Mega Strep beads; IBA) 5 and for the third selection round only, either on His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto StrepTactin magnetic beads or on APP-tagged human c-Met protein captured by Streptavidin beads (Dynabeads ® M-280 Streptavidin; Dynal) with a biotinylated anti-APP antibody.
  • Streptavidin beads Dynabeads ® M-280 Streptavidin; Dynal
  • biotinylated anti-APP antibody Specifically, for the solution panning using His-Strep-tagged c-Met coupled to
  • StrepTactin magnetic beads the following protocol is applied: pre-blocked tubes are prepared (1.5 m I Eppendorf tubes) by treatment with 1.5 ml 2x ChemiBLOCKER diluted 1 : 1 with PBS over night at 4°C. Pre-blocked beads are prepared by treatment as follows: 580 ⁇ l (28 mg beads) StrepTactin magnetic beads are washed once with 580 ⁇ l PBS and resuspended in 580 ⁇ l Ix ChemiBLOCKER (diluted in one volume Ix PBS). Blocking of the beads is performed in the pre-blocked tubes over night at 4°C.
  • Phage particles diluted in PBS to a final volume of 500 ⁇ l for each panning condition are mixed with 500 ⁇ l 2x ChemiBLOCKER/ 0.1% Tween and kept for one hour at room temperature on a rotating wheel.
  • Pre-adsorption of phage particles for removal of StrepTactin or beads-binding phages is performed twice: 160 ⁇ l of blocked StrepTactin magnetic beads (4 mg) is added to the blocked phage particles, and is incubated for 30 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel.
  • the phage supernatant ( ⁇ 1.1 ml) is transferred to a fresh, blocked reaction tube and pre-adsorption is repeated using 160 ⁇ l blocked beads for 30 min. Then, His-Strep-tagged c-Met, either 400 nM or 100 nM, is added to the blocked phage particles in a fresh, blocked 1.5 ml reaction tube and the mixture is incubated for 60 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel.
  • the phage-antigen complexes are captured using either 320 ⁇ l or 160 ⁇ l of blocked
  • StrepTactin magnetic beads added to the 400 nM or the 100 nM phage panning pools, respectively, which is then incubated for 20 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel. Phage particles bound to the StrepTactin magnetic beads are again collected with the magnetic particle separator. [000355] Beads are then washed seven times with PBS/ 0.05% Tween (PBST), followed by washing another three times with PBS only. Elution of phage particles from the StrepTactin magnetic beads is performed by addition of 200 ⁇ l 20 mM DTT in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 to each tube for 10 min.
  • PBST PBS/ 0.05% Tween
  • the eluate is collected, and the beads are washed once with 200 ⁇ l PBS and the PBS eluate is added to the DTT eluate.
  • This eluate sample is used to infect 14 ml of an E. coli TG-I culture that are previously grown to an OD ⁇ oo nm of 0.6-0.8.
  • each bacterial pellet is resuspended in 500 ⁇ l 2xYT medium, plated onto 2xYT-CG agar plates and incubated overnight at 30 0 C. The next morning, the resulting colonies are scraped off the plates and the phage is prepared by rescue and amplification as described above.
  • the second round of solution pannings on His-Strep-tagged c-Met is performed according to the protocol of the first round, except that decreasing amounts of antigen are used (50 nM, and 10 nM) and the stringency of the washing procedure is altered appropriately.
  • Two different panning strategies are applied for the third selection round: the amplified phage output of the second panning round is split and subjected to two different panning conditions. The first half of the phage output is used for the standard panning strategy on human His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto StrepTactin beads as described above (antigen amounts are 10 nM or 1 nM, respectively).
  • APP-tagged c-Met APP-tagged c-Met protein at a final concentration of 50 nM or 10 nM is mixed with 1 ml of pre-cleared, second round phage particles, and the mixture is incubated at room temperature for 1 hour on a rotating wheel.
  • 8 mg pre-blocked Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin (Dynal) is incubated with 40 ⁇ g biotinylated mouse anti-APP antibody for 30 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel followed by two washing steps with PBST.
  • the pre-formed complexes consisting of phage-antibodies bound to APP-tagged c-Met are captured by the anti-APP coated M-280 Streptavidin magnetic beads for 30 min at room temperature. Phage elution and amplification are performed as described above. Subcloning and expression of soluble Fab fragments
  • the Fab-encoding inserts of the selected HuCAL GOLD ® phagemids are subcloned into expression vector pMORPH ® X9_Fab_FH (see figures), in order to facilitate rapid and efficient expression of soluble Fabs.
  • the plasmid DNA of the selected clones is digested with restriction enzyme endonucleases. ⁇ !Z> ⁇ I and Ec ⁇ Rl, thereby excising the Fab-encoding insert (ompA-VLCL and phoA-Fd).
  • This insert ias then cloned into ⁇ ⁇ > ⁇ I/£coRI-digested expression vector pMORPH ® X9_Fab_FH.
  • Fab proteins are expressed from this vector, and as a result carry two C-terminal tags (FLAGTM and 6xHis, respectively) for both detection and purification.
  • FLAGTM and 6xHis are two C-terminal tags for both detection and purification.
  • chloramphenicol-resistant single bacterial colonies are selected after subcloning of the selected Fabs into the pMORPH ® X9_Fab_FH expression vector. Each of these colonies is then used to inoculate the wells of a sterile 96-well microtiter plate, with each well containing 100 ⁇ l 2xYT-CG medium per well, and bacteria are grown overnight at 37°C. A sample (5 ⁇ l) of each E.
  • coli TG-I culture is transferred to a fresh, sterile 96-well microtiter plate pre-filled with 100 ⁇ l 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 ⁇ g/ml chloramphenicol and 0.1% glucose per well.
  • the microtiter plates are incubated at 30 0 C with shaking at 400 rpm on a microplate shaker until the cultures are slightly turbid ( ⁇ 2-4 hrs) with an OD ⁇ oo nm of about 0.5.
  • BEL buffer (2xBBS/ EDTA: 24.7 g/1 boric acid, 18.7 g NaCl/1, 1.49 g EDTA/1, pH 8.0) containing 2.5 mg/ml lysozyme is added, and plates are incubated for 1 h at 22°C on a microtiter plate shaker (400 rpm).
  • the BEL extracts are used for binding analysis by FMAT (see Example 2).
  • Fab fragments encoded by pMORPH ® X9_Fab_FH in TGl F- cells are carried out in shaker flask cultures using 750 ml of 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 ⁇ g/ml chloramphenicol. Cultures are shaken at 30 0 C until the OD ⁇ oo nm reached 0.5.
  • BEL extracts of individual E. coli clones selected by the above mentioned panning strategies are analyzed by Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology (FMATTM, 8200 Cellular Detection System analyzer, Applied Biosystems), to identify clones encoding c-Met-specific Fabs.
  • Example 3 Quantitative analysis of binding affinities: determination of anti-human c-Met Fab candidates that bind full length c-Met . .
  • anti-human c-Met As a positive control 5 ⁇ g/ml of DO24 (mouse IgG2a), anti-human c-Met is used. The cells are incubated for 30-60 minutes at 4 0 C before being pelleted by centrifugation for 2 min at 2000 rpm (716g) at 4 0 C and washed in 200 ⁇ l of in chilled 3%FCS/PBS. The cells are again pelleted by centrifugation and the PBS gently removed. Cells are resuspended in lOO ⁇ l of of goat anti-human IgG (H+L) PE conjugated (Jackson Cat No.
  • Antibody mediated dimerization may result in agonistic activation of the c-Met tyrosine kinase activity. Therefore Fabs, selected on the basis of binding purified c-Met, are converted in the IgG format.
  • Ig immunoglobulin
  • V H variable domain fragments of heavy
  • V L light chains
  • Restriction enzymes Ec ⁇ Rl, Mfel, and Blpl are used for subcloning of the V H domain fragment into pMORPH ® _h_IgG 1 and pMORPH ® _h_IgG4. Restriction enzymes Mfel and Blpl are used for subcloning of the V H domain fragment into pMORPH ® 2_h_IgGlf and pMORPH ® 2_h_IgG4.
  • Subcloning of the V L domain fragment into pMORPH ® _h_Ig ⁇ and pMORPH ® 2_h_Ig ⁇ is performed using the EcoRV and ite/WI sites, whereas subcloning into pMORPH ® _h_Ig ⁇ and pMORPH ® 2_h_Ig ⁇ 2 is done using EcoRV and HpcA.
  • HEK293 cells are transfected with an equimolar amount of IgG heavy and light chain expression vectors. On days 4 or 5 after transfection, the cell culture supernatant is harvested.
  • inserts are cloned into the pMORPH ® _h_Jg ⁇ and pMORPH ® _h_JgCj4 expression vectors.
  • Small scale expression is performed by transient transfection of HEK293 cells and the full length immunoglobulins are purified from the cell culture supernatant.
  • the resulting different c-Met-specific antibodies selected from the HuCAL GOLD ® library are then converted into IgG format and tested for potency to inhibit HGF driven proliferation.
  • the functional activity of each of the selected clones is assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay upon HGF stimulation of 4MBr-5 cells. 4MBr-5 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 10 3 cells per well in atotal volume of 100 ⁇ l/well Ham's F12K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610).
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50 ⁇ l of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added.
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50 ⁇ l of the medium alone or 50 ⁇ l containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l to about 50 ng/ml) is added.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • an unrelated antibody having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants
  • buffer a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 ⁇ L of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber).
  • 100 ⁇ L of 5-10 x 10 4 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber.
  • the plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C in 4-6% CO 2 .
  • the cells/media in the top chamber is discarded and the chamber placed into a 96-well Feeder Tray into which 150 ⁇ L/well prewarmed cell detachment solution has been added. Cells are dislodged by incubating for 30 minutes at 37°C with periodic gentle agitation. Subsequently, 50 ⁇ l of prediluted CyQuant GR Dye is added to each well of the feeder tray. The plate is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and 150 ⁇ L of the mixture transferred to a new 96-well plate suitable for fluorescence measurement using a 480/520 nm filter set
  • Example 5 Affinity maturation of selected anti-c-Met Fabs by parallel exchange of LCDR3 and HCDR2 cassettes
  • the LCDR3, framework 4 and the constant region of the light chains (405 bp) of each parental Fab is removed using Bpil and Sphl, and is replaced by a repertoire of diversified LCDR3s together with framework 4 and the constant domain.
  • a sample of 0.5 ⁇ g of the binder pool vector is ligated with a 3-fold molar excess of the insert fragment carrying the diversified LCDR3s.
  • the HCDR2 is diversified using the Xhol and itesHII sites, and the connecting framework regions are kept constant.
  • the parental HCDR2 is replaced by a 590 bp stuffer sequence prior to the insertion of the diversified
  • F' cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), yielding from 2x10 7 to 2x10 8 independent colonies.
  • parental Fabs Six selected maturation candidates (“parental Fabs”) are selected using the following properties: affinities to human c-Met less than 10 nM, with significant cross-reactivity to cynomolgus c-Met, EC 50 less than 250 nM, and good to moderate Fab expression levels in E. coli and activity in the IgG format in c-Met driven proliferation and migration assays.
  • the properties of selected Fab fragments are provided in Table 4.
  • the selected Fab clones shown in the previous example are subjected to further rounds of diversification and selection, a process known as affinity maturation.
  • CDR regions are diversified using corresponding LCDR3 and HCDR2 maturation cassettes pre-built by trinucleotide mutagenesis (Virnekas et al., 1994 Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5600-5607; Nagy et al., 2002 Nature Medicine 8:801-807).
  • Fab fragments from expression vector pMORPH ® X9_Fab_FH are subcloned into the phagemid vector pMORPH ® 25 (see US patent number 6,753,136).
  • This vector provides the phage protein pill fused N-terminally to a cysteine residue as well as a C-terminal cysteine to the Fd antibody chain and thus allows disulfide-linked display of the respective Fab fragments on the phage surface.
  • Two different strategies are applied in parallel to optimize both the affinity and the efficacy of the parental Fabs.
  • phage antibody Fab libraries are generated in which the LCDR3 of five of the six parental clones is replaced by a repertoire of individual light chain CDR3 sequences. (The LCDR3 maturation of one clone is not performed, as this clone has an additional Bpil restriction site in one of the CDR regions and the Bpil restriction enzyme is used for the library cloning procedure.) [000390] In parallel, the HCDR2 region of each parental clone is replaced by a repertoire of individual heavy chain CDR2 sequences. Each parental Fab is excised and replaced for a 590 bp stuffer.
  • This DNA stuffer facilitates the separation of single digested from double digested vector bands and reduces the background of the high-affinity parental Fabs during the maturation pannings.
  • the stuffer is excised from the Fab-encoding plasmids of each parental clone and replaced for the highly diversified HCDR2 maturation cassette.
  • each pool is applied in pannings using decreasing amounts of biotinylated c-Met, which is captured onto Neutravidin-coated plates.
  • competition with purified parental Fabs as well as unlabeled antigen is performed during prolonged incubation periods.
  • Panning procedures using the four antibody pools are performed with His-Strep- tagged c-Met and with biotinylated His-Strep-tagged c-Met in solution for two or three rounds, respectively.
  • competition with the purified parental Fab proteins or with unlabeled APP-tagged c-Met, as well as low antigen concentrations and extensive washing, are used to increase stringency.
  • the wells are blocked with 2x ChemiBLOCKER (Chemicon, Temecula, CA) diluted 1 :1 in PBS (Blocking Buffer). Prior to the selections, the HuCAL GOLD ® phages are also blocked with one volume Blocking Buffer containing 0.1% Tween- 20 for 30 min at room temperature. The blocked phage preparations are transferred in 100 ⁇ l aliquots to the wells of a Neutravidin-coated plate for 30 min at room temperature. This pre- adsorption step is repeated once. Blocked and pre-cleared phage preparations are incubated with 5 nM biotinylated c-Met for 2 h at 22°C on a rotating wheel. A sample containing parental Fab and APP-c-Met, or a positive control containing no competitor, is added and the samples are incubated overnight at 4°C on a rotating wheel.
  • 2x ChemiBLOCKER ChemiBLOCKER (Chemicon,
  • Antigen-phage complexes are captured in the wells of a Neutravidin plate for
  • the bacterial pellets are each resuspended in 500 ⁇ l 2xYT medium, plated onto 2xYT-CG agar plates and incubated overnight at 30 0 C. The colonies are harvested by scraping from the surface of the plates and the phage particles are rescued and amplified as described above. [000399]
  • the second and third round of the selection are performed as described above for the first round of selection, excepted that washing conditions are more stringent and antigen concentrations are 1 and 0.1 nM, respectively.
  • Electrochem luminescence fBioVerisVbased binding analysis of c-Met binding Fabs [000400] For the detection of affinity-improved, c-Met-specific antibody fragments in E. coli lysates (BEL extracts), a BioVeris M-384 SERIES ® Workstation (BioVeris Europe, Witney, Oxfordshire, UK), is used. The assay is carried out in 96-well polypropylene microtiter plates and PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 0.02% Tween-20 as the assay buffer. Biotinylated human c-Met is immobilized on M-280 Streptavidin paramagnetic beads (Dynal) according to the instructions of the supplier.
  • a set of randomly picked clones is analyzed by the method described above. A subset of those clones giving the highest values is chosen for further analysis in solution equilibrium titration.
  • Affinity determination to mouse and cynomolgus c-Met is done essentially as described above using mouse c-Met (R&D Systems) and cynomolgus c-Met as analyte in solution instead of human c-Met.
  • mouse c-Met R&D Systems
  • cynomolgus c-Met analyte in solution instead of human c-Met.
  • biotinylated human c-Met coupled to paramagnetic beads is used for detection of free Fab. Affinities are calculated according to methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., Haenel et al., 2005 Anal Biochem 339.1:182-184.
  • affinities for the affinity-optimized anti-c-Met Fabs are determined in solution. Affinities are determined for antibodies with K ⁇ s below 4.6 pM to human c-Met. FACs based analysis of binding to cyno-c-Met expressed on CHO cells, as described above, is carried out. The affinities are summarized in Table 5 herein.
  • Binding specificity of the matured Fabs in the presence of 50% human serum (HS) is determined.
  • Serial dilutions of optimized anti-cMet Fabs are incubated in the presence of either 50% human serum or in the presence of 2.8% BSA.
  • FACS saturation binding to GTL-16 cells is assessed. GTLl 6 cells are washed, trypsinised, and suspended in PBS containing 3%FCS
  • Exemplary binding curves are shown in Table 6, which summarizes the binding activity of the optimized anti-c-Met Fabs in presence of 50% human serum compared to binding activity in 2.8% BSA, which ranges from 83.3% to 100%. The median value is found to be 90.2%, thus the anti-c-Met Fabs are found to fully bind to target in the presence of human serum.
  • variable domain fragments of heavy (V H ) and light chains (V L ) are subcloned from the pMORPH ® X9_FH Fab expression vectors either into the pMORPH ® _h_Ig or the pMORPH ⁇ 2_h_Ig vector series for human IgGl and human IgG4.
  • Restriction enzymes Eco ⁇ , Mfe ⁇ , and Blpl are used for subcloning of the V H domain fragment into pMORPH ® _h_IgGl and pMORPH ® _h_IgG4.
  • Restriction enzymes Mfel and Blpl are used for subcloning of the V H domain fragment into pMORPH ® 2_h_IgGlf and pMORPH ® 2_h_lgG4. Subcloning of the V L domain fragment into pMORPH ® _h_Ig ⁇ and pMORPH ® 2_h_lg ⁇ is performed using the EcoKV and BsiWl sites, whereas subcloning into pMORPH ® _h_Ig ⁇ and pMORPH (S) 2_h_Ig ⁇ 2 is done using EcoKV and Hpal. Transient expression and purification of human IgG
  • ⁇ EK293 cells are transfected with an equimolar amount of IgG heavy and light chain expression vectors. On days 4 or 5 after transfection, the cell culture supernatant is harvested. After adjusting the pH of the supernatant to 8.0 and sterile filtration, the solution is subjected to standard protein A column chromatography (Poros 2OA, PE Biosystems).
  • GOLD ® library are then converted into IgG format and tested for potency to inhibit HGF driven proliferation.
  • each of the selected clones is assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay upon HGF stimulation of 4MBr-5 cells.
  • 4MBr-5 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 10 3 cells per well in a total volume of 100 ⁇ l/well Ham's Fl 2K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610). The plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO * 2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50 ⁇ l of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added.
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50 ⁇ l of the medium alone or 50 ⁇ l containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l to about 50 ng/ml) is added.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669 915.
  • Binding specificity of the matured F ab s in the presence of 50% human serum (HS) is determined.
  • Serial dilutions of human recombinant, biotinylated antibody in TBS are coated onto Neutravidin microtiter plates for 2 h at room temperature, from 8 ng antibody per well to a concentration of 125 ng antibody per well.
  • TBS-T Tween
  • Purified Fabs described above are diluted either in TBS/ 4% BSA or TBS/ 50% HS at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml, added to the coated and blocked wells and the plates are incubated for 1 h at room temperature.
  • an anti-FLAG alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated antibody (1:5000 dilution in TBST) and the fluorogenic substrate AttoPhos (Roche) are used.
  • the wells of the microtiter plates are washed with TBST five times, except after the final incubation step with the labeled secondary antibody when wells are washed three times.
  • the fluorescence is measured in a TECAN Spectrafluor plate reader.
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. " ⁇ .
  • the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 ⁇ L of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber).
  • 100 ⁇ L of 5-10 x 10 4 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber. The plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C in 4-6% CO 2 .
  • the cells/media in the top chamber is discarded and the chamber placed into a 96-well Feeder Tray into which 150 ⁇ L/well prewarmed cell detachment solution has been added. Cells are dislodged by incubating for 30 minutes at 37°C with periodic gentle agitation. Subsequently, 50 ⁇ l of prediluted CyQuant GR Dye is added to each well of the feeder tray. The plate is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and 150 ⁇ L of the mixture transferred to a new 96-well plate suitable for fluorescence measurement using a 480/520 nm filter set
  • Example 7 Modulation of HGF stimulated c-Met autophosphorylation by selected antagonistic anti-c-Met antibodies
  • Agonism or antagonism by anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention is measured by activation or inhibition of c-Met phosphorylation in cells with and without stimulation with HGF.
  • Cells of a cell line such as A549 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 10 4 cells per well in a total volume of 100 ⁇ l/well DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3595). The plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which the medium is gently aspirated from each well of the plates and a volume of 100 ⁇ l/well DMEM added.
  • the plates are incubated at 37 0 C in a 5% COz atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which a sample of a purified antibody to be tested, 100 ⁇ l per well of the antibody or a dilution, is added to cells in the well diluted in DMEM.
  • a sample of an unrelated antibody having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants, or buffer, is added to designated wells.
  • the cells are incubated at 37 0 C for a short time period (e.g., 2 hours) or a longer time period (e.g., 24 hours). Where appropriate, cells are stimulated by the addition of HGF in serum-free DMEM media at a final concentration of 200 ng/well.
  • HGF is omitted from the test sample antibody wells.
  • HGF is included in the test sample antibody wells. Plates are further incubated for 10 min at 37 0 C, then the medium is gently aspirated from the wells of the plates.
  • the cells are washed with cold PBS containing and the solution is gently aspirated from the plates.
  • the cells are lysed with 50 ⁇ l lysis buffer (NP-40 Lysis buffer: 120 raM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 6mM EGTA, 2OmM NaF, 1 mM Benzamidine with freshly added 0.5 mM Na 3 VO 4, and 0.ImM PMSF) .
  • the plates are shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes, and are then stored at - 80 0 C until needed for ELISA.
  • An ELISA is used to determine c-Met phosphorylation levels.
  • Nunc-ImmunoTM Plate, MaxiSorbTM Surface VWR International AG, N°391-8786
  • wash buffer PBS-0.05%Tween Biorad #670-6531
  • 100 ⁇ l of c-Met monoclonal capture antibody (DO-24) in PBS is added.
  • the plates are incubated overnight at 4 0 C washed three times with PBS-0.05%Tween.
  • Non-specific binding sites are blocked with 200 ⁇ l/well 3% BSA in PBS-T for 2 hours at room temperature, with shaking. Immediately before use blocking solution is removed.
  • Frozen cell lysates are melted by shaking at room temperature and 40 ⁇ l of lysate is added to the Nunc-Immuno plates and the plates are incubated at 4 0 C for 4 hours. The plates are washed three times with PBS-T, and 50 ⁇ l/well of 0.2 ⁇ g/ml anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20- HRP (ZYMED, # 03-7722) in 3% bovine serum albumin-PBS-T. The plates are incubated overnight over night at 4°C.and washed three times with PBS-T.
  • the PBS-T is aspirated and 90 ⁇ l/ well alkaline phosphatase substrate (CDR-Star, TROPIX, #MS100RY) added and developed while gently shaking for 45 min at room temperature. The plates are read using a 96-well plate reader.
  • CDR-Star, TROPIX, #MS100RY alkaline phosphatase substrate
  • the data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated migration for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 9 herein.
  • the data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 0.166 nM, with a median value between 0.193 and 0.219 nM.
  • Example 8 Amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of genes optimized for expression
  • Variable light and heavy chain regions are optimized using a clone of a Fab and isolated by selection with phage display. Then the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the entire light and heavy chains of this and other clones are each optimized using these procedures. Optimization process for VH and V ⁇ chains
  • the codon usage is adapted to the codon bias of mammalian, especially H. sapiens, genes.
  • regions of very high (> 80%) or very low ( ⁇ 30%) GC content are reduced or eliminated where possible.
  • Codon usage is adapted to that of Mammals to enable higher and more stable expression rates in a mammalian cell for the resulting optimized amino acid sequences for the V H and V L chains of the clone described above.
  • Histograms may be used to show the percentages of sequence codons for each of the parental sequences and optimized genes respectively, and analyses the quality class of the respecting nucleotide sequences encoding the V H and V L . chains.
  • Quality value as used herein means that the most frequent codon used for a given amino acid in the desired expression system is set as 100, and the remaining codons are scaled accordingly to frequency of usage.
  • CAI codon adaptation index
  • the CAI for the Vu chain prior to optimization is found to be 0.73, and after optimization, the CAI is determined to be 0.95. Similarly, the CAI for the V H chain prior to optimization is found to be 0.74, and after optimization, is determined to be 0.98.
  • the optimization process is used to construct the light chain nucleotide sequences associated with the parent clone numbers. Further, the optimization process is used to construct the heavy chain nucleotide sequences associated with the parent clone numbers.

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Abstract

Antibodies and fragments that bind to the protein target c Met, particularly to epitopes located in the c Met extracellular domain, are provided, as are methods of use of the antibodies and kits, for treating an unwanted cell, in particular, a cell associated with a c Met-related condition such as a cancer, a metastasis, or an inflammatory condition.

Description

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE FOR ANTIBODIES OF c-Met
Technical field
[0001] The present invention relates to compositions containing antibodies that specifically bind to the protein target c-Met, methods of making these antibodies, and methods of use to treat proliferative conditions, such as cancers and metastases, and inflammatory conditions.
Background
[0002] The Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor, herein referred to as c-Met, is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be over-expressed and/or mutated in a variety of malignancies, specifically, a number of c-Met mutations are found in various solid phase tumors. The c-Met ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF), binds to c-Met in a pathway that is implicated in invasion and metastasis of tumor cells (Ma et al., 2003 Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22:309-325).
[0003] Interaction of HGF with c-Met initiates a cascade of intracellular events (Derman et al., 1996 J Biol Chem 23;271(8):4251-4255). Binding of HGF results in activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of c-Met and autophosphorylation of several tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain (Ma et al., 2003 Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22:309-325). Activation of the HGF/c-Met pathway results in a wide array of cellular responses including cell scattering, angiogenesis, proliferation, enhanced cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Antagonism may act to inhibit autophosphorylation and/or to induce internalization of the surface cMet, and/or to down regulate cMet activity.
[0004] Tumor cells can invade a tissue boundary, degrading and remodeling the surrounding extracellular matrix, such that the tumor cells can migrate through the extracellular matrix tissue boundary permitting dissemination and formation of metastases. HGF/c-Met signaling is a pathway that mediates normal and malignant invasive growth. Missense mutations of c-Met have been identified in a variety of cancers, with most mutations located in the kinase domain. Mutants are characterized by increased tyrosine kinase activity thereby promoting the biological actions of c-Met.
[0005] There is need for compositions and methods to treat cancers, metastasis of cancers and inflammatory conditions, such as agents that interfere with HGF/c-Met signaling in which c-Met activity contributes to invasion and/or metastasis.
Summary of the invention
[0006] The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is involved in the processes of migration, invasion and morphogenesis that accompany embryogenesis and tissue regeneration. Several lines of evidence have indicated that c-Met also plays a role in tumor pathogenesis. Activating germ line mutations within the kinase domain of c-Met are associated with development of hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Mutations within the kinase domain have also been reported, albeit rarely, in sporadic forms of PRCC, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and in gastric carcinoma. Elevated levels of c-Met, together with its unique ligand HGF/SF, are observed at high frequency in multiple clinically relevant tumors. A correlation between increased expression and disease progression, metastases and patient mortality has been reported in several cancers, including bladder, breast and gastric carcinoma as well as leiomyosarcoma and glioblastoma.. [0007] Antibodies of the invention specifically bind c-Met with high affinity and modulate the effect of c-Met of the disease. Antibodies that antagonize c-Met levels or activity are contemplated for treating proliferative diseases or inflammatory diseases. Proliferative diseases believed treatable by the antibodies of the invention include especially cancers. Antibodies that agonize c-Met levels or activity are contemplated for organ regeneration, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the like.
[0008] An embodiment of the invention herein provides an antibody that selectively binds to a c-Met protein, or an immunologically active portion of this antibody, or a functional antibody fragment. In one embodiment the antibody or immunologically active portion of this antibody is from a mammal, having an origin such as rodent, human or camelid, or is a humanized antibody. In a particular embodiment, the anti-c-Met antibody is characterized as having an antigen-binding region that is specific for target protein c-Met, and the antibody or functional fragment binds to c-Met or a fragment of c-Met. The antibody may be polyclonal or monoclonal. In certain embodiments, the antibody or immunologically active portion of this antibody is a monoclonal antibody. Further embodiement of the invention includes, e.g., a functional fragment, such as an antigen binding portion, or such a fragment provided on a non-traditional or non-immunoglobulin based scaffold or framework.
