WO2007056513A1 - α-HELIX MIMETICS AND METHODS RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF FIBROTIC DISORDERS - Google Patents

α-HELIX MIMETICS AND METHODS RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF FIBROTIC DISORDERS Download PDF

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WO2007056513A1
WO2007056513A1 PCT/US2006/043626 US2006043626W WO2007056513A1 WO 2007056513 A1 WO2007056513 A1 WO 2007056513A1 US 2006043626 W US2006043626 W US 2006043626W WO 2007056513 A1 WO2007056513 A1 WO 2007056513A1
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alkyl
substituted
independently selected
amino
unsubstituted
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PCT/US2006/043626
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French (fr)
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Michael Kahn
Eguchi Masakatsu
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Institute For Chemical Genomics
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Priority to US11/861,072 priority Critical patent/US20080242669A1/en
Priority to US11/861,009 priority patent/US20090176742A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to ⁇ -helix mimetic structures and to a chemical library relating thereto.
  • the invention also relates to applications in the treatment of f ⁇ brotic diseases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
  • Fibrosis can occur in the lung, liver, kidney, eye, heart, and other major organs of the body. Fibrosis can be due to toxic or infectious injury, such as cigarette smoke to the lungs or viral hepatitis infection of the liver. The cause of some f ⁇ brotic diseases is unknown, which is the case with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and insidious inflammatory disease of the lung that kills most of its victims within five years after diagnosis. IPF afflicts 83,000 Americans and more than 31,000 new cases develop each year. It is believed that death due to
  • IPF is greatly underreported and the considerable morbidity of IPF is not recognized.
  • IPF represents just one of the many fibrotic diseases that occurs as a result of chronic inflammation. It is estimated by the United States government that 45% of all deaths in the U.S. can be attributed to fibrotic disorders. However, no drugs have been approved for the treatment of any fibrotic disease in the United States. Research and development is urgent needed to provide treatments to those afflicted with fibroproliferative diseases.
  • the present invention fulfills these needs, and provides further related advantages by providing conformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondary structure of ⁇ -helix regions of biologically active peptides and proteins.
  • the present invention is directed to treatment of fibrotic disease using conformationally constrained compounds, which mimic the secondary structure of ⁇ -helix regions of biologically active peptides and proteins.
  • This invention also discloses libraries containing such compounds, as well as the synthesis and screening thereof.
  • B is N-R 5 - or -CHR 6 -
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R5, R 7 , Rs, R9, Rio, R11, R12, R13, R14, are Ri 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2-5 alkyl, guanidinoC 2 . 5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 -5alkyl, diC]. 4 alkylguanidino-C 2 - 5 alkyl, amidinoC 2 . 5 alkyl, Ci.
  • Ci ⁇ alkoxy nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl
  • bis-phenyl methyl substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci -4 alkylamino, Ci ⁇ dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C ⁇ alkyl, C ⁇ alkyl, Ci.
  • Ri, R 2 , R 4 , Re, R9, W and X are as defined in claim 1, Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is CH, the X is nitrogen).
  • Ri, R 2 , R 6 , R 7 , and Rs represent the remainder of the compound, and R 4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • R 6 or R 7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively.
  • B is -(CHR 6 )-
  • E is -(ZR 8 )-
  • G is -(NH)- or -(CH 2 )-
  • W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the ⁇ -helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (V):
  • K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH 2 )-
  • J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • Z is nitrogen or CH
  • Ri, R 2 , R 6 , Rs, and Rn are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • a compound having the general formula (VI): wherein B is -(CHR 2 )-, -(NR 2 )-,, E is -(CHR 3 )-, V is -(XR 4 )- or nothing, W is -(C O)-(XR 5 R 6 ), -(SO 2 )-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and R 1 , R 2 , R3, R 4 , R5 and Rg are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support,
  • R 1 , R 2 , R3, Rt, R5, Re, R 7 , Rs, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, Ru, RH, are R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2 -salkyl, guanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi- 4 alkylguanidino-C 2 - 5 alkyl, amidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, Ci -4 alkylamidinoC 2-5 alkyl, diCi -4 alkylamidinoC 2-5 alkyl, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C 1 .
  • imidazoCi- 4 alkyl substituted imidazol Cualkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci- 4 alkylamino, Ci ⁇ dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi- 4 alkyl, substituted imidazol Cualkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci- 4 alkylamino, Ci ⁇ dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci- 4 alkyl, C ⁇ alkyl, Ci ⁇ alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi.
  • K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH 2 )-
  • J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2 . 5 alkyl, guanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi- 4 alkylguanidino-C 2 - 5 aIkyl, amidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylamidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi.
  • composition comprising a compound of the following general formula (I)
  • B is N-R 5 - or -CHR 6 -
  • composition comprising the compound of formula (I), wherein Ri, R 2 , R3, R 4 , Rs, RO, RZ, RS, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, R13, R14, are R ⁇ 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2- 5alkyl, guanidinoC 2-5 alkyl, Ci- 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi 4 alkylguanidino-C 2-5 alkyl, amidinoC 2-5 alkyl,
  • Ri, R 2 , Rg, R 7 , and K.8 represent the remainder of the compound, and R 4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • R 6 or R 7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively.
  • B is -(CHR 6 )-
  • E is -(ZR 8 )-
  • G is -(NH)- or -(CH 2 )-
  • W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the ⁇ -helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (V):
  • K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • L is nitrogen, oxygen, - (CH)-, or -(CH 2 )-
  • J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • Z is nitrogen or CH
  • R 1 , R 2 , Re, Rs, and R 1 3 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • composition comprising a compound having the general formula (VI):
  • B is -(CHR 2 )-, -(NR 2 )-,
  • E is -(CHR 3 )-
  • V is -(XR 4 )- or nothing
  • X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH
  • Rj, R 2 , R3, R 4 , R 5 and R ⁇ are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers, salts and pro
  • Ri 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2-5 alkyl, guanidinoC 2-5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 ' . 5 alkyl, diCi. 4 alkylguanidino-C 2-5 alkyl, amidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl,
  • Ci-salkylaminoCa-salkyl hydroxyCa-salkyl, Ci.salkylaminoCa.salkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi. 4 alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo- 2 alkyl.
  • B is -(CH)-(CH 3 )
  • E is -(CH)-(CH 3 )
  • V is -(XR 4 )- or nothing
  • W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently introgen or CH
  • the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
  • K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH 2 )-
  • J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2 -5alkyl, guanidinoCa-salkyl, Ci 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi_ 4 alkylguanidino-C 2 .5alkyl, amidinoC 2 -5alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylamidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, diCi.
  • imidazoCi- 4 alkyl substituted imidazol C ⁇ alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cualkylamino, Ci ⁇ dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C ⁇ alkyl, Ci -4 alkyl, Ci. 3 alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi.
  • a compound selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-2217 and pharmaceutical composition a comprising at least one compound of Compounds 1-2217.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise an effective amount of the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided are diasteric and enantiomeric stereo isomers of Compounds 2203-2217.
  • the present invention is also directed to libraries containing compounds of formula (I) above, as well as methods for synthesizing such libraries and methods for screening the same to identify biologically active compounds.
  • Compositions containing a compound of this invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable earner or diluent are also disclosed.
  • the present invention relates pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds disclosed herein for treating disorders including fibrosis which are associated with TGF- ⁇ signaling pathway. It further relates to methods for treating disorders including fibrosis which are associated with TGF- ⁇ signaling pathway.
  • Figure 2A-2AD shows the chemical structures of compounds 201-400.
  • Figure 3A-3AC shows the chemical structures of compounds 401-600.
  • Figure 4A-4Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 601-800.
  • Figure 5A- 5Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 801-1000.
  • Figure 6A-6Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 1001-1200.
  • Figure 7A-7Z shows the chemical structures of compounds 1201-1400.
  • Figure 8A-8AC shows the chemical structures of compounds 1401-1600.
  • Figure 9A-9AE shows the chemical structures of compounds 1601-1800.
  • Figure 1 OA-I OAA shows the chemical structures of compounds 1801-2000.
  • FIG. 1 IA-I IAA shows the chemical structures of compounds 2001-2200.
  • Figure 12A-12C shows the chemical structures of diasteric and enantiomeric stereo isomers of Compounds 2203-2217.
  • FIG. 13A shows the structure of the compound ASN 06387747.
  • Figure 13B shows the structure of the compound ICGOOl.
  • Figure 13C shows the structures of ASN 06387747 (green) and ICGOOl (red) superimposed.
  • each compound has three pharmacophore rings. Distances measured from the center of each pharmacophore ring may be based on a conformation generated by flexible alignment caluclations. As shown in this figure, the distance between Fl and F4 is approximately 9.6 A, the distance between Fl and F6 is approximately 9.2 A, and the distance between F4 and F6 is approximately 10.3 A.
  • Figure 14A-C depicts lung sections taken from Bat-Gal transgenic mice given intratracheal saline or bleomycin and either treated with ICG-001 (5mgs/Kg/day subcutaneously) or saline as vehicle control. The lungs were sectioned and stained with X-GaI (blue color.)
  • Fig. 14A intratracheal bleo + saline
  • Fig. 14B intracheal bleo + ICG-001
  • Fig. 14C saline +saline.
  • Figure 15 depicts lung sections taken from C57/B16 mice treated with intratracheal bleomeycin (lower left) or saline (upper left) for 5 days and stained with trichrome (red color) to stain collagen.
  • Figure 16 shows RT-PCR data for S100A4, which was increased in the bleomycin treated mice.
  • Figure 17 shows RT-PCR data for collagenlA2, which was increased in the bleomycin treated mice
  • Figure 18 is a graph showing that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG-001 reversed fibrosis.
  • Figure 19 is a photograph showing that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG- 001 reversed fibrosis.
  • Figure 20 depicts a Western blots for S100A4 (also know as FSP-I or fibroblast specific protein- 1) and E-Cadherin performed on whole cell lysates of IPF patient fibroblasts cultured in RPMI1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-OOl.
  • S100A4 also know as FSP-I or fibroblast specific protein- 1
  • E-Cadherin performed on whole cell lysates of IPF patient fibroblasts cultured in RPMI1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-OOl.
  • Figure 21 is a bar graph depicting decreased S100A4 expression in whole cell lysates of ATCC IPF cells and IPF patient cells cultured in RPMI1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-001.
  • Figure 22 Figure 22A-C shows that aquaporin 5 expression was greatly increased by ICG-001 expression. Bleomycin alone, Figure 22A; bleomycin and ICG-001, Figure 22B; saline Figure 22C. Figure 23. Figure 23 A-C shows that ICG-001 prevented interstitial fibrosis.
  • Figure 23 A saline treatment
  • Figure 23B bleomycin treatment
  • Figure 23C bleomycin and ICG-001 treatment.
  • Figure 24 Figure 24A-C shows that ICG-001 prevented alveolar fibrosis.
  • Figure 24A saline treatment
  • Figure 24B bleomycin treatment
  • Figure 24C bleomycin and ICG-001 treatment.
  • Figure 25 is a diagram of autocrine and paracrine Wnt signaling in the lung. Several Wnt ligands are expressed in either the epithelium or mesenchyme during development and in the adult, ⁇ -catenin is expressed in both alveolar epithelium as well as the adjacent mesenchyme.
  • Figure 26A-26E shows the chemical structures of compounds 2203-2217.
