WO2007085875A2 - A method of terrain correction for a geophysical survey - Google Patents
A method of terrain correction for a geophysical survey Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007085875A2 WO2007085875A2 PCT/GB2007/050039 GB2007050039W WO2007085875A2 WO 2007085875 A2 WO2007085875 A2 WO 2007085875A2 GB 2007050039 W GB2007050039 W GB 2007050039W WO 2007085875 A2 WO2007085875 A2 WO 2007085875A2
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- Prior art keywords
- data
- captured image
- survey
- terrain
- terrain correction
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/15—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat
- G01V3/165—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for use during transport, e.g. by a person, vehicle or boat operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified by the object or by the detecting device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/38—Processing data, e.g. for analysis, for interpretation, for correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V7/00—Measuring gravitational fields or waves; Gravimetric prospecting or detecting
- G01V7/02—Details
- G01V7/06—Analysis or interpretation of gravimetric records
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V7/00—Measuring gravitational fields or waves; Gravimetric prospecting or detecting
- G01V7/16—Measuring gravitational fields or waves; Gravimetric prospecting or detecting specially adapted for use on moving platforms, e.g. ship, aircraft
Definitions
- This invention is generally concerned with methods, apparatus and computer program code for terrain correction for geophysical surveys, in particular potential field surveys.
- a potential field survey is performed by measuring potential field data which, for a gravity survey, may comprise gravimeter data (measuring gravity field) or gravity gradiometer data (measuring gravity field gradient).
- potential field data may comprise vector magnetometer data, true magnetic gradiometer data, or other types of data well-known to those skilled in the art.
- a common aim of a geophysical potential field survey is to search for signatures which potentially indicate valuable mineral deposits.
- the size and position of a survey is broadly chosen according to a wavelength scale corresponding to a signature expected given the target's size and depth.
- a terrain correction is generally applied prior to analysing the data. This involves compensating for the surface height variations or, more particularly, variations of the height of the aircraft above the surface of the surveyed region.
- Many techniques may be employed to obtain a surface profile including, but not limited to, one or more of the purchase of local digital terrain elevation data, GPS (global position system) data acquisition, and airborne techniques such Lidar (Laser radar) and SAR (synthetic aperture radar).
- a typical signature arising from terrain height variations may be hundreds of Eotvos whereas a typical signature of an underlying geological formation is -1-10 Eotvos.
- a method of terrain correction for a geophysical survey comprising: capturing a multi-or hyperspectral image of a region to be surveyed; determining a surface geological composition of said surveyed region using said captured image multi-or hyperspectral image; determining terrain correction data for said geophysical survey using said determined surface geological composition; and using said terrain correction data for performing said terrain correction for said geophysical survey.
- the terrain correction comprises density data defining a variation in surface density or porosity over the surveyed region.
- undesirable "ghost" images of the terrain can be substantially attenuated. This assists in effectively reducing the terrain to a flat layer.
- the porosity can be useful because, with relatively porous rock, the density can depend upon recent or average rainfall.
- the mapping of the surface geological composition may comprise categorising the composition into one (or more) of a plurality of classes; this may be based upon a direct image of the surface rock (here used generally to include, for example, clay) for example where there is little or no vegetation, or the classification may be based upon changes in surface vegetation. It will be appreciated that the exact density need not be determined to provide some benefit and even an approximate estimate of the surface density can be helpful.
- the mapped density or porosity variations may comprise relative rather than absolute values.
- one or more of a variety of techniques may be employed to determine the surface geological composition from multi-or hyperspectral imagery of the surveyed region. These may include (but are not limited to) principle component analysis of the captured imagery, matching an imaged spectra against a library of stored spectral data, matched filtering of capture spectral data, and artificial neural network-based analysis of the captured image data.
- the technique may interpolate between two or more determined geological compositions for a pixel or region, using either linear, or non- linear interpolation. For example a single pixel may have a close match to two similar but different rock types and/or nearby or adjacent pixels may match to different related rock types. In such circumstances linear combinations of types of rock and/or spectra may be employed to determine density values in-between those associated with the identified rock types.
- the geophysical survey comprises a gravity or gravity gradient survey, although in general the techniques may be employed with any potential field survey including electromagnetic field survey techniques either relying upon ambient fields (for example magnetotelluric) or employing an artificial electromagnetic field source.