[0009] In another embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein, c-Met, with a KD of 2.0 x 10'5 M or less, 2.0 x 10"* M or less, 2.0 x 10'7 M or less, 2.0 x 10"8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10'9 M or less. In a related embodiment the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody has an off rate (Koff) for target protein c-Met of 1.0 x 10'2per sec or smaller, 1.0 x 10'3 per sec or smaller, 1 x 10"4 per sec or smaller, or 1.0 x 10'5 per sec or smaller. In a related embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met with a KD of 2.0 x 10"5 M or less, 2.0 x 10"6 M or less, 2.0 x 10"7 M or less, 2.0 x 10"8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10"9 M or less, and inhibits HGF binding to c-Met. In a related embodiment, the antibody or functional fragment thereof antagonizes cMet activity.
[00010] In certain embodiments, the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met and modulates, i.e., either activates (agonizes) or inhibits (antagonizes), c-Met activity, including but not limited to phosphorylation, especially autophosphorylation. In certain embodiments, agonism or activation of c-Met phosphorylation stimulates at least one of an activity selected from the group of organ regeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In a related embodiment, the organ is kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, stomach, intestine, skin, thymus, or thyroid.
[00011] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody of the invention antagonized cMet, wherein antagonism results in at least one activity selected from: inhibition of cellular proliferation, inhibition of cell migration, inhibition of cell survival, inhibition of metastasis and/or inhibition of HGS binding or from induction of cMet internalization. In most embodiments, the cMet antibody antagonist of the invention may be used in the treatment of a proliferative disease, especially a cancer or inflammatory disease.
[00012] In a related embodiment, the binding is determined by one or more assays that can be used to measure an activity which is either antagonism or agonism by the antibody. The assays measure at least one of the effects of the antibody on a c-Met iigand that include at least: induction of an activity of c-Met signal transduction pathway enzyme; induction of expression of a c-Met signal transduction pathway gene; electrochemi luminescence-based direct binding to c-Met; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of binding to c-Met; and proliferation, survival, migration or metastasis of a cell. Whether the antibody has an antagonistic or an agonistic effect is determined by comparing results to controls lacking the HGF natural ligand. Thus an antagonistic antibody blocks cMet induction even in the presence of HGF, while an agonistic antibody causes induction in the absence of HGF.
[00013] In another embodiment, the invention provides isolated amino acid and nucleotide sequences providing antibodies and the encoding isolated nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 85-88. In a related embodiment, the invention provides isolated amino acid sequences encoded by these nucleotide sequences, respectively, and conservative variants of these amino acid sequences. In another related embodiment, the isolated nucleotide sequence of each of SEQ IDNOs: 1-20 encodes an amino acid sequence of antigen binding light chain. In still another related embodiment, the isolated nucleotide sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 encodes an amino acid sequence of an antigen binding heavy chain. [00014] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89-96, and conservative variants of these sequences. In a related embodiment, the isolated amino acid sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 31- 54 includes an antigen binding light chain. In another related embodiment, the isolated amino acid sequence of each of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 includes an antigen binding heavy chain. [00015] In a certain embodiment, the invention provides an isolated amino acid sequence having at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89- 96. In a related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 89-96.
[00016] In still another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region of any of these antibodies, or a functional fragment of any of these antibodies. Thus in certain embodiments, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20. In related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30. In another related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20, and a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-34. [00017] In a related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 31-54. In another related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a heavy chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72. In yet another related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having a light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54 and conservative variants these sequences, and a heavy chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and conservative variants these sequences.
[00018] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig lambda light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ED NO: 73. In a related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig kappa light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76. [00019] In a further embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig lambda light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 77-80. In another related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antigen-binding region having an Ig kappa light chain with an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84.
[00020] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment of the antibody, the antibody having an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope found in c-Met protein, such that the antibody or functional fragment binds to c-Met surface receptors on a cell, and prevents or ameliorates development or metastasis of a cancer. In a related embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antibody or functional fragment having an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of the target protein c-Met, the epitope containing one or more amino acid residues of an extracellular domain (ECD) of c-Met. In a related embodiment, the epitope is a conformational epitope. [00021] In yet another embodiment, the isolated antibody or functional fragment as described above is a Fab or scFv antibody fragment, or is a camelid nanobody. The Fab or scFv in certain embodiments are monovalent. The monovalent nature of the antibody is particularly suitable for an agent designed to antagonize c-Met protein. In a certain embodiment, any of the IgG antibodies is an IgG. In a related embodiment, any of the above antibodies is an IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or an IgG4. In a particular embodiment, the IgG is an IgG4. In a more specific embodiment, the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88. In yet another related embodiment, the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88. In a further related embodiment, the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96 and conservative variants of these sequences. Alternatively, the anti-c-Met antibody herein is an IgA, an IgD. an IgE or an IgM. [00022] In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the above antibodies or functional fragments or conservative variants of these antibodies, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of it. [00023] In still another embodiment, the invention provides a transgenic animal or a transgenic cell carrying a gene encoding any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of them.
[00024] In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating a c-Met related disorder or condition, which involves administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of the above pharmaceutical compositions. The disorder or condition is a cancer or an inflammatory condition.
[00025] In one embodiment, the cancer is esophageal, breast, kidney including but not limited to papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastric, gastrointestinal, stomach, colon, intestine, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, or prostate, as well as other tumors known to one skilled in the art.. In a particular embodiment, the cancer is liver or esophageal or is a sarcoma. More particularly, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, stomach cancer, genital cancer, urinary cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer (superficial and muscle invasive), breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma (including glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including childhood HCC, head and neck cancer (including head and neck squamous-cel! carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Hurthle cell carcinoma, epithelial cancer, skin cancer, melanoma including malignant melanoma, mesothelioma, lymphoma, myeloma including multiple myeloma, leukemias, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (including all histological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, "and adenosqiiamous mixed type), small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell cancer including hereditary and sporadic papillary renal cell cancer, Type I and Type II, and clear cell'renal cell cancer; sarcomas, in particular osteosarcomas, clear cell sarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas
(including alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, alveolar soft part sarcomas); thyroid carcinoma (papillary and other subtypes).
[00026] In a given embodiment, one exemplary inflammatory condition is due to an . infection. In one embodiment, the method of treatment would be to block pathogen infection. In a particular embodiment, the infection is a bacterial infections, including, e.g., a Listeria infection.
See, e.g., Shen et al. Cell 103: 501-10, (2000). Not meaning to be limited to a mechanism of action, it is thought that bacteria use a c-Met binding protein to internalize itself. Antibodies of the invention would block this interaction, thereby preventing internalization. In another embodiment, the treatment stimulates a cellular response, e.g., a wound healing response.
[00027] In certain embodiments, any of the above methods involve further administering a chemotherapeutic agent. In a related embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent. Specific combinations are provided throughout the application.
[00028] In a related embodiment, any of the above methods involve further administering a pathway specific inhibitor. The pathway specific inhibitor may be a chemotherapeutic agent or may be a biologic agent, e.g., such as antibodies. Pathway specific inhibitors include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of EGFR, VEGFR, etc.
[00029] In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating an unwanted cell that involves contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies. In a related embodiment, the cell bears c-Met on the cell surface. In another related embodiment, the above method further involves treating the cell with a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
[00030] In an embodiment related to several of the above methods, following administering to the subject or contacting the cell, these methods can further involve observing amelioration or retardation of development or metastasis of the cancer.
[00031] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for identifying a cell bearing the c-Met surface receptor, the method involving contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments such that the antibodies or functional fragments have a detectable label. For example, the label is radioactive, fluorescent, magnetic, paramagnetic, or chemiluminescent. In a related embodiment, the above method further involves a step of imaging or separating the cell. For example, separating the cell is isolating the c-Met-bearing cell away from a larger population of cells. [00032] In another embodiment, the above human or humanized antibody or antibody fragment is a synthetic antibody, for example, a polypeptide produced by a solid phase amino acid synthesizer.
[00033] In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that includes any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies and an additional therapeutic agent. The additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anticancer agent; an antibiotic; an anti-inflammatory agent; a growth factor; and a cytokine. [00034] The invention further relates to a method of preventing or treating proliferative diseases or diseases, such as a cancer, in a mammal, particularly a human, with a combination of pharmaceutical agents which comprises:
(a) a c-Met antagonist of the invention; and
(b) one or more pharmaceutically active agents; wherein at least one pharmaceutically active agent is an anti-cancer therapeutic.
[00035] The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising:
(a) a c-Met antibody antagonist;
(b) a pharmaceutically active agent; and
(c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein at least one pharmaceutically active agent is an anti-cancer therapeutic. [00036] The present invention further relates to a commercial package or product comprising:
(a) a pharmaceutical formulation of a c-Met antibody antagonist; and
(b) a pharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically active agent for simultaneous, concurrent, separate or sequential use; wherein at least one pharmaceutically active agent is an anti-cancer therapeutic. [00037] In a certain embodiment, the invention provides an isolated antibody having a first amino acid sequence which is a heavy chain such as SEQ ID NOs: 55-72, or a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72; and a second amino acid sequence which is a light chain such as SEQ ID NOs: 31-54, or a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 % sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54.
[00038] In still another embodiment, the invention provides an immunoconjugate having a first component which is an antibody or fragment as described above and a second component which is a second amino acid sequence. For example, the second compound of the immunoconjugate is a cytotoxin, or is a binding protein or antibody having a binding specificity for a target that is different from c-Met. For example, the target of the binding specificity different from c-Met is a tumor antigen or tumor-associated protein on a surface of a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the invention provides any of the above antibodies as a bispecific antibody. [00039] In another embodiment, the invention provides a kit having any of the above antibodies or antibody fragments. In some embodiments, the kit further contains a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient of it. In other related embodiments, any of the above antibodies in the kit is present in a unit dose. In yet another related embodiment, the kit includes instructions for use in administering any of the above antibodies, or functional fragments of these antibodies, to a subject, or for research use or screening.
[00040] Therapeutic agents that antagonize cMet activity would be predicted to have a beneficial impact on treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant tumors. Included in the invention are fully human antibodies that directly binds to the extracellular domain of c-Met and blocks interaction with HGF/SF.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[00041] FIG. 1 is a sequence alignment of the VH chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain. [00042] FIG. 2 is a sequence alignment of the VL lambda chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain. [00043] FIG. 3 is a sequence alignment of the VL kappa chains of the invention, further delimiting the FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3 and FR4 regions of each chain.
Detailed description of the invention
[00044] The present invention relates to isolated antibodies, particularly antibodies having a human or humanized amino acid sequence, that bind specifically to c-Met, specifically to an extracellular portion of the c-Met protein and that inhibit functional properties of c-Met. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are derived from particular heavy and light chain sequences and/or comprise particular structural features such as CDR regions comprising particular amino acid sequences. The invention provides isolated antibodies, methods of making such antibodies, assays for detecting such antibodies, immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules comprising such antibodies and pharmaceutical compositions containing the antibodies, immunoconjugates or bispecific molecules of the invention. The invention also relates to methods of using the antibodies to inhibit, i.e., antagonize, function of c-Met in order to inhibit development of a disorder or condition associated with the presence of cell receptor target c-Met resulting in the treatment of a proliferative disease, e.g., a cancer or an inflammatory condition. The invention in a different embodiment also relates to antibodies that activate, i.e., agonize, c-Met phosphorylation, and methods of use of agonistic antibodies, which stimulate, for example, organ regeneration, wound healing, or tissue regeneration.
[00045] In a given embodiment, inflammatory condition is an infection. In one embodiment, the method of treatment would be to block pathogen infection. In a particular embodiment, the infection is a bacterial infections, including, e.g., a Listeria infection. [00046] In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are defined to have the meanings here, except as otherwise required by the context. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[00047] A "c-Met polypeptide" or "c-Met receptor" or "c-Met" refers to the receptor tyrosine kinase that binds Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Specific examples include, e.g., a human polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence provided in GenBank accno. NM_000245, or the human protein encoded by the polypeptide sequence provided in GenBank accno. NP_000236, or the extracellular domain of thereof. The primary single chain precursor protein is post- translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor. The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is involved in cell processes, including, e.g., the processes of migration, invasion and morphogenesis that accompany embryogenesis and tissue regeneration.
[00048] The phrase "c-Met related disorder or condition" refers to any disease, disorder or condition that results from undesired expression or lack of expression, undesired regulation or lack of regulation, or undesired activity or lack of activity, of c-Met, or that may be modulated, treated, or cured by modulating c-Met expression or activity. For example, activation of the HGF/c-Met pathway can be expected in a large proportion of cancer patients, or in patients whose disease is really driven by alterations related to the c-Met pathway. For example, up-regulation may be due to different mechanisms like overexpression of HGF and/or c-Met, or constitutive activation by c-Met mutation. A c-Met related disorder or condition includes, but is not limited to, e.g., proliferative diseases and disorders and inflammatory diseases and disorders. Proliferative diseases include but are not limited to, e.g., cancers including, e.g., gastric, esophageal, breast, kidney including papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, and prostate, as well as other tumors known to one skilled in the art. Inflammatory diseases include, but are not limited to, e.g., bacterial infection including, e.g., by Listeria. Further disorders are described herein and, e.g., in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ("OMIM") entries for, e.g., Met proto-oncogene in OMIN accno. 164860 and for Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Scatter Factor in OMIM accno. 142409. Other examples will be known to those skilled in the art, e.g., as reviewed by Corso et al., TRENDS in MoI. Med. 11(6): 2841 (2005) and Christensen et al., Cancer Letts. 225: 1-26 (2005), both of which are incorporated by reference. [00049] The term "immune response" refers to any activity of lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, phagocytic cells, granulocytes, and soluble macromolecules produced by these cells or by the liver (including production and/or secretion of antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective binding to, damage to, destruction of, or elimination from the human body of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancerous cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues. [00050] A "signal transduction pathway" refers to a biochemical causal relationship generally initiated by a protein-protein interaction such as binding of a growth factor to a receptor, resulting in transmission of a signal from one portion of a cell to another portion of a cell. In general, the transmission involves specific phosphorylation of one or more tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues on one or more proteins in the series of reactions causing signal transduction. Penultimate processes typically include nuclear events, resulting in a change in gene expression. [00051] A "surface receptor" includes, for example, molecules and complexes of molecules capable of receiving a signal and capable of the transmission of such a signal across the plasma membrane of a cell. An example of a cell surface receptor of the present invention is c-Met, to which a growth factor protein molecule binds e.g., a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). [00052] The term "antibody" encompasses any moiety having imrnuπoglobin-like binding function. The term includes whole antibody molecules and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., "antigen-binding portion") or single chains thereof, camelid antibodies including, e.g., nanobodies, phage-display binding constructs, and the like. A naturally occurring antibody is a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CHl, CH2 and CH3. There are only two types of light chain: lambda and kappa. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). As found in nature, each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs arranged from amino- terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRl, CDRl, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (CIq) of the classical complement system. An antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal. [00053] The term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody (or simply "antigen portion") refers to full length or one or more fragments of an antibody having the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., a portion of c-Met). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody molecule. Examples of binding fragments containing an antigen-binding portion of an antibody include a Fab fragment, which is a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; a F(ab)2 fragment, which is a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; a Fd fragment having the VH and CHl domains; a Fv fragment having the VL and VH domains of a single amino acid sequence of an antibody chain; a dAb fragment (Ward et al., 1989 Nature 341 :544-546), which has a VH domain; and an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). [00054] Reference to an antibody fragments that contain the antigen-binding portions may contemplate the isolated fragment or conjugated to chemical or biological moieties, or to fragments attached to non-traditional immunoglobul in-derived frameworks or scaffolds, including but not limited to, e.g., ankyrins, fibronectins, domain antibodies, Hpocalin, small modular immuno- pharmaceuticals, maxybodies, nanobodies, protein A, affilin, gamma-crystallin and ubiquitin, and other contemplated scaffolds known to one skilled in the art.
[00055] Furthermore, although in a naturally occurring antibody molecule there are two chains having Fv domains, VL and VH, which are encoded by separate genes, they can be joined using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be recombinantly expressed as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions form one monovalent molecule (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al., 1988 Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also encompassed within the term antigen-binding portion of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those of skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies or other fragments thereof.
[00056] An "isolated antibody" refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds to a determinant that is a set of amino acids on c-Met is substantially free of antibodies that bind specifically and substantially to antigens other than c-Met). An isolated antibody that specifically binds to a c-Met protein such as human c-Met may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as to c-Met molecules from other species, or to proteins having a high amount of homology to a human c-Met amino acid sequence. Moreover, an isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals.
[00057] The terms "monoclonal antibody" or "monoclonal antibody composition" refer to a preparation of antibody molecules, all of which share a single molecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition thus displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.
[00058] As used herein, the term "polyclonal antibody" refers to an antibody composition having a heterogeneous antibody population. Polyclonal antibodies are often derived from the pooled serum from immunized animals or from selected humans.
[00059] The term "human antibody", as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable regions in which at least one and generally both the framework and CDR regions are derived from sequences of human origin. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from such human sequences, e.g., human germline sequences, or mutated versions of human germline sequences. The human antibodies of the invention may include amino acid residues not encoded by human sequences (e.g., mutations such as substitutions introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). [00060] The term "human monoclonal antibody" refers to antibodies displaying a single binding specificity which have variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human sequences. In one embodiment, the human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic nonhuman animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a heavy chain transgene, generally of human origin, and a light chain transgene, generally of human origin, fused to an immortalized cell, generally of human origin.
[00061] The term "recombinant human antibody", as used herein, includes human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the human antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of all or a portion of one or more human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable regions in which the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies can be subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis), so that the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo. [00062] As used herein, "isotype" refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgA, IgD, IgM, IgE, or
IgG such as IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or IgG4) that is provided by the heavy chain constant region genes. [00063] The phrases "an antibody recognizing an antigen" and " an antibody specific for an antigen" are used interchangeably herein with the term "an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen."
[00064] As used herein, an antibody that "specifically binds to human c-Met" is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to human c-Met with a KD of 2.0 x 10's M or less, 2.O x 10"6 M or less, 2.0 x 10'7 M or less, 2.0 x 10'8 M or less, or 2.0 x 10"9 M or less. As used herein, the term
"cross-reactivity" refers to an antibody or population of antibodies binding to epitopes on other antigens. This can be caused either by low avidity or specificity of the antibody or by multiple distinct antigens having identity or very similar epitopes. Cross reactivity is sometimes desirable when one wants general binding to a related group of antigens or when attempting cross-species labeling if the antigen epitope sequence is not highly conserved in evolution.
[00065] An antibody that "cross-reacts with an antigen other than human c-Met" refers to an antibody that binds that antigen with a KD of 0.5 x 10"7 M or less, 5 x 10"8 M or less, or 2 x 10"9 M or less. An antibody that "does not cross-react with a particular antigen" is intended to refer to an antibody that binds to that antigen, if at all, with a KD of 1.5 x 10"8 M or greater, or a KD of 5-10 x
10'7 M or 5 x 1 O*6 M or greater. In certain embodiments, such antibodies that do not cross-react with the antigen exhibit essentially undetectable binding against these proteins in standard binding assays.
[00066] As used herein, an antibody that "inhibits binding to c-Met" refers to an antibody that inhibits HGF/SF ligand binding to the c-Met surface receptor with a K1 of 10 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 1 nM or less, 0.75 nM or less, 0.5 nM or less, or 0.25 nM or less.
[00067] As used herein, an antibody that "inhibits c-Met signal transduction activity" is intended to refer to an antibody that inhibits c-Met induced proliferative activity or other induced activity with an IC50 less than 10 nM, 5 nM, 2.5 nM, 1.0 nM, 0.5 nM, or less.
[00068] The term "Kassoc" or "Ka", as used herein, is intended to refer to the association rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, and the term "Kd,s" or "KD," as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. The term "KD", as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of Kj to Ka
(i.e. KVKa) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M). KD values for antibodies can be determined using methods well established in the art. A method for determining the KD of an antibody is by using surface plasmon resonance, or using a biosensor system such as a Biacore® system.
[00069] As used herein, the term "agonist antibody" or "activating antibody" is intended to refer to an antibody that increases one or more c-Met induced activities by at least 20%-40% when added to a cell, tissue or organism expressing c-Met. In some embodiments, the antibody activates c-Met activity by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100% or greater than 100%. In some embodiments, an agonist antibody of the invention increases at least one activity of c-Met by 10-fold. Generally, this increase is observed in the absence of the biological inducer, HGF. However, in some embodiments, such as in a control for an assay, the activating antibody is added in the presence of HGF.
[00070] As used herein, the term "affinity" refers to the strength of interaction between antibody and a portion of the antigen known as the "epitope", at a single antigenic site. Within each antigenic site, the variable region of the antibody "arm" interacts through weak non-covalent forces with antigen at numerous atomic locations or amino acid residue atoms of the antibody; generally, the larger the number of such interactions, the stronger the affinity of the antibody for the antigen. [00071] As used herein, the term "avidity" refers to an informative measure of the overall stability or strength of the antibody-antigen complex. It is controlled by three major factors: antibody-epitope affinity; the valence of each of the antigen and antibody; and the structural arrangement or three-dimensional configuration of these interacting parts. Ultimately these factors define the specificity of the antibody, that is, the likelihood that the particular antibody binds to a precise antigen epitope and the stability and duration of the bond.
[00072] In order to obtain a probe having a higher avidity, a dimeric conjugate (two molecules of an antibody protein or polypeptide coupled to a FACS marker) can be constructed, thus making low affinity interactions (such as with a germline antibody) more readily detected by FACS. Another means to increase the avidity of antigen binding involves generating dimers or multimers of any of the constructs described herein of the c-Met antibodies. Such multimers may be generated through covalent binding between individual modules, for example, by imitating the natural C-to-N- terminus binding or by imitating antibody dimers that are held together through their constant regions. The bonds engineered into the Fc/Fc interface may be covalent or non-covalent. In addition, dimerizing or multimerizing partners other than Fc can be used in constructing anti-c-Met antibody hybrids such as bi-functional antibodies, to create such higher order structures. [00073] As used herein, the term "high affinity" for an IgG antibody refers to an antibody having a KD of 1 O*8 M or less, 10"9 M or less, or 10"10 M or less for a target antigen. However, "high affinity" binding can vary for other antibody isotypes. For example, "high affinity" binding for an IgM isotype refers to an antibody having a KD of 10"7 M or less, or 10"8 M or less. [00074] As used herein, the term "subject" includes any mammal, including a human, or a nonhuman mammal, or other animal.
[00075] The term "nonhuman animal" includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals, such as nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows, and non-mammals such as birds, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
[00076] The term, "optimized" means that a nucleotide sequence has been altered to encode an amino acid sequence using codons that are preferred in the production cell or organism, generally a eukaryotic cell, for example, a cell of a yeast such as Pichia, a mammalian cell such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cell (CHO) or a human cell. The optimized nucleotide sequence is engineered to retain completely or as much as possible the amino acid sequence encoded by the original starting nucleotide sequence, which is also known as the "parental" sequence. The optimized sequences herein have been engineered to have codons with nucleotide sequences that are preferred in human cells, however optimized expression of these sequences in other eukaryotic cells is also envisioned herein. The amino acid sequences of antibodies herein encoded by optimized nucleotide sequences are also referred to as optimized.
[00077] Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections.
[00078] Standard assays to evaluate the binding ability of the antibodies toward c-Met of various species are known in the art, including for example, ELISAs, western blots and RIAs. Suitable assays are known to ones skilled in the art. See, e.g., F. Ausubel, et al., ed. 2006, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York. The binding kinetics (e.g., binding affinity) of the antibodies also can be assessed by standard assays known in the art, such as by Biacore analysis. Assays to evaluate the effects of the antibodies on functional properties of c-Met (e.g., inducing internalization of the receptor, inhibiting growth factor binding to c-Met, inhibiting cMet autophosphorylation, inhibiting cMet pathway activation, thereby preventing or ameliorating proliferation, or kinase assays) are described in herein. [00079] Accordingly, an antibody that "inhibits" one or more of these c-Met functional properties (e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like) as determined according to methodologies known to the art and described herein, relates to a statistically significant antagonism or decrease in the particular activity relative to that seen in the absence of the antibody (e.g., or in the presence of a control antibody of irrelevant specificity). An antibody that inhibits c-Met activity effects such a statistically significant decrease by at least 10% of the measured parameter, by at least 50%, 80% or 90%, and in certain embodiments an antibody of the invention may inhibit greater than 95%, 98% or 99% of c-Met functional activity. Generally, the decrease of activity is measured following an induction event, such as addition of HGF.
[00080] Alternatively, an antibody that "agonizes" one or more of these c-Met functional properties (e.g., biochemical, immunochemical, cellular, physiological or other biological activities, or the like) as determined according to methodologies known to the art and described herein, relates to a statistically significant increase in the particular activity relative to that seen in the absence of the antibody (e.g., or in the presence of a control antibody of irrelevant specificity). An antibody that stimulates or agonizes c-Met activity effects such a statistically significant increase by at least 10% of the measured parameter, by at least 50%, 80% or 90%, and in certain embodiments an antibody of the invention may agonize greater than 95%, 98% or 99% or greater, of c-Met functional activity.
Recombinant antibodies
[00081] Antibodies of the invention are the recombinant antibodies, isolated and structurally characterized as described in the Examples. The VH nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 respectively. Tables C-E provide examples of VH nucleotide sequences of different antibodies of the invention.. The VL nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 respectively. (Tables C-E provide examples of VL nucleotide sequences of different antibodies of the invention). The Ig lambda and kappa light chain nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 73-76 and in Tables C-E. The lgG4 nucleotide sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 and in Tables C-E. Other antibodies of the invention include nucleotides that have been mutated, yet have at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with the sequences described above.
[00082] The VH amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 respectively and in Tables A-B and E. The VL amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 31-54 respectively and in Tables A-B and E. The Ig lambda light chain amino acid sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 respectively and in Tables A-B and E. The Ig kappa light chain amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 respectively and in Tables A-B and E. The IgG4 amino acid sequences of the antibodies are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 89-96 respectively and in Tables A-B and E. Additional antibodies of the invention include amino acids that have been mutated, and retain at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with the sequences described above.
[00083] Since each of these antibodies can bind to a site on an extracellular portion of c-Met, the VH / VL (nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences), VH / Ig lambda light chain (nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences), and VH / Ig kappa light chain (nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences) can be "mixed and matched" to yield additional combinations of anti-c-Met binding molecules of the invention. c-Met binding of such antibodies can be tested using the binding assays described above and in the Examples (e.g., ELlSAs). The VH, VL, Ig lambda light chain, and Ig kappa light chain sequences of the antibodies of the present invention are particularly amenable for novel combinations, since these antibodies use VH, VL, Ig lambda light chain, and Ig Kappa light chain sequences derived from the same or similar germline sequences and thus exhibit structural similarity.
[00084] Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72; and a light chain variable region (VL)comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54; wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
[00085] Examples of heavy and light chain combinations include at least: a VH of SEQ ID
NO: 65 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 32; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 66 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 34; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 67 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 37; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 68 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 69 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 51 ; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 70 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 52; or a VH of SEQ IDNO: 71 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 53; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 72 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 54; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 55 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 31 ; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 58 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 36; or a VH of SEQ IDNO: 61 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 41 ; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 62 and a VL of SEQ ID NO: 45. Tables A-B illustrate examples of "mixed and matched" pairings of VH and VL amino acid sequences of different antibodies of the invention. FIGs. 1-3 are tables illustrating examples of a VH and VL amino acid sequence illustrating FR and CDR regions that may be provided on alternative scaffolds to provide constructs having same or similar cMet antagonistic activity as the antibodies herein. [00086] Accordingly, in another aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a Ig lambda light chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
[00087] Examples of VH / Ig lambda light chain combinations include at least: a VH of SEQ
ID NO: 66 and an Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 77; or a VH of SEQ ID NO: 65 and an Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 78; or a VH region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69 an Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 79; or a VH region of SEQ ID NO: 70 and an Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 80.
