WO2007079391A2 - Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface - Google Patents
Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007079391A2 WO2007079391A2 PCT/US2006/062660 US2006062660W WO2007079391A2 WO 2007079391 A2 WO2007079391 A2 WO 2007079391A2 US 2006062660 W US2006062660 W US 2006062660W WO 2007079391 A2 WO2007079391 A2 WO 2007079391A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- active agent
- release
- agent
- vaginal
- Prior art date
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- 230000035587 bioadhesion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 189
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 149
- 229940121375 antifungal agent Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000227 bioadhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000522 vaginal cream Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229940044959 vaginal cream Drugs 0.000 claims description 28
- 208000004926 Bacterial Vaginosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 27
- 208000037009 Vaginitis bacterial Diseases 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003429 antifungal agent Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000012384 transportation and delivery Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- -1 terbinafϊne Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 20
- 201000007096 Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Diseases 0.000 claims description 18
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- VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N metronidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=C([N+]([O-])=O)N1CCO VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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Classifications
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- A61K9/0034—Urogenital system, e.g. vagina, uterus, cervix, penis, scrotum, urethra, bladder; Personal lubricants
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/425—Thiazoles
- A61K31/429—Thiazoles condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/43—Compounds containing 4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula, e.g. penicillins, penems
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
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- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
- A61K31/542—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/545—Compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. cephalosporins, cefaclor, or cephalexine
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- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
- A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
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- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
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- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
- A61P15/02—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for disorders of the vagina
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P31/10—Antimycotics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/06—Ointments; Bases therefor; Other semi-solid forms, e.g. creams, sticks, gels
Definitions
- the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions suitable for vaginal delivery of a combination of at least two active agents.
- the invention further relates to therapeutic methods of use of such compositions in women having conditions of the vulvovaginal system wherein such a combination of active agents is indicated.
- Combination therapy involving two or more active agents is indicated in a number of conditions (including disorders, diseases and syndromes) affecting the lower urogenital tract or vulvovaginal system of female patients.
- a condition can have multifactorial etiology, in which active agents having different modes of action can address more than one underlying cause.
- the condition can have a single underlying cause, but is treatable with one active agent that relieves symptoms and another active agent that attacks the underlying cause.
- the patient exhibits two or more conditions that are more or less independent of one another in their etiology, but that, when superimposed on one another, can present a more serious challenge to the health of the patient than either condition alone.
- the presence of a first condition can increase susceptibility of the patient to a second condition, and combination therapy is indicated to treat the first condition while preventing or reducing risk of the second.
- combination therapy is indicated to treat the first condition while preventing or reducing risk of the second.
- infective vaginitis An illustrative and all too common condition that can be responsive to combination therapy is infective vaginitis.
- Infective vaginitis covers a range of conditions involving microbial infection of the vagina, and inflammation associated therewith, that sometimes extends to the vulva. It accounts for an estimated 15 million physician office visits a year in the U.S., and with availability of over-the-counter remedies particularly for candidal infections, many additional cases are medicated without professional diagnosis.
- Agents of infection implicated in vaginitis include:
- fungi more particularly yeasts, especially Candida spp. including one or more of C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. neoformans, C, parasilopsis and C. tropicalis, of which the most common is C. albicans;
- bacteria commonly a variety of species including one or more of Bacteroides spp., Gardnerella vaginalis ⁇ Mobiluncus spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Peptostrepiococcus spp., most commonly with G. vaginalis predominating; and
- VVC vulvovaginal candidiasis
- BV Bacterial vaginosis
- Symptoms of VVC and BV include irritation (manifesting, for example, as redness, burning and/or itching), dyspareunia and abnormal discharge, which in the case of BV tends to have a fishy odor.
- Other diagnostic criteria include a vaginal pH lower than about 4.7 in VVC, or higher than about 4.7 in BV, and presence of "clue cells” (epithelial cells having a granular appearance) in BV.
- YYQ j s typically a nuisance, often very troubling to the patient but relatively rarely implicated in development of more serious or life-threatening conditions.
- BV if untreated, can lead to serious conditions, such as cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical dysplasia, urinary tract infections, postoperative infections, increased susceptibility to viral infection including HIV and HSV-2, and, in pregnant women, premature birth, preterm rupture of membranes, intra-amniotic fluid infection, preterm labor and postpartum endometritis.
- BV/VVC Mixed bacterial and candidal
- a mixed BV/VVC infection treated topically only with an antifungal agent such as butoconazole can quickly become a serious BV infection, which then requires follow-up antibacterial treatment, either as a further topical application or as systemic (e.g., oral antibiotic) therapy. Implications of such misdiagnosis can be nontrivial, especially considering the serious conditions to which BV can lead if untreated.
- differential timing can reflect a need, for example, to address one causal factor before another, or to simultaneously address an acute and a chronic condition, or to address first the symptoms and then the underlying cause of a condition, or, in the case of a mixed BV/VVC infection, to control a dominant bacterial (e.g., Gardner e Ua vaginalis) population and prevent a subsequent explosion of fungal (e.g., candidal) population in response to removal of the bacterial pathogens.
- Differential timing can also provide a means of reducing adverse side-effects of combination therapy, by avoiding simultaneous heavy exposure of tissues to two or more active agents.
- Combination therapies providing differential timing of drug delivery have typically involved sequential administration of active agents, for example topical administration of an antifungal agent followed by topical or systemic administration of an antibacterial agent as mentioned above.
- a more convenient regimen, particularly one that can be satisfied by a single administration, would enhance patient compliance and thereby increase probability of a successful clinical outcome.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,551,148 to Riley el al proposes a controlled release system for vaginal drug delivery, comprising unit cells having a nonlipoidal internal phase and a lipoidal continuous external phase. An active agent is present at least in the internal phase.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,266,329 to Riley proposes such a vaginal delivery system having an antifungal imidazole, exemplified by metronidazole, as the active agent.
- VagiSite system a bioadhesive topical drug delivery system known therein as the VagiSite system as a high internal phase ratio water-in-oil emulsion system, providing a delivery platform for administration of active drug entities in the vaginal cavity. They disclose that the VagiSite system is incorporated in Gynazole-1® antifungal vaginal cream, which contains 2% by weight butoconazole nitrate.