  • TGF- ⁇ Transfo ⁇ ning growth factor ⁇
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • stellate cells This activation of stellate cells leads to their conversion to myofibroblasts which display characteristics of muscle and non-muscle cells. Activated stellate cells initiate inflammatory signals, principally mediated through TGF- ⁇ . Inflammatory cytokines and mediators in addition to TGF- ⁇ , lead to proliferation of myofibroblasts. Stellate-derived myofibroblasts proliferate and replace healthy, functional organ cells with extra-cellular matrix that exhibit muscle and connective tissue traits. Ultimately, organ failure results when the nonfunctional fibrotic honeycomb matrix replaces a critical number of healthy cells.
  • fibrosis The initial cause of fibrosis is believed to be the result of injury or insult to organ tissues. This cellular injury to organ tissues can often be traced to toxic or infectious agents. Pulmonary fibrosis, or interstitial lung disease, is often the result of smoking, chronic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia. Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues and organ systems. Non-limiting examples of disorders in which fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality are listed below. Maj or-organ fibrosis
  • Interstitial lung disease includes a wide range of distinct disorders in which pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are the final common pathway of pathology.
  • ILD Interstitial lung disease
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of ILD. Liver cirrhosis has similar causes to ILD, with viral hepatitis, schistosomiasis and chronic alcoholism being the major causes worldwide.
  • Kidney disease including diabetes can damage and scar the kidneys, which leads to progressive loss of function. Untreated hypertension can also contribute to the fibroproliferation of the kidneys.
  • Heart disease associated with scar tissue can impair the heart's pumping ability. Eye Disease including macular degeneration and retinal and vitreal retinopathy can impair vision.
  • Chronic pancreatitis is an irreversible disease of the pancreas characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis which leads to the loss of endocrine and exocrine function.
  • Fibroproliferative disorders include systemic and local scleroderma. Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease that may be localized or systemic, and may have an affect in many organs and tissues of the body.
  • Keloids and hypertrophic scars which can occur after surgery, traumatic wounds, burns, or even scratches. They manifest as an overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of injury.
  • Scarring associated with trauma can be associated with overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of the trauma-related injury.
  • Surgical complications can lead to fibrosis in any organ in which scar tissue and fibroproliferation result from the surgical procedures.
  • Chemotherapy induced fibrosis can occur in, for example, the lungs following chemotherapy, manifests as pulmonary fibrosis, and can be severe enough to require lung transplant, even in cases where the underlying malignancy did not affect the lungs.
  • RIF Radiation-induced fibrosis
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis destroys the lung' s ability to transport oxygen and other gases into or out of the blood. This disease modifies the delicate and elastic tissues of the lung, changing these tissues into thicker, stiff fibrous tissue. This change or replacement of the original tissue is similar to the permanent scarring that can occur to other damaged tissues. Scarring of the lung reduces the lung's ability to allow gases to pass into or out of the blood (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide). Gradually, the air sacs of the lungs become replaced by fibrotic tissue. When the scar forms, the tissue becomes thicker causing an irreversible loss of the tissue's ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream.
  • Symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly with exertion; chronic dry, hacking cough; fatigue and weakness; discomfort in the chest; loss of appetite; and rapid weight loss.
  • Several causes of pulmonary fibrosis are known and they include occupational and environmental exposures. Many jobs, particularly those that involve mining or that expose workers to asbestos or metal dusts, can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Workers doing these kinds of jobs may inhale small particles (like silica dusts or asbestos fibers) that can damage the lungs, especially the small airways and air sacs, and cause the scarring associated with fibrosis. Agricultural workers also can be affected. Some organic substances, such as moldy hay, cause an allergic reaction in the lung. This reaction is called Farmer's Lung and can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Other fumes found on farms are directly toxic to the lungs. Another cause is Sarcoidosis, a disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (areas of inflammatory cells), which can attack any area of the body but most frequently affects the lungs.
  • Certain medicines may have the undesirable side effect of causing pulmonary fibrosis, as can radiation, such as treatment for breast cancer.
  • radiation such as treatment for breast cancer.
  • Connective tissue or collagen diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis are also associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • IPF interstitial lung disease
  • the symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly during or after physical activity; spasmodic, dry cough; gradual, unintended weight loss; fatigue and weakness; chest discomfort; clubbing, or enlargement of the ends of the fingers (or sometimes the toes) due to a buildup of tissue.
  • These symptoms can greatly reduce IPF patients' quality of life.
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy can reduce the lifestyle-altering effects of IPF, but do not provide a cure.
  • it is important to focus on the common pathway to the ultimate pathology that is shared by the disease states, regardless of cause or of tissue in which it is manifested.
  • Several components of the causative pathway are discussed below, particularly in relation to the role of ⁇ -catenin.
  • CK2 kinase activity has been shown to promote cell survival by increasing survivin expression via ⁇ -catenin- Tcf/Lef-mediated transcription.
  • Survivin expression is upregulated in hyperproliferative neovasculature (Simosa, H.F. et al, J. Vase. Curg. 41:682-690, 2005). Survivin was specifically expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque and stenotic vein grafts. In a rabbit model of hyperplasia after balloon injury of iliofemoral arteries, treatment with a phosphorylation-defective survivin mutant vector reduced the neointimal area. The correlation between survinin expression and regulation of a smooth muscle cell phenotype after vascular injury points to survivin as a target for therapy in treating vascular disease.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be administered in the form of coated stents, for example in connection with angioplasty.
  • the methods for preparing coated stents are described in the art and would be modified as needed for use with the compounds of the invention.
  • U.S. Patent No. 7,097,850 discloses and teaches methods of coating a stent with a variety of bioactive compounds.
  • U.S. Patent No. 7,087,078 discloses methods of preparing a stent with at least one active ingredient. Both coronary and peripheral stents are amenable to incorporating one or more compounds disclosed herein. Further teachings regarding drug- coated stents is available in Grube, E. etal, Herz 29:162-6 (2004) and W.L. Hunter, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 58:347-9 (2006).
  • Bone marrow cells contribute to transplant-associated atherosclerosis (Sata, M., Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13:249-253, 2003). Bone marrow cells also contribute to the pathogenesis of lesion formation after mechanical vascular injury (Sata, M. et al., Nat. Med. 8:403-409, 2002). Thus, by treating atherosclerosis and vascular damage with one of more compounds of the invention, reduction in vascular lesion formation can be accomplished.
  • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a disease that occurs in some patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (Moss, J. et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 163:669-671, 2001). Cystic lung disease in LAM is characterized by abnormal smooth muscle cell proliferation. Compounds disclosed herein are expected to find use in regulating and alleviating the cell proliferation, thus moderating the clinical symptoms.
  • TGF- ⁇ is the immediate cause of the fibrosis. This over-expression of TGF- ⁇ has been shown to cause pulmonary fibrosis in mice. An abnormally high TGF- ⁇ signal causes healthy epithelial cells in the lung to die via apoptosis.
  • Apoptosis of healthy epithelial cells is required prior to the development of pulmonary fibrosis
  • TGF- ⁇ is a member of the transforming growth factor ⁇ superfamily which consists of secreted polypeptide signaling molecules involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • TGF- ⁇ is a potent inhibitor of cell growth, and has immunosuppressive properties.
  • TGF- ⁇ also causes the deposition of ECM components leading to fibrosis.
  • TGF- ⁇ A role for TGF- ⁇ as a key mediator in the development of fibrosis relates to its ability to act as a chemoattractant for fibroblasts, stimulate fibroblast procollagen gene expression/collagen protein synthesis, and inhibit collagen breakdown. TGF- ⁇ further stabilizes the ECM by inhibiting the expression of ECM proteases and stimulating the expression of ECM protease inhibitors.
  • the fibrinolysis system is essential in ECM accumulation and fibrosis. Inhibition of fibrinolysis results in the accumulation of fibrin and ECM.
  • Plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1 (PAI-I) is the key inhibitor of fibrinolysis.
  • the PAI-promoter contains several transcription factor binding sites including an AP-I and Smad binding elements that promote PAI-I induction by TGF- ⁇ .
  • PAI-I is the primary inhbitor of both tissue-type (TPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen (uPA) activator.
  • TGF- ⁇ and PAI-I work in tandem to produce the characteristic tissue of fibrosis.
  • mice in which the PAI-I gene is deleted are protected from developing PF. Additionally, adenovirus-mediated transfer of the uPA gene to the lung significantly reduces the production of lung hydroxyproline and attenuated the bleomycin-induced increase in lung collagen, both hallmarks of fibrosis.
  • the TGF- ⁇ signaling pathway is complex. TGF- ⁇ family members bind to specific pairs of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Upon binding, the ligand acts to assemble two type I and two type II receptors into a complex. The type II receptor phosphorylates the type I receptor that subsequently phosphorylates the intracellular substrates Smad 2 and Smad3.
  • TGF- ⁇ can also activate AP- 1 transcription via the MAPK pathway.
  • TGF- ⁇ may originally act as a "healing molecule" in the lung or liver after initial inflammation and injury to the tissue. However, with continued inflammation/injury the balance may be shifted to excessive fibroproliferation and ECM deposition, leading to an "endless healing" process and development of fibrosis. Thus, complete inhibition of TGF- ⁇ could initially undermine the healing process.
  • TGF- ⁇ is highly expressed in airway epithelium and macrophages of small airways in patients with COPD.
  • an important goal is to identify small molecules that interact with previously identified molecular pathways (i.e. TGF- ⁇ signaling) involved in the development of fibrosis to prevent the progression or reverse the fibrosis seen in patients.
  • TGF- ⁇ signaling previously identified molecular pathways
  • Vertebrate Wnt proteins are homologues of the Drosophila wingless gene and have been show to play important roles in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and polarity.
  • Wntproteins are cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that signal through at least three known pathways.
  • GSK-3B glycogen synthase kinase 3fi
  • This hypophosphorylated ⁇ -catenin is then translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors. Binding of ⁇ -catenin converts LEF/TCF factors from repressors to activators, thereby switching on cell-specific gene transcription.
  • Wnt proteins can signal through either activate calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C (known as the Wnt/Ca++ pathway) or jun N-terminal kinase (also known as the planar cell polarity pathway).
  • Wntl was first identified from a retroviral integration in mice that caused mammary tumors. Tsukamoto, A.S. et al, Cell 55:619-625 (1988); and Jue, S.F. et al, MoI. Cell. Biol. 12:321-328 (1992).
  • Overexpression of protein kinase CK2 in the mammary gland which potentiates ⁇ -catenin-dependent Wnt signaling, also increases the incidence of mammary tumors in transgenic mice.
  • Austin-Bollag E.
  • the lung arises from the primitive foregut endoderm starting at approximately E9.5 during mouse development.
  • This primitive epithelium is surrounded by mesodermally derived multipotent mesenchymal cells, which in time will differentiate into several cell lineages including bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, pulmonary fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of the vasculature.
  • the airway epithelium evolves and grows through a process termed branching morphogenesis. This process results in the three-dimensional arborized network of airways required to generate sufficient surface area for postnatal respiration.
  • Mouse embryonic lung development can be divided into at least four stages: embryonic (E9.5 to E12.5), pseudoglandular (E12.5 to E16.0), canalicular (E16.0 to E17.5), and saccular/alveolar (E17.5 to postnatal).
  • epithelial-mesenchymal signaling plays an important role in the regulation of both epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation and development.
  • Several important signaling molecules are expressed in the airway epithelium and signal to the adjacent mesenchyme including members of the bone morphogenetic family (BMP-4), transforming growth factor family (TGF- ⁇ l, -2), and sonic hedgehog (SHH).