[00088] Accordingly, in another aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a VH region comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a Ig kappa light chain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 wherein the antibody specifically binds c-Met.
[00089] Examples of VH / Ig kappa light chain combinations include at least: a VH region of
SEQ ID NO: 71 and an Ig kappa light chain of SEQ ID NO: 81 ; or a VH region of SEQ ID NO: 68 and an Ig kappa light chain of SEQ ID NO: 82; or a VH region of SEQ ID NO: 67 and an Ig kappa light chain of SEQ ID NO: 83; or a VH region of SEQ ID NO: 72 and an Ig kappa light chain of SEQ ID NO: 84.
[00090] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a VH chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and a VL chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20.
[00091] Thus examples of heavy and light chain combinations include at least: a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 ; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 ; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 ; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain, variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and a light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. See Tables A-B illustrate examples of "mixed and matched" pairings of VH and VL nucleotide sequences of different antibodies of the invention for further examples of pairings of VH and VL nucleotide sequences.
[00092] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a VH chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and an Ig lambda light chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 73. [00093] Thus an example of a VH / Ig lambda light chain combination includes: a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23 and an Ig lambda light chain comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
[00094] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody or antigen binding portion thereof having at least: a VH chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30 and an Ig kappa light chain comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76. [00095] Thus examples of VH and Ig kappa light chain combinations include at least: a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; or a VH region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and an Ig kappa light chain variable region comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.
[00096] As used herein, a human antibody comprises heavy or light chain variable regions that are "the product of or "derived from" a particular germline sequence if the variable regions of the antibody are obtained from a system that uses human germline immunoglobulin genes. Such systems include immunizing a transgenic mouse carrying human immunoglobulin genes with the antigen of interest, or screening a human immunoglobulin gene library displayed on phage with the antigen of interest. A human antibody that is the product of or derived from a human germline immunoglobulin sequence can be identified as such by comparing the amino acid sequence of the human antibody to the amino acid sequences of human germline immunoglobulins and selecting the human germline immunoglobulin sequence that is closest in sequence (i.e., greatest % identity) to the sequence of the human antibody. A human antibody that is the product of or derived from a particular human germline immunoglobulin sequence may contain amino acid differences as compared to the germline sequence. Such differences are due to, for example, at least one naturally occurring somatic mutations or an intentionally introduction of site-directed mutation. However, a selected human antibody typically is at least 90% identical in amino acids sequence to an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline immunoglobulin gene and contains amino acid residues that identify the human antibody as being of human origin when compared to the germline immunoglobulin amino acid sequences of other species (e.g., murine germline sequences). In certain cases, a human antibody may be at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or at least 95%, or even at least 96%, 91%, 98%, or 99% identity in amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence encoded by a germline immunoglobulin gene. Typically, a human antibody derived from a particular human germline sequence will display no more than 10 amino acid differences from the amino acid sequence encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin gene. In certain cases, the human antibody may display no more than 5, or even no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid difference from the amino acid sequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulin gene. Identity antibodies
[00097] In yet another embodiment, an antibody of the invention has at least variable region heavy and light chain nucleotide sequences, or variable region heavy and light chain amino acid sequences, or Ig lambda nucleotide sequences, or Ig lambda amino acid sequences, or Ig kappa nucleotide sequences, or Ig kappa amino acid sequences or IgG4 nucleotide sequences, or IgG4 amino acid sequences that have homology or identity to the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the antibodies described herein, and wherein the antibodies retain the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention, i.e., demonstrate the parental functional activity or activities. The parental functional activities can be antagonistic or agonistic. In most embodiments, the activity is antagonistic.
[00098] For example, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a VH region and a light chain variable region, such that the VH region comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72, the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs: 31-54, wherein the antibody specifically binds to c-Met and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional antagonistic properties: the antibody induces internalization of the cMet receptor or the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, or the antibody inhibits autophosphorylation of c-Met thereby preventing activation of the c-Met pathway, or the antibody inhibits cMet pathway upregulation resulting from signal transduction, or the antibody inhibits c-Met binding, thereby preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, and especially preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis.
[00099] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is responsive and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response. In one embodiment, the cellular response is a wound healing response.
[000100] In a further example, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80. In further embodiments, the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties: the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet receptor, the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, with such inhibition thereby preventing activation of the receptor, e.g., preventing pathway upregulation resulting from cMet activation and/or signal transduction, or the antibody preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, or the antibody antagonizes c-Met activity, thereby preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis.
[000101] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response. [000102] • In another example, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain wherein: the Ig kappa light chain has an amino acid sequence that has at .least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular ■ response. •
[000103] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, br antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4 such that the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agonistic, and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000104] In various embodiments, the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the antagonistic functional properties discussed herein. The antibody can be, for example, a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
[000105] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a VH region and a light chain variable region, such that the VH region is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30; the light chain variable region is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000106] In a further example, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 73; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agonistic and activates- c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000107] ' In another example, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain wherein: the Ig kappa light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000108] In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated recombinant antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4 in which the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is at least 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88; the encoded antibody specifically binds to c-Met, and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided above and throughout the specification. In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agnoistic, and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000109] In various embodiments, the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three of the antagonistic functional properties discussed herein. The antibody can be, for example, a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
[000110] In other embodiments, the VH and/or VL amino acid sequences may be 50%, 60%,
70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequences set forth above. An antibody having VH and VL regions having high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the VH and VL regions of SEQ ID NOs: 31-72 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[0001 11] In other embodiments, the variable regions of heavy chain and/or light chain nucleotide sequences may be 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequences set forth above. An antibody having a variable region heavy chain and light chain having high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the variable region heavy chains of SEQ ID NO: 21-30 and variable region light chains of SEQ ID NO: 1-20 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 1- 30 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[000112] In other embodiments, the Ig lambda light chain amino acid sequences may be 50%,
60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequences set forth above. An antibody having a Ig lambda light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig lambda light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein. [000113] In other embodiments, the Ig lambda light chain nucleotide sequence may be 60%,
70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequence set forth above. An antibody having an Ig lambda light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig lambda light chain of SEQ ID NO: 73 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[000114] In other embodiments, the Ig kappa light chain amino acid sequences may be 50%,
60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequences set forth above. An antibody having a Ig kappa light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig kappa light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 81-84, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[000115] In other embodiments, the Ig kappa light chain nucleotide sequence may be 60%,
70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical or homologous to the sequence set forth above. An antibody having an Ig kappa light chain with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the Ig kappa light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site- directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 74-76 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[000116] In other embodiments, the antibody that is an IgG4 may be 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequences set forth above. An IgG4 with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the IgG4 compositions of SEQ IDNOs: 89-96 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of the nucleic acid molecules encoding SEQ ID NOs: 89-96, followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody derived by mutagenesis for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein.
[000117] In other embodiments, the antibody is an IgG4 that is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%,
96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence set forth above. An IgG4 with high (i.e., 80% or greater) identity to the IgG4's of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 respectively, can be obtained by mutagenesis (e.g., site-directed or PCR-mediated mutagenesis) of nucleic acid molecules comprising SEQ ID NOs: 85-88 followed by testing of the encoded altered antibody for retained function (i.e., the functions set forth above) using the functional assays described herein. [000118] As used herein, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences is equivalent to the percent identity between the two sequences, and these terms are used interchangeably herein. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % homology = # of identical positions/total # of positions x 100), taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples below. [000119] The percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4:11-17, 1988) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. MoI, Biol.48:444-453, 1970) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[000120] Additionally or alternatively, the protein sequences of the present invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the XBLAST program (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al., 1990 J.Mol. Biol.215:403-10. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score = 50, wordlength = 3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the antibody molecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997 Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See http:lwww.ncbi.nhn.nih.gov.
[000121] Conditions which will permit nucleotide sequences to hybridize to the nucleotide sequences shown herein, can be determined in accordance with known techniques. Hybridization of nucleotide sequences are carried out under conditions of reduced stringency, medium stringency or even stringent conditions. Exemplary low stringency conditions are a buffer containing 35-40% formamide with 5* Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and IxSSPE at 37° C. Exemplary medium stringency conditions are a buffer containing 40-45% formamide with 5*Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS, and 1 x SSPE at 42°C. Exemplary high stringency conditions are a buffer containing 50% formamide with 5* Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 1 xSSPE at 42°C or higher temperature, depnding on the percent G + C and length of the polynucleotides. See J. Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). [000122] Hybridization of nucleotide sequences under any of the above exemplary stringency conditions is performed in solution and collected on a filter. Alternatively, hybridization of nucleotide sequences under any of the above exemplary stringency conditions is performed in gels, e.g. Southern Blotting. Antibodies with conservative modifications
[000123] In certain embodiments, an antibody of the invention has a VH region including sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a light chain variable region including sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54, such that one or more of these sequences have specified amino acid sequences based on the antibodies described herein or conservative modifications thereof, and the antibodies have the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. Accordingly, the invention provides an isolated antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having a VH chain and a VL chain such that the VH chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and conservative modifications thereof; and the VL chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the following functional properties: the antibody activates induces internalization of the cMet receptor, the antibody inhibits binding of a protein growth factor to c-Met, with such inhibition thereby preventing activation of the receptor, e.g., preventing pathway upregulation resulting from cMet activation and/or signal transduction, or the antibody preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation, cell survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology, or the antibody antagonizes c-Met activity, thereby preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis.
[000124] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000125] In certain embodiments, an antibody of the invention is an Ig lambda light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, such that one or more of these sequences have amino acid sequences derived from the amino acid sequences of the antibodies described herein, having conservative modifications thereof, such that the derived antibodies retain the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. Accordingly, the invention provides an isolated parental antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig lambda light chain such that the Ig lambda light chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional antagonistic properties described herein.
[000126] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response. [000127] In other embodiments, the invention provides an antibody with an Ig kappa light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84, such that one or more of these antibodies have an amino acid sequence derived from the antibodies described herein, having conservative modifications thereof, and wherein the antibodies demonstrate the functional properties of the parent anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. Accordingly, the invention provides an isolated monoclonal antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, having an Ig kappa light chain such that the Ig kappa light chain has amino acid sequences selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 81-84 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional properties provided herein. [000128] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000129] In other embodiments, an antibody of the invention is an IgG4 having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96, wherein one or more of these sequences has an amino acid sequence dervived from a parental amino acid sequence of the antibodies described herein or conservative modifications thereof, and the antibodies demonstrate the desired functional properties of the anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. Accordingly, the invention provides an isolated antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof in which the antibody is an IgG4, wherein: the IgG4 has an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ IDNOs: 89-96 and conservative modifications thereof; the antibody specifically binds to c-Met; and the antibody exhibits at least one of the functional antagonistic properties described herein. [000130] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is agonistic and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response.
[000131] In various embodiments, the antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the antagonistic functional properties listed discussed above. Such antibodies can be, for example, human antibodies, humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies. [000132] As used herein, the term "conservative sequence modifications" is intended to refer to amino acid modifications that do not significantly affect or alter the binding characteristics of the antibody containing the amino acid sequence. Such conservative modifications include amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions as described herein. Modifications are introduced into an antibody of the invention by standard techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis.
[000133] Conservative amino acid substitutions replace an amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue having a chemically and physically similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains are know in the art. These families include amino acids with baste side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleυcine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, one or more amino acid residues within the CDR regions of an antibody of the invention can be replaced with other amino acid residues from the same side chain family, and the altered antibody can be tested for retained function using the functional assays described herein. Antibody frameworks \
[000134] A wide variety of antibody/ immunoglobulin frameworks or scaffolds can be employed so long as the resulting polypeptide includes one or more binding region which is specific for the cMet protein of the exemplary sequences herein. Such frameworks or scaffolds include the 5 main idiotypes of human immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof (such as those disclosed elsewhere herein), and include immunoglobulins of other animal species, preferably having humanized aspects. Single heavy-chain antibodies such as those identified in came I ids are of particular interest in this regard. Novel frameworks, scaffolds and fragments continue to be discovered and developed by those skilled in the art.
[000135] Alternatively, known or future non-tmmunoglobulin frameworks and scaffolds may be employed, as long as they comprise a binding region specific for the c-Met protein. Such compounds are known herein as "polypeptides comprising a c-Met-specifϊc binding region". Known non-immunoglobulin frameworks or scaffolds include Adnectins (fibronectin) (Compound Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA), ankyrin (Molecular Partners AG, Zurich, Switzerland), domain antibodies (Domantis, Ltd (Cambridge, MA) and Ablynx nv (Zwijnaarde, Belgium)), lipocalin (Anticalin) (Pieris Proteolab AG, Freising, Germany), small modular immuno-pharmaceuticals (Trubion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Seattle, WA), maxybodies (Avidia, Inc. (Mountain View, CA)), Protein A (Affϊbody AG, Sweden) and affilin (gamma-crystallin or ubiquitin) (Scil Proteins GmbH, Halle, Germany).
Antibodies that bind to the same epitope as anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention [000136] In another embodiment, the invention provides antibodies that bind to the same epitope as do the various anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention provided herein. Such additional antibodies can be identified based on their ability to cross-compete (e.g., to competitively inhibit the binding of, in a statistically significant manner) with other antibodies of the invention in standard c-Met binding assays. The ability of a test antibody to inhibit the binding of antibodies having known ability to bind to human c-Met demonstrates that the test antibody can compete with that antibody. Such an antibody may, according to non-limiting theory, bind to the same or a related (e.g., a structurally similar or spatially proximal) epitope on human c-Met as the antibody with which it competes. Such antibodies can be prepared and isolated as described in the Examples. Camelid antibodies
[000137] Antibody proteins obtained from members of the camel and dromedary family
(Camelits bactrianus and Calelus dromaderius) including new world members such as llama species (Lama paccos, Lama glama and Lama vicugna) have been characterized with respect to size, structural complexity and antigenicity in human subjects. Certain IgG antibodies from this family of mammals as found in nature lack light chains, and thus have structures that are distinct from the typical four chain quaternary structure having two heavy and two light chains, characteristic of antibodies from other animals. See PCT/EP93/02214 (WO 94704678 published 3 March 1994). [000138] A region of the camelid antibody which is the small single variable domain identified as VHH can be obtained by genetic engineering to yield a small protein having high affinity for a target, resulting in a low molecular weight antibody-derived protein known as a "camelid nanobody". See U.S. patent number 5,759,808 issued June 2, 1998; see also Stijlemans, B. et al., 2004 J Biol Chem 279: 1256-1261; Dumoulin, M. et al., 2003 Nature 424: 783-788; Pleschberger, M. et al. 2003 Bioconjugate Chem 14: 440-448; Cortez-Retamozo, V. et al. 2002 Int J Cancer 89: 456-62; and Lauwereys, M. et al. 1998 EMBO J 17: 3512-3520. Engineered libraries of camelid antibodies and antibody fragments are commercially available, for example, from Ablynx, Ghent, Belgium. As is known in the art for other antibodies of non-human origin, an amino acid sequence of a camelid antibody can be altered recombinantly to obtain a sequence that more closely resembles a human sequence, i.e., the nanobody can be humanized. Thus the natural low antigenicity of camelid antibodies to humans can be further reduced.
[000139] The camelid nanobody has a molecular weight approximately one-tenth that of a human IgG molecule, and the protein has a physical diameter of only a few nanometers. One consequence of the small size is the ability of camelid nanobodies to bind to antigenic sites that are functionally invisible to larger antibody proteins, i.e., camelid nanobodies are useful as reagents to detect antigens that are otherwise cryptic using classical immunological techniques, and are also useful as possible therapeutic agents. For example, yet another consequence of small size is that a camelid nanobody can inhibit as a result of binding to a specific site in a groove or narrow cleft of a target protein, and hence can serve in a capacity that more closely resembles the function of a classical low molecular weight drug than that of a classical high molecular weight antibody. [000140] The low molecular weight and compact size further result in camelid nanobodies being extremely thermostable, stable to extreme pH and to stable proteolytic digestion, and have low antigenicity. Another consequence is that camelid nanobodies readily move from the circulatory system into tissues, i.e., to extravasate, and even cross the blood-brain barrier and so can be engineered to treat disorders that affect nervous tissue. Nanobodies can further facilitate drug transport across the blood brain barrier. See U.S. patent application 20040161738 published August 19, 2004. These features combined with the low antigenicity to humans indicate great therapeutic potential. Further, these molecules can be fully expressed in prokaryotic cells such as E. coli are expressed as fusion proteins with bacteriophage, and the proteins so expressed are functional. [000141] Accordingly, a feature of the present invention is a camelid antibody or nanobody having high affinity for target protein c-Met. In certain embodiments herein, the camelid antibody or nanobody is naturally produced in the camelid animal, i.e., is produced by the camelid following immunization with target protein c-Met or a peptide fragment thereof, using techniques described herein for other antibodies, or is recombinantly produced in a transgenic camelid animal. Alternatively, the anti-c-Met camelid nanobody is engineered, i.e., produced by selection for example from a library of phage displaying appropriately mutagenized camelid nanobody proteins using panning procedures, with c-Met as a target as described in the examples herein. Engineered nanobodies can further be customized by genetic engineering to have a half-life in a recipient subject of from 45 minutes to two weeks. Engineered and modified antibodies
[000142] An antibody of the invention can be prepared using an antibody having one or more of the VH and/or VL sequences, Ig lambda light chain sequences, or Ig Kappa light chain sequences shown herein as starting material, i.e., as a parental sequence, to engineer a derivative modified antibody, which is a modified antibody, which may have altered and improved properties compared to the starting antibody. An antibody can be engineered by modifying one or more residues within one or both variable regions (i. e., VH and/or VL) or within the Ig lambda light chain only, or within the Ig kappa light chain only, within one or more CDR regions and/or within one or more framework regions. Additionally or alternatively, an antibody can be engineered by modifying residues within the constant region(s), for example to alter an effector function of the antibody. [000143] One type of variable region engineering that can be performed is CDR grafting.
Antibodies interact with target antigens predominantly through amino acid residues that are located in the heavy and light chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs). For this reason, the amino acid sequences within CDRs are more diverse between individual antibodies than sequences outside of CDRs. Because CDR sequences are responsible for most antibody-antigen interactions, it is possible to express recombinant antibodies that mimic the properties of specific naturally occurring antibodies by constructing expression vectors that include CDR sequences from the a naturally occurring antibody, grafted onto framework sequences from a different antibody with different properties (see, e.g., Riechmann, L. et al., 1998 Nature 332:323-327; Jones, P. et a!., 1986 Nature 321:522-525; Queen, C. et al., 1989 Proc. Natl. Acad. See. U.S.A. 86:10029-10033; U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539 to winter, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,530, 101; 5,585,089; 5,693,762 and 6,180,370 to Queen et al.)
[000144] Such framework sequences can be obtained from public DNA databases or published references that include germline antibody gene sequences. For example, germline DNA sequences for human heavy and light chain variable region genes can be found in the "VBase" human germline sequence database (available on the Internet at www.mrc- cpe.cam.ac.uk/vbase), as well as in Kabat, E. A., et a!., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242; Tomlinson, I. M., et al., 1992 J. MoI. Biol. 227:776-798; and Cox, J. P. L. et al., 1994 Eur. J Immunol.24:827-836; the contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. It has been found that in certain instances it is beneficial to mutate residues within the framework regions to maintain or enhance the antigen binding ability of the antibody (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,762 and 6,180,370 to Queen et al).
[000145] Another type of variable region modification is mutation of amino acid residues within the VH and/or VL CDRl, CDR2 and/or CDR3 regions to thereby improve one or more binding properties (e.g., affinity) of the antibody of interest, known as "affinity maturation." Site- directed mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis can be performed to introduce the mutation(s), and the consequential effect on antibody binding or on another functional property of interest is evaluated by in vitro or in vivo assays as described herein and provided in the Examples. Conservative modifications (as discussed above) can be introduced. The mutations may be amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. Typically, no more than one, two, three, four or five residues within a CDR region are altered, although additional alterations are also envisioned. [000146] Engineered antibodies of the invention include those in which modifications have been made to framework residues within VH and/or VL, and/or Ig lambda light chains, and/or Ig kappa light chains, e.g. to improve the properties of the antibody. Typically, such framework modifications are made to decrease the immunogenicity of the antibody. For example, one approach is to "back mutate" one or more framework residues to that of the corresponding germline sequence. More specifically, an antibody that has undergone somatic mutation may contain framework residues that differ from the germline sequence from which the antibody is derived. Such residues can be identified by comparing the antibody framework sequences to the germline sequences from which the antibody is derived. To return the framework region sequences to their germline configuration, the somatic mutations are back mutated to the germline residues by, for example, site- directed mutagenesis or PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Such back mutated antibodies are also encompassed within the invention.
[000147] Another type of framework modification involves mutating one or more residues within the framework region, or even within one or more CDR regions, to remove T cell -epitopes to thereby reduce the potential immunogenicity of the antibody. This approach is also referred to as "deimmunization" and is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030153043 by Carr et al. [000148] In addition or alternatively to modifications made within the framework or CDR regions, antibodies of the invention may be engineered to include modifications within the Fc region, typically to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody, such as serum half-life, complement fixation, Fc receptor binding, and/or antigen-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Furthermore, an antibody of the invention may be chemically modified (e.g., one or more chemical moieties can be attached to the antibody) or be modified to alter its glycosylation, again to alter one or more functional properties of the antibody. Each of these embodiments is described in further detail below. The numbering of residues in the Fc region is that of the EU index of Kabat. [000149] In one embodiment, the hinge region of CHl is modified such that the number of cysteine residues in the hinge region is altered, e.g., increased or decreased. This approach is described further in U.S. Patent No. 5,677,425 by Bodmer et al. The number of cysteine residues in the hinge region of CHl is altered to, for example, facilitate assembly of the light and heavy chains or to increase or decrease the stability of the antibody.
[000150] In another embodiment, the Fc hinge region of an antibody is mutated to decrease the biological half-life of the antibody. More specifically, one or more amino acid mutations are introduced into the CH2-CH3 domain interface region of the Fc-hinge fragment such that the antibody has impaired Staphylococcyl protein A (SpA) binding relative to native Fc-hinge domain SpA binding. This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Patent No. 6,165,745 by Ward et al.
[000151] In another embodiment, the antibody is modified to increase its biological half-life.
Various approaches are possible. For example, one or more of the following mutations can be introduced: T252L, T254S, T256F, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,277,375 to Ward. Alternatively, to increase the biological half life, the antibody can be altered within the CHl or CL region to contain a salvage receptor binding epitope taken from two loops of a CH2 domain of an Fc region of an IgG, as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,869,046 and 6,121,022 by Presta et al. [000152] In yet other embodiments, the Fc region is altered by replacing at least one amino acid residue with a different amino acid residue to alter the effector functions of the antibody. For example, one or more amino acids can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has an altered affinity for an effector ligand but retains the antigen-binding ability of the parent antibody. The effector ligand to which affinity is altered can be, for example, an Fc receptor or the Cl component of complement. This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,624,821 and 5,648,260, both by Winter et al.
[000153] In another embodiment, one or more amino acids selected from amino acid residues can be replaced with a different amino acid residue such that the antibody has altered CIq binding and/or reduced or abolished complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). This approach is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,194,551 by Idusogie et al. [000154] In another embodiment, one or more amino acid residues are altered to thereby alter the ability of the antibody to fix complement. This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 94/29351 by Bodmer et al.
[000155] In yet another embodiment, the Fc region is modified to increase the ability of the antibody to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or to increase the affinity of the antibody for an Fcγ receptor by modifying one or more amino acids. This approach is described further in PCT Publication WO 00/42072 by Presta. Moreover, the binding sites on human IgGl for FcγRl, FcγRII, FcγRIII and FcRn have been mapped and variants with improved binding have been described (see Shields, R.L. et al., 2001 J. Biol. Chem.276:6591-6604). Antibodies having such modified Fc regions are within the scope of the compositions herein. [000156] In still another embodiment, the glycosylation of an antibody is modified. For example, an aglycoslated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation). Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for the c-Met target antigen. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by; for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence. For example, one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site. Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen. Such an approach is described in further detail in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,714,350 and 6,350,861 by Co et al.
[000157] Additionally or alternatively, an antibody can be made that has an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNac structures. Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC activity of antibodies. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation enzymatic machinery. Cells with altered glycosylation machinery have been described in the art and can be used as host cells in which to express recombinant antibodies of the invention to thereby produce an antibody with altered giycosylation. For example, EP 1,176,195 by Hang et al. describes a cell line with a functionally disrupted FUT8 gene, which encodes a fucosyl transferase, such that antibodies expressed in such a cell line exhibit hypofucosylation. PCT Publication WO 03/035835 by Presta describes a variant CHO cell line, Lecl3 cells, with reduced ability to attach fucose to Asn(297)-linked carbohydrates, also resulting in hypofucosylation of antibodies expressed in that host cell (see also Shields, R.L. et al., 2002 J. Biol. Chem.277:26733- 26740). PCT Publication WO 99/54342 by Umana et al. describes cell lines engineered to express glycoprotein-modifying glycosyl transferases (e.g., beta(l,4)-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnTlII)) such that antibodies expressed in the engineered cell lines exhibit increased bisecting GIcNac structures which results Jn increased ADCC activity of the antibodies (see also Umana et al., 1999 Nat. Biotech. 17:176-180).
[000158] Another modification of the antibodies herein that is contemplated by the invention is pegylation. An antibody can be pegylated to, for example, increase the biological (e.g., serum) half-life of the antibody. To pegylate an antibody, the antibody, or fragment thereof, typically is reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG), such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG, under conditions in which one or more PEG groups become covalently attached to the antibody or antibody fragment. The pegylation can be carried out by an acylation reaction or by an alkylation reaction with a reactive PEG molecule (or an analogous reactive water-soluble polymer). As used herein, the term "polyethylene glycol" is intended to encompass any of the forms of PEG that have been used to derivatize other proteins, such as mono (Cl-ClO) alkoxy- or aryloxy-polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol-maleimide. In certain embodiments, the antibody to be pegylated is an aglycosylated antibody. Methods for pegylating proteins are known in the art and can be applied to the antibodies of the invention. See for example, EP 0 154 316 by Nishimura et al. and EP 0401 384 by Ishikawa et al. Methods of engineering antibodies
[000159] As discussed above, the anti-c-Met antibodies having VH, VL, Ig lambda light chain, or Ig kappa light chain sequences shown herein can be used to engineer additional anti-c-Met antibodies by modifying residues in the VH and/or, VL, and/or Ig lambda light chains, and/or Ig kappa light chain sequences, or by modifying the constant region(s) attached thereto. Thus, in another aspect of the invention, the structural features of an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention are used to create structurally related anti-c-Met antibodies that retain at least one functional property of the parental antagonistic or agonistic antibodies of the invention, such as binding to human c-Met and also inhibiting one or more functional properties of c-Met (e.g., inducing internalization, preventing activation, e.g., an upregulation resulting from signal transduction, preventing or ameliorating cell proliferation survival, migration, invasion or changes in morphology or the antibody inhibits c-Met receptor binding preventing or ameliorating cancer such as tumor growth and or metastasis) or in the agonistic case, activating c-Met phosphorylation and stimulating a cellular response, as well as other functional properties provided herein.
[000160] For example, one or more CDR regions of the antibodies of the present invention, or mutations thereof, can be combined recombinantly with known framework regions and/or other CDRs to create additional, recombinantly-engineered, anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention, as discussed above. Other types of modifications include those described in the previous section. The starting material for the engineering method is one or more of the VH and/or VL sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof to be used as a parental sequence. To create the engineered antibody, it is not necessary to actually prepare (i.e., express as a protein) an antibody having one or more of the VH and/or VL sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof. Rather, the information contained in the nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s) is used as the starting material for mutational techniques known in the art to create a "second generation" sequence(s) derived from the original sequence(s) and then the "second generation" nucleotide sequence(s) is prepared and expressed as a protein.
[000161] Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for preparing an anti-c-Met antibody having as starting parental material a VH antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and a VL antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54. The method involves altering at least one amino acid residue within the VH and/or VL antibody parental sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein. [000162] In other embodiments, the invention provides a method for preparing an anti-c-Met antibody comprising: an Ig lambda light chain antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 77-80, and altering at least one amino acid residue within the Ig lambda light chain antibody sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein.