- U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0180366 of Kirschner et al discloses a composition suitable for vaginal drug delivery, comprising an essentially pH neutral emulsion having an internal water-soluble phase and an external water-insoluble phase, wherein the internal phase comprises an acidic buffered phase comprising a drug, which can illustratively be an antifungal agent or an antibacterial agent.
- Example I therein provides such a composition comprising the antibacterial agent metronidazole in an amount of 0.75% by weight.
- Example II therein provides such a composition comprising the antibacterial agent clindamycin phosphate in an amount of 2.8% by weight.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,055,303 to Riley describes a solid composition, for example a suppository, comprising a water-in-oil emulsion that can carry an active agent.
- the composition is stated to be suitable for insertion into a body orifice and to melt at body temperature to form a cream having controlled release and bioadherent properties.
- U. S, Patent No. 6 ⁇ 316,011 to Ron et al describes a reversibly gelling polymer composition having bioadhesive or mucoadhesive properties, said to be useful inter alia for delivery of drugs to a vaginal or rectal cavity.
- U.S. Patent No. 6,423,307 to Saettone et al describes a mucoadhesive complex of polycarbophil with an imidazole or triazole active agent, said to be useful as a sustained-release antifungal preparation for vaginal administration.
- Ahmad et al relates to an ointment, said to be useful for delivery of an antifungal or antibacterial agent to the vaginal cavity.
- the ointment can have a bioadhesive agent to help promote adhesion to the mucosa.
- U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0219472 of Pauletti et al relates in part to a pharmaceutical composition stated therein to be useful for vaginal transmucosal delivery of a drug, and mentions that solubilization of the drug with an appropriate mucoadhesive agent can allow a prolonged contact of the drug with the mucosal surface, which is said to further enhance efficiency of delivery of the drug. Mention is made of bioadhesive microparticles in the form of a multiphase liquid or semisolid preparation for vaginal delivery.
- U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0151774 of Pauletti et al describes a polymer foam or film composition suitable inter alia for delivery of a drug to a vaginal mucosa.
- the composition optionally provides controlled release of the drug and can include a mucoadhesive agent.
- U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0091642 of Auzerie proposes a gel composition for application to a vaginal mucosa comprising a thermoreversibly gelling copolymer such as a poloxamer, a bioadhesive agent such as a carbomer, and at least one active agent in solution or suspension.
- U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0234606 of Levine et al proposes a composition for vaginal administration comprising a treating agent (the tocolytic drug terbutaline is exemplified) and a bioadhesive cross-linked water-swellable but water-insoluble polycarboxylic acid such as polycarboph.il, designed to give controlled and prolonged release of the drug through the vaginal mucosa. Administration of the composition is said to achieve local tissue concentrations without detrimental blood levels.
- a treating agent the tocolytic drug terbutaline is exemplified
- a bioadhesive cross-linked water-swellable but water-insoluble polycarboxylic acid such as polycarboph.il
- surfactant lipids can be administered in conjunction with one or more medications including antibiotics and antifungals.
- antibiotics said to be suitable include ampicillin, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, metronidazole and tetracycline.
- antifungals said to be suitable include miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, butoconazole, tioconazole and terconazole.
- Ozyurt et al (2001) Int. J, Gynecol, Qbstet.
- composition comprising a first active agent and a second active agent, the composition (i) comprising a component adapted for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface, for example a vaginal mucosal surface, and (ii) providing differential release of the active agents at such a surface, wherein the second active agent exhibits a release profile that is substantially delayed and/or substantially extended relative to the release profile of the first active agent.
- the first active agent is an antibacterial agent and the second active agent is an antifungal agent.
- the composition illustratively has at least one nonlipoidal internal phase and at least one lipoidal external phase that is bioadhesive to the vulvovaginal surface.
- a composition is typically a water-in-oil emulsion and can illustratively be presented in a semi-solid form described in the pharmaceutical art as a cream.
- vaginal drug delivery system comprising such a cream and an applicator to facilitate administration to a vaginal mucosal surface.
- a method for treating a condition of the vulvovaginal system for example a BV or mixed BV/VVC infection, for which a combination of a first active agent (e.g., an antibacterial agent) and a second active agent (e.g., an antifungal agent) is indicated, the method comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a vulvovaginal surface, for example a vaginal mucosal surface.
- a first active agent e.g., an antibacterial agent
- a second active agent e.g., an antifungal agent
- Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of relative release profiles of the first and second active agents in a composition of a first embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of relative release profiles of the first and second active agents in a composition of a second embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of relative release profiles of the first and second active agents in a composition of a third embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of relative release profiles of the first and second active agents in a composition of a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- vulvovaginal system herein means the lower urogenital tract of a female subject, in particular the vaginal cavity and walls thereof and adjacent tissues of the cervix and urinary tract, together with the vulva.
- a "vulvovaginal surface” herein denotes any external or internal surface of the female genitalia, including mucosal surfaces in the vaginal cavity and nonmucosal surfaces of the vulva and immediately surrounding areas of skin.
- a composition as described herein is more specifically adapted for application to a vaginal mucosal surface, and is bioadhesive, i.e., mucoadhesive, to such a surface.
- Any known formulation system exhibiting bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface and capable of delivering thereto an active agent can be useful herein.
- Such systems include a variety of formulations described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2005/087270, incorporated herein by reference but not admitted to be prior art to the present invention.
- Such systems further include, for example, those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 6,316,011. [0045] Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 6,423,307. [0046] Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced International Patent Application No. WO 02/03896.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced International Patent Application No. WO
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described by Wang & Lee (2002), op. cit.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described by Gavini et at (2002), op. cit.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described by Karasulu et al. (2002) , op. cit.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
- Such systems still further include those embodied in certain compositions generally described in above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
- Bioadhesion for example to a vaginal mucosal surface, is an important property of compositions of the invention. It is believed, without being bound by theory, that bioadhesion allows for a sustained and controlled delivery of at least the second active agent over time. Advantages over conventional vaginal delivery systems exhibiting less or no bioadhesion include one or more of:
- At least a component of the composition exhibits the property of bioadhesion.