  • BMP-4 bone morphogenetic family
  • TGF- ⁇ l, -2 transforming growth factor family
  • SHH sonic hedgehog
  • the mesenchyme expresses several signaling molecules such as FGF-7, -9, and -10, important for lung epithelial development and proliferation. Gain of function and loss of function experiments in mice have demonstrated an important role for each of these factors in regulating lung epithelial and mesenchymal proliferation and differentiation.
  • Wnt signaling also plays a role during lung development.
  • Wnt2b/13, Wnt7b, Wnt5a, and Wntll are expressed in the developing and adult lung.
  • Kispert A., et al, Development 1996, 122:3627-3637; Lin, Y., et al, Dev. Dyn. 2001, 222:26-39; Monkley, SJ., et al, Development 1996, 122:3343-3353; Yamaguchi, T.P., et al, Development 1999, 126:1211-1223; Weidenfeld, J., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:21061-21070.
  • WntSa and Wnt7b are expressed at high levels exclusively in the developing airway epithelium during lung development.
  • Wnt2, Wnt5a, and WnUh have been inactivated through homologous recombination in mice.
  • Wnt2-mx ⁇ mice do not display an overt lung phenotype and Wnt5a null mice have late-stage lung maturation defects, corresponding to expression of Wnt5a later in lung development. (Monkley, (1>996); Li, C. et al, Dev. Biol. 248:68-81 (2002)).
  • Inactivation of Wnt7b results in either early embryo demise because of defects in extra-embryonic tissues or perinatal demise because of defects in lung development.
  • Type 2 pneumocytes appear to express high levels of ⁇ -catenin both in the embryo and in the adult. (Tebar, 2001).
  • Type 2 cells are precursors of type 1 cells, which form the thin diffusible stratum important for gas exchange in the lung. Type 2 cells have been shown to re-enter the cell cycle, grow, and differentiate into type 1 cells in some models of lung re-epithelialization. (Borok, Z. et al, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 12:50-55 (1995); Danto, S.I. et al, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 12:497-502 (1995)).
  • type 2 cells proliferate excessively during idiopathic fibrosis (IPF) and other proliferative lung diseases, and increased nuclear ⁇ -catenin in these cells suggests that Wnt signaling regulates this proliferation.
  • IPF idiopathic fibrosis
  • Increased proliferation of type 2 cells in IPF may also inhibit their differentiation into type 1 cells because excessive proliferation is often antagonistic to cellular differentiation.
  • expression of certain important transcriptional and signaling regulators in the lung decreases with gestational age.
  • Nuclear ⁇ -catenin is found in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airway epithelium (Chilosi, 2003), and this is significant especially because these cells appear to be myofibroblasts in nature and may contribute to bronchial and vascular smooth muscle in, the lung.
  • Wnt signals in these mesenchymal cells could be autocrine in nature, it is just as likely that the mesenchymal cells are responding to a paracrine signal from the airway epithelium where Wnts such as Wnt5a and Wnt7b are expressed. In this way, the epithelium may be responsible for causing the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in adjacent mesenchyme, leading to increased fibrosis and damage to the lung.
  • Wnt signaling has been shown to affect cell motility and invasiveness of melanoma cells.
  • Wnt signaling has been shown to affect cell motility and invasiveness of melanoma cells.
  • melanoma cells overexpressing Wnt5 a displayed increased adhesiveness, which correlated to a reorganized actin cytoskeleton.
  • Wnt5a expression correlates directly with the metastatic ability of melanoma tumors.
  • matrilysin In IPF lung tissue (Chilosi, 2003), the important extracellular matrix metalloproteinase matrilysinwas overexpressed in some of the cells containing high levels of nuclear ⁇ -catenin. This is supported by previous studies showing that matrilysin is a molecular target of Wnt signaling. (Crawford, H.C., Oncogene 18:2883-2891, 1999.) Matrilysin has been linked to a role in carcinogenesis both in intestinal and endometrial tumors. Increased matrilysin expression strongly correlates with increased nuclear ⁇ -catenin expression and inhibition of this nuclear translocation results in decreased matrilysin expression. (Crawford, 1999.) Without being bound by a specific hypothesis, the mechanism may involve increased degradation of the
  • extracellular matrix from increased matrilysin expression, leading to decreased cell adhesion and increased cell motility. In IPF 5 this might reduce the ability of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells to properly restructure the alveolar architecture after injury.
  • extracellular matrix integrity maybe required for type 1 cell differentiation, because of their flattened morphology and the very large surface area that they cover in the alveolus. This process may contribute to an increase in type 2 cell proliferation, which in turn could decrease type 1 cell differentiation.
  • Wnt signaling is aberrantly activated in IPF.
  • unregulated activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be a physiological response to either lung injury or the repair process, possibly because of the requirement of the Wnt pathway for proliferation in cells such as type 2 alveolar epithelium and adjoining myofibroblasts.
  • Wnt signaling should deactivate once the repair process is complete, leading to a return to normal proliferation.
  • aberrant Wnt signaling is the initiating event leading to increased cell proliferation in type 2 cells, which may inhibit their ability to differentiate into type 1 cells and restructure the alveolar architecture properly.
  • myofibroblasts Increased nuclear ⁇ -catenin was detecetd in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airway epithelium, describes as myofibroblasts. (Chilosi, 2003.) These myofibroblasts can induce apoptosis in neighboring epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, probably through degradation of the extracellular matrix. (Uhal, B.D. et ah, Am. J. Physiol. 275:L1192-L1199, 1998; Uhal, B.D. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 269:L819-L822, 1995; Selman, M. eta!., Am. J. Physiol.
  • CTGF Connective tissue growth factor
  • CTGF has been detected in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cartilaginous cells, smooth muscle cells, and some cancer cell lines. Earlier studies revealed that TGF- ⁇ l increases CTGF mRNA markedly in human foreskin fibroblasts. PDGF, EGF, and FGF were also shown to induce CTGF expression, but their effects were only transient and weak.
  • CTGF Connective tissue growth factor has diverse bioactivities. Depending on cell types, CTGF was shown to trigger mitogenesis, chemotaxis, ECM production, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In earlier studies, CTGF was noted to have mitogenic and chemotactic effects on fibroblasts. CTGF was also reported to enhance the mRNA expression of ⁇ l(I) collagen, fibronectin, and ⁇ 5 integrin in fibroblasts. The finding that TGF- ⁇ increases CTGF synthesis and that TGF- ⁇ and CTGF share many functions is consistent with the hypothesis that CTGF is a downstream mediator of TGF- ⁇ .
  • CTGF The mechanism by which CTGF exerts its effects on cells, especially its signal transduction, is still unclear.
  • CTGF was reported to bind to the surface of fibroblasts with high affinity, and this binding was competed with recombinant PDGF BB. This suggests that CTGF binds to a certain class of PDGF receptors, or that there is some cross reactivity of PDGF BB with CTGF receptors.
  • CTGF Connective tissue growth factor mRNA has been detected in fibroblasts of sclerotic lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis.
  • CTGF mRNA was detected in fibroblasts in tissues from sclerotic stage more than the inflammatory stage, which suggests a close correlation between CTGF and fibrosis. Similar results were also obtained in keloid and other fibrotic diseases. Subsequently, expression of CTGF has been reported in a variety of fibrosis, such as liver fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and heart fibrosis. CTGF is also implicated in dermal fibrosis of scleroderma. However, the detailed role of CTGF in fibrosis is still unclear. Further studies are needed to clarify this point.
  • the CCN family comprises cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61/CCN1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV/CCN3), and Wnt-induced secreted proteins-1 (WISP-1/CCN4), -2 (WISP-2/CCN5) and -3 (WISP-3/CCN6). These proteins stimulate mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest and migration of multiple cell types. Many of these activities probably occur through the ability of CCN proteins to bind and activate cell surface integrins.
  • CTGF Connective tissue growth factor
  • the present invention is directed to conformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondary structure of ⁇ -helix regions of biological peptide and proteins (also referred to herein as " ⁇ -helix mimetics" and chemical libraries relating thereto.
  • ⁇ -helix mimetics also referred to herein as " ⁇ -helix mimetics”
  • chemical libraries relating thereto.
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of the present invention will be useful as bioactive agents, such as diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents.
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of the present invention are useful as bioactive agents, including (but not limited to) use as diagnostic, prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents.
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structure libraries of this invention are useful in the identification of such bioactive agents.
  • the libraries may contain from tens to hundreds to thousands (or greater) of individual ⁇ -helix structures (also referred to herein as "members").
  • ⁇ -helix mimetic structure having the following formula (I):
  • B is N-R 5 - or -CHR 6 -
  • Ru R 2 , R3, R4, Rs, R ⁇ , R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, R13, Ru, and Ri 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC 2 -salkyl, guanidineC 2 - 5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylguanidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, amidinoC 2 - 5 alkyl, Ci. 4 alkylamidino C 2 . 5 a.kyl, diCi.
  • R 1 , R 2 , Re of E, and R 7 , Rg and Rg of G are the same or different and represent the remainder of the compound, and R3 or A, R 4 of B or R 5 of D is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof.
  • the term "remainder of the compound” means any moiety, agent, compound, support, molecule, linker, amino acid, peptide or protein covalently attached to the ⁇ -helix mimetic structure at R 1 , R 2 , R5, Re, R 7 , Rs and/or R 9 positions. This term also includes amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof.
  • amino acid side chain moiety represents any amino acid side chain moiety present in naturally occurring proteins including (but not limited to) the naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties identified in Table 1.
  • Other naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties of this invention include (but are not limited to) the side chain moieties of 3,5-dibromotyrosine, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, hydroxylysine, ⁇ -carboxyglutamate, phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine.
  • glycosylated amino acid side chains may also be used in the practice of this invention, including (but not limited to) glycosylated threonine, serine and asparagine.
  • amino acid side chain moieties of the present invention also include various derivatives thereof.
  • a "derivative" of an amino acid side chain moiety includes modifications and/or variations to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties.
  • the amino acid side chain moieties of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and pheylalanine may generally be classified as lower chain alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl moieties.
  • Derivatives of amino acid side chain moieties include other straight chain or brached, cyclic or noncyclic, substitutes or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl moieties.
  • amino acid side chain derivative is selected from a Ci-I 2 alkyl, a C ⁇ -n aryl and a C7-12 arylalkyl, and in a more preferred embodiment, from a Ci -7 alkyl, a C ⁇ -io aryl and a C7. 11 arylalkyl.
  • Amino side chain derivatives of this invention further include substituted derivatives of lower chain alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl moieties, wherein the substituents is selected from (but are not limited to) one or more of the following chemical moieties: -OH, -OR, -COOH, -COOR, -CONH 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR, -NRR, -SH, -SR, -SO 2 R, -SO 2 H, -SOR and halogen (including F, Cl 3 Br and I), wherein each occurrence of R is independently selected from straight chain or branched, cyclic or noncyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl moieties.
  • substituents is selected from (but are not limited to) one or more of the following chemical moieties: -OH, -OR, -COOH, -COOR, -CONH 2
  • cyclic lower chain alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl moieties of this invention include naphthalene, as well as heterocyclic compounds such as thiophene, pyrrole, furan, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, 3-pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline and carbazole.
  • Amino acid side chain derivatives further include heteroalkyl derivatives of the alkyl portion of the lower chain alkyl and aralkyl moieties, including (but not limited to) alkyl and aralkyl phosphonates and silanes.
  • Rj, R 2 , R 5 , R5, Ry, Rs and R9 moieties specifically include (but are not limited to) -OH, -OR, -COR, -COOR, -CONH 2 , -CONR, -CONRR, -NH 2 , -NHR, -NRR, -SO 2 R and -COSR, wherein each occurrence of R is as defined above.