[000163] In related embodiments, the invention provides a method for preparing an antic-Met antibody comprising: an Ig kappa light chain antibody sequence having a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84; altering at least one amino acid residue within the Ig kappa light chain antibody sequence to create at least one altered antibody sequence; and expressing the altered antibody sequence as a protein.
[000164] The altered antibody may exhibit one or more, two or more, or three or more of the functional properties discussed herein.
[000165] The functional properties of the altered antibodies can be assessed using standard assays available in the art and/or described herein, such as those set forth in the Examples (e.g., ELISAs).
[000166] In certain embodiments of the methods of engineering antibodies of the invention, mutations can be introduced randomly or selectively along all or part of an anti-c-Met antibody coding sequence and the resulting modified anti-c-Met antibodies can be expressed and screened for binding activity and/or other functional properties as described herein. Mutational methods have been described in the art. For example, PCT Publication WO 02/092780 by Short describes methods for creating and screening antibody mutations using saturation mutagenesis, synthetic ligation assembly, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, PCT Publication WO 03/074679 by Lazar et al. describes methods of using computational screening methods to optimize physiochemical properties of antibodies. Antibodies of the Invention
[000167] The nucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the antibodies of the invention are provided below. The amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the parental, or first screen, antibodies are provided in Table A and Table C, respectfully. The amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the affinity improved antibodies as compared to the parental antibodies are provided in Table B and Table D, respectfully.
Table A: Amino Acid Sequences of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions of Parental Anti-cMet Fab Antibodies
04536 VH:
QVQLVQSGA]
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
04536 VL:
DIELTQPPST
ADYYCQAYDSSMLRVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
04687 VH: QVQLVQSGAI SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 04687 VL:
DIVMTQSPD: LQAEDVAVYYCQQYYNHPHTFGQGTKVEIKRT
04541 VH:
QVQLQESGPC
LSSVTAEDTAVYYCARGYEFHGYTTFDYWGQGTLVTVSS
04541 VL:
DIELTQPPST
ADYYCQSYDFPSIVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
04537 VH:
QVQLVQSGA!
WSSLKASDTAMYYCARVKLITDYWGQGTLVTVSS
04537 VL:
DIELTQPPS^
ADYYCASWDTLSDVEVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
04690 VH:
QVQLQQSGP(
SLQLNSVTPEDTAVYYCARQGAVYPGPYGFDVWGQGTLVTVSS
04690 VL:
DIELTQPPS!
ADYYCQSFGISNFYVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
04682 VH:
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFTNYGIAWVRQMPGKGLEWMGIIYPSDSYTNYSPSFQGQVTISADKSISTAYLQ WSSLKASDTAMYYCARMSYDYQHQAPSMDSWGQGTLVTVSS 04682 VL:
DEADYYCSTYDNYQAGWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
Table B: Amino Acid Sequences of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions of Affinity-Improved Anti-cMet Fab Antibodies
05078 VH:
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTGYYMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIIDPWNGQTNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
05078 VL = 04536 VL
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQAYDSSMLRVFGGGTKLTVLGQ 05079 VH:
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASV-CVSCKASGXTFTGYYMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMGVIDPWNGITNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
05079 VL = 04536 VL
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQAYDSSMLRVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05087 VH = 04536 VH
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS 05087 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCQSYANYHDSWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05088 VH = 04536 VH
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTGYYMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIINPWTGNTNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
05088 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQSYASDYTSWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05091 VH = 04536 VH
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS 05091 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCQSYAHYHDIWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05092 VH = 04536 VH
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS 05092 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCQAHDSLYSRVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05081 VH:
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGGTFSSYAISWVRQAPGQGLEWMGGIDPIMGTEYAQKFQGRVTITADESTSTAYMEL
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS
05081 VL - 04687 VL
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRS SQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS
LQAEDVAVYYCQQYYNHPHTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05082 VH :
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGGTFSSYAISWVRQAPGQGLEWMGEIDPVIGETDYAQKFQGRVTITADESTSTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS
05082 VL = 04687 VL
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRSSQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS
LQAEDVAVYYCQQYYNHPHTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05097 VH = 04687 VH
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS
05097 VL:
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRSSQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS
LQAEDVAVYYCQQYAFGWTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05098 VH = 04687 VH
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05098 VL:
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRSSQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS LQAEDVAVYYCLQYSDEPWTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05100 VH =■ 04687 VH
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS
05100 VL:
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRS SQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS
LQAEDVAVYYCQQYAYEPNTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05101 VH = 04687 VH
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05101 VL :
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRSSQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS LQAE DVAVYYCLQYAFS PWTFGQGTKVE IKRT 05093 VH = 04541 VH - • • .
QVQLQESGPGLVKPGETLSLTCTVSGGSISSSSYYWNWIRQAPGKGLEWXGEIYFGWTYYNPSLKGRVTISVDTSKNQFSLK
LSSVTAEDTAVYYCARGYEFHGYTTFDYWGQGTLVTVSS . ■
05093 VL: • . ' •
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDNIGSYYVYWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDNDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQSYDSYIEVFGGGTKLTVLGQ ; .
05094 VH = 04541 VH
QVQLQESGPGLVKPGETLSLTCTVSGGSISSSSYYWNWIRQAPGKGLEWIGEIYFGWTYYNPSLKGRVTISVDTSKNQFSLK
LSSVTAEDTAVYYCARGYEFHGYTTFDYWGQGTLVTVSS
05094 VL: '
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDNIGSYYVYWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDNDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCSTYDAFTFVFGGGTKLTVLGQ ■__
05095 VH = 04541 VH
LSSVTAEDTAVYYCARGYEFHGYTTFDYWGQGTLVTVSS 05095- VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDNIGSYYVYWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDNDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCQSYDKYVFVFGGGTKLTVLGQ ,_
05102 VH = 04537 VH
WSSLKASDTAMYYCARVKLITDYWGQGTLVTVSS 05102 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSLRSYFVSWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDDDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCASWDPPSAFEVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05105 VH = 04537 VH
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGESLKISCKGSGYSFSNYHIGWVRQMPGKGLEWMGFIFPDTSYTRYSPSFQGQVTISADKSISTAYLQ
WSSLKASDTAMYYCARVKLITDYWGQGTLVTVSS
05105 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSLRSYFVSWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDDDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCASWDNDHFEVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05106 VH - 04690 VH
SLQLNSVTPEDTAVYYCARQGAVYPGPYGFDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05106 VL:
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDKLGSYFVYWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYDDDNRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE ADYYCGSWAYLGDVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05174 VH = 05078 VH
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTGYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIIDPWNGQTNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
05174 VL- = 05087 VL ' .
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQSYANYHDSWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05184 VH = 05078 VH
QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTGYYMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMGIIDPWNGQTNYAQKFQGRVTMTRDTSISTAYME
LSSLRSEDTAVYYCARDPGFFYYTPSDLWGQGTLVTVSS
05184 VL = 05091 VL
DIELTQPPSVSVAPGQTARISCSGDSIGNKYVHWYQQKPGQAPVLVIYADSDRPSGIPERFSGSNSGNTATLTISGTQAEDE
ADYYCQSYAHYHDIWVFGGGTKLTVLGQ
05185 VH = 05081 VH
•SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05185 VL = 05100 VL
DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRSSQSILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS LQAEDVAVYYCQQYAYEPNTFGQGTKVEIKRT
05186 VH = 05081 VH
SSLRSEDTAVYYCARVYQDVWGQGTLVTVSS 05186 VL = 05101 VL
DivMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATiNCRSSQS ILYGINNNFLGWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYWASTRESGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISS
LQAEDVAVYYCLQYAFS PWTFGQGTKVE IKRT • Table C: Nucleotide Sequences of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions of Parental Anti-cMet Fab Antibodies
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
Table D: Nucleotide Sequences of Heavy and Light Chain Variable Regions of Affinity-Improved Anti-cMet Fab Antibodies
Figure imgf000040_0002
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000042_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
05186 VH = 05081 VH
Figure imgf000044_0001
CGGTTAGCTCA
05186 VL = 05101 VL
Figure imgf000044_0002
AAATTAAACGTACG
[000168] Additional related nucleotide sequences are contemplated within the scope of the invention that have, e.g., wobble base changes, optimized codon usage, optimized sequences for host expression, e.g., modifications to remove cryptic splice sequences, and conservative mutations. Additional related polypeptide sequences are contemplated within the scope of the invention that have, e.g., conservative amino acid changes, or contain additional amino acid sequences such as 6xHis tags or other tags or are fused to a second polypeptide sequence, or contain residue changes that reduce immune response to the antibody therapeutic, or that have modified FRl, FR2, FR3 or FR4 residues. FR and CDR regions are provided in FIG. 1-3. Preferred CDR sequences are as provided in the Figures.
[000169] Protein kinase dependent diseases are especially proliferative diseases, preferably a benign or especially malignant tumour, more preferably carcinoma of the brain, kidney, liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach (especially gastric tumors), ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma, or a tumour of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, especially psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, especially of epithelial character, preferably mammary carcinoma, or a leukaemia, especially as far as c-Met is involved. They are able to bring about the regression of tumours and to prevent the formation of tumour metastases and the growth of (also micro)metastases. In addition they can be used in epidermal hyperproliferation (e.g. psoriasis), in prostate hyperplasia, in the treatment of neoplasias, especially of epithelial character, for example mammary carcinoma, and in leukaemias. It is also possible to use the antibodies of the invention in the treatment of diseases of the immune system insofar as several or, especially, individual tyrosine protein kinases and/ or (further) serine/threonine protein kinases are involved; furthermore, the antibodies of the invention can be used also in the treatment of diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system where signal transmission by at least one tyrosine protein kinase and/or (further) serine/threonine protein kinase is involved. [000170] In certain embodiments, the antibody or functional fragment of this antibody binds the target protein c-Met and modulates, i.e., either activates or inhibits, c-Met phosphorylation. In certain embodiments, activation of c-Met phosphorylation stimulates at least one of an activity selected from the group of organ regeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In a related embodiment, the organ is skin, kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, intestine, thymus, or thyroid. In alternative embodiments, antibodies to c-Met would block pathogen infection, particularly Listeria infection, or ameliorate pathogenic diseases such as malaria (Carrolo, et al., Nature Med. 9: 1363- 1369, 2003).
[000171] Antibodies that show inhibition of c-Met are useful in the treatment of colon cancer, including metastases, e.g. in the liver, and of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Anti-cMet antibodies may also be used in the treatment of hereditary papillary renal carcinoma (Schmidt, L. et al. Nat. Genet. 16, 68-73, 1997) and other proliferative diseases in which c-MET is overexpressed or constitutively activated by mutations (Jeffers and Vande Woude. Oncogene 18, 5120-5125, 1999; and reference cited therein) or chromosomal rearrangements (e.g. TPR-MET; Cooper et al. Nature 311, 29-33, 1984; Park, et al. Cell 45, 895-904, 1986). Antibody antagonists of the invention are especially useful for treating an unwanted cell, in particular, a cell associated with a c-Met-related condition such as a cancer, a metastasis, or an inflammatory condition. Exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, e.g., esophageal, breast, kidney including but not limited to papillary renal cell carcinoma, glioma, head and neck, epithelial, lung, skin, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, gastric, gastrointestinal, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, and prostate. Additional cancers and conditions are provided herein or known in the art. [000172] Further, antibodies that show antagonism of c-Met are useful in the treatment of bladder cancer (superficial and muscle invasive), breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma (including glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including childhood HCC, head and neck cancer (including head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Hurthle cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, leukemias, non- small cell lung cancer (including all histological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenosquamous mixed type), small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell cancer including hereditary and sporadic papillary renal cell cancer, Type I and Type II, and clear cell renal cell cancer; sarcomas, in particular osteosarcomas, clear cell sarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas (including alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, alveolar soft part sarcomas); thyroid carcinoma (papillary and other subtypes).
[000173] In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for treating a c-Met related disorder or condition, which involves administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of any of the above pharmaceutical compositions. The disorder or condition is a cancer or an inflammatory condition. In another related embodiment, the cancer is esophageal, breast, kidney, head and neck, epithelial, lung, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, brain, pancreatic, stomach, colon, liver, genital, urinary, melanoma, or prostate. In a particular embodiment, the cancer is liver or esophageal.
[000174] In certain embodiments, any of the above methods involve further administering a chemotherapeutic agent. In a related embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
[000175] In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating an unwanted cell that involves contacting the cell with any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies. In a related embodiment, the cell bears a c-Met receptor. In another related embodiment, the above method further involves treating the cell with a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
[000176] In an alternative embodiment, the antibody is responsive and activates c-Met phosphorylation stimulating a cellular response, such as in wound healing.
[000177] In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition that includes any of the above antibodies or functional fragments of these antibodies and an additional therapeutic agent. The additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anticancer agent; an antibiotic; an anti-inflammatory agent; a growth factor; and a cytokine.
Nucleic acid molecules encoding antibodies of the invention
[000178] Another aspect of the invention pertains to nucleic acid molecules that encode the antibodies of the invention. Examples of VH sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 21-30.
Examples of VL sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-20. An example of an Ig lambda nucleotide sequence is shown in SEQ ID NOs: 73. Examples of Ig kappa nucleotide sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 74-76. Examples of IgG4 nucleotide sequences are shown in SEQ ID NOs:
85-88.
[000179] The nucleic acids provided herein that encode the antibodies may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or may be nucleic acids in a partially purified or in a substantially pure form. A nucleic acid is isolated or rendered substantially pure when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. 2006, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York. A nucleic acid of the invention can be, for example, DNA or RNA and may or may not contain intronic sequences. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule. The nucleic acid may be present in a vector such as a phage display vector, or in a recombinant plasm id vector.
[000180] Nucleic acids of the invention can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. For antibodies expressed by hybridomas (e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below), cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques. For antibodies obtained from an immunoglobulin gene library (e.g., using phage display techniques), nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be recovered from various phage clones that are members of the library.
[000181] Once DNA fragments encoding VH and VL segments are obtained, these DNA • fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to an scFv gene by ligating the encoding nucleotides into known vectors. In these manipulations, a VL- or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA molecule, or to a fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker. The term "operatively linked", as used in this context, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined in a functional manner, for example, such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame, or such that the protein is expressed under control of a desired promoter.
[000182] The isolated DNA encoding the VH region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (CHl, CH2 and CH3). The sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat, E. A., el al., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region. For a Fab fragment heavy chain gene, the VH-encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CHl constant region.
[000183] The isolated DNA encoding the VL region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as to a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the VL-encodiπg DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL. The sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al., 1991 Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The light chain constant region can be a kappa or a lambda constant region.
[000184] To create an scFv gene, the VH- and VL-encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly4 -Ser)3, such that the VH and VL sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the VL and VH regions joined by the flexible linker (see e.g., Bird et al., 1988 Science 242:423-
426; Huston et at., 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; McCafferty et al., 1990 Nature
348:552-554).
Production of monoclonal antibodies of the invention
[000185] Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be produced by a variety of techniques, including conventional monoclonal antibody methodology e.g., the standard somatic cell hybridization technique of Kohler and Milstein, 1975 Nature 256: 495. Many techniques for producing monoclonal antibody can be employed e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes.
[000186] An animal system for preparing hybridomas is the murine system. Hybridoma production in the mouse is a well-established procedure. Immunization protocols and techniques for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the art. Fusion partners (e.g., murine myeloma cells) and fusion procedures are also known.
[000187] Chimeric or humanized antibodies of the present invention can be prepared based on the sequence of a murine monoclonal antibody prepared as described above. DNA encoding the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins can be obtained from the murine hybridoma of interest and engineered to contain non-murine (e.g., human) immunoglobulin sequences using standard molecular biology techniques. For example, to create a chimeric antibody, the murine variable regions can be linked to human constant regions using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S.
Patent No. 4,816,567 to Cabilly et al.). To create a humanized antibody, the murine CDR regions can be inserted into a human framework using methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Patent No.
5,225,539 to Winter, and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,762 and 6,180,370 to
Queen.et al.)
[000188] In a certain embodiment, the antibodies of the invention are human monoclonal antibodies. Such human monoclonal antibodies directed against c-Met can be generated using transgenic or transchromosomic mice carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse system. These transgenic and transchromosomic mice include mice referred to herein as
HuMAb mice and KM mice, respectively, and are collectively referred to herein as "human Ig mice."
[000189] The HuMAb mouse® (Medarex, Inc.) contains human immunoglobulin gene miniloci that encode un-rearranged human heavy (μ and γ) and K light chain immunoglobulin sequences, together with targeted mutations that inactivate the endogenous μ and K chain loci (see e.g., Lonberg, et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859). Accordingly, the mice exhibit reduced expression of mouse IgM or K, and in response to immunization, the introduced human heavy and light chain transgenes undergo class switching and somatic mutation to generate high affinity human
IgGκ monoclonal (Lonberg, N. et al., 1994 supra; reviewed in Lonberg, N., 1994 Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 113:49-101; Lonberg, N. and Huszar, D., 1995 Intern. Rev. Immunol.13: 65-93, and Harding, F. and Lonberg, N., 1995 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 764:536-546). The preparation and use of HuMAb mice, and the genomic modifications carried by such mice, is further described in Taylor, L. et al., 1992 Nucleic Acids Research 20:6287-6295; Chen, J. et at., 1993 International Immunology 5: 647-656; Tuaillon et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3720-3724; Choi et al., 1993 Nature Genetics 4:117-123; Chen, J. et al., 1993 EMBO J. 12: 821- 830; Tuaillon et al., 1994 J. Immunol. 152:2912-2920; Taylor, L. et al., 1994 International Immunology 579-591; and Fishwild, D. et al., 1996 Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851, the contents of all of which are hereby specifically incorporated by reference in their entirety. See further, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,789,650; 5,877,397; 5,661,016; 5,814,318; 5,874,299; and 5,770,429; all to Lonberg and Kay; U.S. Patent No. 5,545,807 to Surani et al.; PCT Publication Nos. WO 92103918, WO 93/12227, WO 94/25585, WO 97113852, WO 98/24884 and WO 99/45962, all to Lonberg and Kay; and PCT Publication No. WO 01/14424 to Korman et al.
[000190] In another embodiment, production of the human antibodies of the invention can be elicited ("raised") using a mouse that carries human immunoglobulin sequences on transgenes and transchomosomes such as a mouse that carries a human heavy chain transgene and a human light chain transchromosome. Such mice, referred to herein as "KM mice", are described in detail in PCT Publication WO 02/43478 to Ishida et al.
[000191] Still further, alternative transgenic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to raise anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. For example, an alternative transgenic system referred to as the Xenomouse (Abgenix, Inc.) can be used; such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,939,598; 6,075,181; 6,114,598; 6, 150,584 and 6,162,963 to Kucherlapati et al.
[000192] Moreover, alternative transchromosomic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to raise anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. For example, mice carrying both a human heavy chain transchromosome and a human light chain tranchromosome, referred to as "TC mice" can be used; such mice are described in Tomizuka et al., 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:722-727. Furthermore, cows carrying human heavy and light chain transchromosomes have been described in the art (Kuroiwa et al., 2002 Nature Biotechnology 20:889-894) and can be used to raise anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention. [000193] Human antibodies or human monoclonal antibodies can also be prepared using phage display methods for screening libraries of human immunoglobulin genes. Such phage display methods for identifying and cloning human antibodies are established in the art. See for example: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,223,409; 5,403,484; and 5,571 ,698 to Ladner et al.; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,427,908 and 5,580,717 to Dower et al.; U.S. Patent Nos. 5,969,108 and 6,172,197 to McCafferty et al.; and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,885,793; 6,521,404; 6,544,731; 6,555,313; 6,582,915 and 6,593,081 to Griffiths etal.
[000194] Human monoclonal antibodies of the invention can also be prepared using SCED mice into which human immune cells have been reconstituted such that a human antibody response can be generated upon immunization. Such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
5,476,996 and 5,698,767 to Wilson et al.
Generation of human monoclonal antibodies against c-Met
[000195] Purified recombinant extracellular human c-Met expressed in E.coli (R & D
Systems, Minneapolis, MN), or purified recombinant human c-Met conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), is used as the antigen. Other sources of expressed c-Met are also contemplated as being within the scope of the invention, including, e.g., cMet isolated from expression systems such as baculovirus, CHO cells, and other known to one skilled in the arts.
[000196] Fully human monoclonal antibodies to c-Met are prepared using HCo7, HCo 12 and
HCoI 7 strains of HuMab transgenic mice and the KM strain of transgenic transchromosomic mice, each of which express human antibody genes. In each of these mouse strains, the endogenous mouse kappa light chain gene can be homozygously disrupted as described in Chen et al., 1993
EMBO J.12:811-820 and the endogenous mouse heavy chain gene can be homozygously disrupted as described in Example 1 of PCT Publication WO 01109187. Each of these mouse strains carries a human kappa light chain transgene, KCo5, as described in Fishwild et al., 1996 Nature
Biotechnology 14:845-851. The HCo7 strain carries the HCo7 human heavy chain transgene as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,545,806; 5,625,825; and 5,545,807. The HCol2 strain carries the
HCol2 human heavy chain transgene as described in Example 2 of PCT Publication WO 01/09187.
The HCoI 7 stain carries the HCoI 7 human heavy chain transgene. The KNM strain contains the
SC20 transchromosome as described in PCT Publication WO 02/43478.
[000197] To generate fully human monoclonal antibodies to c-Met, HuMab mice and KM mice are immunized with purified recombinant c-Met extracellular domain expressed in E. coli or with c-Met-KLH conjugate as antigen. General immunization schemes for HuMab mice are described in Lonberg, N. et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859; Fishwild, D. et al., 1996 Nature
Biotechnology 14:845-851 and PCT Publication WO 98/24884. The mice are 6-16 weeks of age upon the first infusion of antigen. A purified recombinant preparation (5-50 μg) of c-Met antigen
(e.g., purified from transfected E. coli cells expressing c-Met extracellular domain) is used to immunize the HuMab mice and KM mice intraperitonealy, subcutaneously (Sc) or by footpad injection.
[000198] Transgenic mice are immunized twice with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant or Ribi adjuvant either intraperitonealy (IP), subcutaneously (Sc) or by footpad (FP), followed by 3-
21 days IP, Sc or FP immunization (up to a total of 11 immunizations) with the antigen in incomplete Freund's or Ribi adjuvant. The immune response is monitored by retroorbital bleeds. The plasma is screened by ELISA, and mice with sufficient titers of anti-c-Met human immunogolobulin are used for fusions. Mice are boosted intravenously with antigen 3 and 2 days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen. Typically, 10-35 fusions for each antigen are performed. Several dozen mice are immunized for each antigen. A total of 82 mice of the HCo7, HCol2, HCoI 7 and KM mice strains are immunized with c-Met.
[000199] To select HuMab or KM mice producing antibodies that bound c-Met, sera from immunized mice can be tested by ELISA as described by Fishwild, D. et al., 1996. Briefly, in an exemplary protocol, microtiter plates are coated with purified recombinant c-Met from E. coli at 1-2 μg /ml in PBS, 50 μl/wells incubated 40C overnight then blocked with 200 μl/well of 5% chicken serum in PBS/Tween (0.05%). Other alternative concentrations and sources may also be used. Dilutions of plasma from c-Met-immunized mice are added to each well and incubated for 1-2 hours at ambient temperature. The plates are washed with PBS/Tween and then incubated with a goat- anti-human IgG Fc polyclonal antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, the plates are developed with ABTS substrate (Sigma, A-1888, 0.22 mg/ml) and analyzed by spectrophotometer at a wavelength λ of 415-495 ran. Alternatively, other types of detection are possible, and may be provided be one skilled in the art. Mice that develop the highest titers of anti-c-Met antibodies are used to obtain cells for fusions. Fusions are performed and hybridoma supernatants are tested for anti-c-Met activity by ELISA. [000200] Mouse splenocytes isolated from the HuMab mice and KM mice, are fused to a mouse myeloma cell line based upon standard protocols using PEG. The resulting hybridomas are then screened for production of antigen-specific antibodies. Single cell suspensions of splenic lymphocytes from immunized mice are fused to one-fourth the number of SP2/0 nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (ATCC, CRL 1581) with 50% PEG (Sigma). Cells are plated at approximately 1x1 oVwell in flat bottom microtiter plate, followed by about two week incubation in selective medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 10% P388D 1(ATCC, CRL TIB-63) conditioned medium, 3-5% Origen® (IGEN) cloning factor in DMEM (Mediatech, CRL 10013, with high glucose, L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate) plus 5 mM HEPES, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 mg/1 gentamycin and Ix HAT (Sigma, CRL P-7185). After 1-2 weeks, cells are cultured in medium in which the HAT is replaced with HT. Individual wells are then screened by ELISA for human anti-c-Met monoclonal IgG antibodies. Once extensive hybridoma growth occurred, medium is monitored usually after 10-14 days. The antibody secreting hybridomas are replated, screened again and, if still positive for human IgG, anti-c-Met monoclonal antibodies are subcloπed at least twice by limiting dilution. The stable subclones are then cultured in vitro to generate small amounts of antibody in tissue culture medium for further characterization. Immunization of human Ig mice
[000201] Human Ig mice used to raise human antibodies of the invention, are immunized with a purified or enriched preparation of c-Met antigen and/or recombinant c-Met, or a c-Met fusion protein, as described by Lonberg, N. et al., 1994 Nature 368(6474): 856-859; Fishwild, D. et al., 1996 Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851 ; and PCT Publication.WO 98124884 and WO 01/14424. The mice are 6-16 weeks of age upon the first infusion. For example, a purified or recombinant preparation (5-50 μg) of c-Met antigen is used to immunize the human Ig mice intraperitoneally.
[000202] Detailed procedures to generate fully human monoclonal antibodies to c-Met are described above. Cumulative experience with various antigens has shown that the transgenic mice respond when initially immunized intraperitoneally (IP) with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by immunizations IP (up to a total of 6) with antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant every other week. However, adjuvants other than Freund's are also found to be effective. In addition, whole cells in the absence of adjuvant are found to be highly immunogenic. The immune response can be monitored over the course of the immunization protocol with plasma samples being obtained by retroorbital bleeds. The plasma can be screened by ELISA, and mice with sufficient titers of anti-c-Met human immunoglobulin can be used for fusions. Mice can be boosted intravenously with antigen 3 days before sacrifice and removal of the spleen. It is expected that 2-3 fusions for each immunization may need to be performed. Between 6 and 24 mice are typically immunized for each antigen. Usually both HCo7 and HCo 12 strains are used. In addition, both HCo7 and HCo 12 transgene can be bred together into a single mouse having two different human heavy chain transgenes (HCo7/HCol2).
Generation of hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies
[000203] To generate hybridomas producing human monoclonal antibodies of the invention, splenocytes and/or lymph node cells from immunized mice are isolated and fused to an appropriate immortalized cell line, such as a mouse myeloma cell line. The resulting hybridomas are screened for the production of antigen-specific antibodies. For example, single cell suspensions of splenic lymphocytes from immunized mice are fused to one-sixth the number of P3X63-Ag8.653 nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (ATCC, CRL 1580) with 50% PEG. In an exemplary embodiment, cells are plated in flat bottom microtiter plates, followed by a two week incubation in selective medium containing 20% fetal Clone Serum, 18% "653" conditioned media, 5% Origen® (IGEN), 4 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5mM HEPES, 0:055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 units/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, 50 μg/ml gentamycin and IX HAT (Sigma; the HAT is added 24 hours after the fusion). After approximately two weeks, cells can be cultured in medium in which the HAT is replaced with HT. Individual wells can then be screened by ELISA for human monoclonal IgM and IgG antibodies. Once extensive hybridoma growth occurs, medium can be analyzed, usually after 10-14 days. The antibody secreting hybridomas can be replated, screened again, and if still positive for human IgG5 the monoclonal antibodies can be subcloned at least twice by limiting dilution. The stable subclones can then be cultured in vitro to generate small amounts of antibody in tissue culture medium for characterization.