- the composition comprises a non-bioadhesive component for delivery of the first active agent and a bioadhesive component for delivery of the second active agent.
- This embodiment can be useful where, for example, it is desired to deliver the first active agent as a bolus but permit delivery of the second active agent over a prolonged period of time. More typically, however, bioadhesion is a property of the composition as a whole.
- Bioadhesion can be promoted by inclusion in the composition of one or a combination of bioadhesive, or more specifically mucoadhesive, agents that can independently be natural or synthetic; anionic, cationic or nonionic; and water-soluble or water-insoluble.
- the composition comprises a water-insoluble but water-swellable polymer capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Typically such a polymer is cross-linked and has a molecular weight of about 500 to about 3000 IcDa 5 for example about 1000 to about 2000 kDa.
- polycarboxylic acid based polymers such as poly(acrylic, maleic, itaconic, citraconic, methacrylic, hydroxyethyl- methoxyethyl- and methoxyethoxyethylmethacrylic) acids and derivatives thereof including salts and esters.
- polymers illustratively include acrylate/melhacrylate copolymers with quaternary ammonium functional groups, and ethylacrylate/methylmethacrylate copolymers with natural ester groups, as available for example under the Eudragit® brand.
- polycarbophil which is a polyacrylic acid cross-linked with divinyl glycol.
- Alternative bioadhesive agents include cellulose derivatives such as methyl-, ethyl-, methylethyl-, hydroxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl-, hydroxypropyl-, hydroxyethylethyl-, carboxymethyl- and hydroxypropylmethyl- celluloses, and esters, ethers and salts thereof; gums such as acacia, xanthan, guar, locust bean, tragacanth, karaya, ghatti, cholla and psyllium seed gums and gum arabic; clays such as montmorillonite and attapulgite; polysaccharides such as dextrans, pectins, amylopectins, agars, carrageenans, mannans, scleroglucans, polygalactonic acids, starches and starch derivatives, e.g., hydroxypropyl starch and carboxymethyl starch; lipophilic preparations containing polys
- Particular agents mentioned therein as causing minimal irritation and not affecting the normal vaginal flora include polyacrylic hydrogels, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose, xanthan gum and cm ' tosan.
- Bioadhesion can also be provided using an in situ gelling polymer system such as a thermoreversibly gelling copolymer in combination with a bioadhesive agent, for example as described in above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0091642.
- an in situ gelling polymer system such as a thermoreversibly gelling copolymer in combination with a bioadhesive agent, for example as described in above-referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0091642.
- composition useful herein is not limited and can be, for example, a cream, a gel, a foam, a vaginal tablet, pessary or suppository, a tampon, an implant such as a ring, etc.
- compositions in the form of a water- in-oil emulsion as generally described in any of above-referenced U.S. Patent No. 4,551,148, U.S. Patent No. 5,055,303, U.S. Patent No. 5,266,329 or U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0180366, or as further described herein.
- a water- in-oil emulsion can be presented in a solid form, for example as a vaginal suppository, or in a semi -sol id form, for example as a vaginal cream, and has bioadhesive properties.
- a composition of the invention has an external Hpoidal phase and an internal nonlipoidal phase, and can provide for example a bioadhesive vaginal delivery system as described by Thompson & Levinson (2002), op. cit, or a vaginal delivery system substantially equivalent thereto.
- the bioadhesive property of such a composition is believed, without being bound by theory, to reside at least in part in the Hpoidal nature of the external phase, which repels moisture and thereby resists dilution and removal by normal vaginal secretion.
- the ⁇ ipoidal external phase serves to sequester the internal nonlipoidal phase; in embodiments wherein one or more active agents are present partly or wholly in the internal phase, the active agent pay load is likewise sequestered, allowing for release of the active agent(s) to be metered slowly over time.
- a “conventional” vaginal cream herein refers to a serni- solid emulsion having a continuous aqueous or nonlipoidal phase and a discontinuous or disperse nonaqueous or lipoidal phase, i.e., an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein an active agent is solubilized or dispersed in the continuous phase.
- Such a cream while “conventional” in its general structure, can nonetheless represent an embodiment of the present invention if it has bioadhesive properties and contains at least two active agents formulated in such a way as to exhibit different release profiles as required herein.
- solubilization or dispersion of an active agent in the continuous nonlipoidal phase of an oil-in-water emulsion permits immediate contact of the active agent with the vulvovaginal surface to which the composition is applied, but also permits dilution, rinsing and leakage of the composition from this surface, reducing the contact time with the surface and, where the active agent is an anti-infective agent, with the targeted pathogens.
- An oil-in-water emulsion comprising, for example, an antibacterial agent and/or an antifungal agent therefore must generally be administered repeatedly, for example about 3 to 7 times a week, to provide a clinically acceptable response.
- the bioadhesive and sustained release properties of a water-in-oil vaginal cream illustrative of the invention can permit a relatively low dose of an active agent to provide a clinically acceptable response at least substantially equal to that provided by a much larger dose of the active agent administered in the form of a conventional cream.
- a single administration of an SR cream can provide a clinically acceptable response at least substantially equal to that provided by a conventional cream administered more than once, for example repeatedly about 3 to about 7 times in the course of one week.
- adverse drug reactions are generally dose related, with appearance of new adverse events or exacerbation of existing adverse effects as the dose is escalated.
- a composition of one embodiment of the invention typically comprises a multiplicity of unit cells, which are the basic repeating units of the delivery system and are not divisible without losing at least some of the properties useful herein.
- Each unit cell has internal and external phases, corresponding to the internal and external phases of the composition referred to above.
- compositions having such multiphase structure can be described using conventional classifications, for example as emulsions, emulsion/dispersions, double emulsions, suspensions within emulsions, suppositories, foams, creams, ovules, inserts, and so on.
- Preferred compositions of the invention are in the form of water-in-oil emulsions having medium to high internal phase ratio (expressed as percentage of total volume occupied by the internal phase), for example greater than about 60%, greater than about 70%, or greater than about 75%, by volume.