  • Ri, R 2 , R5, Re, R7, Re or R 9 may be a linker facilitating the linkage of the compound to another moiety or compound.
  • the compounds of this invention may be linked to one or more known compounds, such as biotin, for use in diagnostic or screening assay.
  • R 1 , R 2 , Rs, RO 5 R7, Rs or R 9 may be a linker joining the compound to a solid support (such as a support used in solid phase peptide synthesis) or alternatively, may be the support itself.
  • linkage to another moiety or compound, or to a solid support is preferable at the R 1 , R 2 , R 7 or R 8 position, and more preferably at the Ri or R 2 position.
  • R 1 , R 2 , Rs, R 7 and Rs represent the remainder of the compound, and R 4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • A is - O-CHR3-
  • B is -NR 4 -
  • E is -(ZR 6 )-
  • Gi is (XRy) n -
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (IV):
  • Ri, R 2 , R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , W, X and n are as defined above, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen and n is not zero).
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , and R 7 represent the remainder of the compound, and R 4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • R 6 or R 7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively.
  • K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH 2 )-
  • J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur
  • Z is nitrogen or CH
  • Ri, R 2 , Re, Rg, and R13 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
  • Alternative embodiments of the invention relate to compounds having the general formula (VI):
  • B is -(CHR 3 )-, -(NR 3 )-,
  • E is -(CHR 4 )-
  • V is -(XR 5 )- or nothing
  • X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Rt, R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoiso
  • R 2 in structures I through VII comprises an aromatic ring substituent such as a phenyl or naphthyl group that is substituted with a basic moiety such a primary or secondaiy amine.
  • the aromatic ring substituent may also be a heterocycle, such as a purine or indole.
  • a feature of many ⁇ -helix mimetic compounds is that they provide a scaffolding that places three hydrophobic functional groups, which may also be referred to as pharmacophore rings, in a specific, spacially-defmed orientation referred to as an "optimized chemical space".
  • the optimized chemical space may be triangular, with the centers of three functional groups forming the three points of the triangle.
  • An example of an optimized chemical space is one in which the lengths of the three sides of the triangle are around 9.6 ⁇ 0.5 Angstroms (symbolized hereafter by "A"), 9.2 ⁇ 0.5 A, and 10.3 ⁇ 0.5 A.
  • Figure 13C depicts two superimposed structures having three such pharmacophore rings forming a triangle in space.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention have one or more asymmetric carbons depending on the substituents.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) contains one or more asymmetric carbons
  • two kinds of optical isomers exist when the number of asymmetric carbon is 1, and when the number of asymmetric carbon is 2, four kinds of optical isomers and two kinds of diastereomers exist.
  • Pure stereoisomers including opticalisomers and diastereoisomers, any mixture, racemates and the like of stereoisomers all fall within the scope of the present invention. Mixtures such as racemates may sometimes be preferred from viewpoint of ease of manufucture.
  • the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains a basic functional group such as amino group, or when the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains an aromatic ring which itself has properties of base (e.g., pyridine ring), the compound can be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., salt with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, or salts with organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid) by a known means.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt e.g., salt with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, or salts with organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid
  • an acidic functional group such as carboxyl group or phenolic hydroxy!
  • the compound can be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., inorganic salts with sodium, ammonia and the like, or organic salts with triethylamine and the like) by a known means.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt e.g., inorganic salts with sodium, ammonia and the like, or organic salts with triethylamine and the like
  • prodrugable functional group such as phenolic hydroxyl group
  • the compound can be converted into prodrug (eg., acetylate or phosphonate) by a known means. Any pharmaceutically acceptable salt and prodrug all fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • the various compounds disclosed by the present invention can be purified by known methods such as recrystallization, and variety of chromatography techniques (column chromatography, flash column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography).
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of the present invention may be prepared by utilizing appropriate starting component molecules (herinafter referred to as "component pieces"). Briefly, in the synthesis of ⁇ -helix mimetic structures having fo ⁇ nula (II), first and second component pieces are coupled to form a combined first-second intermediate, if necessary, third and/or fourth component pieces are coupled to form a combined third-fourth intermediate (or, if commercially available, a single third intermediate may be used), the combined first-second intermediate and third-fourth intermediate (or third intermediate) are then coupled to provide a first-second-third-fourth intermediate (or first-second-third intermediate) which is cyclized to yield the reverse-turn mimetic structures of this invention.
  • the reverse-turn mimetic structures of formula (II) may be prepared by sequential coupling of the individual component pieces either stepwise in solution or by solid phase synthesis as commonly practiced in solid phase peptide synthesis.
  • a "first component piece” has the following formula Sl
  • R 2 as defined above, and R is a protective group suitable for use in peptide synthesis.
  • Suitable R groups include alkyl groups and, in a preferred embodiment, R is a methyl group.
  • Such first component pieces may be readily synthesized by reductive amination or substitution reaction by displacement of H 2 N-R 2 from CH(OR) 2 -CHO or CH(OR) 2 -CH 2 -HaI (wherein Hal means a halogen atom).
  • a "second component piece” of this invention has the following formula S2:
  • Li is carboxyl-activation group such as halogen atom
  • R 3 , R4 is as defined above
  • P is an amino protective group suitable for use in peptide synthesis.
  • Preferred protective groups include t-butyl dimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), Methylosycarbonyl (MOC), 9H-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), and allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc).
  • TDMS t-butyl dimethylsilyl
  • BOC t-Butyloxycarbonyl
  • MOC Methylosycarbonyl
  • FMOC 9H-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl
  • Alloc allyloxycarbonyl
  • N-Protected amino acids are commercially available. For example, FMOC amino acids are available for a variety of sources.
  • Suitable activated carboxylic acid groups include acid halides where X is a halide such as chloride or bromide, acid anhydrides where X is an acyl group such as acetyl, reactive esters such as an N-hydroxysuccinimide esters and pentafluorophenyl esters, and other activated intermediates such as the active intermediate formed in a coupling reaction using a carbodiimide such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
  • DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • such compounds may be prepared from the corresponding amino acid by the reaction disclosed by Zaloom et al. ⁇ J. Org. Chem. 46:5173-76, 1981).
  • a "third component piece” of this invention has the following formula S3:
  • Suitable third component pieces are commercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared by known methods in organic chemistry.
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of this invention of formula (II) are synthesized by reacting a first component piece with a second component piece to yield a combined first-second intermediate, followed by either reacting the combined first-second intermediate with third component pieces sequentially to provide a combined flrst-second-third-fourth intermediate, and the cyclizing this intermediate to yield the ⁇ -helix mimetic structure.
  • a first component piece 1 is coupled with a second component piece 2 by using coupling reagent such as phosgene to yield, after N-deprotection, a combined first-second intermediate 1-2 as illustrated below:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R ⁇ .Fmoc, Moc and X are as defined above, and Pol represents a polymeric support.
  • the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of formula (III) and (IV) may be made by techniques analogous to the modular component synthesis disclosed above, but with appropriate modifications to the component pieces.
  • the reverse-turn mimetics of U.S. Patent No. 6,013,458 to Kahn, et al. are useful as bioactive agents, such as diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents.
  • the opiate receptor binding activity of representative reverse-turn mimetics is presented in Example 9 of said U.S. Patent No.
  • the compounds according to the present invention are of ⁇ -helix mimetic structures, they are useful for modulating cell signaling transcription factor-related peptides in a warm-blooded animal, comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of the compound of formula (I). Further, the ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of the present invention may also be effective for inhibiting transcription factor/coactivator and transcription factor corepressor interactions.
  • Non- limiting embodiments of these structures are shown as Compounds 1-2217, Figures 1-12 and 26.
  • libraries containing ⁇ -helix mimetic structures of the present invention are disclosed. Once assembled, the libraries of the present invention may be screened to identify individual members having bioactivity. Such screening of the libraries for bioactive members may involve; for example, evaluating the binding activity of the members of the library or evaluating the effect the library members have on a functional assay. Screening is normally accomplished by contacting the library members (or a subset of library members) with a target of interest, such as, for example, an antibody, enzyme, receptor or cell line.
  • a target of interest such as, for example, an antibody, enzyme, receptor or cell line.
  • Bioactive library members which are capable of interacting with the target of interest, are referred to herein as "bioactive library members” or “bioactive mimetics".
  • a bioactive mimetic may be a library member which is capable of binding to an antibody or receptor, which is capable of inhibiting an enzyme, or which is capable of eliciting or antagonizing a functional response associated, for example, with a cell line.
  • the screening of the libraries of the present invention determines which library members are capable of interacting with one or more biological targets of interest.
  • the bioactive mimetic (or mimetics) may then be identified from the library members.
  • ⁇ -helix mimetic structures which are themselves biologically active, and thus useful as diagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic agents, and may further be used to significantly advance identification of lead compounds in these fields.
  • peptide mimetics of the library of the present invention may be accomplished using known peptide synthesis techniques, for example, the General Scheme of [4,4,0] ⁇ -helix Mimetic Library as follows:
  • a bromoacetal resin (37mg, 0.98 mmol/g) and a solution of R 2 -amine in DMSO (1.4mL) were placed in a Robbins block (FlexChem) having 96 well plates.
  • the reaction mixture was shaken at 6O 0 C using a rotating oven [Robbins Scientific] for 12 hours.
  • the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM
  • Step 3 To the resin swollen by DMF before reaction was added 25% piperidine in DMF and the reaction mixture was shaken for 30 min at room temperature. This deprotection step was repeated again and the resin was washed with DMF, Methanol, and then DCM. A solution of Hydrazine acid (4 equiv.), HOBt (4 equiv.), and DIC (4 equiv.) in DMF was added to the resin and the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature. The resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM.
  • Step 4a (Where hydrazine acid is MOC carbamate)
  • the resin obtained in Step 3 was treated with formic acid (1.2 mL each well) for 18 hours at room temperature. After the resin was removed by filtration, the filtrate was condensed under a reduced pressure using SpeedVac [SAVANT] to give the product as oil. The product was diluted with 50% water/acetonitrile and then lyophilized after freezing.
  • Step 4b (Where Fmoc hydrazine acid is used to make Urea through isocynate)
  • Step 4c (Where Fmoc-hydrazine acid is used to make Urea through active carbamate)
  • Figure 13 shows the scaffold of ICG-OOl (Figure 13A) and ASN 06387747 (Asinex) ( Figure 13B).
  • MOE Molecular Operating Environment
  • inventive compounds may be administered by any means known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • inventive compounds may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intrasternal, intracranial, and intraosseous injection and infusion techniques.
  • the exact administration protocol will vary depending upon various factors including the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient; the determination of specific administration procedures would be routine to an one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Compounds 1-2217 are suitable for treating diseases and pathological conditions including but not limited to interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma, Alzheimer's disease; tuberous sclerosis complex; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; restenosis; ulcerative colitis; rheumatoid arthritis; modulation of hair growth; and graft remodeling.
  • diseases and pathological conditions including but not limited to interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease
  • Certain diseases and pathological conditions can be treated by administering at least one compound having the structure of formula (I), wherein the disease or pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; and graft remodeling.
  • the disease or pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular neph
  • inventive compounds may be administered by a single dose, multiple discrete doses or continuous mtusion.
  • Fump means particularly subcutaneous pump means, are useful tor continuous infusion.
  • Dose levels on the order of about 0.001 mg/kg/d to about 100 mg/kg/d of an inventive compound are useful for the inventive methods.