[000204] To purify human monoclonal antibodies, selected hybridomas are grown in two-liter spinner-flasks for monoclonal antibody purification. Supernatants are filtered and concentrated before affinity chromatography with protein A-sepharose (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Eluted IgG is checked by gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography to ensure purity. The buffer solution is exchanged to PBS, and the concentration is determined by OD280 using extinction of an coefficient 1.43. The monoclonal antibodies are aliqυoted and stored at -80° C. Generation of transfectomas producing monoclonal antibodies
[000205] Antibodies of the invention are also produced in a host cell transfectoma using, for example, a combination of recombinant DNA techniques and gene transfection methods as is well known in the art (e.g., Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229:1202).
[000206] For example, to express the antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof, DNAs encoding partial or full-length light and heavy chains, can be obtained by standard molecular biology techniques (e.g., PCR amplification or cDNA cloning using a hybridoma that expresses the antibody of interest) and the DNAs can be inserted into expression vectors such that the genes are operatively linked to transcriptional and translational control sequences. In this context, the term "operatively linked" is intended to mean that an antibody gene is ligated into a vector such that transcriptional and translational control sequences within the vector serve their intended function of regulating the transcription and translation of the antibody gene. The expression vector and expression control sequences are chosen to be compatible with the expression host cell used. The antibody light chain gene and the antibody heavy chain gene can be inserted into separate vector or, more typically, both genes are inserted into the same expression vector. The antibody genes are inserted into the expression vector by standard methods (e.g., ligation of complementary restriction sites on the antibody gene fragment and vector, or blunt end ligation if no restriction sites are present). The light and heavy chain variable regions of the antibodies described herein can be used to create full-length antibody genes of any antibody isotype by inserting them into expression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chain constant regions of the desired isotype such that the VH segment is operatively linked to the CH segment(s) within the vector and the VL segment is operatively linked to the CL segment within the vector. Additionally or alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can encode a signal peptide that facilitates secretion of the antibody chain from a host cell. The antibody chain gene can be cloned into the vector such that the signal peptide is linked in frame to the amino terminus of the antibody chain gene. The signal peptide can be an immunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., a signal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein).
[000207] In addition to the antibody chain genes, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention carry regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell. The term "regulatory sequence" is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylatioπ signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel (Gene Expression Technology. Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1990). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. Regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP)), and polyoma. Alternatively, nonviral regulatory sequences may be used, such as the ubiquitin promoter or P-globin promoter. Still further, regulatory elements composed of sequences from different sources, such as the SRa promoter system, which contains sequences from the SV40 early promoter and the long terminal repeat of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (Takebe, Y. et al., 1988 MoI. Cell. Biol. 8:466-472).
[000208] In addition to the antibody chain genes and regulatory sequences, the recombinant expression vectors of the invention may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017, all by Axel et al.). For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhfr- host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).
[000209] For expression of the light and heavy chains, the expression vector(s) encoding the heavy and light chains is transfected into a host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term "transfection" are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection and the like. It is theoretically possible to express the antibodies of the invention in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells. Expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, in particular mammalian host cells, is discussed because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody. Prokaryotic expression of antibody genes has been reported to be ineffective for production of high yields of active antibody (Boss, M. A. and Wood, C. R., 1985 Immunology Today 6:12-13). [000210] Mammalian host cells for expressing the recombinant antibodies of the invention include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells), including dhfr- CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, 1980 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220 used with a DH FR selectable marker, e.g., as described in RJ. Kaufman and P.A. Sharp, 1982 MoI. Biol. 159:601-621, NSO myeloma cells, COS cells and SP2 cells. In particular, for use with NSO myeloma cells, another expression system is the GS gene expression system shown in WO 87/04462, WO 89/01036 and EP 338,841. When recombinant expression vectors encoding antibody genes are introduced into mammalian host cells, the antibodies are produced by culturing the host cells for a period of time sufficient to allow for expression of the antibody in the host cells or secretion of the antibody into the culture medium in which the host cells are grown. Antibodies can be recovered from the culture medium using standard protein purification methods. Immunoconiugates
[00021 1] In another aspect, the present invention features an anti-c-Met antibody, or a fragment thereof, conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, such as a cytotoxin, a drug (e.g., an immunosuppressant) or a radiotoxin. Such conjugates are referred to herein as "immunoconjugates". Immunoconjugates that include one or more cytotoxins are referred to as "immunotoxins." A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to (e.g., kills) cells. Examples include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1 -dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents also include, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytosine arabinoside, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), ablating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thiotepa, chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis- dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin, anthracyclines (e.g., daunorυbicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine). [000212] Other examples of therapeutic cytotoxins that can be conjugated to an antibody of the invention include duocarmycins, calicheamicins, maytansines and auristatins, and derivatives thereof. An example of a calicheamicin antibody conjugate is commercially available (MylotargTm; Wyeth-Ayerst). [000213] Cytoxins can be conjugated to antibodies of the invention using linker technology available in the art. Examples of linker types that have been used to conjugate a cytotoxin to an antibody include, but are not limited to, hydrazones, thioethers, esters, disulfides and peptide- containing linkers. A linker can be chosen that is, for example, susceptible to cleavage by low pH within the lysosomal compartment or susceptible to cleavage by proteases, such as proteases preferentially expressed in tumor tissue such as cathepsins (e.g., cathepsins B, C, D). [000214] For further discussion of types of cytotoxins, linkers and methods for conjugating therapeutic agents to antibodies, see also Saito, G. et al., 2003 Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55:199-215; Trail, P.A. et ah, 2003 Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 52:328-337; Payne, G., 2003 Cancer Cell 3:207-212; Allen, T.M., 2002 Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:750-763; Pastan, I. and Kreitman, R. J., 2002 Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 3:1089-1091; Senter, P.D. and Springer, C.J., 2001 Adv. Drug Deiiv. Rev. 53:247-264.
[000215] Antibodies of the present invention also can be conjugated to a radioactive isotope to generate cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals, also referred to as radioimmunoconjugates. Examples of radioactive isotopes that can be conjugated to antibodies for use diagnostically or therapeutically include, but are not limited to, iodine131, indium111, yttrium90, and lutetium177. Method for preparing radioimmunconjugates are established in the art. Examples of radioimmunoconjugates are commercially available, including Zevalin™ (DEC Pharmaceuticals) and Bexxar™ (Corixa Pharmaceuticals), and similar methods can be used to prepare radioimmunoconjugates using the antibodies of the invention.
[000216] The antibody conjugates of the invention can be used to modify a given biological response, and the drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, an enzymaticatly active toxin, or active fragment thereof, such as abrin, ricin A, Pseudomonas exotoxin, or Diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor or interferon-γ; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 (IL-I), interIeukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), or other growth factors.
[000217] Techniques for conjugating such therapeutic moiety to antibodies are well known, see, e.g., Amon et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et at., "Antibodies For Drug Delivery", in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al. (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review", in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); "Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), and Thorpe et al., "The Preparation And Cytotoxic Properties Of Antibody-Toxin Conjugates", Inmunol. Rev., 62:119-58 (1982). Bispecific molecules
[000218] In another aspect, the present invention features bispecific molecules comprising an anti-c-Met antibody, or a fragment thereof, of the invention. An antibody of the invention, or antigen-binding portions thereof, can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) to generate a bispecific molecule that binds to at least two different binding sites or target molecules. The antibody of the invention may in fact be. derivatized or linked to more than one other functional molecule to generate multi-specific molecules that bind to more than two different binding sites and/or target • molecules; such multi-specific molecules are also intended to be encompassed by the term "bispecific molecule" as used herein. To create a bispecific molecule of the invention, an antibody of the invention can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other binding molecules, such as another antibody, antibody fragment, peptide or binding mimetic, such that a bispecific molecule results. [000219] In certain embodiments, bispecific molecules are directed against other receptor tyrosine kinases, including but not limited to, e.g., cRon or EGFR, or other targets in the cMet pathway. Additional bispecific molecule targets include receptors and ligands targeted by anticancer therapeutics, such as those provided herein.
[000220] Accordingly, the present invention includes bispecific molecules comprising at least one first binding specificity for c-Met and a second binding specificity for a second target epitope. For example, the second target epitope is an Fc receptor, e.g., human FcγRl (CD64) or a human Fcα receptor (CD89). Therefore, the invention includes bispecific molecules capable of binding both to FcγR, FcαR or FcεR expressing effector cells (e.g., monocytes, macrophages or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and to target cells expressing c-Met. These bispecific molecules target c-Met expressing cells to effector cell and trigger Fc receptor-mediated effector cell activities, such as phagocytosis of an c-Met expressing cells, antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytokine release, or generation of superoxide anion.
[000221] Additionally, for the invention in which the bispecific molecule is multi-specific, the molecule can further include a third binding specificity, in addition to an anti-Fc binding specificity and an anti-c-Met binding specificity. For example, the third binding specificity could be an anti-enhancement factor (EF) portion, e.g., a molecule which binds to a surface protein involved in cytotoxic activity and thereby increases the immune response against the target cell. The "anti- enhancement factor portion" could be an antibody, functional antibody fragment or a ligand that binds to a given molecule, e.g., an antigen or a receptor, and thereby results in an enhancement of the effect of the binding determinants for the Fc receptor or target cell antigen. [000222] The "anti-enhancement factor portion" can bind an Fc receptor or a target cell antigen. Alternatively, the anti-enhancement factor portion could bind to an entity that is different from the entity to which the first and second binding specificities bind. For example, the anti- enhancement factor portion can bind a cytotoxic T-cell (e.g. by CD2, CD3, CD8, CD28, CD4, CD44, ICAM-I or other immune cell that results in an increased immune response against the target cell). f000223] In one embodiment, the bispecifϊc molecules of the invention comprise as a binding specificity at least one antibody, or an antibody fragment thereof, including, e.g., an Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, or a single chain Fv. The antibody may also be a light chain or heavy chain dimer, or any minimal fragment thereof such as a Fv or a single chain construct as described in Ladner et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778, the contents of which are expressly incorporated by reference. [000224] In one embodiment, the binding specificity for an Fcγ receptor is provided by a monoclonal antibody, the binding of which is not blocked by human immunoglobulin G (IgG). As used herein, the term "IgG receptor" refers to any of the eight γ-chain genes located on chromosome 1. These genes encode a total of twelve transmembrane or soluble receptor isoforms which are grouped into three Fγ receptor classes: FcγRl (CD64), FcγRII(CD32), and FcγRIII (CD 16). In another embodiment, the Fcγ receptor is a human high affinity FcγRI. Human FcγRI is a 72 kDa molecule, and has high affinity for monomeric IgG (108 -109 M"1).
[000225] The production and characterization of certain anti-Fcγ monoclonal antibodies are described by Fanger et al. in PCT Publication WO 88/00052 and in U.S. Patent No. 4,954,617, the teachings of which are fully incorporated by reference herein. These antibodies bind to an epitope of FcγRI, FcγRII or FcγRIII at a site which is distinct from the Fcγ binding site of the receptor and, thus, their binding is not blocked substantially by physiological levels of IgG. Specific anti-FcγRI antibodies useful in this invention are mAb 22, mAb 32, mAb 44, mAb 62 and mAb 197. The hybridoma producing mAb 32 is available from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC Accession No. HB9469. In other embodiments, the anti-Fcγ receptor antibody is a humanized form of monoclonal antibody 22 (H22). The production and characterization of the H22 antibody is described in Graziano, R.F. et al., 1995 J. Immunol 155 (10): 4996-5002 and PCT Publication WO 94/10332. The 1122 antibody producing cell line was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection under the designation HA022CL1 and has the accession no. CRL 11177. [000226] In still other embodiments, the binding specificity for an Fc receptor is provided by an antibody that binds to a human IgA receptor, e.g., an Fc-alpha receptor FcαRI (CD89), the binding of which does not have to be blocked by human immunoglobulin A (IgA). The term "IgA receptor" is intended to include the gene product of one a gene (FcαRI) located on chromosome 19. This gene is known to encode several alternatively spliced transmembrane isoforms of 55 to 110 kDa. FcαRJ (CD89) is constitutively expressed on monocytes/macrophages, eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, but not on non-effector cell populations. FcαRI has an intermediate or medium affinity (5 x 107 M"1) for both IgAl and lgA2, which is increased upon exposure to cytokines such as G-CSF or GM-CSF (Morton, H.C. et al., 1996 Critical Reviews in Immunology 1 16:423-440). Four FcαRI-specific monoclonal antibodies, identified as A3, A59, A62 and A77, which bind FcαRI outside the IgA ligand binding domain, have been described (Monteiro, R.C. et al., 1992 J. Immunol. 148:1764).
[000227] FcαRI and FcγRI are trigger receptors for use in the bispecific molecules of the invention because they are expressed primarily on immune effector cells, e.g., monocytes, PMNs, macrophages and dendritic cells; expressed at high levels (e.g., 5,000-100,000 per cell); mediators of cytotoxic activities (e.g., ADCC, phagocytosis); mediate enhanced antigen presentation of antigens, including self-antigens, targeted to them.
[000228] Other antibodies which can be employed in the bispecific molecules of the invention are murine, chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies.
[000229] The bispecific molecules of the present invention can be prepared by conjugating the constituent binding specificities, e.g., the anti-FcR and anti-c-Met binding specificities, using methods known in the art. For example, each binding specificity of the bispecific molecule can be generated separately and then conjugated to one another. When the binding specificities are proteins or peptides, a variety of coupling or cross-linking agents can be used for covalent conjugation. Examples of cross-linking agents include protein A, carbodiimide, N-succinimidyl-S-acetyl- thioacetate (SATA), 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), o-phenylenedimaleimide (oPDM), N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), and sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohaxane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) (see e.g., Karpovsky et al., 1984 J. Exp. Med. 160:1686; Liu, MA et al., 1985 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8648). Other methods include those described in Paulus, 1985 Behring Ins. Mitt. No. 78,118-132; Brennan et al., 1985 Science 229:81-83), and Glennie et al., 1987 J. Immunol. 139: 2367-2375). Conjugating agents are SATA and sulfo-SMCC, both available from Pierce Chemical Co. (Rockford, IL). [000230] Antibodies are conjugated by sulfhydryl bonding of the C-terminus hinge regions of the two heavy chains. In a particularly embodiment, the hinge region is modified to contain an odd number of sulfhydryl residues, for example one, prior to conjugation.
[000231] Alternatively, genes encoding both binding specificities can be engineered into the same vector and expressed and assembled, e.g., as a fusion protein, in the same host cell. This method is particularly useful where the bispecific molecule is a mAb x mAb, mAb x Fab, Fab x F(ab')2θr ligand x Fab fusion protein. A bispecific molecule of the invention can be a single chain molecule comprising one single chain antibody and a binding determinant, or a single chain bispecific molecule comprising two binding determinants. Bispecific molecules may comprise at least two single chain molecules. Methods for preparing bispecific molecules are described for example in U.S. Patent Number 5,260,203; U.S. Patent Number 5,455,030; U.S. Patent Number 4,881,175; U.S. Patent Number 5,132,405; U.S. Patent Number 5,091,513; U.S. Patent Number 5,476,786; U.S. Patent Number 5,013,653; U.S. Patent Number 5,258,498; and U.S. Patent Number 5,482,858.
[000232] Binding of the bispecific molecules to their specific targets can be confirmed by, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (REA), FACS analysis, bioassay (e.g., growth inhibition), or Western Blot assay. Each of these assays generally detects the presence of protein-antibody complexes of particular interest by employing a labeled reagent (e.g., an antibody) specific for the complex of interest. For example, the FcR-antibody complexes can be detected using e.g., an enzyme-linked antibody or antibody fragment which recognizes and specifically binds to the antibody-FcR complexes. Alternatively, the complexes can be detected using any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, the antibody can be radioactively labeled and used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub; B., Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, March, 1986, which is incorporated by reference herein). The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a γ counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography. Assays for modulation of c-Met activity fagonism or antagonism)
[000233] The anti-c-Met antibodies are assayed for having a c-Met agonistic or antagonistic ability. Agonism is the ability to replace the positive effector HGF by binding to and activating c-Met, for example, a human c-Met receptor carried on a cell of an established cell line in culture, or carried on a primary cell line established from a sample of human tissue, or purified c-Met protein that is commercially available (R&D Systems #358 MT) which is immobilized on an assay plate or on a bead. A measure of the agonistic activity is the concentration of the effector, in this case an antibody or antibody fragment herein, which produces 50% of control HGF activity, i.e., EC50. The EC50 can be determined using a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RIA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorphogenesis assay). , Preferably the ECS0 inhibitory activity is less than 5 μg/ml, less than 1 μg/ml, less than 0.5 μg/ml, less than 0.1 μg/ml, and even preferably less than 50 ng/ml, as measured, for example, by ELISA. Antagonism is the ability to prevent interaction with and inhibit the action of the positive effector HGF by binding to the c-Met receptor, for example, a human c-Met carried on a cell of an established cell line in culture, or carried on a primary cell line established from a sample of human tissue, or purified c-Met protein that is commercially available (R&D Systems #358 MT) which is immobilized on an assay plate or on a bead. A measure of the antagonistic activity is the concentration of the effector, in this case an antibody or antibody fragment herein, which inhibits 50% of control HGF activity, i.e., IC50. The ICso can be determined using a ligand binding assay as determined by a standard immunological technique such as ELISA, RJA or by a cell-based assay such as cell scattering, soft agar growth and/or matrix invasion assay (tubulomorphόgenesis assay). Preferably the IC50 inhibitory activity is less than 5 μg/ml, less than 1 μg/ml, less than 0.5 μg/ml, less than 0.1 μg/ml, and even preferably less than 50 ng/ml, as measured, for example, by ELISA
Assay of modulation of c-Met phosphorylation by agonistic or antagonistic anti-c-Met antibodies [000234] Agonism or antagonism by anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention is measured by activation or inhibition of c-Met phosphorylation in cells with and without stimulation with HGF. Cells of a cell line such as A549 cells are plated at a density of 3 X lO4 cells per well in a total, volume of 100 μl/well DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture • treated plates (Costar, #3595). The plates are incubated at 370C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which the medium is gently aspirated from each well of the plates and a volume of 100 μl/well DMEM added. The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which a sample of a purified antibody to be tested, 100 μl per well of the antibody or a dilution, is added to cells in the well diluted in DMEM. As a negative control for lack of activation, a sample' of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. . . .
[000235] The cells are incubated at 370C for a short time period (e.g., 2 hours) or a longer . time period (e.g., 24 hours). Where appropriate, cells are stimulated by the addition of HGF in serum-free DMEM media at a final concentration of 200 ng/well. In general, when assaying the agonistic activity of the antibodies, except for the positive control (not treated with antibody), HGF is omitted from the test sample antibody wells. In general, when assaying the antagonistic activity of the antibodies, HGF is included in the test sample antibody wells. Plates are further incubated for 10 min at 370C, then the medium is gently aspirated from the wells of the plates. The cells are washed with cold PBS and the solution is gently aspirated from the plates. The cells are lysed with 50 μl lysis buffer (NP-40 Lysis buffer: 120 mM NaCI, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% NPr40, 1 mM • EDTA, 6mM EGTA, 2OmM NaF, ImM Benzamidine with freshly added 0.5 mM Na3VO4, and 0.1 mM. PMSF . The plates are shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes, and are then stored at — 80 0C until needed for ELISA.
[000236] An ELISA is used to determine c-Met phosphorylation levels. For ELISA plate preparation, Nunc-lmmunoTM Plate, MaxiSorbTM Surface (VWR International AG, N°391-8786) are washed twice with wash buffer (PBS-0.05%Tween Biorad #670-6531 ); and 100 μl of c-Met monoclonal capture antibody (DO-24) in PBS is added. The plates are incubated overnight at 4°C washed three times with PBS-0.05%Tween. Non-specific binding sites are blocked with 200 μl/well 3% BSA in PBS-T for 2 hours at room temperature, with shaking. Immediately before use blocking solution in removed.
[000237] Frozen cell lysates are melted by shaking at room temperature and 40 μl of lysate is added to the Nunc-Immuno plates and the plates are incubated at 4°C for 4 hours. The plates are washed three times with PBS-T, and 50 μl/well of 0.2 μg/ml anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20- HRP (ZYMED, # 03-7722) in 3% bovine serum aJbumin-PBS-T. The plates are incubated overnight at 4°C and washed three times with PBS-T. The PBS-T is aspirated and 90 μl/ well alkaline phosphatase substrate (CDR-Star, TROPIX, #MS100RY) added and developed while gently shaking for 45 min at room temperature. The plates are read using a 96-well plate reader. [000238] These results demonstrate that members of the antagonistic class of anti-c-Met antibodies inhibit the ability of HGF to stimulate c-Met phosphorylation Modulation of HGF induced proliferation with agonistic and antagonistic clones of anti-c-Met antibodies
[000239] An assay is performed to measure the antagonistic or agonistic effect of anti-c-Met antibodies, in the absence or upon stimulation with HGF. Cells of a cell line, such as 4MBr-5, are plated at a density of 3 X 103 cells per well in a total volume of 100 μl/well Ham's F12K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610). The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50μl of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50μl of the medium alone or 50 μl containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 μg/μl to about 50ng/ml ) is added. The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669915. Briefly, 20μM/well of BrdU solution (#1) is added and the plates . incubated for 22hrs at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Medium is gently removed and the plate dried for lhr at 60 0C. 200μl of FixDenat (solution #2) is added and the plates incubated at room ' temperature with gentle shaking for 30 minutes. The solution is gently removed and 1 OOμl/well anti- BrDU working solution added. The plates are incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 90 minutes. The solution is gently removed and the wells washed.three times with 250μl of washing solution. The solution is gently removed and 1 OOμl/well substrate solution added plates are measured at A405nm.
[000240] These results demonstrate that HGF stimulated proliferation of cells expressing c-Met levels is inhibited in cells that have been treated with antagonistic anti-c-Met antibody clones. Modulation of c-Met-dependent cellular migration with an antagonistic class of anti-c-Met antibodies
[000241] Cells of certain cell lines, such as NCI-H44I cells that express c-Met, are known to migrate in response to an HGF concentration gradient. Assays are performed using NCI-H441 cells where the ability of the anti-cMet antibodies to modulate migration through a perforated membrane
(Boyden Chamber Assay) from an area of low HGF concentration to an area of high HGF concentration is measured..
[000242] Cellular migration is assayed using QCM™ chemotaxis 8 μM 96-well cell migration assay . Accordingly, 24 hrs prior to the assay cells are washed twice with sterile PBS and starved in the DMEM containing 1% FBS at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Subsequently, the cells are trypsin ised and resuspended at 1.0 x 106 cells per mL in the presence of appropriate concentration of the purified antibody for 30min at 370C. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
[000243] Under sterile conditions the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 μL of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber). 100 μL of 5-10 x 104 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber. The plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at
37°C in 4-6% CO∑. Following the manufacturers instructions, the cells/media in the top chamber is discarded and the chamber placed into a 96-well Feeder Tray into which 150 μL/well prewarmed cell detachment solution has been added. Cells are dislodged by incubating for 30 minutes at 37°C with periodic gentle agitation. Subsequently, 50 μl of prediluted CyQuant GR Dye is added to each well of the feeder tray. The plate is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and 150 μL of the mixture transferred to a new 96-well plate suitable for fluorescence measurement using a 480/520 nm filter set.
[000244] Data obtained show that a class of the antagonistic anti-c-Met antibody clones are capable of inhibiting a biological consequence of c-Met activation, namely, HGF stimulated migration of NCI-H441 cells through a microporous membrane.
Determination of affinity constants Kn of anti-c-Met antibodies by BIACORE™
[000245] The binding affinity of purified antibody is determined using surface plasmon resonance using the BIACORE™ 3000 instrument (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and
Piscataway, N.J.), following the manufacturer's protocols, as described above for antagonistic antibodies.
Determination of affinity constants (Kn) of anti-c-Met antibodies with flow cytometry
[000246] The binding affinity of purified antibodies for c-Met expressed on the surface of human AS49 lung carcinoma cells and cynomolgus lung cells is determined by flow cytometry using the BD™ Biosciences LSR flow cytometer according to manufacturer's protocols, as described above for antagonistic antibodies. Pharmaceutical compositions
[000247] In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, containing one or a combination of monoclonal antibodies, or antigen- binding portion(s) thereof, of the present invention, formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such compositions may include one or a combination of (e.g., two or more different) antibodies, or immunoconjugates or bispecific molecules of the invention. For example, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention can comprise a combination of antibodies (or immunoconjugates or bispecifics) that bind to different epitopes on the target antigen or that have complementary activities.
[000248] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention also can be administered in combination therapy, i.e., combined with other agents. For example, the combination therapy can include an anti-c-Met antibody of the present invention combined with at least one other anti-cancer or anti-inflammatory agent. Examples of therapeutic agents that can be used in combination therapy are described in greater detail below in the section on uses of the antibodies of the invention. [000249] As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. The carrier should be suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion). Depending on the route of administration, the active compound, i.e., antibody, immunoconjuage, or bispecific molecule, may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound. [000250] The pharmaceutical compounds of the invention may include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts. A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a salt that does not affect the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S.M., et al., 1977 J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and di-carboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like. [000251] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention also may include a pharmaceutically acceptable anti-oxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include at least: water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfϊte, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
[000252] Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. [000253] These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[000254] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
[000255] Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, one can include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
[000256] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze- drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[000257] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier • material to produce a single dosage form .will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 per cent to about 70 per cent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[000258] Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the • desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the ' limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
[000259] For administration of the antibody, the dosage ranges from about 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg, and more usually 0.01 to 5 mg/kg, of the host body weight. For example dosages can be 0.3 mg/kg body weight, 1 mg/kg body weight, 3 mg/kg body weight, 5 mg/kg body weight or 10 mg/kg body weight or within the range of 1-10 mg/kg..An exemplary treatment regime entails administration once per week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once a month, once every 3 months or once every three to 6 months. Dosage regimens for an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention include 1 mg/kg body weight or 3 mg/kg body weight by intravenous administration, with the antibody being given using one of the following dosing schedules: every four weeks for six dosages, then every three months; every three weeks; 3 mg/kg body weight once followed by 1 mg/kg body weight every three weeks. [000260] In some methods, two or more antibodies with the same or different binding specificities are administered simultaneously, in which case the dosage of each antibody administered falls within the ranges indicated. Antibody is usually administered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single dosages can be, for example, weekly, monthly, every three months or yearly. Intervals can also be irregular as indicated by measuring blood levels of antibody to the target antigen in the patient. In some methods, dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasma antibody concentration of about 1-1000 μg/ml and in some methods about 25-300 μgΛnl. [000261] Alternatively, antibody can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the antibody in the patient. In general, human antibodies show the longest half-life, followed by humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and nonhuman antibodies. The dosage and frequency of administration can vary depending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. In prophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage is administered at relatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Some patients continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated or until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patient can be administered a prophylactic regime.
[000262] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions of the present invention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. [000263] A "therapeutically effective dosage" of an anti-c-Met antibody of the invention results in a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. Disease symptoms include standard diagnostic criteria of cancer, such as stage, size of primary tumor, member and size of metastases, or extent of inflammation.
[000264] A composition of the present invention can be administered by one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. Routes of administration for antibodies of the invention include intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion. The phrase "parenteral administration" as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion. [000265] Alternatively, an antibody of the invention can be administered by a nonparenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically.
[000266] The active compounds can be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978. [000267] Therapeutic compositions can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, a therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered with a needleless hypodermic injection device, such as the devices shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824 or 4,596,556. Examples of well known implants and modules useful in the present invention include at least: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which shows an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,486,194, which shows a therapeutic device for administering medicants through the skin; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,233, which shows a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,224, which shows a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Patent No. 4,439,196, which shows an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Patent No. 4,475,196, which shows an osmotic drug delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art. [000268] In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that the therapeutic compounds of the invention cross the BBB (if desired), they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Patents 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331. The liposomes may comprise one or more moieties which are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V.V. Ranade, 1989 J. Cline Pharmacol. 29:685). Exemplary targeting moieties include folate or biotin (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,416,016 to Low et al.); mannosides (Umezawa et al., 1988 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038); antibodies (P.G. Bloeman et al., 1995 FEBS Lett. 357:140; M. Owais et al., 1995 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180); surfactant protein A receptor (Briscoe et al., 1995 Am. J. Physiol.1233: 134); pl20 (Schreier et al., 1994 J. Biol. Chem. 269:9090); see also K. Keinanen; M.L. Laukkanen, 1994 FEBS Lett. 346:123; JJ. Killion; U. Fidler, 1994 Immunomethods 4:273. The Combinations
[000269] The invention further relates to a method of preventing or treating proliferative diseases or diseases, such as a cancer, in a mammal, particularly a human, with a combination of pharmaceutical agents which comprises
(a) a c-Met antibody antagonist composition; and
(b) one or more pharmaceutically active agents.