- compositions useful herein include liquids or semi-solids having a viscosity of about 5,000 to about 1,000,000 centipoise, for example about 100,000 to about 800,000 centipoise.
- the composition is a vaginal cream having a viscosity of about 5,000 to about 750,000 centipoise, for example about 350,000 to about 550,000 centipoise.
- a vaginal cream is generally a semi-solid water-in-oil emulsion and comprises an emulsifying agent.
- compositions that can increase viscosity, among other properties, include microcrystalline wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, and various pharmaceutically acceptable polymers including polysaccharides, cellulosic polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcelMose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, etc. , polyethylene glycol, acrylate polymers and the like.
- compositions comprising a water-in-oil emulsion typically melt at body temperature to form a bioadhesive cream substantially as described above.
- the internal phase is typically discontinuous and, as indicated above, is nonlipoidal.
- the nonlipoidal character of the internal phase renders it miscible with water.
- the internal phase comprises water, glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol or a combination of two or more thereof.
- the internal phase has high osmotic pressure.
- the internal phase can itself be monophasic, biphasic or multiphasic, taking the form, for example, of a solution, suspension, emulsion or combination thereof.
- the internal phase optionally comprises one or more suspended solids, emulsifying and/or dispersing agents, osmotic enhancers, extenders, diluents, buffering agents, chelating agents, preservatives, fragrances, colors, or other materials.
- the internal phase is acid buffered to an internal pH of about 2.0 to about 6.0, for example about 2.5 to about 5.5 or about 3.5 to about 5.0.
- the internal phase is acid buffered to an internal pH that is substantially optimal to the vaginal environment, i.e., a pH that does not cause substantial irritation, itching or other discomfort and/or renders the vaginal environment less hospitable to common pathogens including fungal and bacterial pathogens.
- a pH is about 4,0 to about 5.0, for example approximately 4.5.
- the external phase of preferred compositions is typically continuous (in such systems adjacent unit cells have common external phases) and, as indicated above, is lipoidal.
- lipoidal herein can pertain to any of a group of organic compounds including neutral fats, fatty acids, waxes, phosphatides, petrolatum, fatty acid esters of monoprotic alcohols, mineral oils, etc. , having the following properties: insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform or other fat solvents; and exhibiting a greasy feel.
- suitable oils are mineral oils having viscosity of about 5.6 to about 68.7 centistokes, for example about 25 to about 65 centistokes, and vegetable oils such as coconut, palm kernel, cocoa butter, cottonseed, peanut, olive, palm, sunflower, sesame, corn, safflower, rapeseed (canola) and soybean oils and fractionated liquid triglycerides of naturally derived short-chain fatty acids.
- lipoidal can also pertain to amphophilic compounds, including for example natural and synthetic phospholipids.
- Suitable phospholipids can include, for example phosphatidylcholine esters such as dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl- phosphatidylcholine, dipentadecanoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl- choline (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC); phosphatidylethanolamine esters such as dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanol- amine (DPPE); phosphatidylserine; phosphatidylglycerol; phosphatidylinositol; etc.
- DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidyl- choline
- DPPE dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanol- amine
- the external phase comprises a phospholipid component, for example a lecithin component, more particularly a refined lecithin component.
- a lecithin component for example a lecithin component, more particularly a refined lecithin component.
- refined lecithins or other phospholipid materials can reside at the oil-water interface of a water-in-oil emulsion and impart improved stability to the emulsion, especially where an active agent is present having surfactant properties that tend to disrupt emulsion stability.
- a preferred lecithin comprises not less than about 70%, for example not less than about 80%, phosphatidylcholine.
- the phosphatidylcholine content of the lecithin can be as high as about 96% or even higher.
- Food grade lecithin may or may not be found acceptable in specific formulations.
- An example of a refined lecithin that is generally suitable is Phospholipon 90TM, available from American Lecithin Co.
- Amphiphilic compounds other than phospholipids can also act, optionally together with a phospholipid, as emulsifying agents in a composition of the invention.
- Any pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifying agent or combination thereof can be used, including without limitation medium and long chain monoglycerides and diglycerides, such as glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl monostearale, glyceryl monoisostearate and glyceryl monopalmitate, polyglyceryl esters of fatty acids, such as polyglyceryl-3 oleate, and polyethylene glycol esters and diesters of fatty acids, such as PEG-30 dipolyhydroxystearate.
- Such agents can also function as emollients in the composition.
- Emulsifying agents soluble in the external phase are generally preferred. In one embodiment a mono- and diglyceride mixture is used, alone or with addition of a metallic soap such as aluminum stearate.
- Water-in-oil emulsion compositions of the invention are typically deformable at physiological temperatures (approximately 37°C) but, unlike conventional creams, do not rapidly lose integrity upon application to a vaginal mucosal surface. In general, therefore, they do not result in offensive or otherwise unacceptable leakage from the vaginal cavity following administration. As physical breakdown of such compositions occurs over an extended period, nonaqueous components are either absorbed or released from the vaginal cavity at a generally unnoticeable rate, making no substantial increase over normal rates of vaginal secretion.
- the first or second active agent or both can be present in either one or both of the internal and external phases of a water-in-oil emulsion composition of the invention.
- two embodiments are of particular interest.
- the first active agent is predominantly to substantially contained in the external phase and the second active agent is predominantly to substantially contained in the internal phase.
- the term "predominantly contained” in the present context means that more than about 50%, for example more than about 75%, by weight of the agent is present in the phase in question.
- the term “substantially contained” in the present context means that any amount of the agent that is present elsewhere than in the phase in question contributes negligibly in practical terms to the overall delivery dynamics of the composition. It will be understood that through normal physical processes such as diffusion some portion of an agent "substantially contained" in one phase of the composition can be expected to transfer to the other phase. However, such transfer is normally inconsequential.
- At least about 85%, for example at least about 90% or at least about 95% and in some cases at least about 98% or even at least about 99%, of the first active agent is present in the external phase and at least about 85%, for example at least about 90% or at least about 95% and in some cases at least about 98% or even at least about 99%, of the second active agent is present in the internal phase.
- location of the first active agent in the external phase typically permits substantially immediate delivery of the first active agent into the vaginal mucosa or other tissue to which the composition is administered. This can be useful where a rapid therapeutic effect is desired, for example in relief of symptoms.