  • the dose level is about 0.1 mg/kg/d to about 100 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is about 1 mg/kg/d to about 10 mg/kg/d.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will vary depending upon various factors, including the activity and the possible toxicity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the disease; and the form of administration.
  • in vitro dosage-effect results provide useful guidance on the proper doses for patient administration. Studies in animal models are also helpful. The considerations for determining the proper dose levels are well known in the art and within the skills of an ordinary physician.
  • any known administration regimen for regulating the timing and sequence of drug delivery may be used and repeated as necessary to effect treatment in the inventive methods.
  • the regimen may include pretreatment and/or co-administration with additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • the inventive compounds can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use.
  • an additional therapeutic agent examples include, without limitation, compounds of this invention; steroids (e.g., hydrocortisones such as methylprednisolone); anti-inflammatory or anti-immune drug, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide or cyclosporin A; interferon- ⁇ ; antibodies, such as anti-CD4 antibodies; chemotherapeutic agents; immunotherapeutic compositions; electromagnetic radiosensitizers; and morphine.
  • the inventive compounds may be co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) either (i) together in a single formulation, or (ii) separately in individual formulations designed for optimal release rates of their respective active agent.
  • This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an effective amount of at least one compound as disclosed herein; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the inventive pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient(s), including without limitation one or more wetting agent(s), buffering agent(s), suspending agent(s), lubricating agent(s), emulsifier(s), d ⁇ sir ⁇ tegrant(s), absorbent(s), preservative(s), surfactant(s), colorant(s), flavorant(s), sweetener(s) and additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient(s) including without limitation one or more wetting agent(s), buffering agent(s), suspending agent(s), lubricating agent(s), emulsifier(s), d ⁇ sir ⁇ tegrant(s), absorbent(s), preservative(s), surfactant(s), colorant(s), flavorant(s), sweetener(s) and additional therapeutic agent(s).
  • the inventive pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into solid or liquid form for the following: (1) oral administration as, for example, a drench (aqueous or non-aqueous solution or suspension), tablet (for example, targeted for buccal, sublingual or systemic absorption), bolus, powder, granule, paste for application to the tongue, hard gelatin capsule, soft gelatin capsule, mouth spray, emulsion and microemulsion; (2) parenteral administration by, for example, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution, suspension or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application as, for example, a cream, ointment, or controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginal or intrarectal administration as, for example, a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingual administration; (6) ocular administration; (7) transdermal administration; or (8) nasal administration,
  • oral administration as, for example, a drench (aqueous or non-
  • the hydroxy-functionalized resin (5.0 g, 0.68 mmol/g, Novabiochem) was placed in 200 niL round-bottom flask. To the mixture of the resin and PPTS (1.7 g, 6.8 mmol) in 1,2- dichloromethane (51 mL) was added bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal (4.2 mL, 27 mmol) at room temperature.
  • Bromoacetal resin (1.0 g, 0.9 mmol/g) was placed in 30 niL round-bottom flask. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 mL x 5 min x 1) and then treated with 1.0 M solution of 1- naphtylmethylamine (1.4 g, 9.0 mmol) in DMSO (9.0 mL) at 70 0 C. After being stirred for 12 hr, the resin was filtered and rinsed with DMSO (9.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.18g).
  • Naphthylmethylamino resin (1.18 g, 0.84 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 mL x 5 min x 1) and then DMF (9.0 mL), Fmoc- Tyr(f-Bu)-OH (620 mg, 1.35 mmol), DIPEA (470 ⁇ L, 2.70 mmol) and HATU (513 mg, 1.35 mmol) were added at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, in case of Kaiser test was positive, the same procedure was repeated. The mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.50 g).
  • the l-Naphthylmethylamino-Fmoc-Tyr(ffiu) resin (1.50 g, 0.61 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (10.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. " ' TKe resin was"ti : e"ated["with 20 v/v% piperidine/DMF (10.0 niL) at room temperature. After being shaken for 1.0 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.48 g).
  • the Amino resin (300 mg, 0.71 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH 2 Cl 2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.5 mL, 0.75 mmol), DIPEA (260 ⁇ L, 1.49 mmol) and HATU (284 mg, 0.75 mmol) at room temperature.
  • the resin (115 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was placed in 5.0 mL plastic disposable syringe. After addition of 99% HCO 2 H (1.0 mL), the mixture was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature, the solution was collected by filteration. The resin was washed with 99% HCO 2 H (1.5 mL x 5 min x 2). The combined HCO 2 H solutions were concentrated and then submitted to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound No.61 (7.1 mg, 19% from bromoacetal resin).
  • the Amino resin (100 mg, 0.71 mmol/g) was placed in 5 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (1.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH 2 Cl 2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (830 ⁇ L, 0.25 mmol), DIPEA (87 ⁇ L, 0.50 mmol) and HATU (95 mg, 0.25 mmol) at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (1.0 mL x
  • Bromoacetal resin (1.0 g, 0.9 mmol/g) was placed in 30 niL round-bottom flask. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 niL x 5 min x 1) and then treated with 1.0 M suspension of 2-tert- Butoxycarbonylaminobenzothiazole-4-methylamine (2.5 g, 9.0 mmol) in DMSO (9.0 niL) at 70 0 C. After being stirred for 12 hr, the resin was filtered and rinsed with DMSO (9.0 niL x 5 min x 3). The resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH 2 Cl 2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.16 g).
  • the 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylbenzothiazole-4-methylamino-Fmoc-Tyr(tBu) resin (1.76 g, 0.57 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (10.0 niL) and DMF was sucked out. The resin was treated with 20 v/v% piperidine/DMF (10.0 mL) at room temperature. After being shaken for 1.0 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1 ,42 g).
  • the Amino resin (350 mg, 0.65 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH 2 Cl 2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.7 mL, 0.80 mmol), DIPEA (277 ⁇ L, 1.59 mmol) and HATU (302 mg, 0.80 mmol) at room temperature.
  • the Amino resin (350 mg, 0.65 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH 2 Cl 2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.7 mL, 0.80 mmol), DPEA (277 ⁇ L, 1.59 mmol) and HATU (302 mg, 0.80 mmol) at room temperature.
  • FIG. 14 shows lung sections taken from Bat-Gal transgenic mice. These mice have a Beta-Galactosidase transgene driven by a TCF/Catenin driven promoter (i.e. a read out for activated Wnt/catenin signaling).
  • mice were given intratracheal saline or bleomycin and either treated with ICG-001 (5 mgs/Kg/day subcutaneously) or saline as vehicle control. The mice were sacrificed and the lungs sectioned and stained with X-GaI (blue color) A) intratracheal bleo + saline. B) intracheal bleo + ICG-001 C) saline +saline.
  • the dose was selected because ICG-001 reduces TCF/ ⁇ -Catenin driven ⁇ -Galactosidase expression >95% at 5mgs/Kg/day.
  • Figure 15 shows lung sections taken from C57/B16 mice treated with intratracheal bleomeycin (lower left) or saline (upper left) for 5 days and stained with trichrome (red color) to stain collagen. There is an absence of airway epithelium in lower left compared to upper left (see arrow heads) and extensive collagen deposition (lower left). On the sixth day, either saline (upper right) or ICG-OO l(5mgs/Kg/day) was administered for 10 days after which the mice were sacrificed and sectioned. Of interest is the upper right (saline treatment) showing lack of normal airway epithelialization, extensive collagen deposition and intra-airway hypercellularity (fibroblasts and inflammatory influx).
  • FIG. 16 shows RT-PCR data for S100A4 ( Figure 16) and collagenlA2 (Figure 17), which are increased in the bleomycin treated mice (treated with saline control). Message is reduced essentially to negative control (i.e. saline/saline mice) levels by ICG-OOl treatment (5mgs/Kg/day s.c).
  • Figures 18 and 19 indicate that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG-OOl reversed fibrosis.
  • IPF patient fibroblasts were cultured in RPMI 1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-OOl.
  • Western blots for S100A4 also know as FSP-I or fibroblast specific protein- 1
  • E-Cadherin were performed on whole cell lysates ( Figure 20).
  • ICG-001 decreased S100A4 expression ( Figure 21) and increased E-cadherin expression (this was also true at the mRNA level).
  • the aquaporins are water channels expressed in a variety of cell types. Aquaporin 5 is involved in the transportation of water across the apical surface of the alveolar epithelium and the epithelia of the submucosal glands in the upper airway and nasopharynx. (Krane, CM., P.N.A.S. 98:14192-4, 2001; Yang, FJ. Biol. Chem. 278:32173-80, 2003).
  • aquaporin 5 is a marker of Type 1 (differentiated) lung epithelium, its expression was assayed in lung tissue xeated with bleomycin (Figure 22A), bleomycin and ICG-001 (Figure 22B), and saline Tigure 22C), using the animal model as described in Example 2 ( Figure 15), and mmunostaining with an antibody specific for Aquaporin 5.
  • aquaporin 5 expression was greatly increased by ICG-001.
  • ICG-001 prevented interstitial fibrosis.
  • Figure 23A shows ialine treatment; Figure 23B shows bleomycin treatment; and Figure 23 C shows bleomycin and CG-001 treatment.
  • ICG-001 prevented alveolar fibrosis.
  • Figure 24A hows saline treatment; Figure 24B shows bleomycin treatment; and Figure 24C shows Neomycin and ICG-001 treatment.
  • the procedures were performed using the animal model as [escribed in Example 2 ( Figure 15), and the sectioned lungs were stained for collagen. All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

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Abstract

The invention provides α-mimetic structure of formula (I), wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=O)-(CHR7)- or - (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XR9)n-, -(CHR10)-(NR6)-,-(C=O)-(XR12)-, -(C=N-W-R1)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-R13,X-(C=O)-NR13R14,X-(SO2)-R13, or X-(C=O)-OR13, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHR14, (C=O)-(NR15)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1 ; and R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, and R15 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof, provided that where B is CHR6 and W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHR14, or (C=O) (NR15)-, G cannot be CHR9, NR9, (C=O)-CHR12, (C=O)-NR12, or no atom at all. Additionally, the invention provides methods wherein α-mimetic compounds are used to treat fibrotic disorders.

Description

α-HELIX MIMETICS AND METHODS RELATING TO THE TREATMENT
OF FIBROTIC DISORDERS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/734,476, filed on November 8, 2005, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to α-helix mimetic structures and to a chemical library relating thereto. The invention also relates to applications in the treatment of fϊbrotic diseases and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fibrosis can occur in the lung, liver, kidney, eye, heart, and other major organs of the body. Fibrosis can be due to toxic or infectious injury, such as cigarette smoke to the lungs or viral hepatitis infection of the liver. The cause of some fϊbrotic diseases is unknown, which is the case with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and insidious inflammatory disease of the lung that kills most of its victims within five years after diagnosis. IPF afflicts 83,000 Americans and more than 31,000 new cases develop each year. It is believed that death due to
IPF is greatly underreported and the considerable morbidity of IPF is not recognized. IPF represents just one of the many fibrotic diseases that occurs as a result of chronic inflammation. It is estimated by the United States government that 45% of all deaths in the U.S. can be attributed to fibrotic disorders. However, no drugs have been approved for the treatment of any fibrotic disease in the United States. Research and development is desperately needed to provide treatments to those afflicted with fibroproliferative diseases. The present invention fulfills these needs, and provides further related advantages by providing conformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondary structure of α-helix regions of biologically active peptides and proteins. SUMMARY QF THE INVENTION
In brief, the present invention is directed to treatment of fibrotic disease using conformationally constrained compounds, which mimic the secondary structure of α-helix regions of biologically active peptides and proteins. This invention also discloses libraries containing such compounds, as well as the synthesis and screening thereof. Provided is a compound having the following general formula (I):
Figure imgf000003_0001
wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=OHCHR7)- or - (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XR9V, -(CHRio)-(NR6)-,-(C=0)-(XRi2)-, -(C=N-W-Ri)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-Ri3, X-(C=O)-NR13Ri4, X-(SCb)-Ri3, or X-(C=O)-ORi3, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHR]4, (C=O)-(NRi5)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1; and R]} R2, R3, R4, R5, Re, R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, R13, RM, and Ri5 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof, provided that where B is CHRe and W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, or (C=O)-(NRi5)-, G cannot be CHR9, NR9, (C=O)-CHR12, (C=O)-NRi2, or no atom at all.