The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising:
(a) a c-Met antibody antagonist composition;
(b) a pharmaceutically active agent; and
(c) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The present invention further relates to a commercial package or product comprising:
(a) a pharmaceutical formulation of a c-Met antibody antagonist composition; and
(b) a pharmaceutical formulation of a pharmaceutically active agent for simultaneous, concurrent, separate or sequential use.
The Pharmaceutically Active Agents
[000270] The term " pharmaceutically active agents" is a broad one covering many pharmaceutically active agents having different mechanisms of action. Combinations of some of these with C-Met antagonist antibodies/compositions can result in improvements in cancer therapy. Generally, pharmaceutically active agents are classified according to the mechanism of action. Many of the available agents are anti-metabolites of development pathways of various tumors, or react with the DNA of the tumor cells. There are also agents which inhibit enzymes, such as topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II, or which are anti-mitotic agents. [000271] By the term " pharmaceutically active agent" is meant especially any pharmaceutically active agent other than a c-Met antibody antagonist composition or a derivative thereof. It includes, but is not limited to: i. an aromatase inhibitor; ii. an anti-estrogen, an anti-androgen or a gonadorelin agonist; iii. a topoisomerase I inhibitor or a topoisomerase II inhibitor; iv. a microtubule active agent, an alkylating agent, an anti-neoplastic anti-metabolite or a platin compound; v. a compound targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity, a further anti-angiogenic compound or a compound which induces cell differentiation processes; vi. monoclonal antibodies; vii. a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a bisphosphonate, a heparanase inhibitor, a biological response modifier; viii. an inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms; ix. a telomerase inhibitor; x. a protease inhibitor, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, a methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor, or a proteasome inhibitor; xi. agents used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies or compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; xii. an HSP90 inhibitor, xiii. antiproliferative antibodies; xiv. a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor; xv. a compound which targets, decreases or inhibits the activity/function of serine/threonine mTOR kinase; xvi. a somatostatin receptor antagonist; xvii. an anti-leukemic compound; xviii. tumor cell damaging approaches; xix. an EDG binder;
XX. a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor; xxi. an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor; xxii. a monoclonal antibody of VEGF or VEGFR; xxiii. photodynamic therapy; xxiv. an angiostatic steroid;
XXV. an implant containing corticosteroids; xxvi. an ATI receptor antagonist; and xxvii. an ACE inhibitor. • ' '
[000272] The term "aromatase inhibitor", as used herein,- relates to a compound which inhibits the estrogen production, i.e., the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and . testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to, steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane; and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole,- ■ vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed as AROMASIN; formestane as LENTARON; fadrozole as AFEMA; anastrozole as ARlMIDEX; letrozole as FEMARA or FEMAR; and aminoglutethimide as ORIMETEN. A combination of the invention comprising a pharmaceutically active agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, e.g., breast tumors.
[000273] The term "anti-estrogen", as used herein, relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g., NOLVADEX; and raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed as EVISTA. Fulvestrant can be formulated as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,659,516 and is marketed as FASLODEX. A combination of the invention comprising a pharmaceutically active agent which is an anti-estrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, e.g., breast tumors.
[000274] The term "anti-androgen", as used herein, relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (CASODEX), which can be formulated, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,636,505.
[000275] The term "gonadorelin agonist", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin is disclosed in U.S. Patent No.4,100,274-and is marketed as ZOLADEX. Abarelix can be formulated, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,843,901. •
[000276] The term "topoisomerase I inhibitor", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148 (compound Al in WO 99/17804). Irinotecan can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark CAMPTOSAR. Topotecan can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark HYCAMTIN.
[000277] The term "topoisomerase II inhibitor", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, the anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., CAELYX, daunorubicin, including liposomal formulation, e.g., DAUNOSOME, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin; the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone; and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed as ETOPOPHOS; teniposide as VM 26-BRISTOL; doxorubicin as ADRIBLASTIN or ADRIAMYCIN; epirubicin as FARMORUBICIN; idarubicin as ZAVEDOS; and mitoxantrone as NOVANTRON.
[000278] The term "microtubule active agent" as used herein, relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing agents and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, ■ but not limited to, taxanes, e.g., paciltaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, e.g., vinblastine, especially vinblastine sulfate; vincristine, especially vincristine sulfate and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilonesand derivatives thereof, e.g., epothilone B or a derivative thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed as TAXOL; docetaxel as TAXOTERE; vinblastine sulfate as VINBLASTIN R.P; and vincristine sulfate as FARMISTIN. Also included are the generic forms of paclitaxel as well as various dosage forms of paclitaxel. Generic forms of paclitaxel include, but are not limited to, betaxolol hydrochloride. Various dosage forms of paclitaxel include, but are not limited to albumin nanoparticle paclitaxel marketed as ABRAXANE; ONXOL. CYTOTAX Discodermolide can be obtained, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,010,099. Also included are Epotholine derivatives which are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,194,181, WO 98/10121, WO 98/25929, WO 98/08849, WO 99/43653, WO 98/22461 and WO 00/31247. Especially preferred are Epotholine A and/or B.
[000279] The term "alkylating agent", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel), or temozolamide (TEMODAR).Cyclophosphamide can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark CYCLOSTIN; and ifosfamide as HOLOXAN.
[000280] The term "anti-neoplastic anti-metabolite" includes, but is not limited to, 5- fluorouracil (5-FU); capecitabine; gemcitabine; DNA de-methylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine; methotrexate; edatrexate; and folic acid antagonists such as, but not limited to, pemetrexed. Capecitabine can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., under the trademark XELODA; and gemcitabine as GEMZAR.
[000281] The term "platin compound", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum, oxaliplatin, Satraplatin and platinum agents such as ZD0473. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., CARBOPLAT; and oxaliplatin as ELOXATIN.
[000282] The term "compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or theroine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, for example: i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor-receptors (VEGF), such as compounds which target, decrese or inhibit the activity of VEGF, especially compounds which inhibit the VEGF receptor, wuch as, but not limited to, 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives (AEE788); BAY 43-9006; isolcholine compounds disclosed in WO 00/09495 such as (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-94-pyridin-4-ylmethyl-isoquinolin-l-yl)- amine (AAL881); and ii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, e.g., a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine- amine derivative, e.g., imatinib, SUlOl, SU6668 and GFB-111; iii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); iv) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF- IR, especially compounds which inhibit the IGF-IR receptor. Compounds include but are not limited to the compounds disclosed in WO 02/092599 and derivatives thereof of 4-amino-5-phenyl- 7-cyclobutyl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives (AEW541); v) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family; vi) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; vii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor; viii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; ix) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase; x) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases (part of the PDGFR family), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c- Kit receptor, e.g., imatinib; xi) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c AbI family and their gene-fusion products, e.g., BCR-AbI kinase, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, e.g., a N- phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g., imatinib, PDl 80970, AG957, NSC 680410 or PDl 73955 from ParkeDavis; BMS354825 xii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK, FAK, PDK and Ras/MAPK family members, or PI(3) kinase family, or of the PI(3)-kinase-related kinase' family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) and are especially those staurosporine derivatives disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,093,330, e.g., midostaurin; examples of further compounds include, e.g., UCN-01; safingol; BAY 43-9006; Bryostatin 1 ; Perifosine; Ilmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds, such as those disclosed in WO 00/09495; FTIs; PDl 84352 or QAN697, a P13K inhibitor; xiii) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC); tyrphostin or pyrymidylaminobenzamide and derivatives thereof (AMN 107). A tyrphostin is preferably a low molecular weight (Mr <1500) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially a compound selected from the •benzyl idenemalonitrile class or the S arylbenzenemalonirile or bisubstrate quinoline class of compounds, more especially any compound selected from the group consisting of Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810, AG 99, Tyrphostin AG 213, Tyrphostin AG 1748, Tyrphostin AG 490, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer, Tyrphostin AG 555, AG 494, Tyrphostin AG 556; AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino} -benzoic acid adamantyl ester, NSC 680410, adaphostin); xiv) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, e.g., EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF-related ligands, and are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies generically and specifically disclosed in WO 97/02266, e.g., the compound of Example 39, or in EP 0 564 409, WO 99/03854, EP 0520722, EP 0 566 226, EP 0 787 722, EP 0 837063, U.S. Patent No. 5,747,498, WO 98/10767, WO 97/30034, WO 97/49688, WO 97/38983 and, especially, WO 96/30347, e.g., compound known as CP 358774, WO 96/33980, e.g., compound ZD 1839; and WO 95/03283, e.g., compound ZMl 05180, e.g., trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®), cetuximab, Iressa, OSI- 774, CI 1033, EKB-569, GW.-2016, ELl, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H- pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives which are disclosed in WO 03/013541, erlotinib and gefitinib. Erlotinib can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g. TARCEVA, and gefitinib as IRESSA, human monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor including ABX-EGFR; and xv) Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity/function of serine/theronine mTOR kinase are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which target/inhibit members of the mTOR kinase family, e.g., RAD, RADOOl, CCI-779, ABT578, SAR543, rapamycin and derivatives/analogs thereof, AP23573 and AP23841 from Ariad, everolimus (CERTICAN) and sirolimus. CERTICAN (everolimus, RAD) an investigational novel proliferation signal inhibitor that prevents proliferation of T-cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. [000283] When referring to antibody, it is to include intact monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. [000284] The phrase "compound which targets, decreases or inhibits the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase" as used herein includes but is not limited to inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, PTEN or CDC25, e.g., okadaic acid or a derivative thereof. [000285] The term "monoclonal antibodies", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to bevacizumab, cetuximab, trastuzumab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, denosumab, anti-CD40, anti-GM- CSF, and tositumomab and iodine 1 13V Bevacizumab can be administered in the form as it is marketed, e.g. AVASTEsI; cetuximab as ERBITUX; trastuzumab as HERCEPTIN; Rituximab as MABTHERA; Ibritumomab tiuxetan as ZEVULlN; anti-RANKL as denosumab (AMG 162), anti- CD40 as HCD122 (U.S. patent application 2002-0106371), and tositumomab and iodine I m as BEXXAR.
[000286] The phrase "further anti-angiogenic compounds" includes but is not limited to compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g., unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition, e.g., thalidomide (THALOMID) and TNP-470.
[000287] The phrase "compounds which induce cell differentiation processes" as used herein, include but is not limited to retinoic acid, α-, γ- or δ-tocopherol or α-, γ- or δ tocotrienol. [000288] The term "cyclooxygenase inhibitor" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, e.g., Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (CELEBREX), rofecoxib (VIOXX), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2- arylaminophenylacetic acid, e.g., 5-methyl-2-(2'-chloro-6'-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.
[000289] The term "bisphosphonates", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. "Etridonic acid" can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g., DIDRONEL; "clodronic acid" as BONEFOS; "tiludronic acid" as SKELID; "pamidronic acid" as AREDIA; "alendronic acid" as FOSAMAX; "ibandronic acid" as BONDRANAT; "risedronic acid" as ACTONEL; and "zoledronic acid" as ZOMETA. [000290] The term "heparanase inhibitor", as used herein, refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulphate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI 88.
[000291] The term "biological response modifier", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to lymphokine or interferons, e.g., interferon γ.
[000292] The term "inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to H-Ras, K-Ras or N-Ras, as used herein, refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras, e.g., a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI), e.g., L-744832,
DK8G557 or Rl 15777 (ZARNESTRA).
[000293] The term "telomerase inhibitor", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, e.g., telomestatin.
[000294] The term "matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor" or (MMP inhibitor), as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and non-peptidomimetic inhibitors; tetracycline derivatives, e.g., hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat; and its orally- bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS
279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996.
[000295] The term "methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor", as used herein, includes, but is not limited tos compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase.
Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase are, e.g., bengamide or a derivative thereof.
[000296] The term "proteasome inhibitors", as used herein, includes compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteosome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteosome include, but are not limited to, PS-341; MLN 341. bortezomib or
Velcade.
[000297] The phrase "agent used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, e.g., compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (FU-3R); interferon, 1 -b-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, e.g., compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
[000298] The phrase "compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit Flt-3, e.g., N-benzoyl-staurosporine, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SUl 1248 and MLN518.
[000299] The term "HSP90 inhibitors", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, e.g., 17- allylamino,17-demethoxygeldanamvcin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin- related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.
[000300] The term "an antiproliferative antibody" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN), trastuzumab-DMl, erlotinib (TARCEVA), bevacizumab (AVASTIN), rituximab (RlTUXAN), PRO64553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant e.g. intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
[000301] The term "HDAC inhibitor", as used herein relates to relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacerylase and which possess anti-proliferative activity. This includes but is not limited to compounds disclosed in WO 02/22577, especially N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[(2-hydroxyethyl)[2- (lH-indol-3-yl)ethyI]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2- methyl-lH-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (LBH589). It further especially includes Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA); [4-(2-amino-ρhenylcarbamoyl)-benzyl]-carbamic acid pyridine-3-ylmethyl ester and derivatives thereof; butyric acid, pyroxamide, trichostatin A, Oxamflatin,.apicidin, Depsipeptide; depudecin and trapoxϊn.
[000302] The phrase "compound which targets, decreases or inhibits the activity/function of serine/theronine mTOR kinase" as used herein, includes but is not limited to compounds, proteins or antibodies which targetfinhibit members of the mTOR kinase family, e.g., RAD, RADOOl, CCI-779, ABT578, SAR543, rapamycin and derivatives/analogs thereof, AP23573 and AP23841 from Ariad, everolimus (CERTICAN) and sirolimus (RAPAMUNE), CCI-779 and ABT578. CERTICAN (everolimus, RAD) an investigational novel proliferation signal inhibitor that prevents proliferation of T-cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
[000303] The term "somatostatin receptor antagonist", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, agents which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor, such as octreoride and SOM230.
[000304] The term "anti-Ieukemic compound" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to
Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2'-fjfc-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate.
[000305] The phrase "tumor cell damaging approaches" refers to approaches, such as ionizing radiation. The term "ionizing radiation", referred to above and hereinafter, means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays, such as X-rays and gamma rays; or particles, such as alpha, beta and gamma particles. Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Cancer, 4th Edition, Vol. 1, Devita et al., Eds., pp.
248-275 (1993).
[000306] The term "EDG binder" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720.
[000307] The term "ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or ara-C; 6-thioguanine; 5-FU; cladribine; 6-mercaptopurine, especially in combination with ara-C against ALL; and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or
2-hydroxy-lH-isoindole-l,3-dione derivatives, such as PL-I, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, PL-6, PL-7 or
PL 8. See Nandy et al., Acta Oncologica, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 953-961 (1994).
[000308] The term "S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to, the compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,461,076.
[000309] The phrase "monoclonal antibodies of VEGF or VEGFR", as used herein, includes but is not limited to, compounds disclosed in WO 98/35958, e.g., l-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4- pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., the succinate, or in
WO 00/09495, WO 00/27820, WO 00/59509, WO 98/11223, WO 00/27819 and EP 0 769947; those as described by Prewett et al., Cancer Res, Vol. 59, pp. 5209-5218 (1999); Yuan et al.s Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 93, pp. 14765-14770 (1996); Zhu et al., Cancer Res, Vol. 58, pp. 3209-
3214 (1998); and Mordenti et al., Toxicol Pathol, Vol.27, No. 1, pp. 14-21 (1999) in WO 00/37502 and WO 94/10202; ANGIOSTATIN, described by O'Reilly et al., Cell, Vol. 79, pp. 315-328
(1994); ENDOSTATIN, described by O'Reilly et al., Cell, Vol. 88, pp. 277-285 (1997); anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-
VEGF receptor antibodies, e.g., rhuMAb and RHUFab; VEGF aptamer, e.g., Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors; FLT-3 inhibitors; VEGFR-2 IgGl antibody; Angiozyme (RPl 4610); and Avastan.
[000310] The term "photodynamic therapy", as used herein, refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing agents to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include, but are not limited to, treatment with agents, such as, e.g.,
VISUDYNE and porfimer sodium.
[000311] The term "angiostatic steroid", as used herein, includes, but is not limited to agents which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 1 l-6t- epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17i5thydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasoπe.
[000312] The phrase "Implant containing corticosteroids" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to agents, such as, e.g., fluocinolone and dexamethasone. [000313] The term "ATI receptor antagonist" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to agents, such as DIOVAN.
[000314] The term "ACE inhibitor" as used herein, includes, but is not limited to CIBACEN, benazepril, enazepril (LOTENSIN), captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, quinapril, ramipril, perindopril and trandolapril.
[000315] Other pharmaceutically active agents include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal agents and antagonists, biological response modifiers, preferably Iymphokines or interferons, antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; or miscellaneous agents or agents with other or unknown mechanism of action.
[000316] In each case where citations of patent applications or scientific publications are given, in particular with regard to the respective compound claims and the final products of the working examples therein, the subject matter of the final products, the pharmaceutical preparations and the claims is hereby incorporated into the present application by reference to these publications.
Comprised are likewise the corresponding stereoisomers, as well as the corresponding crystal modifications, e.g., solvates and polymorphs, which are disclosed therein. The compounds used as active ingredients in the combinations disclosed herein can be prepared and administered as described in the cited documents, respectively.
[000317] The structure of the active agents identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium "The Merck Index" or from databases, e.g., Patents International, e.g., IMS World Publications, or the publications mentioned above and below. The corresponding content thereof is hereby incorporated by reference.
[000318] It will be understood that references to the components (a) and (b) are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the active substances. If active substances comprised by components (a) and/or (b) have, for example, at least one basic center, they can form acid addition salts. Corresponding acid addition salts can also be formed having, if desired, an additionally present basic center. Active substances having an acid group, e.g., COOH, can form salts with bases. The active substances comprised in components (a) and/or (b) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in form of a hydrate or include other solvents used for crystallization.
[000319] Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the prevention of treatment of proliferative diseases or diseases that are triggered by persistent angiogenesis in a mammal, preferably a human patient, which comprises treating the patient concurrently or sequentially with pharmaceutically effective amounts of a combination of:
(a) a c-Met antibody antagonist composition; and
(b) an pharmaceutically active agent. . In preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation comprising:
(a) a c-Met antibody antagonist composition; and
(b) one or more pharmaceutically active agents selected from the group consisting of an aromatase inhibitor; an antiestrogen; an anti-androgen; a gonadorelin agonist; a topoisomerase I inhibitor; a topoisomerase II inhibitor; a microtubule active agent; an alkylating agent; an anti- • neoplastic anti-metabolite; a platin compound; a compound targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid'
' kinase'activity or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity, a anti-angiogenic compound; a compound which induces cell differentiation processes; monoclonal antibodies; a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; a bisphosphonate; a heparanase inhibitor; a biological response modifier; an inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms; a telomerase inhibitor; a protease inhibitor, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, a methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor; a proteasome inhibitor; agents which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FIt-3; an HSP90 inhibitor; antiproliferative antibodies; an HDAC inhibitor; a compound which targets, decreases, or inhibits the activity/function of serine/theronine mTOR kinase; a somatostatin receptor antagonist; an anti-leukemic compound; tumor cell damaging approaches; an EDG binder; a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor; an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor; a monoclonal antibody of VEGF or VEGFR; photodynamic therapy; an Angiostatic steroid; an implant containing corticosteroids; an ATI receptor antagonist; and an ACE inhibitor.
[000320] Any of the combination of components (a) and (b), the method of treating a warmblooded animal comprising administering these two components, a pharmaceutical composition comprising these two components for simultaneous, separate or sequential use, the use of the combination for the delay of progression or the treatment of a proliferative disease or for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical preparation for these purposes or a commercial product comprising such a combination of components (a) and (b), all as mentioned or defined above, will be referred to subsequently also as combination of the invention (so that this term refers to each of these embodiments which thus can replace this term where appropriate).
[000321] Simultaneous administration may, e.g., take place in the form of one fixed combination with two or more active ingredients, or by simultaneously administering two or more active ingredients that are formulated independently. Sequential use (administration) preferably means administration of one (or more) components of a combination at one time point, other components at a different time point, that is, in a chronically staggered manner, preferably such that the combination shows more efficiency than the single compounds administered independently (especially showing synergism). Separate use (administration) preferably means administration of the components of the combination independently of each other at different time points, preferably meaning that the components (a) and (b) are administered such that no overlap of measurable blood levels of both compounds are present in an overlapping manner (at the same time). [000322] Also combinations of two or more of sequential, separate and simultaneous . . administration are possible, preferably such that the combination component-drugs show a joint therapeutic effect that exceeds the effect found when the combination component-drugs are used independently at time intervals so large that no mutual effect on their therapeutic efficiency can be found, a synergistic effect being especially preferred. • ' -
[000323] The term "delay of progression" as used herein means administration of the combination to patients being in a pre-stage or in an early phase, of the First manifestation or a relapse of the disease to be treated, in which patients, e.g., a pre-form of the corresponding disease is diagnosed or which patients are in a condition, e.g., during a medical treatment or a condition resulting from an accident, under which it is likely that a corresponding disease will develop. [000324] "Jointly therapeutically active" or "joint therapeutic effect" means that the compounds may be given separately (in a chronically staggered manner, especially a sequence- specific manner) in such time intervals that they preferably, in the warm-blooded animal, especially human, to be treated, still show a (preferably synergistic) interaction (joint therapeutic effect). Whether this is the case, can inter alia be determined by following the blood levels, showing that both compounds are present in the blood of the human to be treated at least during certain time intervals. .
[000325] "Pharmaceutically effective" preferably relates to an amount that is therapeutically or in a broader sense also prophylactically effective against the progression of a proliferative disease. ' . .
[000326] The term "a commercial package" or "a product", as used herein defines especially a
"kit of parts" in the sense that the components (a) and (b) as defined above can be dosed independently or by use of different fixed combinations with distinguished amounts of the components (a) and (b), i.e., simultaneously or at different time points. Moreover, these terms comprise a commercial package comprising (especially combining) as active ingredients components (a) and (b), together with instructions for simultaneous, sequential (chronically staggered, in time-specific sequence, preferentially) or (less preferably) separate use thereof in the delay of progression or treatment of a proliferative disease. The parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., be administered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is at different time points and with equal or different time intervals for any part of the kit of parts. Very preferably, the time intervals are chosen such that the effect on the treated disease in the combined use of the parts is larger than the effect which would be obtained by use of only any one of the combination partners (a) and (b) (as can be determined according to standard methods. The ratio of the total amounts of the combination partner (a) to the combination partner (b) to be administered in the combined preparation can be varied, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient sub-population to be treated or the needs of the single patient which different needs can be due to the particular disease, age, sex, body weight, etc. of the patients. Preferably, there is at least one beneficial effect, e.g., a mutual enhancing of the effect of the combination partners (a) and (b), in particular a more than additive effect, which hence could be achieved with lower doses of each of the combined drugs, respectively, than tolerable in the case of treatment with the individual drugs only without combination, producing additional advantageous effects, e.g., less side effects or a combined therapeutic effect in a non-effective dosage of one or both of the combination partners (components) (a) and (b), and very preferably a strong synergism of the combination partners (a) and (b). [000327] Both in the case of the use of the combination of components (a) and (b) and of the commercial package, any combination of simultaneous, sequential and separate use is also possible, meaning that the components (a) and (b) may be administered at one time point simultaneously, followed by administration of only one component with lower host toxicity either chronically, e.g., more than 3-4 weeks of daily dosing, at a later time point and subsequently the other component or the combination of both components at a still later time point (in subsequent drug combination treatment courses for an optimal anti-tumor effect) or the like.
[000328] The COMBINATION OF THE INVENTION can also be applied in combination with other treatments, e.g., surgical intervention, hyperthermia and/or irradiation therapy. [000329] The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be prepared by conventional means and are those suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, and parenteral administration to mammals including man, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a VEGF inhibitor and at least one pharmaceutically active agent alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, especially those suitable for enteral or parenteral application.
[000330] The pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.00002 to about 100%, especially, e.g., in the case of infusion dilutions that are ready for use, of 0.0001 to 0.02%, or, e.g., in case of injection or infusion concentrates or especially parenteral formulations, from about 0.1% to about 95%, preferably from about 1% to about 90%, more preferably from about 20% to about 60% active ingredient (weight by weight, in each case). Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be, e.g., in unit dose form, such as in the form of ampoules, vials, dragees, tablets, infusion bags or capsules.
[000331] The effective dosage of each of the combination partners employed in a formulation of the present invention may vary depending on the particular compound or pharmaceutical compositions employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily
Sl determine the effective amount of each of the active ingredients necessary to prevent, treat or inhibit the progress of the condition.
[000332] Tyrphostins, especially Adaphostin, are preferably administered to a warm-blooded animal, especially a human in a dosage in the range of about 1-6000 mg/day, more preferably 25- 5000 mg/day, most preferably 50-4000 mg/day. Unless stated otherwise herein, the compound is preferably administered from one to 5, especially from 1-4 times per day. [000333] Pharmaceutical preparations for the combination therapy for enteral or parenteral administration are, e.g., those in unit dosage forms, such as sugar-coated tablets, capsules or suppositories, and furthermore ampoules. If not indicated otherwise, these formulations are prepared by conventional means, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes. It will be appreciated that the unit content of a combination partner contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount can be reached by administration of a plurality of dosage units. One of skill in the art has the ability to determine appropriate pharmaceutically effective amounts of the combination components.
[000334] Preferably, the compounds or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are administered as an oral pharmaceutical formulation in the form of a tablet, capsule or syrup; or as parenteral injections if appropriate.
[000335] In preparing compositions for oral administration, any pharmaceutically acceptable media may be employed such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include starches, sugars, microcrystalline celluloses, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents. [000336] Solutions of the active ingredient, and also suspensions, and especially isotonic aqueous solutions or suspensions, are useful for parenteral administration of the active ingredient, it being possible, e.g., in the case of lyophilized compositions that comprise the active ingredient alone or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., mannitol, for such solutions or suspensions to be produced prior to use. The pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized and/or may comprise excipients, e.g., preservatives, stabilizers, wetting and/or emulsifying agents, solubilizers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers, and are prepared in a manner known per se, e.g., by means of conventional dissolving or lyophilizing processes. The solutions or suspensions may comprise viscosity-increasing substances, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone or gelatin. Suspensions in oil comprise as the oil component the vegetable, synthetic or semi-synthetic oils customary for injection purposes. [000337] The isotonic agent may be selected from any of those known in the art, e.g. mannitol, dextrose, glucose and sodium chloride. The infusion formulation may be diluted with the aqueous medium. The amount of aqueous medium employed as a diluent is chosen according to the desired concentration of active ingredient in the infusion solution. Infusion solutions may contain other excipients commonly employed in formulations to be administered intravenously such as antioxidants.
[000338] The present invention further relates to "a combined preparation", which, as used herein, defines especially a "kit of parts" in the sense that the combination partners (a) and (b) as defined above can be dosed independently or by use of different fixed combinations with distinguished amounts of the combination partners (a) and (b), i.e., simultaneously or at different time points. The parts of the kit of parts can then, e.g., be administered simultaneously or chronologically staggered, that is at different time points and with equal or different time intervals for any part of the kit of parts. The ratio of the total amounts of the combination partner (a) to the combination partner (b) to be administered in the combined preparation can be varied, e.g., in order to cope with the needs of a patient sub-population to be treated or the needs of the single patient based on the severity of any side effects that the patient experiences. Uses and methods of the invention
[000339] The antibodies (and immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the present invention have in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic utilities. For example, these molecules can be administered to cells in culture, e.g. in vitro or in vivo, or in a subject, e.g., in vivo, to treat, prevent or diagnose a variety of disorders. The term "subject" as used herein in intended to include human and non-human animals. Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cats, cows, horses, chickens, and non-mammals, such as birds, amphibians and reptiles. The methods are particularly suitable for treating human patients having a disorder associated with aberrant c-Met expression. When antibodies to c-Met are administered together with another agent, the two can be administered in either order or simultaneously.