- location of the second active agent in the internal phase typically permits delivery of the second active agent to be delayed or slowed (and therefore sustained or extended) relative to delivery of the first active agent.
- both agents are present at least in part in the internal phase of the composition, and can be in dispersed form, for example in solution or suspension therein, or in non-dispersed form.
- the first and/or the second active agents are predominantly to substantially contained in the internal phase.
- the first active agent is present in a form adapted for release over a relatively short period and the second active agent is present in a form adapted for delayed release and/or for release over a relatively long period.
- Differential release of the active agents in a composition of this embodiment can be secured by investing the second active agent with one or more release-controlling means effective to provide a release profile that is substantially delayed and/or extended relative to the release profile of the first active agent.
- Such means include without limitation (a) formulating the second active agent in solid particulate form but solubilizing the first active agent; (b) formulating both agents in solid particulate form but providing a particle size for the second active agent; (c) at least partially encapsulating the second active agent in a barrier layer that retards and/or slows release; (d) at least partially segregating the first and second active agents in different internal phases such that the medium surrounding the first active agent promotes more rapid release than that surrounding the second active agent; (e) formulating at least the second active agent in solid lipid nanoparticles as generally described, for example, in above-referenced International Patent Publication No. WO 2005/087270; and (f) means substantially equivalent to any of these.
- Solubilization of one or both agents can be achieved, for example, by use of a cosolvent and/or surfactant.
- Some agents for example the antibacterial agent metronidazole, are readily water soluble or easily solubilized, and such agents are typically present at least in substantial part in solution in the internal phase.
- one or both agents can be present at least in part in particulate form, for example in micronized form or in nanoparticulate form, and can be dispersed as a particulate suspension in the internal and/or external phase.
- the first or second active agent or both are present in aggregates or liposomes within the internal and/or external phase.
- any suitable particle size can be used, and, as indicated above, a different range of particle size can be selected for each agent (wherein typically the second active agent is formulated at larger particle size).
- a D 90 particle size (wherein 90% by weight of the particles are smaller than the specified size) not greater than about 250 ⁇ m is generally desirable for both agents.
- Preferably at least 99% by weight of the particles are not greater than about 250 ⁇ m in diameter.
- Particle sizes smaller than about 5 ⁇ m can be useful but the expense of particle size reduction may not be justified by any improvement in stability or efficacy at such particle sizes. Nonetheless, particle sizes as small as 0.4 ⁇ m (400 nm), or even as small as 50 nm, can be used if desired.
- Release of the active agents from a composition of the invention can occur by one or more mechanisms, none of which is limiting to the present invention.
- Such mechanisms can include diffusion, for example from the internal phase through the external phase into the vaginal mucosa; rupture of unit cells; dissolution of solid particulates; etc.
- Release dynamics can be linear or nonlinear.
- Compositional factors affecting release rate of each active agent can include relative amounts of the active agent present in the internal and external phases; internal phase ratio; osmotic pressure of the internal phase; pH of the internal phase; selection and relative amounts of Iipoidal compounds, including amphiphilic compounds, in the external phase, influencing diffusibility of each active agent therein; particle size where the active agent is in solid particulate form; viscosity of the composition; etc.
- Each of these factors can be routinely modified by one of skill in the art based on the disclosure herein, to optimize release rate for specific situations.
- the external phase tends to form a relatively thick membrane through which the second active agent must pass to be released; accordingly release rate can be significantly slowed in such a composition.
- Physiological factors affecting release rate of each active agent include factors affecting rate of physical breakdown or loss of integrity of the composition, such as amount and chemical nature of fluids and enzymes, pH, chemical balance, temperature and shear forces arising from body movement. Shear forces are believed not to affect integrity of water-in-oil compositions as rapidly or severely as in the case of conventional vaginal creams.
- the composition is typically adapted to release the first active agent, the second active agent or both over a period of about 3 hours to about 10 days, upon application to a vulvovaginal surface, for example a vaginal mucosal surface.
- release period of at least one of the active agents is one of about 12 hours to about 10 days, about 1 to about 10 days, about 2 to about 10 days or about 3 to about 7 days.
- a "release period” or equivalent phrase herein refers to a period during which the active agent is made available for absorption and pharmacological (e.g., antibacterial or antifungal) effect, such effect typically occurring at or close to the site of absorption, for example the vaginal cavity.
- release period begins when release substantially begins (e.g., immediately to about 1 hour after administration, or later in the case of the second active agent where this is formulated for delayed release), and ends when substantially no further active agent is available for release (e.g., about 3 hours to about 10 days after the beginning of the release period).
- the second active agent exhibits a release period that overlaps at least a terminal portion of the release period of the first active agent.
- the release profile of the second active agent can be a delayed-release profile (i.e., the beginning of the release period for the second active agent is substantially later than the beginning of the release period for the first active agent), an extended-release profile (i.e., the release period for the second active agent is substantially longer in duration than that for the first active agent), or both.
- the second active agent exhibits a release period that begins after release of the first active agent has peaked.
- the second active agent exhibits delayed release and may or may not also exhibit extended release.
- release of the second active agent can be delayed until after release of the first active agent is substantially complete, such that substantially no overlap in release periods of the first and second active agents occurs.
- Figs 1-4 Differential release patterns of four non-limiting illustrative embodiments are shown diagrammatically in Figs 1-4. Other differential release patterns can be contemplated by one of skill in the art and are within the scope of the present invention.
- Fig. 1 the first active agent exhibits substantially immediate release and the second active agent exhibits delayed release. Neither active agent exhibits substantial properties of extended release.
- a differential release profile such as that illustrated in Fig. 1, wherein release of the second agent begins after release of the first agent has peaked, can be termed "tandem release".
- the first active agent exhibits substantially immediate release.
- the second active agent exhibits an extended release period that begins at about the same time as that for the first active agent (i.e. , this is not a delayed-release profile) but continues substantially longer,
- the first active agent exhibits substantially immediate release.
- the second active agent exhibits both delayed-release (later onset of release period) and extended-release (longer duration of release period) properties.