- the techniques are employed with gravity surveys, preferably the terrain correction density data is combined with surface elevation data for the surveyed region, which may be obtained by any of a range of conventional techniques, or purchased.
- the terrain correction data may be determined and supplied for the purposes of correcting a geophysical survey, or this data may be directly employed in combination with the potential survey data for solving the "inverse problem" to determine an estimated underlying geological composition of the surveyed region.
- the measured (estimated) surface density is employed. It is straightforward to modify the existing computer software to achieve this, because numerical techniques are employed.
- a default density value for example a typical upper continental crust density of 2.67g/cc, may be employed.
- the multi-or hyperspectral captured image has at least 3 wavelength bands, more preferably at least 5, 10, 50 or 100 bands. For example in a preferred embodiment 393 specific bands are employed.
- At least one wavelength band extends into the ultraviolet, in particular having a wavelength less than or equal to 200nm
- the multi-or hyperspectral data employed for the surface geological composition determining is mainly from the ultraviolet (less than 400nm) region of the spectrum.
- the invention also provides computer program code, in particular on a carrier to, when running, implement embodiments of the above-described method.
- the carrier may comprise a disc such as a DVD- or CD-rom, programmed memory, or an optical or electrical signal carrier.
- the computer program code may be written in any conventional computer language including high-level languages such as C or Fortran and lower level languages such as assembly code.
- the code may comprise source, object or executable code and may be distributed, for example across a network.
- the invention also provides a conventional computer system programmed with the above-described code, and including working memory for determining the terrain correction data, and a processor.
- the system is linked to a system for matching hyperspectral images to rock types, and includes a data store for associating each rock type with a density and/or porosity.
- a user terminal is also provided for interactive determination of a three-dimensional model of underlying geological structure including the input, where available, of data from other sources such as borehole data and the like.
- Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a system embodying aspects of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a procedure for implementing an embodiment of a method according to the invention.
- an aircraft 100 is equipped with plurality of geophysical survey instruments including one or more potential field measuring instruments 102, at least one hyperspectral imager (HSI) 104, and other instrumentation 106.
- the potential field measuring instruments may comprise, for example, a vector gravimeter, gravity gradiometer, magnetometer, magnetic gradiometer or the like.
- the other instrumentation may include GPS (Global Positioning System) instrumentation, preferably a DGPS (Differential GPS) device, an altimeter, altitude measurement equipment, pressure measurement equipment and the like.
- GPS Global Positioning System
- DGPS Different GPS
- EM electromagnetic measurement
- TDEM time domain electromagnetic system
- the plane is equipped to produce an accurate DEM (Digital Elevation Model) using a combination of LIDAR (Laser Radar) and an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit).
- DEM Digital Elevation Model
- LIDAR Laser Radar
- IMU Inertial Measurement Unit
- DGPS Inertial Measurement Unit
- the DEM and DGPS data may also be used to correct the measured potential field data for the terrain.
- aircraft acceleration, attitude, angular rate and angular acceleration data may also be used to correct the output data of the potential field instrumentation.
- substantially any onboard or remote sensor may be employed to provide position and motion information for the aircraft and/or the potential field instrumentation.
- this device comprises one or more imaging spectrometers to take measurements over a plurality of narrow wavelength bands over a wide wavelength range.
- the techniques described herein are not limited to any particular type of hyperspectral imager but preferably the device has a plurality of wavelength bands in the ultraviolet, in part because infrared signals tend to be swamped during the day.
- the imager may be passive or active; in the latter case techniques similar to LIDAR may be employed.
- a hyperspectral imager was employed to capture images in 393 bands, in embodiments covering the wavelength region from less than 150nm or lOOnm to 500nm or more (although under certain conditions IR can be swamped, in other conditions the IR part of the spectral range is usable).
- hyperspectral image data captured by satellite may be employed (although the resolution is generally lower, the cost higher, and the spectral coverage sub- optimal).
- the hyperspectral imagery data and (if conducted at the same time) the potential field survey data is provided to a data processing system 108 comprising a processor 108a, program code for terrain correction 108b, and preferably inverse problem solution program code 108c for determining a three-dimensional model of the geological structure of the survey region from the potential field data.
- Data processing system 108 is coupled, optionally over a network, to an HSI image library 110 including spectrum matching/classification code. This library receives HSI data from the data processing system 108 and returns rock density data for use by the terrain correction program code.