Also provided is a compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of formula (I), wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R5, R7, Rs, R9, Rio, R11, R12, R13, R14, are Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC2.5alkyl, Ci.4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diC].4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2.5alkyl, Ci.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000003_0002
C].3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000003_0003
halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Chalky!,
Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000004_0001
C]-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C1-4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, C^alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxy 1), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Chalky.,
Figure imgf000004_0002
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi-4alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000004_0003
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000004_0004
substituted
Figure imgf000004_0005
(where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000004_0006
Cualkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000004_0007
halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl,
Figure imgf000004_0008
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi.4alkyl, substituted imidazol C^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000004_0009
Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci_4alkyl, C^alkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi-4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co^alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.5alkylammoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci.5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl.
Further provided is the compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of compound (I) wherein A is -(CHRs)-(C=O)-, B is -(NR4)-, D is (C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, G is -(C=O)-(XR9)-, and the compound has the following general formula (III): '
Figure imgf000004_0010
wherein Ri, R2, R4, Re, R9, W and X are as defined in claim 1, Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is CH, the X is nitrogen).
Also provided is a compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of formula (I) wherein A is - O-CHR3-, B is -NR4-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, Gi is (XR7)n-3 the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (IV):
Figure imgf000005_0001
wherein Rb R2, R4, R6, R7, Rs W, X and n are as defined above, Y is -C=O, -(C=O)-O-,
Figure imgf000005_0002
-SO2-, or nothing, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen and n is not zero). In a preferred embodiment, Ri, R2, R6, R7, and Rs represent the remainder of the compound, and R4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety. In this case, R6 or R7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively.
Further provided is a compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of formula (I) wherein A is — (C=O), B is -(CHR6)-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)-, and G is -(NH)- or -(CH2)-, and W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (V):
Figure imgf000005_0003
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or CH, and Ri, R2, R6, Rs, and Rn are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
Also provided is a compound having the general formula (VI):
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein B is -(CHR2)-, -(NR2)-,, E is -(CHR3)-, V is -(XR4)- or nothing, W is -(C=O)-(XR5R6), -(SO2)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and Rg are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof.
Further provided is a compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3, Rt, R5, Re, R7, Rs, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, Ru, RH, are R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-salkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl,
Figure imgf000006_0002
diCi-4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl,
Figure imgf000006_0003
Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C1.4alkylam.ino, Ci_4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4a.kyl, Cualkyl, Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Chalky 1, Chalky., Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000006_0004
C^aHcyl, Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000006_0005
halogen, perfluoro Ci.4a.kyl,
Figure imgf000006_0006
Cijalkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000006_0007
halogen, perfluoro Chalky., Chalky., Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Ci.4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, C^aUcyl, C].3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyrimidylCMalkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000007_0001
C].4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, C^aHcyl, Qjalkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Cwdialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000007_0002
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi-4alkyl, substituted imidazol Cualkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, C^alkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi.4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co^alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.salkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci.5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl,
Figure imgf000007_0003
and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl. Further provided is a compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of wherein B is -(CH)-(CHs), E is -(CH)-(CHs), V is -(XELt)- or nothing, and W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently introgen or CH, the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
Figure imgf000007_0004
Wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2.5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi-4alkylguanidino-C2-5aIkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-salkyl, Cualkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000007_0005
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000007_0006
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000007_0007
halogen, perfluoro Chalky!, C^alkyl, Ci^allcoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000008_0001
Ci-4alkyl, Cwalkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, C1-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000008_0002
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, subsitituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, CMdialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000008_0003
substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000008_0004
halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Qjalkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCi-4alkyl, substituted
Figure imgf000008_0005
(where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Cualkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000008_0006
Ci^alkyl,
Ci_4alkyl, Cwalkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi-4alkyl, substituted imidazol (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000008_0007
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000008_0008
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl),
Figure imgf000008_0009
hydroxyC2-5alkyl,
Ci.5alkylaminoC2.5alkyl, hydroxyC2.5alkyl,
Figure imgf000008_0010
Ci.sdialkylaminoCs-salkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl..
Provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the following general formula (I)
Figure imgf000008_0011
wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=OHCHR7)- or- (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XRg)n-, -(CHR10)-(NR6)-,-(C=O)-(XRi2)-, -(or nothing)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-R13, X-(C=O)-NRi3Ri4, X-(SO2)-Ri3, or X-(C=O)-ORi3, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRH, (C=O)-(NRi5)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1; and Ri, R2, R3, R4, Rs, Re, R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, RB, RH, and R)5 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers salts, and prodrugs thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of formula (I), wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, Rs, RO, RZ, RS, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, R13, R14, are Rϊ5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl,
Ci.4alkylamidinoC2.5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000009_0001
halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, C1-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, Cudialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci^alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000009_0002
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000009_0003
Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000009_0004
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000009_0005
Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000009_0006
Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Cualkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxy 1), pyrimidylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyrimidylCi4alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Ci4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-C].4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000010_0001
Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000010_0002
Cualkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCMalkyl, substituted imidazol Ci^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci_4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000010_0003
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000010_0004
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl),
Figure imgf000010_0005
hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.galkylaminoCi-salkyl, hydroxyC2.salkyl, Ci.5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminpcyclohexylCo-2alkyl. Further provided is a pharmaceutical composition of formula (I) wherein A is -(CHRa)-(C=O)-, B is -(NR4)-, D is
(C=O)-, E is -(ZRg)-, G is -(C=O)-(XR?)-, and the compound has the following general formula (III):
Figure imgf000010_0007
wherein Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is CH, the X is nitrogen). Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition of formula (I) wherein A is -O-CHR3-, B is -NR4-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, Gi is (XR7)n-5 the α-helix mimetic compounds have the following formula (IV):
Figure imgf000010_0008
wherein R1, R2, R4, R6, R7, Rs W, X and n are as defined above, Y is -C=O, -(C=O)-O-, -(C=O)-NRs, -SO2-, or nothing, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen and n is not zero). In a preferred embodiment, Ri, R2, Rg, R7, and K.8 represent the remainder of the compound, and R4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety. In this case, R6 or R7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively. Also provided is a pharmaceutical composition wherein A is - (C=O), B is -(CHR6)-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)-, and G is -(NH)- or -(CH2)-, and W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (V):
Figure imgf000011_0001
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, - (CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or CH, and R1, R2, Re, Rs, and R13 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
Further provided is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound having the general formula (VI):
Figure imgf000011_0002
wherein B is -(CHR2)-, -(NR2)-,, E is -(CHR3)-, V is -(XR4)- or nothing, W is -(C=O)-(XR5R6), -(SO2)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and Rj, R2, R3, R4, R5 and Rδ are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers, salts and prodrugs thereof. In this pharmaceutical composition, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, Rs, R6, R7, Rs, R9, Rio, Rn, R12, R13, R14, are Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylguanidinoC2 '.5alkyl, diCi.4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl,
Ci-4alkylamidinoC2-salkyl, diCi-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C1.4alkyl, Chalky!, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C1.4alkyl, C^alkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000012_0001
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000012_0002
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000012_0003
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000012_0004
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi.4alkyl, substituted ρyridylCi~4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000012_0005
halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl,
Figure imgf000012_0006
substituted pyrimidylCi.4alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino,
Figure imgf000012_0007
or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci4alkyl,
Figure imgf000012_0008
substituted imidazol Q^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000012_0009
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000012_0010
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCπalkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co^alkyl, hydroxyC2.5alkyl,
Ci-salkylaminoCa-salkyl, hydroxyCa-salkyl, Ci.salkylaminoCa.salkyl,
Figure imgf000012_0011
N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl. In certain embodiments, wherein B is -(CH)-(CH3), E is -(CH)-(CH3), V is -(XR4)- or nothing, and W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently introgen or CH, the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
Figure imgf000013_0001
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoCa-salkyl, Ci4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi_4alkylguanidino-C2.5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl,
Figure imgf000013_0002
Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cmalkylamino,
Figure imgf000013_0003
halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000013_0004
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000013_0005
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000013_0006
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000013_0007
halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000013_0008
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Q.4alkyl,
Figure imgf000013_0009
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000013_0010
substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci_4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000013_0011
Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCMalkyl, substituted pyrimidylCi^alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cmalkylamino,
Figure imgf000013_0012
or nitro, carboxy, cyano, t sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-C1.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cmalkylamino, Ci.4diall<ylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, C1-4alkyl, C^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi-4alkyl, substituted imidazol C^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cualkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi.4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co^alkyl, hydroxyC2-salkyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2.5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5allcyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2.5alkyl, Ci.5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl..
Provided is a compound selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-2217, and pharmaceutical composition a comprising at least one compound of Compounds 1-2217. The pharmaceutical composition may comprise an effective amount of the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also provided are diasteric and enantiomeric stereo isomers of Compounds 2203-2217.
The present invention is also directed to libraries containing compounds of formula (I) above, as well as methods for synthesizing such libraries and methods for screening the same to identify biologically active compounds. Compositions containing a compound of this invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable earner or diluent are also disclosed. Especially, the present invention relates pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds disclosed herein for treating disorders including fibrosis which are associated with TGF-β signaling pathway. It further relates to methods for treating disorders including fibrosis which are associated with TGF-β signaling pathway.
These and other aspects of this invention will be apparent upon reference to the attached figures and following detailed description. To this end, various references are set forth herein, which describe in more detail certain procedures, compounds and/or compositions, and are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure IA-Z shows the chemical structures of compounds 1-200.
Figure 2A-2AD shows the chemical structures of compounds 201-400. Figure 3A-3AC shows the chemical structures of compounds 401-600. Figure 4A-4Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 601-800. Figure 5A- 5Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 801-1000. Figure 6A-6Y shows the chemical structures of compounds 1001-1200.
Figure 7A-7Z shows the chemical structures of compounds 1201-1400.
Figure 8A-8AC shows the chemical structures of compounds 1401-1600.
Figure 9A-9AE shows the chemical structures of compounds 1601-1800. Figure 1 OA-I OAA shows the chemical structures of compounds 1801-2000.
Figure 1 IA-I IAA shows the chemical structures of compounds 2001-2200.
Figure 12A-12C shows the chemical structures of diasteric and enantiomeric stereo isomers of Compounds 2203-2217.
Figure 13. Figure 13A shows the structure of the compound ASN 06387747. Figure 13B shows the structure of the compound ICGOOl. Figure 13C shows the structures of ASN 06387747 (green) and ICGOOl (red) superimposed. In accordance with an certain embodiments of the present invention, each compound has three pharmacophore rings. Distances measured from the center of each pharmacophore ring may be based on a conformation generated by flexible alignment caluclations. As shown in this figure, the distance between Fl and F4 is approximately 9.6 A, the distance between Fl and F6 is approximately 9.2 A, and the distance between F4 and F6 is approximately 10.3 A.