- the first active agent exhibits a release profile characterized by a high rate of release early in the release period, and a declining rate of release thereafter.
- the second active agent exhibits a release profile that is substantially inverted in relation to that of the first active agent, i.e., the release rate is initially slow and increases to a maximum later in the release period.
- a differential release profile such as that illustrated in Fig. 4 can be termed "inverse release”.
- At least one of the active agents exhibits, by 1 day after administration, about 2% to about 25% release; by 2 days after administration, about 15% to about 50% release; by 3 days after administration, about 25% to about 75% release; and by 4 days after administration, about 45% to 100% release.
- Release rate can be determined by in vivo testing or by any suitable in vitro method.
- An illustrative in vitro method utilizes an open chamber diffusion cell system such as a Franz cell system, typically fitted with an appropriate inert synthetic membrane such as polysulfone, cellulose acetate/nitrate mixed ester or polytetrafluoroethylene of suitable thickness, e.g., 70 ⁇ m.
- the receptor medium should be one in which the active agent of interest is soluble, for example a water/ethanol medium.
- a test composition is placed uniformly on the membrane (illustratively, about 300 mg of a semi-solid composition such as a cream is a suitable amount for placement on a 25 mm diameter membrane) and is kept occluded to prevent solvent evaporation and compositional changes. This corresponds to an infinite dose condition.
- An aliquot of the receptor fluid is removed for analysis at appropriate intervals, and is replaced with an aliquot of fresh receptor fluid, so that the membrane remains in contact with the receptor fluid throughout the period of the release study.
- a release rate study such as that outlined above is typically replicated and can be conducted using a standard composition having known release properties for comparison.
- first and second active agents are not limited, but illustratively they can be independently selected from anti-infectives, antiinflammatories, analgesics, muscle relaxants, anesthetics, hormones, immunomodulators (including cytokine inhibitors and antihistamines) and antineoplastics, it being recognized that a drug can often be classified in more than one such category of active agent. More than two active agents can optionally be present.
- the first and second active agents comprise (a) an analgesic, muscle relaxant or anesthetic and (b) an immunomodulator. It will generally be found preferable to provide the analgesic, muscle relaxant or anesthetic as the first active agent and the immunomodulator as the second active agent, but these can be reversed if desired.
- the analgesic, muscle relaxant or anesthetic can comprise, for example, an opioid analgesic, a non-opioid analgesic (e.g. , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID), a muscle relaxant or a local anesthetic.
- an opioid analgesic e.g. , a non-opioid analgesic (e.g. , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID), a muscle relaxant or a local anesthetic.
- NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Non-limiting examples of opioid analgesics include butorphanol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, naloxone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine s propoxyphene, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- fentanyl can be included in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.25% to about 10%, for example about 0.5% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3%, by weight.
- Non-limiting examples of non-opioid analgesics include capsaicin, diclofenac, salsalate, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- capsaicin can be included in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10%, for example about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3%, by weight.
- diclofenac or tramadol can be included in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.25% to about
- Non-limiting examples of muscle relaxants include carisoprodol, methocarbamol, orphenadrine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- Non-limiting examples of local anesthetics include benzocaine, bupivacaine, butamben, chloroprocaine, cocaine, dibucaine, dyclom ' ne, etidocaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, pramoxine, prilocaine, procaine, proparacaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- benzocaine, lidocaine or tetracaine can be included in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.25% to about 10%, for example about 0.5% to about
- the immunomodulator can comprise, for example, an H 1 , H 2 or H 3 receptor antagonist.
- Non-lirniting examples of Hj receptor antagonists include acrivastine, azelastine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, desloratadine, diphenhydramine, ebastine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, levocabasiine, loratadine, mizolastine, promethazine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- diphenhydramine can be included in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10%, for example about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3%, by weight.
- H 2 receptor antagonists include burimamide, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- H 3 receptor antagonists include betahistine, ciproxifan, GT-2331, iodoproxyfan, thioperamide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, and combinations thereof.
- the first and second active agents are anti-infectives, optionally in combination with at least a third active agent that can be another anti- infective or an agent of another class, for example an anti-inflammatory or a hormone such as an estrogen.
- Anti-infectives include antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal agents, it being recognized that some drugs have a spectrum of activity that runs across microbial types.
- the first and second active agents can both belong to one class of anti- infective, for example both can be antibacterial agents, e.g., having a complementary spectrum of activity.
- the first and second active agents can belong to different classes of anti- infective, for example an antibacterial and an antifungal.
- compositions comprises as active agents an antibacterial and an antifungal
- either one can be the first agent herein, the other being the second agent herein.
- it can be advantageous to have the antibacterial release earlier or faster than the antifungal or vice versa.
- a composition having an antibacterial as the first active agent and an antifungal as the second active agent can be useful.
- a composition having an antifungal as the first active agent and an antibacterial as the second active agent can be useful.
- the present embodiment is more particularly illustrated herein with reference to a composition having an antibacterial as the first and an antifungal as the second active agent, but it will be understood that these can be reversed if desired.
- An antibacterial agent useful as the first or second active agent herein can comprise any antibacterial known in the art to be useful in treatment of bacterial infections of the vulvovaginal system.
- the antibacterial can be one predominantly targeting a particular category of pathogenic bacteria, for example aerobic, anaerobic, gram-negative, gram-positive, etc.
- antibacterial s examples include without limitation acriflavine, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, chlorquinaldol, clindamycin, iodoquinol, metronidazole, nimorazole, ornidazole, pivampicillin, secnidazole, spiramycin, tetracycline, tinidazole, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, combinations thereof and the like.
- the first active agent comprises or consists essentially of clindamycin or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for example clindamycin hydrochloride or clindamycin phosphate.
- the first active agent comprises or consists essentially of clindamycin phosphate.
- the first active agent comprises or consists essentially of metronidazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
- An antibacterial agent such as butoconazole or metronidazole is present in the composition in an antibacterially effective amount.