[000340] In one embodiment, the antibodies (and immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the invention can be used to detect levels of c-Met, or levels of cells that contain c-Met. This can be achieved, for example, by contacting a sample (such as an in vitro sample) and a control sample with the anti-c-Met antibody under conditions that allow for the formation of a complex between the antibody and c-Met. Any complexes formed between the antibody and c-Met are detected and compared in the sample and the control. For example, standard detection methods, well known in the art, such as ELISA and flow cytometic assays, can be performed using the compositions of the invention.
[000341] Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention further provides methods for detecting the presence of c-Met (e.g., human c-Met antigen) in a sample, or measuring the amount of c-Met, comprising contacting the sample, and a control sample, with an antibody of the invention, or an antigen binding portion thereof, which specifically binds to c-Met, under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or portion thereof and c-Met. The formation of a complex is then detected, wherein a difference in complex formation between the sample compared to the control sample is indicative of the presence of c-Met in the sample.
[000342] Also within the scope of the invention are kits consisting of the compositions (e.g., antibodies, human antibodies, immunoconjugates and bispecific molecules) of the invention and instructions for use. The kit can further contain a least one additional reagent, or one or more • additional antibodies of the invention (e.g., an antibody having a complementary activity which binds to an epitope on the target antigen distinct from the first antibody). Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit. The term label includes any writing, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or which otherwise accompanies the kit. [000343] The invention having been fully described, it is further illustrated by the following examples and claims, which are illustrative and are not meant to be further limiting. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are within the scope of the present invention and claims. The contents of all references, including issued patents and published patent applications, cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.
Examples Example 1: Generation of human c-Met-specific antibodies from the HuCAL GOLD® Library
[000344] Therapeutic antibodies against human c-Met protein are generated by selection of clones having high binding affinities, using as the source of antibody variant proteins in a commercially available phage display library, the MorphoSys HuCAL GOLD® library. HuCAL GOLD® is a Fab library (Knappik et al., 2000 J.Mol. Biol. 296:57-86; Krebs et al., 2001 J Immunol. Methods 254:67-84; Rauchenberger et al., 2003 J Biol Chem. 278(40):38194-38205), in which all CDRs are diversified by appropriate mutation, and which employs the CysDisplay™ technology for linking Fab fragments to the phage surface (WO 01/05950 Lδhning 2001). General procedures: phagemid rescue, phage amplification, and purification
[000345] The HuCAL GOLD® library is amplified in standard rich bacterial medium (2xYT) containing 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 1% glucose (2xYT-CG). After infection of cells at an OD60onm of 0.5 with VCSM 13 helper phages (incubating the mix of cells and phage for 30 min at 37°C without shaking followed by 30 min at 37°C shaking at 250 rpm), cells are centrifuged (4120 g; 5 min; 4°C), are resuspended in 2xYT/ 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol/ 50 μg/ml kanamycin/ 0.25 mM IPTG, and are grown overnight at 22°C. At the end of this period cells are removed by centrifugation, and phages are PEG-precipitated twice from the supernatant, are resuspended in PBS/ 20% glycerol and are stored at -800C. [000346] Phage amplification between two panning rounds is conducted as follows: mid-log phase E. coli strain TG 1 cells are infected with phages that are eluted following the selection with c-Met protein, and are plated onto LB-agar supplemented with 1% of glucose and 34 μg/ml of chloramphenicol (LB-CG plates). After overnight incubation of the plates at 300C, bacterial colonies are scraped off the agar surface, and used to inoculate 2xYT-CG broth to obtain an OD60onm of 0.5, then VCSM 13 helper phages are added to obtain a productive infection as described above.
Pre-experiments for solution panning using Strep-Tactin magnetic beads
[000347] The Strep-tag II has been reported to have low affinity for the Strep-Tactin matrix
(KD~1 μM according to (Voss and Skerra, 1997 Protein Eng. 10:975-982), therefore, a pre- experiment is performed to assess the suitability of using Strep-Tactin-coated MagStrep beads for the capturing of the antigen during the antibody selections, and to avoid antigen loss during the pannings.
[000348] For that purpose, 8 mg of MagStrep beads is incubated with 46 μg of His-Strep- tagged c-Met for 1 h at room temperature and the sample is divided into four pre-blocked Eppendorf tubes. One tube serves as the positive control (no washing) and the other three samples are washed with different stringencies according to the HuCAL GOLD® manual panning section. Detection of binding of the His-Strep-tagged c-Met to the MagStrep beads (Strep-Tactin coated Magnetic beads obtained from IBA, Gδttingen, Germany) is performed in BioVeris using a goat anti-c-Met antibody and a Rubidium-labeled anti-goat detection antibody.
[000349] As shown in the figures herein, no significant loss of His-Strep-tagged c-Met from the Strep-Tactin-coated beads is detectable when the non-washed beads are compared with those beads washed with different HuCAL® stringencies. Thus, the His-Strep-tagged c-Met seems to be suitable for the use in the solution pannings with Strep-Tactin-coated magnetic beads (MagStrep beads).
Selection by panning of c-Met-specific antibodies from the library
[000350] For the selection of antibodies recognizing human c-Met, two panning strategies are applied.
[000351] Generally, HuCAL GOLD® phage-antibodies are divided into four pools comprising different combinations of VH master genes (pool 1 contained VH1/5 λic; pool 2 contained VH3 λK; pool 3 contained VH2/4/6 λiq and pool 4 contained VH 1-6 λic). These pools are individually subjected to two rounds of solution panning on His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto
StrepTactin magnetic beads (Mega Strep beads; IBA)5 and for the third selection round only, either on His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto StrepTactin magnetic beads or on APP-tagged human c-Met protein captured by Streptavidin beads (Dynabeads® M-280 Streptavidin; Dynal) with a biotinylated anti-APP antibody. [000352] Specifically, for the solution panning using His-Strep-tagged c-Met coupled to
StrepTactin magnetic beads, the following protocol is applied: pre-blocked tubes are prepared (1.5 m I Eppendorf tubes) by treatment with 1.5 ml 2x ChemiBLOCKER diluted 1 : 1 with PBS over night at 4°C. Pre-blocked beads are prepared by treatment as follows: 580 μl (28 mg beads) StrepTactin magnetic beads are washed once with 580 μl PBS and resuspended in 580 μl Ix ChemiBLOCKER (diluted in one volume Ix PBS). Blocking of the beads is performed in the pre-blocked tubes over night at 4°C.
[000353] Phage particles diluted in PBS to a final volume of 500 μl for each panning condition are mixed with 500 μl 2x ChemiBLOCKER/ 0.1% Tween and kept for one hour at room temperature on a rotating wheel. Pre-adsorption of phage particles for removal of StrepTactin or beads-binding phages is performed twice: 160 μl of blocked StrepTactin magnetic beads (4 mg) is added to the blocked phage particles, and is incubated for 30 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel. After separation of the beads by a magnetic device (Dynal MPC-E), the phage supernatant (~1.1 ml) is transferred to a fresh, blocked reaction tube and pre-adsorption is repeated using 160 μl blocked beads for 30 min. Then, His-Strep-tagged c-Met, either 400 nM or 100 nM, is added to the blocked phage particles in a fresh, blocked 1.5 ml reaction tube and the mixture is incubated for 60 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel.
[000354] The phage-antigen complexes are captured using either 320 μl or 160 μl of blocked
StrepTactin magnetic beads added to the 400 nM or the 100 nM phage panning pools, respectively, which is then incubated for 20 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel. Phage particles bound to the StrepTactin magnetic beads are again collected with the magnetic particle separator. [000355] Beads are then washed seven times with PBS/ 0.05% Tween (PBST), followed by washing another three times with PBS only. Elution of phage particles from the StrepTactin magnetic beads is performed by addition of 200 μl 20 mM DTT in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 to each tube for 10 min. The eluate is collected, and the beads are washed once with 200 μl PBS and the PBS eluate is added to the DTT eluate. This eluate sample is used to infect 14 ml of an E. coli TG-I culture that are previously grown to an ODβoonm of 0.6-0.8.
[000356] After infection and subsequent centrifugation for 10 min at 5000 rpm, each bacterial pellet is resuspended in 500 μl 2xYT medium, plated onto 2xYT-CG agar plates and incubated overnight at 300C. The next morning, the resulting colonies are scraped off the plates and the phage is prepared by rescue and amplification as described above.
[000357] The second round of solution pannings on His-Strep-tagged c-Met is performed according to the protocol of the first round, except that decreasing amounts of antigen are used (50 nM, and 10 nM) and the stringency of the washing procedure is altered appropriately. [000358] Two different panning strategies are applied for the third selection round: the amplified phage output of the second panning round is split and subjected to two different panning conditions. The first half of the phage output is used for the standard panning strategy on human His-Strep-tagged c-Met captured onto StrepTactin beads as described above (antigen amounts are 10 nM or 1 nM, respectively).
[000359] The second panning variation for the third selection round is performed on human
APP-tagged c-Met. APP-tagged c-Met protein at a final concentration of 50 nM or 10 nM is mixed with 1 ml of pre-cleared, second round phage particles, and the mixture is incubated at room temperature for 1 hour on a rotating wheel. In parallel, 8 mg pre-blocked Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin (Dynal) is incubated with 40 μg biotinylated mouse anti-APP antibody for 30 min at room temperature on a rotating wheel followed by two washing steps with PBST. The pre-formed complexes consisting of phage-antibodies bound to APP-tagged c-Met are captured by the anti-APP coated M-280 Streptavidin magnetic beads for 30 min at room temperature. Phage elution and amplification are performed as described above. Subcloning and expression of soluble Fab fragments
[000360] The Fab-encoding inserts of the selected HuCAL GOLD® phagemids are subcloned into expression vector pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH (see figures), in order to facilitate rapid and efficient expression of soluble Fabs. For this purpose, the plasmid DNA of the selected clones is digested with restriction enzyme endonucleases.λ!Z>αI and EcόRl, thereby excising the Fab-encoding insert (ompA-VLCL and phoA-Fd). This insert ias then cloned into ^Ω>αI/£coRI-digested expression vector pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH.
[000361] Fab proteins are expressed from this vector, and as a result carry two C-terminal tags (FLAG™ and 6xHis, respectively) for both detection and purification. Microexpression of HuCAL GOLD® Fab antibodies in E. coli
[000362] To obtain sufficient amounts of protein encoded by each of the clones obtained above, chloramphenicol-resistant single bacterial colonies are selected after subcloning of the selected Fabs into the pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH expression vector. Each of these colonies is then used to inoculate the wells of a sterile 96-well microtiter plate, with each well containing 100 μl 2xYT-CG medium per well, and bacteria are grown overnight at 37°C. A sample (5 μl) of each E. coli TG-I culture is transferred to a fresh, sterile 96-well microtiter plate pre-filled with 100 μl 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 0.1% glucose per well. The microtiter plates are incubated at 300C with shaking at 400 rpm on a microplate shaker until the cultures are slightly turbid (~2-4 hrs) with an ODδoonm of about 0.5.
[000363] For expression in the format of these plates, 20 μl 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 3 mM IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) is added per well (final concentration 0.5 mM IPTG), the microtiter plates sealed with a gas-permeable tape, and incubated overnight at 300C shaking at 400 rpm. Generation of whole cell lvsates CBEL extracts')
[000364] To each well of the expression plates, 40 μl BEL buffer (2xBBS/ EDTA: 24.7 g/1 boric acid, 18.7 g NaCl/1, 1.49 g EDTA/1, pH 8.0) containing 2.5 mg/ml lysozyme is added, and plates are incubated for 1 h at 22°C on a microtiter plate shaker (400 rpm). The BEL extracts are used for binding analysis by FMAT (see Example 2).
Expression of microgram amounts of HuCAL GOLD® Fab antibodies in E. coli and purification [000365] Expression of Fab fragments encoded by pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH in E. coli TGl F- cells is carried out in 50 ml plastic tubes. For this purpose, pre-cultures inoculated with single clones are grown in 2xYT-CG medium overnight at 3O0C. The next morning, 50 μl of each pre- culture are used to inoculate 25 ml 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 μg/ml Chloramphenicol, 1 mM IPTG, and 0.1% glucose in sterile 50 ml plastic tubes, and incubated over night at 300C. E. coli cells are harvested, the cell pellets frozen and finally disrupted with Bug Buster (Novagen). The Fab fragments are isolated using Ni-NTA Agarose (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Expression of milligram amounts of HuCAL GOLD® Fab antibodies in E. coli and purification [000366] Expression of Fab fragments encoded by pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH in TGl F- cells is carried out in shaker flask cultures using 750 ml of 2xYT medium supplemented with 34 μg/ml chloramphenicol. Cultures are shaken at 300C until the ODβoonm reached 0.5. Expression is induced by addition of 0.75 mM IPTG followed by incubation for 20 h at 300C. Cells are disrupted using lysozyme, and Fab fragments are isolated by Ni-NTA chromatography (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Protein concentrations are determined by UV-spectrophotometry (Krebs et al., 2001).
Example 2: Identification of c-Met-specific HuCAL® antibodies
[000367] BEL extracts of individual E. coli clones selected by the above mentioned panning strategies are analyzed by Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology (FMAT™, 8200 Cellular Detection System analyzer, Applied Biosystems), to identify clones encoding c-Met-specific Fabs. Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology-based binding analysis (FMAT) for detection of c-Met-binding Fabs from bacterial lvsates
[000368] For the detection of c-Met-binding Fab antibodies from E. coli lysates (BEL extracts), binding is analyzed with the FMAT 8200 cellular detection system (Applied Biosystems). To couple His-Strep-tagged c-Met onto M-450 Expoxy beads (Dynal), a sample of 300 μl M-450 Epoxy beads (1.2x108 beads) is transferred into a reaction tube and captured with a magnetic particle separator. The supernatant is removed and the beads are washed four times in 1 ml of 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. For antigen coating, 60 μg His-Strep-tagged c-Met is added to the bead suspension in 150 μl 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. The antigen-bead suspension is incubated for 16 h at room temperature on a rotating wheel. The coated beads are then washed three times with PBS and resuspended in a final volume of 250 μl PBS. [000369]. For each 384-well plate, a mixture of 20 ml PBS containing 3% BSA, 0.005%
Tween-20, 4 μl c-Met-coated beads (1.9x106 beads) and 4 μl Cy5™ detection antibody is prepared. A sample of 45 μl of this solution is dispensed per well into a 384-well FMAT black/clear bottom plate (Applied Biosystems). Fab-containing BEL extract (5 μl) is added to each well. The FMAT plates are incubated at room temperature overnight. The next morning the plates are analyzed in the 8200 Cellular Detection System (Applied Biosystems).
[000370] Postitive clones are obtained, and the heavy and light chain sequences of clones "
' yielding positive, specific signals in FMAT are analyzed. Unique (non-redundant) anti-c-Met clones are identified that show sufficiently strong binding to human c-Met. These clones. are expressed, purified and tested for affinity and in functional assays. Determination of nanomolar affinities, using surface plasmon resonance
[000371] Using these clones, kinetic SPR analysis is performed on a CM5 chip (Biacore,
Sweden) which had been coated with a density of ~400 RU of either recombinant human c-Met, in 10 mM Na-acetate pH 4.5 using standard EDC-NH S amine coupling chemistry. A comparable . amount of human serum albumin (HSA) is immobilized on the reference flow cell. PBS (136 mM NaCi; 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 1.76 mM KH2PO4 pH 7:4) is used as the running buffer. The Fab preparations are applied in concentration series of 16 — 500 nM at a flow rate of 20 μl/min. Association phase is set to 60 s and dissociation phase to 120 s. A summary of the affinities in nM to human c-Met is shown in Table 1 herein.
Table 1. Affinities of selected Fabs to human, c-Met
Figure imgf000090_0001
Example 3: Quantitative analysis of binding affinities: determination of anti-human c-Met Fab candidates that bind full length c-Met . .
Affinity determination-
[000372] In order to further characterize the anti-c-Met antibodies, the affinity to full length human and cynomolgus c-Met is determined. GTLl 6, CHO cells overexpressing cynomolgus c-Met or rhesus 4MBr-5 cells are washed, trypsinised, and suspended in PBS containing 3%FCS (3%FCS/PBS) at 4°C. 2-5x105 cells/sample are resuspended in 140 μl of 3%FCS//PBS containing 5μg/ml of purified anti-cMet Fabs or serial dilutions thereof. As a positive control 5μg/ml of DO24 (mouse IgG2a), anti-human c-Met is used. The cells are incubated for 30-60 minutes at 40C before being pelleted by centrifugation for 2 min at 2000 rpm (716g) at 4 0C and washed in 200μl of in chilled 3%FCS/PBS. The cells are again pelleted by centrifugation and the PBS gently removed. Cells are resuspended in lOOμl of of goat anti-human IgG (H+L) PE conjugated (Jackson Cat No. 109-116-088) diluted 1 :200 in 3%FCS/0,02%NaN3/PBS; For the positive control goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-PE conjugated (Jackson Cat No. 1 15-116-146) diluted 1 :200 in 3%FCS/PBS is used. Samples are incubated in the' dark for 30-60min at 4°C. Following centrifugation and washing in
200μl of 3%FCS/0,02%NaN3/PBS the cells are resuspended in 100 μl of 3%FCS/PBS and assayed using FACS-array or FACS-Calibur.
[000373] The summarized affinity data on human and cynomolgus c-Met is shown in Table 2 herein. All six tested Fabs shown in Table 2 are found to have affinity to human c-Met below 100 nM. Further, nine clones produce antibodies with affinities less than 10 nM. In all tested cases, the affinities for cynomolgus and mouse c-Met are almost identical to those for human c-Met.
Table 2. Affinity data of selected Fabs on human, rhesus and cynomolgus c-Met
Figure imgf000091_0001
Example 4: Production of HuCAL immunoglobulins
Conversion into the IpG format
[000374] Antibody mediated dimerization may result in agonistic activation of the c-Met tyrosine kinase activity. Therefore Fabs, selected on the basis of binding purified c-Met, are converted in the IgG format. In order to express full length immunoglobulin (Ig), variable domain fragments of heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) are subcloned from the pMORPH®X9_FH Fab expression vectors either into the pMORPH®_h_Ig or the pMORPH®2_h_Ig vector series for human IgGl and human IgG4. Restriction enzymes EcόRl, Mfel, and Blpl are used for subcloning of the VH domain fragment into pMORPH®_h_IgG 1 and pMORPH®_h_IgG4. Restriction enzymes Mfel and Blpl are used for subcloning of the VH domain fragment into pMORPH®2_h_IgGlf and pMORPH®2_h_IgG4. Subcloning of the VL domain fragment into pMORPH®_h_Igκ and pMORPH®2_h_Igκ is performed using the EcoRV and ite/WI sites, whereas subcloning into pMORPH®_h_Igλ and pMORPH®2_h_Igλ2 is done using EcoRV and HpcA.
Transient expression and purification of human IgG
[000375] HEK293 cells are transfected with an equimolar amount of IgG heavy and light chain expression vectors. On days 4 or 5 after transfection, the cell culture supernatant is harvested.
After adjusting the pH of the supernatant to 8.0 and sterile filtration, the solution is subjected to standard protein A column chromatography (Poros 2OA, PE Biosystems).
Conversion of parental Fabs into the IeGl and IeG4 formats
[000376] In parallel to the start of the affinity maturation, inserts are cloned into the pMORPH®_h_Jgθπ and pMORPH®_h_JgCj4 expression vectors. Small scale expression is performed by transient transfection of HEK293 cells and the full length immunoglobulins are purified from the cell culture supernatant.
Identification of anti-human c-Met IgG candidates modulating c-Met dependent proliferation
[000377] The resulting different c-Met-specific antibodies selected from the HuCAL GOLD® library are then converted into IgG format and tested for potency to inhibit HGF driven proliferation. [000378] The functional activity of each of the selected clones is assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay upon HGF stimulation of 4MBr-5 cells. 4MBr-5 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 103 cells per well in atotal volume of 100 μl/well Ham's F12K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610). The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50μl of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50μl of the medium alone or 50 μl containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 μg/μl to about 50 ng/ml) is added. The plates are incubated at 370C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669
915. Briefly, 20μM/well of BrdU solution (#1) is added and the plates incubated for 22hrs at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Medium is gently removed and the plate dried for lhr at 600C. 200μl of FixDenat (solution #2) is added and the plates incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 30 minutes. The solution is gently removed and lOOμl/well anti-BrDU working solution added. The plates are incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 90 minutes. The solution is gently removed and the wells washed three times with 250μl of washing solution. The solution is gently removed and lOOμl/well substrate solution added plates are measured at A405nm. EC50 determination [000379] The data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated proliferation for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 3 herein. The data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 4 nM, with a median value between 6 and 150 nM.
Identification of anti-human c-Met IgG candidates modulating c-Met dependent migration [000380] Cellular migration in response to stimulation with HGF is assayed using NCI-H441 cells in the QCM™ chemotaxis 8 μM 96-well cell migration assay. As described above, 24 hrs prior to the assay cells are washed twice with sterile PBS and starved in the DMEM containing 1% FBS at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Subsequently, the cells are trypsinised and resuspended at 1.0 x 106 cells per mL in the presence of appropriate concentration of the purified antibody for 30min at 370C. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. [000381] Under sterile conditions the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 μL of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber). 100 μL of 5-10 x 104 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber. The plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C in 4-6% CO2. Following the manufacturers instructions, the cells/media in the top chamber is discarded and the chamber placed into a 96-well Feeder Tray into which 150 μL/well prewarmed cell detachment solution has been added. Cells are dislodged by incubating for 30 minutes at 37°C with periodic gentle agitation. Subsequently, 50 μl of prediluted CyQuant GR Dye is added to each well of the feeder tray. The plate is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and 150 μL of the mixture transferred to a new 96-well plate suitable for fluorescence measurement using a 480/520 nm filter set
[000382] The data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated migration for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 3 herein. The data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 0.14 nM, with a median value between 0.27 and 0.61 nM.
Table 3. Effective concentration for 50% inhibition of selected Fabs
Figure imgf000093_0001
Example 5: Affinity maturation of selected anti-c-Met Fabs by parallel exchange of LCDR3 and HCDR2 cassettes
[000383] For optimizing the affinities of the antibodies described herein for c-Met for a pool of parental Fab fragments, the LCDR3, framework 4 and the constant region of the light chains (405 bp) of each parental Fab is removed using Bpil and Sphl, and is replaced by a repertoire of diversified LCDR3s together with framework 4 and the constant domain. A sample of 0.5 μg of the binder pool vector is ligated with a 3-fold molar excess of the insert fragment carrying the diversified LCDR3s.
[000384] In a similar approach, the HCDR2 is diversified using the Xhol and itesHII sites, and the connecting framework regions are kept constant. In order to increase the cloning efficiency, the parental HCDR2 is replaced by a 590 bp stuffer sequence prior to the insertion of the diversified
HCDR2 cassette.
[000385] Ligation mixtures of different libraries are electroporated into 4 ml E. coli TOPlO
F' cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), yielding from 2x107 to 2x108 independent colonies.
Amplification of the libraries is performed as previously described (Rauchenberger et al., 2003 J
Biol Chem. 278(40):38194-38205). For quality control, several clones per library are randomly picked and sequenced (SequiServe, Vaterstetten, Germany) using primers CFR84 (VL) and
OCAL_Seq_Hp (VH).
Selection of candidates for affinity maturation
[000386] Six selected maturation candidates ("parental Fabs") are selected using the following properties: affinities to human c-Met less than 10 nM, with significant cross-reactivity to cynomolgus c-Met, EC50 less than 250 nM, and good to moderate Fab expression levels in E. coli and activity in the IgG format in c-Met driven proliferation and migration assays. The properties of selected Fab fragments are provided in Table 4.
Table 4. Properties of selected Fabs
Figure imgf000094_0001
Generation of selected Fab libraries for affinity maturation
[000387] In order to obtain clones having increased affinity and inhibitory activity of the antic-Met antibodies, the selected Fab clones shown in the previous example are subjected to further rounds of diversification and selection, a process known as affinity maturation. For this purpose, CDR regions are diversified using corresponding LCDR3 and HCDR2 maturation cassettes pre-built by trinucleotide mutagenesis (Virnekas et al., 1994 Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5600-5607; Nagy et al., 2002 Nature Medicine 8:801-807).
[000388] Fab fragments from expression vector pMORPH®X9_Fab_FH are subcloned into the phagemid vector pMORPH®25 (see US patent number 6,753,136). This vector provides the phage protein pill fused N-terminally to a cysteine residue as well as a C-terminal cysteine to the Fd antibody chain and thus allows disulfide-linked display of the respective Fab fragments on the phage surface. Two different strategies are applied in parallel to optimize both the affinity and the efficacy of the parental Fabs.
[000389] Five phage antibody Fab libraries are generated in which the LCDR3 of five of the six parental clones is replaced by a repertoire of individual light chain CDR3 sequences. (The LCDR3 maturation of one clone is not performed, as this clone has an additional Bpil restriction site in one of the CDR regions and the Bpil restriction enzyme is used for the library cloning procedure.) [000390] In parallel, the HCDR2 region of each parental clone is replaced by a repertoire of individual heavy chain CDR2 sequences. Each parental Fab is excised and replaced for a 590 bp stuffer. This DNA stuffer facilitates the separation of single digested from double digested vector bands and reduces the background of the high-affinity parental Fabs during the maturation pannings. In a subsequent step, the stuffer is excised from the Fab-encoding plasmids of each parental clone and replaced for the highly diversified HCDR2 maturation cassette.
[000391] Large affinity maturation libraries of more than 2xlO7 members are generated by standard cloning procedures, and the diversified clones are transformed into electro-competent E. colt TOPlOF' cells (Invitrogen). Fab-presenting phages are prepared as described above. [000392] Maturation pools are built in order to facilitate the subsequent selection process: pool Ia consisted of the LCDR3-1 libraries; pool Ib consisted of the HCDR2-1 libraries; pool 2a consisted of the LCDR3-2 libraries; and pool 2b consisted of the HCDR2-2 libraries. [000393] For each pool the panning is performed in solution using decreasing amounts of
His-Strep-tagged c-Met and phage-antigen capturing by Strep-Tactin beads. In parallel, each pool is applied in pannings using decreasing amounts of biotinylated c-Met, which is captured onto Neutravidin-coated plates. In order to increase the panning stringency and to select for improved off rates, competition with purified parental Fabs as well as unlabeled antigen is performed during prolonged incubation periods.
[000394] Immediately after panning the enriched phagemid pools are subcloned into the pMORPH®X9_FH expression vector. Single clones are picked, and expression of genes in the Fabs is induced with IPTG. Maturation panning strategies
[000395] Panning procedures using the four antibody pools are performed with His-Strep- tagged c-Met and with biotinylated His-Strep-tagged c-Met in solution for two or three rounds, respectively. For each of the panning strategies, competition with the purified parental Fab proteins or with unlabeled APP-tagged c-Met, as well as low antigen concentrations and extensive washing, are used to increase stringency.
[000396] The solution panning on unlabeled His-Strep-tagged c-Met is performed over two selection rounds mainly according to the standard protocol described in Example 1. Exceptions to these procedures are the application of reduced amounts of antigen (decreasing from 5 nM down to 1 nM), the high stringency of the washing procedure either with competitor or without, and prolonged incubation periods of antibody-phages together with the antigen. [000397] For the first selection round using biotinylated c-Met, the wells of a Neutravidin plate are washed two times with 300 μl PBS. The wells are blocked with 2x ChemiBLOCKER (Chemicon, Temecula, CA) diluted 1 :1 in PBS (Blocking Buffer). Prior to the selections, the HuCAL GOLD® phages are also blocked with one volume Blocking Buffer containing 0.1% Tween- 20 for 30 min at room temperature. The blocked phage preparations are transferred in 100 μl aliquots to the wells of a Neutravidin-coated plate for 30 min at room temperature. This pre- adsorption step is repeated once. Blocked and pre-cleared phage preparations are incubated with 5 nM biotinylated c-Met for 2 h at 22°C on a rotating wheel. A sample containing parental Fab and APP-c-Met, or a positive control containing no competitor, is added and the samples are incubated overnight at 4°C on a rotating wheel.