Figure 14. Figure 14A-C depicts lung sections taken from Bat-Gal transgenic mice given intratracheal saline or bleomycin and either treated with ICG-001 (5mgs/Kg/day subcutaneously) or saline as vehicle control. The lungs were sectioned and stained with X-GaI (blue color.) Fig. 14A, intratracheal bleo + saline; Fig. 14B, intracheal bleo + ICG-001; Fig. 14C, saline +saline.
Figure 15. Figure 15 depicts lung sections taken from C57/B16 mice treated with intratracheal bleomeycin (lower left) or saline (upper left) for 5 days and stained with trichrome (red color) to stain collagen. Figure 16. Figure 16 shows RT-PCR data for S100A4, which was increased in the bleomycin treated mice.
Figure 17. Figure 17 shows RT-PCR data for collagenlA2, which was increased in the bleomycin treated mice,
Figure 18. Figure 18 is a graph showing that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG-001 reversed fibrosis.
Figure 19. Figure 19 is a photograph showing that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG- 001 reversed fibrosis. Figure 20. Figure 20 depicts a Western blots for S100A4 (also know as FSP-I or fibroblast specific protein- 1) and E-Cadherin performed on whole cell lysates of IPF patient fibroblasts cultured in RPMI1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-OOl.
Figure 21. Figure 21 is a bar graph depicting decreased S100A4 expression in whole cell lysates of ATCC IPF cells and IPF patient cells cultured in RPMI1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-001.
Figure 22. Figure 22A-C shows that aquaporin 5 expression was greatly increased by ICG-001 expression. Bleomycin alone, Figure 22A; bleomycin and ICG-001, Figure 22B; saline Figure 22C. Figure 23. Figure 23 A-C shows that ICG-001 prevented interstitial fibrosis.
Figure 23 A, saline treatment; Figure 23B, bleomycin treatment; and Figure 23C, bleomycin and ICG-001 treatment.
Figure 24. Figure 24A-C shows that ICG-001 prevented alveolar fibrosis. Figure 24A, saline treatment; Figure 24B, bleomycin treatment; and Figure 24C, bleomycin and ICG-001 treatment.
Figure 25. Figure 25 is a diagram of autocrine and paracrine Wnt signaling in the lung. Several Wnt ligands are expressed in either the epithelium or mesenchyme during development and in the adult, β-catenin is expressed in both alveolar epithelium as well as the adjacent mesenchyme. Figure 26A-26E shows the chemical structures of compounds 2203-2217.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Transfoπning growth factor β (TGF-β), a key mediator in the development of fibrosis, is important in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). TGF-β signaling activates both the Smad and AP-I transcription pathways. TGF- β in the airways of patients with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) may function initially as a "healing molecule" involved in the diminution of initial airway inflammation and in tissue repair. However, with continued inflammatory response such as may occur in PF, the balance may be shifted, to excessive ECM deposition and development of airway fibrosis. Fibroproliferative diseases are generally caused by the activation of resident stellate cells which are found in most organs. This activation of stellate cells leads to their conversion to myofibroblasts which display characteristics of muscle and non-muscle cells. Activated stellate cells initiate inflammatory signals, principally mediated through TGF-β. Inflammatory cytokines and mediators in addition to TGF-β, lead to proliferation of myofibroblasts. Stellate-derived myofibroblasts proliferate and replace healthy, functional organ cells with extra-cellular matrix that exhibit muscle and connective tissue traits. Ultimately, organ failure results when the nonfunctional fibrotic honeycomb matrix replaces a critical number of healthy cells.
The initial cause of fibrosis is believed to be the result of injury or insult to organ tissues. This cellular injury to organ tissues can often be traced to toxic or infectious agents. Pulmonary fibrosis, or interstitial lung disease, is often the result of smoking, chronic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pneumonia. Fibrosis affects nearly all tissues and organ systems. Non-limiting examples of disorders in which fibrosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality are listed below. Maj or-organ fibrosis
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) includes a wide range of distinct disorders in which pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are the final common pathway of pathology. There are more than 150 causes of ILD, including sarcoidosis, silicosis, adverse drug reactions, infections and collagen vascular diseases, i.e. rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of ILD. Liver cirrhosis has similar causes to ILD, with viral hepatitis, schistosomiasis and chronic alcoholism being the major causes worldwide.
Kidney disease including diabetes can damage and scar the kidneys, which leads to progressive loss of function. Untreated hypertension can also contribute to the fibroproliferation of the kidneys.
Heart disease associated with scar tissue can impair the heart's pumping ability. Eye Disease including macular degeneration and retinal and vitreal retinopathy can impair vision. Chronic pancreatitis is an irreversible disease of the pancreas characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis which leads to the loss of endocrine and exocrine function. Fibroproliferative disorders include systemic and local scleroderma. Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease that may be localized or systemic, and may have an affect in many organs and tissues of the body.
Keloids and hypertrophic scars, which can occur after surgery, traumatic wounds, burns, or even scratches. They manifest as an overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of injury. Atherosclerosis and restenosis. Restenosis refers to the re-narrowing of a coronary artery after angioplasty to treat atherosclerosis. Scarring associated with trauma can be associated with overgrowth of scar tissue at the site of the trauma-related injury. Surgical complications can lead to fibrosis in any organ in which scar tissue and fibroproliferation result from the surgical procedures. Chemotherapy induced fibrosis can occur in, for example, the lungs following chemotherapy, manifests as pulmonary fibrosis, and can be severe enough to require lung transplant, even in cases where the underlying malignancy did not affect the lungs.
Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a serious and common complication of radiation therapy that may cause chronic pain, neuropathy, limited movement of joints, and swelling of the lymph nodes. It occurs most often in breast, head, neck, and connective tissues. RIF may develop from 4-6 months to 1-2 years following exposure to radiation therapy, and it becomes more severe over time. Risk factors for developing RIF include high radiation dose, large volumes of tissue exposed to radiation, and radiation combined with surgery, chemotherapy, or both.
Burns can lead to fibrosis when there is an overproduction of ECM proteins. Excessive ECM deposition causes the tissue to become fibrotic.
Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis destroys the lung' s ability to transport oxygen and other gases into or out of the blood. This disease modifies the delicate and elastic tissues of the lung, changing these tissues into thicker, stiff fibrous tissue. This change or replacement of the original tissue is similar to the permanent scarring that can occur to other damaged tissues. Scarring of the lung reduces the lung's ability to allow gases to pass into or out of the blood (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide). Gradually, the air sacs of the lungs become replaced by fibrotic tissue. When the scar forms, the tissue becomes thicker causing an irreversible loss of the tissue's ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. Symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly with exertion; chronic dry, hacking cough; fatigue and weakness; discomfort in the chest; loss of appetite; and rapid weight loss. Several causes of pulmonary fibrosis are known and they include occupational and environmental exposures. Many jobs, particularly those that involve mining or that expose workers to asbestos or metal dusts, can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Workers doing these kinds of jobs may inhale small particles (like silica dusts or asbestos fibers) that can damage the lungs, especially the small airways and air sacs, and cause the scarring associated with fibrosis. Agricultural workers also can be affected. Some organic substances, such as moldy hay, cause an allergic reaction in the lung. This reaction is called Farmer's Lung and can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Other fumes found on farms are directly toxic to the lungs. Another cause is Sarcoidosis, a disease characterized by the formation of granulomas (areas of inflammatory cells), which can attack any area of the body but most frequently affects the lungs.
Certain medicines may have the undesirable side effect of causing pulmonary fibrosis, as can radiation, such as treatment for breast cancer. Connective tissue or collagen diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis are also associated with pulmonary fibrosis.
Although genetic and familial factors may be involved, this cause is not as common as the other causes listed above.
In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), connective tissue proliferation and fibrosis can characterize severe COPD. COPD can develop as a result of smoking or chronic asthma.
Idiopathic Pulmonary. Fibrosis (IPF)
When all known causes of interstitial lung disease have been ruled out, the condition is called "idiopathic" (of unknown origin) pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Over 83,000 Americans are living with IPF, and more than 31,000 new cases develop each year. This debilitating condition involves scarring of the lungs. The lungs' air sacs develop scar, or fibrotic tissue, which gradually interferes with the body's ability to transfer the oxygen into the bloodstream, preventing vital organs and tissue from obtaining enough oxygen to function normally.
There are several theories as to what may cause IPF, including viral illness and allergic or environmental exposure (including tobacco smoke). These theories are still being researched. Bacteria and other microorganisms are not thought to be the cause of IPF. There is also a familial form of the disease, known as familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Additional research is being done to determine whether there is a genetic tendency to develop the disease, as well as to determine other causes of IPF. Patients with IPF suffer similar symptoms to those with pulmonary fibrosis when their lungs lose the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. The symptoms include shortness of breath, particularly during or after physical activity; spasmodic, dry cough; gradual, unintended weight loss; fatigue and weakness; chest discomfort; clubbing, or enlargement of the ends of the fingers (or sometimes the toes) due to a buildup of tissue. These symptoms can greatly reduce IPF patients' quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation, and oxygen therapy can reduce the lifestyle-altering effects of IPF, but do not provide a cure. In order to develop a treatment for fibrotic disease, it is important to focus on the common pathway to the ultimate pathology that is shared by the disease states, regardless of cause or of tissue in which it is manifested. Several components of the causative pathway are discussed below, particularly in relation to the role of β-catenin.
Other Pathological Conditions
Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, is implicated in pulmonary hypertension. CK2 kinase activity has been shown to promote cell survival by increasing survivin expression via β-catenin- Tcf/Lef-mediated transcription. Tapia, J.C. et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103:15079-84 (2006). This pathway therefore provides another opportunity to utilize the present compounds to alter the β-catenin-mediated gene transcription processes.
McMurtry, M.S. et al, J. Clin. Invest. 115:1461-1463 (2005) reported that survivin was expressed in the pulmonary arteries of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, but not in the pulmonary arteries of patients without pulmonary arterial hypertension. Comparable results were found in rats treated with monocrotaline to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension. In the rats, survival was prolonged and the pulmonary arterial hypertension was reversed by gene therapy with inhalation of an adenovirus caπying a survivin mutant with dominant-negative properties.
Survivin expression is upregulated in hyperproliferative neovasculature (Simosa, H.F. et al, J. Vase. Curg. 41:682-690, 2005). Survivin was specifically expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque and stenotic vein grafts. In a rabbit model of hyperplasia after balloon injury of iliofemoral arteries, treatment with a phosphorylation-defective survivin mutant vector reduced the neointimal area. The correlation between survinin expression and regulation of a smooth muscle cell phenotype after vascular injury points to survivin as a target for therapy in treating vascular disease.
Survivin is amenable to targeting by administration of a compound disclosed herein via one or more of the routes as described herein. Without being bound by a particular mode of action, the compounds disclosed herein can be administered in the form of coated stents, for example in connection with angioplasty. The methods for preparing coated stents are described in the art and would be modified as needed for use with the compounds of the invention. For example, U.S. Patent No. 7,097,850 discloses and teaches methods of coating a stent with a variety of bioactive compounds. U.S. Patent No. 7,087,078 discloses methods of preparing a stent with at least one active ingredient. Both coronary and peripheral stents are amenable to incorporating one or more compounds disclosed herein. Further teachings regarding drug- coated stents is available in Grube, E. etal, Herz 29:162-6 (2004) and W.L. Hunter, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 58:347-9 (2006).