- Amounts of clindamycin or a salt or ester thereof are expressed herein as clindamycin (free base) equivalent amounts unless the context demands otherwise. Any antibacterially effective amount of clindamycin or salt or ester thereof can be used, but typically in a vaginal cream preparation a clindamycin equivalent amount of about 0.5% to about 6% by weight, for example about 1% to about 3% by weight, will be found useful. [0116] Any antibacterially effective amount of metronidazole can be used, but typically in a vaginal cream preparation a metronidazole amount of about 0.1% to about 4% by weight, for example about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight, will be found useful.
- An antifungal agent useful as the first or second active agent herein, but in a particular embodiment the second active agent, can comprise any antifungal known in the art to be useful in treatment of fungal, especially candidal, infections of the vulvovaginal system.
- Illustrative antifungal agents include without limitation atovaquone, griseofulvin, nystatin, polymyxin B 5 terbinafme, and imidazole and triazole compounds such as butoconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, ravuconazole, saperconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, terconazole, tioconazole and voriconazole, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, combinations thereof and the like.
- triazole compounds such as butoconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, oxiconazole, ravuconazole, saperconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole
- the second active agent comprises or consists essentially of butoconazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
- the second active agent comprises or consists essentially of butoconazole nitrate.
- An antifungal agent such as butoconazole is present in the composition in an antifungally effective amount. [0118] Amounts of butoconazole or a salt or ester thereof are expressed herein as butoconazole nitrate equivalent amounts unless the context demands otherwise.
- butoconazole or salt or ester thereof can be used, but typically in a vaginal cream preparation a butoconazole nitrate equivalent amount of about 0.5% to about 6% by weight, for example about 1% to about 3% by weight, will be found useful.
- antibacterial or "antifungal”, applied to an active agent herein, are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
- a particular agent can exhibit, to some degree, both antifungal and antibacterial activity.
- Some agents for example certain imidazoles including metronidazole, are utilized herein principally for their antibacterial activity, but also possess a useful degree of antifungal (including anticandidal), and in some cases antiprotozoal (including antitrichomonal) activity.
- an antifungal agent e.g., butoconazole
- a fungal pathogen such as C. albicans.
- a particular example of a vaginal cream composition of the invention has at least one nonlipoidal internal phase and at least one lipoidal external phase that is bioadhesive to a vaginal mucosal surface.
- the composition comprises clindamycin phosphate in a clindamycin equivalent amount of about 2% by weight and butoconazole nitrate in an amount of about 2% by weight, wherein the butoconazole nitrate exhibits a release profile that is substantially delayed, extended or inverted relative to the release profile of the clindamycin phosphate.
- vaginal cream composition of the invention has at least one nonlipoidal internal phase and at least one lipoidal external phase that is bioadhesive to a vaginal mucosal surface.
- the composition comprises metronidazole in an amount of about 0.75% by weight and butoconazole nitrate in an amount of about 2% by weight, wherein the butoconazole nitrate exhibits a release profile that is substantially delayed, extended or inverted relative to the release profile of the metronidazole.
- the antibacterial or first active agent illustratively metronidazole
- the antifungal or second active agent illustratively butoconazole nitrate
- solubilization of the first active agent but not of the second active agent in this manner can be responsible at least in part for the differential release property of the composition.
- excipient ingredients in a vaginal cream composition of the invention can include water, sorbitol (e.g., in the form of a sorbitol solution), lecithin, at least one long chain monoglyceride, for example glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monoisostearate or glyceryl monopalmitate, at least one poly glyceryl or polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, for example polyglyceryl-3 oleate or PEG-30 dipolyhydroxyslearate, a chelating agent, for example edetate disodium, at least one antimicrobial preservative, for example methylparaben and/or propylparaben, mineral oil and microcrystalline wax.
- sorbitol e.g., in the form of a sorbitol solution
- lecithin e.g., in the form of a sorbitol solution
- a unit dosage amount of a composition of the invention is an amount suitable for a single administration to a vulvovaginal surface, for example a vaginal mucosal surface, as described herein. Most conveniently for the patient, the composition is provided in unit dose aliquots, typically individually packaged, but this is not a requirement of the present invention.
- a convenient unit dose aliquot of a vaginal cream is an amount of about 1 to about 10 g, although greater or lesser amounts, for example as little as about 0.1 g or as much as about 25g, can be used if desired.
- a particularly suitable unit dosage amount of a vaginal cream is about 3 to about 6 g, for example about 5 g. Where a unit dosage amount is smaller, it may be desirable to increase the concentration of active agents in the composition, and vice versa.
- a unit dosage amount of a vaginal cream of the invention can be furnished in a prefilled container or applicator, for example an applicator similar to that used for Gynazole-1® vaginal cream of KV Pharmaceutical Co., St Louis, MO.
- a delivery system for at least two active agents comprising a vaginal cream composition of the invention for example a disposable applicator, more particularly a disposable applicator prefilled with a unit dosage amount of the composition, is an embodiment of the invention.
- a composition of the invention in the form of a vaginal cream can be prepared by known batch or continuous processes for preparing pharmaceutical creams.
- shear force is applied to the components by use of a mixer, homogenizer, mill, impingement surface, ultrasound, shaking or vibration.
- water-in-oil emulsions of the invention should normally be prepared using mixing shear at a relatively low level to prevent destruction of the emulsion by excess energy.
- the internal and external phases are first prepared separately.
- the internal phase is added to the external phase while mixing in a planetary-type or other suitable mixer until a stable emulsion is formed. Addition rates and mixing speeds can be adjusted to optimize formation and viscosity of the emulsion.
- the external phase is introduced into a continuous mixer that comprises a plurality of impellers, until it reaches the level of the lowest impeller in the mixing chamber. The two phases are then simultaneously introduced through the bottom of the mixer in proper proportion as the impellers rotate to apply shear to the components. The finished emulsion emerges through the top of the mixer. Flow rate through the mixing chamber and mixing speed can be adjusted to optimize formation and viscosity of the emulsion.
- a composition of the invention can be administered topically to external surfaces of the vulva and/or to surrounding areas of skin.
- the composition can be administered intravaginally.
- the composition is a vaginal cream and is administered intravaginally in a unit dosage amount as defined above to a vaginal mucosal surface.