- a user terminal 112 is provided for entry of any constraints on the inverse problem available from known data, for example derived from surface rather than airborne surveying.
- DEM Digital Elevation Model
- the data processing system 108 provides an output 116 comprising terrain correction data and, optionally, three-dimensional geological model data. This may be stored in a database 118 and/or output over a network or provided on a removable storage medium 120.
- FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram of a procedure for the system of Figure 1.
- Data is initially derived from flying a survey 200 (in other embodiments land or marine surveying may be employed), this providing hyperspectral imagery data for use in determining rock type and mapping rock density and/or porosity 202.
- this involves matching a spectrum associated with each pixel of the captured image with a stored library of HSI data in order to classify the underlying surface rock and hence derive rock density/porosity data.
- the HSI data may either be categorised by employing typical reflectances from different types of underlying rock or the geology of one or more locations within the surveyed region may be locally physically examined and then relative changes with respect to these locations may be mapped; alternatively a synthesis of both techniques may be employed.
- muscovite comprises three carbonate units with different densities and local sampling may be employed to best match an absorb ance band of a CO feature seen in the hyperspectral image data.
- the wavelength bands used to capture the hyperspectral image data may be varied according to the expected rock type - for example sandstone, which contains iron, is best surveyed in the infrared.
- Principal component analysis may be employed to categorise pixels into rock types or classes, for example limestone, silty lime, sandstone and so forth. Where rocks within these classes have a similar density range, the classes may optionally be combined; additionally or alternatively where different but nearby pixels define different types of rock but in a similar density range a precise classification is not needed in order to determine an approximate density for the relevant portion of the surveyed region image. Broadly speaking, however, the technique is to classify the surveyed region into categories of rock type based upon the hyperspectral image data, and then to employ a look-up table to determine an estimated density and/or porosity for the different rock types. A similar technique may be employed to determine underlying rock type or at least a category of rock type, from a hyperspectral image of vegetation growing in surface soil.
- hyperspectral image processing software includes the ENVI software available from RSI, Inc.; HSI data processing services are also available, for example from analytical imaging and Geophysicals LLC of Colorado, USA.
- the procedure determines terrain correction data, which essentially comprises the mapped rock density in combination with a digital elevation model, either derived from the survey or from another source 206.
- a digital elevation model For example an accurate DEM (digital elevation model) maybe produced using a combination of LIDAR (Laser radar) and an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) in conjunction with DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) to correct the LIDAR data for the plane motion.
- the DEM and DGPS data may also be used to correct the measured potential field data for the terrain.
- aircraft acceleration, attitude, angular rate and angular acceleration data may also be used to correct the output data of the potential field instrumentation. Any onboard or remote sensor can be used to provide the position and motion information for the aircraft and/or the potential field instrumentation.
- the terrain correction data thus comprises a set of data defining height (elevation) and density (or porosity) at X 5 Y locations over the surveyed region. This is used to correct the potential field data with the aim of, in effect, reducing the terrain to a flat, uniform density layer.
- the potential field data Prior to performing this correction the potential field data is generally pre-processed 208, for example by gridding but in some preferred embodiments of the technique using an equivalent source method as described in our earlier PCT Patent application (ibid). It is therefore helpful at this stage to outline these methods.
- Potential field data includes, but is not limited to, gravimeter data, gravity gradiometer data, vector magnetometer data and true magnetic gradiometer data. Elements and representations of a potential field may be derived from a scalar quantity.
- the relevant potential is the gravity scalar potential, ⁇ (r), defined as
- r , p(r'), G are respectively, the position of measurement of the gravity field, the mass density at location r' , and the gravitational constant.
- the gravitational force which is how a gravitational field is experienced, is the spatial derivative of the scalar potential.
- Gravity is a vector in that it has directionality - as is well known gravity acts downwards. It is represented by three components with respect to any chosen Cartesian coordinate system as:
- Harmonic functions satisfy Laplace's equation and they have many properties which maybe utilised in the analysis of data collected from potential field surveys.
- Data may be analysed and processed using a range of techniques which work with the data collected from the survey as a starting point but which thereafter alter both the data and/or its format so the values associated with the measured quantities all appear on a regular 2-D grid which is on a horizontal, fixed altitude analysis plane (levelling and gridding).