[000398] Antigen-phage complexes are captured in the wells of a Neutravidin plate for
20 min at room temperature. After extensive washing steps, bound phage particles are eluted by addition of 200 μl of 20 mM DTT in 10 mM Tris pH 8.0 per well for 10 min at room temperature. The el u ate is removed and added to 14 ml E. coli TG 1 cells grown to an OD6oonm of 0.6-0.8. The wells are rinsed once with 200 μl PBS and this solution is also added to the E. coli TGl cells. Phage infection of E. coli is allowed for 45 min at 37°C without shaking. After centrifugation for 10 min at 5000 rpm, the bacterial pellets are each resuspended in 500 μl 2xYT medium, plated onto 2xYT-CG agar plates and incubated overnight at 300C. The colonies are harvested by scraping from the surface of the plates and the phage particles are rescued and amplified as described above. [000399] The second and third round of the selection are performed as described above for the first round of selection, excepted that washing conditions are more stringent and antigen concentrations are 1 and 0.1 nM, respectively.
Electrochem luminescence fBioVerisVbased binding analysis of c-Met binding Fabs [000400] For the detection of affinity-improved, c-Met-specific antibody fragments in E. coli lysates (BEL extracts), a BioVeris M-384 SERIES® Workstation (BioVeris Europe, Witney, Oxfordshire, UK), is used. The assay is carried out in 96-well polypropylene microtiter plates and PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 0.02% Tween-20 as the assay buffer. Biotinylated human c-Met is immobilized on M-280 Streptavidin paramagnetic beads (Dynal) according to the instructions of the supplier. A 1 :25 dilution of the bead stock solution is added per well. Samples of 100 μl diluted BEL extract and beads are incubated overnight at room temperature on a shaker. For detection, anti-human (Fab)'2 (Dianova) labelled with BV-tagTM according to instructions of the supplier (BioVeris Europe, Witney, Oxfordshire, UK) is used.
[000401] A set of randomly picked clones is analyzed by the method described above. A subset of those clones giving the highest values is chosen for further analysis in solution equilibrium titration.
Determination of picomolar affinities using Solution Equilibrium Titration fSEI"> [000402] For KD determination, monomer fractions (at least 90% monomer content, analyzed by analytical SEC; Superdex75, Amersham Pharmacia) of Fab are used. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based affinity determination in solution and data evaluation are basically performed as described by Haenel et al., 2005. A constant amount of Fab is equilibrated with different concentrations (serial 3" dilutions) of human c-Met (4 nM starting concentration) in solution. Biotinylated human c-Met coupled to paramagnetic beads (M-280 Streptavidin, Dynal), and BV- tag™ (BioVeris Europe, Witney, Oxfordshire, UK) labelled anti-human (Fab)52 (Dianova) is added and the mixture incubated for 30 min. Subsequently, the concentration of unbound Fab is quantified by ECL detection using the M-SER1ES® 384 analyzer (BioVeris Europe).
[000403] For this purpose, single clones are selected and purified by Ni-NTA Agarose in the μg scale. Preliminary affinities are determined by 4-point solution equilibrium titration (SET) in BioVeris. From these data, clones showing affinities are selected. These Fabs are purified in the mg scale. Final affinities are determined from two independent batches of each Fab clone using an 8- point SET measurement and human, mouse, and cynomolgus c-Met.
[000404] Affinity determination to mouse and cynomolgus c-Met is done essentially as described above using mouse c-Met (R&D Systems) and cynomolgus c-Met as analyte in solution instead of human c-Met. For detection of free Fab, biotinylated human c-Met coupled to paramagnetic beads is used. Affinities are calculated according to methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., Haenel et al., 2005 Anal Biochem 339.1:182-184.
[000405] Using the assay conditions described above, the affinities for the affinity-optimized anti-c-Met Fabs are determined in solution. Affinities are determined for antibodies with Køs below 4.6 pM to human c-Met. FACs based analysis of binding to cyno-c-Met expressed on CHO cells, as described above, is carried out. The affinities are summarized in Table 5 herein.
Table 5. Affinities of Fabs
Figure imgf000097_0001
Figure imgf000098_0001
Example 6: Characterization of affinity-optimized anti-human c-Met Fabs
FACS saturation techniques
[000406] Binding specificity of the matured Fabs in the presence of 50% human serum (HS) is determined. Serial dilutions of optimized anti-cMet Fabs are incubated in the presence of either 50% human serum or in the presence of 2.8% BSA. FACS saturation binding to GTL-16 cells is assessed. GTLl 6 cells are washed, trypsinised, and suspended in PBS containing 3%FCS
(3%FCS/PBS) at 4°C. 2-5x10s cells/sample are resuspended in 140 μl of 3%FCS//PBS containing 5μg/ml of purified optimized anti-cMet Fabs or serial dilutions thereof. As a positive control 5μg/ml of DO24 (mouse IgG2a), anti-human c-Met is used. The cells are incubated for 30-60 minutes at 4°C before being pelleted by centrifugation for 2 min at 2000 rpm (716g) at 4 0C and washed in 200μl of chilled 3%FCS/PBS. The cells are again pelleted by centrifugation and the PBS gently removed. Cells are resuspended in lOOμl of goat anti-human IgG (H+L) PE conjugated (Jackson Cat No. 109-116-088) diluted 1 :200 in 3%FCS/PBS; For the positive control goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-PE conjugated (Jackson Cat No. 115- 116- 146) diluted 1 :200 in 3%FCS/PBS is used. Samples are incubated in the dark for 30-60 min at 4°C. Following centrifugation and washing in 200μl of 3%FCS/PBS the cells are resuspended in 100 μl of 3%FCS/PBS and assayed using FACS- array or FACS-Calibur
[000407] Exemplary binding curves are shown in Table 6, which summarizes the binding activity of the optimized anti-c-Met Fabs in presence of 50% human serum compared to binding activity in 2.8% BSA, which ranges from 83.3% to 100%. The median value is found to be 90.2%, thus the anti-c-Met Fabs are found to fully bind to target in the presence of human serum.
Table 6. Bindin activit of Fabs
Figure imgf000098_0002
Figure imgf000099_0001
* Binding of 5185 not analyzed vet in terms of EC50 since saturation is not reached Conversion of optimized anti-cMet candidate Fabs into the IgG format [000408] Antibody mediated dimerization may result in agonistic activation of the c-Met tyrosine kinase activity. Therefore optimized Fabs, selected on the basis of binding purified c-Met, are converted in the IgG format. In order to express full length immunoglobulin (Ig), variable domain fragments of heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) are subcloned from the pMORPH®X9_FH Fab expression vectors either into the pMORPH®_h_Ig or the pMORPHφ2_h_Ig vector series for human IgGl and human IgG4. Restriction enzymes EcoϋΛ, Mfe\, and Blpl are used for subcloning of the VH domain fragment into pMORPH®_h_IgGl and pMORPH®_h_IgG4. Restriction enzymes Mfel and Blpl are used for subcloning of the VH domain fragment into pMORPH®2_h_IgGlf and pMORPH®2_h_lgG4. Subcloning of the VL domain fragment into pMORPH®_h_Igκ and pMORPH®2_h_lgκ is performed using the EcoKV and BsiWl sites, whereas subcloning into pMORPH®_h_Igλ and pMORPH(S)2_h_Igλ2 is done using EcoKV and Hpal. Transient expression and purification of human IgG
[000409] ΗEK293 cells are transfected with an equimolar amount of IgG heavy and light chain expression vectors. On days 4 or 5 after transfection, the cell culture supernatant is harvested. After adjusting the pH of the supernatant to 8.0 and sterile filtration, the solution is subjected to standard protein A column chromatography (Poros 2OA, PE Biosystems).
Identification of optimized anti-human c-Met IgG candidates modulating c-Met dependent proliferation
[000410] The resulting optimized c-Met-specific antibodies selected from the HuCAL
GOLD® library are then converted into IgG format and tested for potency to inhibit HGF driven proliferation.
[00041 1] The functional activity of each of the selected clones is assessed using a BrdU incorporation assay upon HGF stimulation of 4MBr-5 cells.4MBr-5 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 103 cells per well in a total volume of 100 μl/well Ham's Fl 2K supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3610). The plates are incubated at 370C in a 5% CO*2 atmosphere for 2 hrs, after which 50μl of medium containing the purified antibody to be tested is added. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. The plates are incubated at 370C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for lhr, after which, 50μl of the medium alone or 50 μl containing HGF (e.g., about 0.5 μg/μl to about 50 ng/ml) is added. The plates are incubated at 370C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 72 hrs, after which BrDU incorporation is assayed using the cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU-Assay (Roche) Cat No. 1 669 915. Briefly, 20μMΛvell of BrdU solution (#1) is added and the plates incubated for 22hrs at 370C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Medium is gently removed and the plate dried for lhr at 60 0C. 200μl of FixDenat (solution #2) is added and the plates incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 30 minutes. The solution is gently removed and lOOμl/well anti-BrDU working solution added. The plates are incubated at room temperature with gentle shaking for 90 minutes. The solution is gently removed and the wells washed three times with 250μl of washing solution. The solution is gently removed and lOOμl/well substrate solution added plates are measured at A405nm. EC50 determination
[000412] The data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated proliferation for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 7 herein. The data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 0.13 nM, with a median value between 0.5 nM and 1.3 nM.
Table 7. Inhibitory activity of optimized anti-c-Met candidates in IgG formation on HGF stimulated proliferation
Figure imgf000100_0001
Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) Techniques
Binding specificity of the matured Fabs in the presence of 50% human serum (HS) is determined. Serial dilutions of human recombinant, biotinylated antibody in TBS are coated onto Neutravidin microtiter plates for 2 h at room temperature, from 8 ng antibody per well to a concentration of 125 ng antibody per well. After coating of the antigen, wells are blocked with TBS/ 0.05% Tween (TBS-T) supplemented with 1% BSA for 1 h at room temperature. Purified Fabs described above are diluted either in TBS/ 4% BSA or TBS/ 50% HS at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml, added to the coated and blocked wells and the plates are incubated for 1 h at room temperature. For detection, an anti-FLAG alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated antibody (1:5000 dilution in TBST) and the fluorogenic substrate AttoPhos (Roche) are used. After each incubation, the wells of the microtiter plates are washed with TBST five times, except after the final incubation step with the labeled secondary antibody when wells are washed three times. The fluorescence is measured in a TECAN Spectrafluor plate reader.
Identification of anti-human c-Met IgG candidates modulating c-Met dependent migration '
[000413] Cellular migration in response to stimulation with HGF is assayed using NCI-H441 cells in the QCM™ chemotaxis 8 μM 96-well cell migration assay. As described above, 24 hrs prior to the assay cells are washed twice with sterile PBS and starved in the DMEM containing 1% FBS at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Subsequently, the cells are trypsinised and resuspended at 1.0 x 106 cells per tήL in the presence of appropriate concentration of the purified antibody for 30min at 37°C. As a negative control for lack of modulation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells. " ■ . [000414] Under sterile conditions the lid of the migration chamber plate is removed and 150 μL of serum free media containing 50 ng/ml HGF (R&D Cat No. 294-HGN) is added to the wells of the feeder tray (lower chamber). 100 μL of 5-10 x 104 cells in DMEM with 1%FBS preincubated with antibody is gently added to the top chamber. The plate is covered and incubated for 16 hours at 37°C in 4-6% CO2. Following the manufacturers instructions, the cells/media in the top chamber is discarded and the chamber placed into a 96-well Feeder Tray into which 150 μL/well prewarmed cell detachment solution has been added. Cells are dislodged by incubating for 30 minutes at 37°C with periodic gentle agitation. Subsequently, 50 μl of prediluted CyQuant GR Dye is added to each well of the feeder tray. The plate is incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and 150 μL of the mixture transferred to a new 96-well plate suitable for fluorescence measurement using a 480/520 nm filter set
[000415] The data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated migration for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 8 herein. The data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 0.61 nM, with a median value between 0.73 nM and 0.76 nM.
Table 8. Inhibitory activity of optimized anti-c-Met candidates in IgG formation on HGF stimulated migration
Antibody EC50 [nM] Inhibition of HGF driven migration
NCI-H441 in 1% serum
5091 0.61 ±0.22
5097 0.76 ±0.69
5098 0.73 ±1.1
5185 1.2 ±1.3 Example 7: Modulation of HGF stimulated c-Met autophosphorylation by selected antagonistic anti-c-Met antibodies
[000416] Agonism or antagonism by anti-c-Met antibodies of the invention is measured by activation or inhibition of c-Met phosphorylation in cells with and without stimulation with HGF. Cells of a cell line such as A549 cells are plated at a density of 3 X 104 cells per well in a total volume of 100 μl/well DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS in 96-well flat-bottom tissue culture treated plates (Costar, #3595). The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which the medium is gently aspirated from each well of the plates and a volume of 100 μl/well DMEM added. The plates are incubated at 37 0C in a 5% COz atmosphere for 24 hrs, after which a sample of a purified antibody to be tested, 100 μl per well of the antibody or a dilution, is added to cells in the well diluted in DMEM. As a negative control for lack of activation, a sample of an unrelated antibody (having a known specificity unrelated to c-Met epitope determinants), or buffer, is added to designated wells.
[000417] The cells are incubated at 37 0C for a short time period (e.g., 2 hours) or a longer time period (e.g., 24 hours). Where appropriate, cells are stimulated by the addition of HGF in serum-free DMEM media at a final concentration of 200 ng/well. In general, when assaying the agonistic activity of the antibodies, except for the positive control(not treated with antibody), HGF is omitted from the test sample antibody wells. In general, when assaying the antagonistic activity of the antibodies, HGF is included in the test sample antibody wells. Plates are further incubated for 10 min at 37 0C, then the medium is gently aspirated from the wells of the plates. The cells are washed with cold PBS containing and the solution is gently aspirated from the plates. The cells are lysed with 50 μl lysis buffer (NP-40 Lysis buffer: 120 raM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1% NP-40, 1 mM EDTA, 6mM EGTA, 2OmM NaF, 1 mM Benzamidine with freshly added 0.5 mM Na3VO4, and 0.ImM PMSF) . The plates are shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes, and are then stored at - 80 0C until needed for ELISA.
[000418] An ELISA is used to determine c-Met phosphorylation levels. For ELISA plate preparation, Nunc-ImmunoTM Plate, MaxiSorbTM Surface (VWR International AG, N°391-8786) are washed twice with wash buffer (PBS-0.05%Tween Biorad #670-6531), and 100 μl of c-Met monoclonal capture antibody (DO-24) in PBS is added. The plates are incubated overnight at 40C washed three times with PBS-0.05%Tween. Non-specific binding sites are blocked with 200 μl/well 3% BSA in PBS-T for 2 hours at room temperature, with shaking. Immediately before use blocking solution is removed.
[000419] Frozen cell lysates are melted by shaking at room temperature and 40 μl of lysate is added to the Nunc-Immuno plates and the plates are incubated at 40C for 4 hours. The plates are washed three times with PBS-T, and 50 μl/well of 0.2 μg/ml anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20- HRP (ZYMED, # 03-7722) in 3% bovine serum albumin-PBS-T. The plates are incubated overnight over night at 4°C.and washed three times with PBS-T. The PBS-T is aspirated and 90 μl/ well alkaline phosphatase substrate (CDR-Star, TROPIX, #MS100RY) added and developed while gently shaking for 45 min at room temperature. The plates are read using a 96-well plate reader. [000420] The data showing the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of HGF stimulated migration for the clones of antibodies having the greatest affinity for c-Met is shown in Table 9 herein. The data show that effective concentrations EC50 range from 0.166 nM, with a median value between 0.193 and 0.219 nM.
Table 9. Inhibitory activity of optimized anti-c-Met candidates in IgG formation on HGF stimulated receptor autophosphorylation
Figure imgf000103_0001
Example 8: Amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of genes optimized for expression
[000421] To increase mammalian expression, changes are introduced into the heavy and the light chains of Fabs herein for optimization of codon usage for expression in a mammalian cell. It is known that several negatively cis-acting motifs decrease expression in mammals. The optimization process herein removes negative cis-acting sites (such as splice sites or poly(A) signals) which negatively influence expression. The optimization process herein further enriches GC content, to prolong mRNA half-life.
[000422] Variable light and heavy chain regions are optimized using a clone of a Fab and isolated by selection with phage display. Then the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the entire light and heavy chains of this and other clones are each optimized using these procedures. Optimization process for VH and V^ chains
[000423] For optimizing the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of each of the VL and VH chains, the codon usage is adapted to the codon bias of mammalian, especially H. sapiens, genes. In addition, regions of very high (> 80%) or very low (< 30%) GC content are reduced or eliminated where possible.
[000424] During the optimization process, the following cis-acting sequence motifs are avoided: internal TATA-boxes, chi-sites and ribosomal entry sites, AT-rich or GC-rich sequence stretches, RNA instability motif (ARE) sequence elements, inhibitory RNA sequence elements (INS), cAMP responsive (CRS) sequence elements, repeat sequences and RNA secondary structures, splice donor and acceptor sites including cryptic sites, and branch points. Except as indicated, introduction of MIuI and HindIII sites is avoided in the process of optimizing the nucleotide sequence of the VL chain. Except as indicated, introduction of MIyI and BstEII sites is avoided in the process of optimizing the nucleotide sequence of the VH chain.
Amino acid sequences of VH and Vi_ chains optimized for expression
[000425] Codon usage is adapted to that of Mammals to enable higher and more stable expression rates in a mammalian cell for the resulting optimized amino acid sequences for the VH and VL chains of the clone described above.
[000426] Histograms may be used to show the percentages of sequence codons for each of the parental sequences and optimized genes respectively, and analyses the quality class of the respecting nucleotide sequences encoding the VH and VL. chains. Quality value as used herein means that the most frequent codon used for a given amino acid in the desired expression system is set as 100, and the remaining codons are scaled accordingly to frequency of usage. (Sharp, P.M., Li, W .H., Nucleic
Acids Res. 15 (3), 1987).
[000427] Further, the codon adaptation index (CAI) is a number that describes how well the codons of the nucleotide sequence match the codon usage preference of the target organism. The maximum value of CAI is set to 1.0, thus a CAI of > 0.9 is considered as enabling high expression.
The CAI for the Vu chain prior to optimization is found to be 0.73, and after optimization, the CAI is determined to be 0.95. Similarly, the CAI for the VH chain prior to optimization is found to be 0.74, and after optimization, is determined to be 0.98.
[000428] The GC content in the VL chain is increased from the parent sequence for the optimized sequence.
Optimization for expression of fall length light chains and heavy chains
[000429] The optimization process is applied to each of the parent full length nucleotide sequences of the light chains and the parent full length nucleotide sequences of the heavy chains.
[000430] The optimization process is used to construct the light chain nucleotide sequences associated with the parent clone numbers. Further, the optimization process is used to construct the heavy chain nucleotide sequences associated with the parent clone numbers.
Table E. LISTING OF SEQUENCES OF THE INVENTION
Figure imgf000105_0001
Figure imgf000106_0001
Figure imgf000107_0001
Figure imgf000108_0001
Figure imgf000109_0001
Figure imgf000110_0001
Figure imgf000111_0001
no
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
Figure imgf000114_0001

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. An isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof comprising an antigen-binding region that is specific for target protein c-Met, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof binds to c-Met.
2. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof binds the target protein c-Met with a Kn of 2.0 x 10'5 M or less, 2.0 x 10" 6 M or less, 2.0 x 10'7 M or less, 2.0 x 10'8 M or less, and 2.0 X lO9 M or less.
3. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof has an off rate (K0^) for target protein c-Met of 1.0 x 10"2 per sec or smaller, 1.0 x 10"3 per sec or smaller, 1 x 10"4 per sec or smaller or 1.0 x 10"5 per sec or smaller.
4. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof binds the target protein c-Met with a KD of 2.0 x 10"5 M or less, 2.0 x 10" 6 M or less, 2.0 x 10"7 M or less, 2.0 x 10'8 M or less, and 2.0 X lO9 M or less, and inhibits HGF binding to c-Met.
5. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or functional fragment thereof binds the target protein c-Met and modulates c-Met phosphorylation.
6. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 5, wherein activating c-Met phosphorylation stimulates at least one of an activity selected from the group of organ regeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration.
7. The antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 6, wherein the organ is selected from the group of kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, intestine, skin, thymus, and thyroid.
8. The antibody according to claim 1, wherein binding of the antibody to c-Met is determined by at least one assay selected from an amount of antagonism or agonism of: ligand induction of a c-Met signal transduction pathway enzyme activity; ligand induction of a c-Met signal transduction pathway gene expression; electrochemiluminescence-based binding of a ligand to c-Met; enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay of binding of a ligand to c-Met; and proliferation, survival, migration or metastasis of a cell.
9. An isolated antigen-binding region of an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim 1.
10. An isolated nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 85-88.
11. An isolated amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence according to claim 10, and conservative variants of the amino acid sequence.
12. The isolated nucleotide sequence according to claim 10, wherein each of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20 encodes an antigen binding light chain.
13. The isolated nucleotide sequence according to claim 10, wherein each of SEQ ID NOs: 21- 30 encodes an antigen binding heavy chain.
14. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20.
15. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30.
16. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 1-20, and a heavy chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 21-30.
17. An isolated amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89-96 and conservative variants thereof.
18. The isolated amino acid sequence according to claim 17, wherein each of SEQ ID NOs: 31- 54 comprises an antigen binding light chain.
19. The isolated amino acid sequence according to claim 17, wherein each of SEQ ID NOs: 55- 72 comprises an antigen binding heavy chain.
20. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54.
21. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72.
22. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising a light chain having an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54 and conservative variants thereof, and a heavy chain encoded by an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72 and conservative variants thereof.
23. An isolated amino acid sequence having at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with SEQ ID NOs: 31-72, 77-84, and 89-96.
24. An isolated nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOs: 1-30, 73-76, and 85-88.
25. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising an Ig lambda light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 73.
26. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising an Ig kappa light chain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 74-76.
27. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising an Ig lambda light chain as shown in an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 77-80.
28. An isolated antigen-binding region comprising an Ig kappa light chain as shown in an amino acid sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 81-84.
29. The isolated antibody to according to claim 1 , which is an IgG.
30. The isolated antibody according to claim 29, which is an IgGl , an IgG2, an IgG3 or an IgG4.
31. The isolated antibody according to claim 30, wherein in the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88.
32. The isolated antibody according to claim 31, wherein in the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88.
33. The isolated antibody according to claim 30, wherein the IgG4 as shown in an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ IDNOs: 89-96 and conservative variants thereof.
34. An isolated human or humanized antibody or functional fragment thereof, comprising an antigen-binding region that is specific for an epitope of c-Met, wherein the antibody or functional fragment binds to c-Met surface receptors on a cell, and prevents or ameliorates development or metastasis of a cancer or prevents or ameliorates an inflammatory condition.
35. The isolated antibody or functional fragment according to any of claims 1-34 which is a Fab or scFv antibody fragment.
36. The isolated antibody according to claim 35, which is an IgG.
37. The isolated antibody according to claim 36, which is an IgGl, an IgG2, an IgG3 or an IgG4.
38. The isolated antibody according to claim 37, wherein in the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88.
39. The isolated antibody according to claim 38, wherein in the IgG4 is encoded by a nucleotide sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent identity with a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 85-88.
40. The isolated antibody according to claim 37, wherein the IgG4 is comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 89-96 and conservative variants thereof.
41. The isolated antibody or functional fragment according to any of claims 1-34, which is a Fab fragment or scFv antibody fragment or a camelid nanobody.
42. The isolated antibody or functional fragment thereof according to any of claims 1-41 wherein the epitope is a conformational epitope.
43. The epitope according to claim 42 wherein epitope comprises residues of an amino acid sequence of an extracellular domain of c-Met
44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one antibody or functional fragment according to any of claims 1-42 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient therefore.
45. A transgenic animal carrying a gene encoding an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to any of claims 1-42.
46. A method for treating a c-Met related disorder or condition, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
44.
47. The method according to claim 46, wherein the disorder or condition is a cancer or inflammatory condition.
48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, stomach cancer, genital cancer, urinary cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer (superficial and muscle invasive), breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma (including glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including childhood HCC, head and neck cancer (including head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Hurthle cell carcinoma, epithelial cancer, skin cancer, melanoma including malignant melanoma, mesothelioma, lymphoma, myeloma including multiple myeloma, leukemias, lung cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (including all histological subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenosquamous mixed type), small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell cancer including hereditary and sporadic papillary renal cell cancer, Type I and Type II, and clear cell renal cell cancer; sarcomas, in particular osteosarcomas, clear cell sarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas (including alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, alveolar soft part sarcomas); thyroid carcinoma (papillary and other subtypes).
49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the cancer is selected from the group of cancers consisting of liver and esophageal.
50. The method according to claim 46, wherein the method further comprises administering a chemotherapeutic agent.
51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
52. A method for treating an unwanted cell comprising contacting the cell with an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to any of claims 1-42.
53. A method according to claim 52, wherein the cell bears c-Met.
54. The method according to claim 52 or 53, further comprising treating the cell with a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
55. The method according to any of claims 46-54, wherein following administering or contacting, the method further comprises observing amelioration or retardation of development or metastasis of the cancer.
56. A method for identifying a cell comprising c-Met, the method comprising contacting the cell with an antibody or antibody fragment according to any of claims 1 -42, wherein the antibody or fragment further comprises a detectable label.
57. The method according to claim 56, wherein the label is radioactive, fluorescent, magnetic, paramagnetic, or chemiluminesceπt.
58. The method according to claim 56, further comprising a step of imaging or separating the cell.
59. A human or humanized antibody or antibody fragment according to any of claims 1-42, wherein the antibody is a synthetic antibody.
60. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 44, further comprising an additional therapeutic agent.
61. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 60,- wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-cancer agent; an antibiotic; an antiinflammatory agent; a growth factor; and a cytokine.
62.' An isolated antibody comprising a first amino acid sequence which is a heavy chain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72, and a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 55-72; and a second amino acid sequence which is a light chain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54, and a sequence having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99 percent sequence identity with a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NOs: 31-54.
63. An immunoconjugate comprising a first component which is an antibody or fragment thereof according to any of claims 1 -42.
64. The immunoconjugate according to claim 63, comprising a second component having a second amino acid sequence.
65. The immunoconjugate according to claim 64, further comprising a cytotoxin.
- 66. The immunoconjugate according to claim 64, wherein the second sequence is a binding protein or antibody having a binding specificity for a target that is different from c-Met.
67. A bispecific antibody according to claim 64.
68. The bispecific antibody according to claim 67, wherein the target of the binding specificity different from c-Met is a tumor antigen or tumor-associated protein on a surface of a cancer cell.
69. A kit comprising an antibody or fragment thereof according to any of claims 1 -42.
70: The kit according to claim 69, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable-carrier or excipient therefore.
71. The kit according to claim 69 wherein the antibody is present in a unit dose and further comprising instructions for use in administering to a subject.
PCT/US2007/007543 2006-03-30 2007-03-29 Compositions and methods of use for antibodies of c-met WO2007126799A2 (en)

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ES07754114T ES2386738T3 (en) 2006-03-30 2007-03-29 Compositions and methods of use for C-MET antibodies
CA002646048A CA2646048A1 (en) 2006-03-30 2007-03-29 Compositions and methods of use for antibodies of c-met
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JP2009502939A JP5536445B2 (en) 2006-03-30 2007-03-29 Composition of c-Met antibody and method of use thereof
EP07754114A EP2004693B1 (en) 2006-03-30 2007-03-29 Compositions and methods of use for antibodies of c-met
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CN101415730A (en) 2009-04-22
TW200815470A (en) 2008-04-01
US20090175860A1 (en) 2009-07-09
AU2007245181A1 (en) 2007-11-08
CN103183738B (en) 2014-08-06
CN101415730B (en) 2013-04-10
EP2004693A2 (en) 2008-12-24
PE20080352A1 (en) 2008-06-12

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