- a vaginal cream of the invention can be administered to contact a mucosal surface in the vaginal cavity by means, for example, of an applicator that is optionally prefilled with a single unit dosage amount of the cream.
- the tip of the applicator With the patient in a supine position, the tip of the applicator can be gently inserted high in the vagina, for example in the posterior vaginal fornix, and the cream can be released through the tip by pushing on a plunger of the applicator.
- the invention provides a method for treating a condition of the vulvovaginal system for which a combination of a first active agent and a second active agent is indicated.
- a method of the invention for treating vulvodynia comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a vulvovaginal surface, for example a vaginal mucosal surface.
- a method of the invention for treating vulvodynia comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a vulvovaginal surface, e g., topically to external surfaces of the vulva and/or to surrounding areas of skin, or intravaginally, wherein the composition has as the first and second active agents (a) an analgesic, muscle relaxant or anesthetic, for example lidocaine, and (b) an immunomodulatory for example diphenhydramine.
- the first agent comprises the analgesic, muscle relaxant or anesthetic and the second agent comprises the immunomodulator.
- a method of the invention for treating a BV or mixed BV/VVC infection comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition, for example a vaginal cream composition, as described herein to a vulvovaginal surface , for example a vaginal mucosal surface, wherein the composition has as the first active agent an antibacterial agent such as clindamycin, metronidazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and as the second active agent an antifungal agent such as butoconazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
- a pharmaceutical composition for example a vaginal cream composition, as described herein to a vulvovaginal surface , for example a vaginal mucosal surface
- the composition has as the first active agent an antibacterial agent such as clindamycin, metronidazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and as the second active agent an antifungal agent such as butoconazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
- the antibacterial agent illustratively clindamycin phosphate or metronidazole, exhibits faster and/or earlier release than the antifungal agent, providing effective control of the bacterial, e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis, infection.
- Such an explosion can arise from an existing mixed bacterial/fungal infection, from small fungal colonies present in the vulvovaginal area, or as a de novo fungal infection after elimination of bacterial competition.
- Such a method can involve repeated administration of a unit dosage amount of the composition until a clinically acceptable response is obtained; however, it is an advantage of at least those compositions of the invention having bioadhesive and sustained release properties that a clinically acceptable response is often obtainable with a single administration.
- a method wherein a single administration of a unit dosage amount provides a clinically acceptable response is often known as a "one dose to cure" therapy, but it will be recognized that the term "cure" in the present context does not necessarily mean total or permanent removal of the infection or total or permanent relief from all symptoms.
- a clinically acceptable response or "cure” herein can be illustratively evidenced by one or more of the following outcomes:
- a therapeutic method using a water-in-oil bioadhesive composition of the invention provides, by a single administration, a "cure" rate at least substantially equal to that provided by about 3 to about 7 applications of a conventional vaginal cream composition, containing the same antibacterial and antifungal agents at the same concentration as the composition of the invention, in the course of one week.
- a method of the invention, wherein the first and second active agents are an antibacterial and antifungal respectively, can be used for treatment of any combination of bacterial and fungal infections present in the vulvovaginal system, including without limitation infections involving:
- fungi more particularly yeasts, especially Candida spp. including one or more of C. albicans, C, dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. neoformans, C. parasilopsis and C tropicalis, of which the most common is C. albicans; and
- bacteria commonly a variety of species including one or more of Bacteroides spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp., Mycoplasma hominis and Peptostreptococcus spp., most commonly with G. vaginalis predominating.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
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- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EA200870155A EA200870155A1 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | SYSTEM OF DELIVERY MEDICINE |
EP06849068A EP1968544A2 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface |
JP2008549528A JP2009522362A (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | Drug delivery system |
BRPI0620907-6A BRPI0620907A2 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | pharmaceutical composition, vaginal drug delivery system and use of pharmaceutical composition |
CA002635994A CA2635994A1 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface |
AU2006332520A AU2006332520A1 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface |
IL192566A IL192566A0 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2008-07-01 | Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US75680406P | 2006-01-05 | 2006-01-05 | |
US60/756,804 | 2006-01-05 |
Publications (2)
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WO2007079391A2 true WO2007079391A2 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
WO2007079391A3 WO2007079391A3 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
Family
ID=38093530
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2006/062660 WO2007079391A2 (en) | 2006-01-05 | 2006-12-28 | Drug delivery system for bioadhesion to a vulvovaginal surface |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20070154516A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1968544A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009522362A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20080083190A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101365425A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2006332520A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0620907A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2635994A1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA200870155A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL192566A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007079391A2 (en) |
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WO2010026469A1 (en) * | 2008-09-04 | 2010-03-11 | Laboratorios Senosiain S.A. De C.V. | Pharmaceutical composition for use in treating sexually transmitted infections |
US10265373B2 (en) | 2010-09-10 | 2019-04-23 | Helperby Therapeutics Limited | Pharmaceutical composition and method of treating a microbial infection with sulcotidil |
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US20080287408A1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2008-11-20 | Drugtech Corporation | Endometriosis treatment |
WO2014026707A1 (en) * | 2012-08-13 | 2014-02-20 | Edko Pazarlama Tanitim Ticaret Limited Sirketi | Anti-vaginitis compositions with improved release and adherence |
AU2015311674B2 (en) | 2014-09-05 | 2018-03-08 | Lupin Inc. | Secnidazole for use in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis |
CA2988082C (en) | 2015-06-01 | 2020-09-29 | Symbiomix Therapeutics, Llc | Novel nitroimidazole formulations and uses thereof |
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US10265373B2 (en) | 2010-09-10 | 2019-04-23 | Helperby Therapeutics Limited | Pharmaceutical composition and method of treating a microbial infection with sulcotidil |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20080083190A (en) | 2008-09-16 |
CN101365425A (en) | 2009-02-11 |
JP2009522362A (en) | 2009-06-11 |
EA200870155A1 (en) | 2009-02-27 |
WO2007079391A3 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
CA2635994A1 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
BRPI0620907A2 (en) | 2011-11-29 |
AU2006332520A1 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
EP1968544A2 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
US20070154516A1 (en) | 2007-07-05 |
IL192566A0 (en) | 2009-02-11 |
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