- the surveyed region is divided into rectangular cells whose sides are preferably aligned to the principle directions flown for the survey, and then the actual measurement data is replaced with data (gridded data) which is "equivalent" to the measured data but which is now assigned values at points in the middle of each cell.
- the dimension of each cell may be chosen based on the average separation of lines flown in the two orthogonal directions. Once the data is in this gridded format, it is much more tractable mathematically.
- the data may be treated as set of numbers and may be processed, for example by statistical or other methods, to give a best estimate of the potential field on the horizontal analysis plane.
- Data may be reduced to be a 2-D Fourier series in which case each line of data preferably has 2 n data points in order to facilitate use of a Fast Fourier transform; the data is also collected in orthogonal directions.
- the 2-D Fourier series can be expressed as a sum of 2-D spatial sine waves in the form: m n where the wavenumbers k m , k n are related to the size of the survey, L x , L in the x, y directions respectively by
- the surface of the survey area is broken up into small pieces, typically of order 50m on a side, which may be termed platelets or mass elements. It is easy to forward calculate the gravity from each platelet (see, for example, RJ. Blakely, "Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications", Cambridge University Press, 1995), the mass of which is adjusted until the best overall fit to the measured data is obtained. This mass determination may use a standard least squares fitting procedure. The fit may be obtained by matching the data at the true measurement position to the gravity field generated by the proposed equivalent source at the identical true measurement positions. This process is mathematically rigorous and does not introduce any artificial adjustments to the data in order that it conforms to a horizontal rectangular survey.
- the fit is deemed to be the primary data set. All subsequent analysis to determine geological structure preferably then compares and minimizes differences between the gravitational field that any given geological structure would generate with that generated by the equivalent source.
- One significant advantage of this technique is that the best fit comes from a mass distribution, albeit a synthetic one, and therefore the best fit solution will automatically satisfy Laplace's equation. This is an improvement over a method which produces a numerical best fit but which does not impose the added restriction that the data has to satisfy Laplace's equation, i.e. that it could come from a real mass distribution.
- the equivalent source method does not have to use a surface confornial to the topography, it can use sources which cover any surface which can be at constant altitude, above or below the earth's true surface, can cut through the earth's true surface and so on.
- the choice of a surface following the topography is likely to produce less variation in mass of the individual platelets but the overall result is not, in principle, dramatically affected by any reasonable choice of surface.
- the potential field data modelled by either a gridding or equivalent source method described above provides an input to computer program code 210 for determining a three-dimensional underlying geological structure responsible for the measured (and modelled) potential field, taking into account the terrain correction determined in step 204 and any available a priori data 212.
- Suitable techniques are described in the literature (see, for example Blakely, ibid, and references therein) additionally or alternatively commercially available program code may be employed, for example or the GRMAG3D code available from the Consortium for Electromagnetic Modelling and Inversion (CEMI) based at the University of Utah, USA.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/087,542 US8320632B2 (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-01-24 | Terrain correction systems |
AU2007209108A AU2007209108B2 (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-01-24 | A method of terrain correction for a geophysical survey |
CA002636542A CA2636542A1 (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-01-24 | Terrain correction systems |
CN2007800029953A CN101371165B (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-01-24 | Geophysical terrain survey correction method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0601482A GB2435523B (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2006-01-25 | Terrain correction systems |
GB0601482.3 | 2006-01-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2007085875A2 true WO2007085875A2 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
WO2007085875A3 WO2007085875A3 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/GB2007/050039 WO2007085875A2 (en) | 2006-01-25 | 2007-01-24 | A method of terrain correction for a geophysical survey |
Country Status (8)
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US (1) | US8320632B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101371165B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007209108B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2636542A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2435523B (en) |
RU (1) | RU2442193C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007085875A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200806105B (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011098821A2 (en) | 2010-02-12 | 2011-08-18 | Arkex Limited | Geophysical data processing systems |
WO2011148174A2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2011-12-01 | Arkex Limited | Processing geophysical data |
WO2012001388A2 (en) | 2010-07-02 | 2012-01-05 | Arkex Limited | Gravity survey data processing |
WO2012017223A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2012-02-09 | Arkex Limited | Systems and methods for processing geophysical data |
WO2012127210A2 (en) | 2011-03-21 | 2012-09-27 | Arkex Limited | Gravity gradiometer survey techniques |
CN101600975B (en) * | 2007-01-30 | 2013-01-23 | 阿克斯有限责任公司 | Gravity survey data processing |
CN103529439A (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2014-01-22 | 环境保护部卫星环境应用中心 | Method and device for performing vegetation parameter remote sensing retrieval in neural network system |
CN107356554A (en) * | 2017-06-20 | 2017-11-17 | 东南大学 | A kind of MODIS model refinement methods of the inverting Atmospheric Precipitable Water based on neutral net |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2447699B (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2011-07-13 | Arkex Ltd | Terrain correction systems |
GB2451807B (en) | 2007-08-02 | 2012-01-18 | Arkex Ltd | Geophysical data processing systems |
GB2471682B (en) | 2009-07-07 | 2014-01-01 | Arkex Ltd | Potential field data survey |
US9372275B2 (en) | 2009-11-27 | 2016-06-21 | Geotech Airborne Limited | Receiver coil assembly with air and ferromagnetic cored sensors for geophysical surveying |
US8878538B2 (en) * | 2009-11-27 | 2014-11-04 | Geotech Airborne Limited | Receiver coil assembly for airborne geophysical surveying with noise mitigation |
GB2503371B (en) * | 2011-03-25 | 2016-11-02 | Baker Hughes Inc | Use of frequency standards for gravitational surveys |
US9324236B2 (en) * | 2011-11-23 | 2016-04-26 | The Boeing Company | System and methods for situation awareness, advisory, tracking, and aircraft control information |
US9964653B2 (en) | 2011-12-21 | 2018-05-08 | Technoimaging, Llc | Method of terrain correction for potential field geophysical survey data |
CN103632167B (en) * | 2013-11-29 | 2016-10-12 | 金陵科技学院 | Monocular vision space recognition method under class ground gravitational field environment |
CN109870723B (en) * | 2019-03-18 | 2020-06-23 | 云南航天工程物探检测股份有限公司 | High-power electrical sounding method and system based on mountainous area terrain correction |
CN112554876A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2021-03-26 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | Stratum sunken area selection method and device |
CN117949397B (en) * | 2024-03-27 | 2024-06-14 | 潍坊市勘察测绘研究院 | Hyperspectral remote sensing geological mapping control system and hyperspectral remote sensing geological mapping control method |
CN118113805B (en) * | 2024-04-29 | 2024-06-25 | 山东省国土测绘院 | Geographic information survey calibration method and system based on deep learning |
CN118169771B (en) * | 2024-05-16 | 2024-08-02 | 国能大渡河金川水电建设有限公司 | Geophysical prospecting data determining method, geophysical prospecting data determining device, geophysical prospecting data determining medium, electronic equipment and program product |
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EP1091188A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-04-11 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Method for correcting atmospheric influences in multispectral optical teledetection data |
US20050017721A1 (en) * | 2001-10-11 | 2005-01-27 | Mccracken Ken G. | Airborne geophysical measurements |
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DE69319050T2 (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1998-10-08 | Texaco Development Corp | Aircraft measurement method and device |
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2006
- 2006-01-25 GB GB0601482A patent/GB2435523B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-01-24 RU RU2008134480/28A patent/RU2442193C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-01-24 AU AU2007209108A patent/AU2007209108B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-01-24 ZA ZA200806105A patent/ZA200806105B/en unknown
- 2007-01-24 CA CA002636542A patent/CA2636542A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-01-24 CN CN2007800029953A patent/CN101371165B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-01-24 US US12/087,542 patent/US8320632B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-01-24 WO PCT/GB2007/050039 patent/WO2007085875A2/en active Application Filing
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EP1091188A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-04-11 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Method for correcting atmospheric influences in multispectral optical teledetection data |
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Also Published As
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AU2007209108A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
US20090252372A1 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
ZA200806105B (en) | 2010-03-31 |
CN101371165B (en) | 2012-02-22 |
GB2435523A (en) | 2007-08-29 |
CA2636542A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
RU2008134480A (en) | 2010-02-27 |
GB0601482D0 (en) | 2006-03-08 |
AU2007209108B2 (en) | 2011-08-25 |
CN101371165A (en) | 2009-02-18 |
US8320632B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 |
RU2442193C2 (en) | 2012-02-10 |
WO2007085875A3 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
GB2435523B (en) | 2010-06-23 |
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