Bone marrow cells contribute to transplant-associated atherosclerosis (Sata, M., Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13:249-253, 2003). Bone marrow cells also contribute to the pathogenesis of lesion formation after mechanical vascular injury (Sata, M. et al., Nat. Med. 8:403-409, 2002). Thus, by treating atherosclerosis and vascular damage with one of more compounds of the invention, reduction in vascular lesion formation can be accomplished.
Survivin also plays a role in vein graft hyperplasia (Wang, G.J. et al, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 25:2091-2087, 2005). Bypass grafts often develop intimal hyperplasia, a fibroproliferative lesion characterized by intimal thickening. Rabbit vein grafts were treated with adenoviral survivin constructs. Transgene expression was demonstrated in all the adenoviras-treated grafts. Treatment with a dominant negative mutant adenovirus decreased cellular proliferation in the early phase of graft remodeling. The data provide evidence for an important role of survivin in the regulation of vein graft remodeling in this system as well, and further support a role for the compounds of the invention in conjunction with bypass grafts.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a disease that occurs in some patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (Moss, J. et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 163:669-671, 2001). Cystic lung disease in LAM is characterized by abnormal smooth muscle cell proliferation. Compounds disclosed herein are expected to find use in regulating and alleviating the cell proliferation, thus moderating the clinical symptoms.
The Role ofTGF-β
In pulmonary fibrosis, the normally thin lung tissue is replaced with thick, coarse scar tissue that impairs the flow of oxygen into the blood and leads to a loss of lung function. A growing body of research suggests that excess TGF-β is the immediate cause of the fibrosis. This over-expression of TGF-β has been shown to cause pulmonary fibrosis in mice. An abnormally high TGF-β signal causes healthy epithelial cells in the lung to die via apoptosis.
Cell death leads to the replacement of healthy lung tissue by thick, poor functioning scar tissue.
Apoptosis of healthy epithelial cells is required prior to the development of pulmonary fibrosis
(Elias et al). One form of treatment of fibrotic lung disorders involves administering drugs that specifically inhibit TGF-β, which in turn blocks apoptosis, preventing the formation of fibrotic tissue in the lung. However, for reasons discussed below, TGF-β itself may not be an ideal therapeutic target. TGF-β is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily which consists of secreted polypeptide signaling molecules involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion. TGF-β is a potent inhibitor of cell growth, and has immunosuppressive properties. However, TGF-β also causes the deposition of ECM components leading to fibrosis. A role for TGF-β as a key mediator in the development of fibrosis relates to its ability to act as a chemoattractant for fibroblasts, stimulate fibroblast procollagen gene expression/collagen protein synthesis, and inhibit collagen breakdown. TGF-β further stabilizes the ECM by inhibiting the expression of ECM proteases and stimulating the expression of ECM protease inhibitors. The fibrinolysis system is essential in ECM accumulation and fibrosis. Inhibition of fibrinolysis results in the accumulation of fibrin and ECM. Plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1 (PAI-I) is the key inhibitor of fibrinolysis. The PAI-promoter contains several transcription factor binding sites including an AP-I and Smad binding elements that promote PAI-I induction by TGF-β. PAI-I is the primary inhbitor of both tissue-type (TPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen (uPA) activator. Thus, TGF-β and PAI-I work in tandem to produce the characteristic tissue of fibrosis.
In the bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), mice in which the PAI-I gene is deleted are protected from developing PF. Additionally, adenovirus-mediated transfer of the uPA gene to the lung significantly reduces the production of lung hydroxyproline and attenuated the bleomycin-induced increase in lung collagen, both hallmarks of fibrosis. The TGF-β signaling pathway is complex. TGF-β family members bind to specific pairs of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Upon binding, the ligand acts to assemble two type I and two type II receptors into a complex. The type II receptor phosphorylates the type I receptor that subsequently phosphorylates the intracellular substrates Smad 2 and Smad3. This complex then binds Smad 4 and translocates to the nucleus for signal propagation. TGF-β can also activate AP- 1 transcription via the MAPK pathway. TGF-β may originally act as a "healing molecule" in the lung or liver after initial inflammation and injury to the tissue. However, with continued inflammation/injury the balance may be shifted to excessive fibroproliferation and ECM deposition, leading to an "endless healing" process and development of fibrosis. Thus, complete inhibition of TGF-β could initially undermine the healing process. TGF-β is highly expressed in airway epithelium and macrophages of small airways in patients with COPD. Using anti-inflammatory therapies, such as corticosteroids and interferon-γ, to treat PF has been disappointing due to variable efficacy and significant adverse effects. Therefore, an important goal is to identify small molecules that interact with previously identified molecular pathways (i.e. TGF-β signaling) involved in the development of fibrosis to prevent the progression or reverse the fibrosis seen in patients.
Wnt Signaling and Human Disease
Vertebrate Wnt proteins are homologues of the Drosophila wingless gene and have been show to play important roles in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, and polarity. Cadijan, K.M. et a!., Genes Dev. 11:3286-3305 (1997); Parr, B.A. et al, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:523-528 (1994); Smalley, M. J. et al, Cancer Met Rev. 18:215-230 (1999); and Willert, K. et al., Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:95-102 (1998). Wntproteins are cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins that signal through at least three known pathways. The best understood of these, commonly called the canonical pathway, involves binding of Wnt proteins to frizzled cell surface receptors and low-density lipoprotein cell surface co-receptors, thereby inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3fi (GSK-3B) phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein β-catenin. This hypophosphorylated β-catenin is then translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors. Binding of β-catenin converts LEF/TCF factors from repressors to activators, thereby switching on cell-specific gene transcription. The other two pathways that Wnt proteins can signal through either activate calmodulin kinase II and protein kinase C (known as the Wnt/Ca++ pathway) or jun N-terminal kinase (also known as the planar cell polarity pathway).
Several components of the Wnt pathway have been implicated intumorigenesis in humans and mice, and studies of those have in turn identified a role for β-catenin. Wntl was first identified from a retroviral integration in mice that caused mammary tumors. Tsukamoto, A.S. et al, Cell 55:619-625 (1988); and Jue, S.F. et al, MoI. Cell. Biol. 12:321-328 (1992). Overexpression of protein kinase CK2 in the mammary gland, which potentiates β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling, also increases the incidence of mammary tumors in transgenic mice. Landesman-Bollag, E. et al, Oncogene 20:3247-3257 (2001); and Song, D. H. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 275:23790-23797 (2000). Gut epithelia has revealed the most extensive correlation between Wnt signaling and tumorigenesis. Several reports have described mutations in β-catenin itself in some colon tumors and these mutations occur in or near the GSK-3β phosphorylation sites. Polakis, P. et al, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 470:23-32 (1999); and Morin, PJ. et al, Science 275: 1787-1790 (1997). Chilosi and colleagues (Chilosi, M. et al, Am. J. Pathol. 162:1497-1502, 2003) investigated^-cαte«m mutations in IPF patients but did not identify any. This is consistent with a mechanism in which the aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway is a response and not a cause of IPF. Lung Development and Wnt Signaling
In the mouse, the lung arises from the primitive foregut endoderm starting at approximately E9.5 during mouse development. (Warburton, D. et al, Mech. Dev. 92:55-81, 2000.) This primitive epithelium is surrounded by mesodermally derived multipotent mesenchymal cells, which in time will differentiate into several cell lineages including bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, pulmonary fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of the vasculature. During gestation, the airway epithelium evolves and grows through a process termed branching morphogenesis. This process results in the three-dimensional arborized network of airways required to generate sufficient surface area for postnatal respiration. Mouse embryonic lung development can be divided into at least four stages: embryonic (E9.5 to E12.5), pseudoglandular (E12.5 to E16.0), canalicular (E16.0 to E17.5), and saccular/alveolar (E17.5 to postnatal).
During development, epithelial-mesenchymal signaling plays an important role in the regulation of both epithelial and mesenchymal cell differentiation and development. Several important signaling molecules are expressed in the airway epithelium and signal to the adjacent mesenchyme including members of the bone morphogenetic family (BMP-4), transforming growth factor family (TGF-βl, -2), and sonic hedgehog (SHH). In turn, the mesenchyme expresses several signaling molecules such as FGF-7, -9, and -10, important for lung epithelial development and proliferation. Gain of function and loss of function experiments in mice have demonstrated an important role for each of these factors in regulating lung epithelial and mesenchymal proliferation and differentiation. Bellusci, S., et al, Development 1997, 124:4867-4878; Simonet, W.S., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:12461-12465; Clark, J.C., et al, Am. J. Physiol. 2001, 280:L705-L715; Min, H., et ah, Genes Dev. 1998, 12:3156-3161; Motoyama, J., et al, Nat. Genet. 1998, 20:54-57; Litingtung, Y., et al, Nat. Genet. 1998, 20:58-61; Pepicelli, C.V., et al, Curr. Biol. 1998, 8:1083-1086; Weaver, M., et al, Development 1999, 126:4005-4015.
Wnt signaling also plays a role during lung development. Several Wnt genes are expressed in the developing and adult lung including Wnt2, Wnt2b/13, Wnt7b, Wnt5a, and Wntll. Kispert, A., et al, Development 1996, 122:3627-3637; Lin, Y., et al, Dev. Dyn. 2001, 222:26-39; Monkley, SJ., et al, Development 1996, 122:3343-3353; Yamaguchi, T.P., et al, Development 1999, 126:1211-1223; Weidenfeld, J., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:21061-21070. Of these, WntSa and Wnt7b are expressed at high levels exclusively in the developing airway epithelium during lung development. Wnt2, Wnt5a, and WnUh have been inactivated through homologous recombination in mice. Wnt2-mx\\ mice do not display an overt lung phenotype and Wnt5a null mice have late-stage lung maturation defects, corresponding to expression of Wnt5a later in lung development. (Monkley, (1>996); Li, C. et al, Dev. Biol. 248:68-81 (2002)). Inactivation of Wnt7b results in either early embryo demise because of defects in extra-embryonic tissues or perinatal demise because of defects in lung development. Parr, BA, et al, Dev. Biol. 237:324-332 (2001); Shu, W. et al., Development 129:4831-4842 (2002). These lung defects include decreased mesenchymal proliferation, lung hypoplasia caused by reduced branching, and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle defects leading to blood vessel hemorrhage in the lung. (Shu, W. (2002)). Thus, Wnt signaling regulates important * aspects of both epithelial and mesenchymal development during gestation, likely through both autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms. (Figure 25.)
Accumulation of nuclear β-catenin in has been observed in both epithelial and mesenchymal (myofibroblasts) cell lineages in adult human lung. Other reports support these observations during mouse lung development. (Tebar, R., et al, Mech. Dev. 109:437-440 (2001)). Type 2 pneumocytes appear to express high levels of β-catenin both in the embryo and in the adult. (Tebar, 2001). Type 2 cells are precursors of type 1 cells, which form the thin diffusible stratum important for gas exchange in the lung. Type 2 cells have been shown to re-enter the cell cycle, grow, and differentiate into type 1 cells in some models of lung re-epithelialization. (Borok, Z. et al, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 12:50-55 (1995); Danto, S.I. et al, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 12:497-502 (1995)).
Importantly, type 2 cells proliferate excessively during idiopathic fibrosis (IPF) and other proliferative lung diseases, and increased nuclear β-catenin in these cells suggests that Wnt signaling regulates this proliferation. (Kawanami, O., et al, Lab. Invest. 46:39-53 (1982); Kasper, M. et al, Histol. Histopathol. 11 :463-483 (1996)). Increased proliferation of type 2 cells in IPF may also inhibit their differentiation into type 1 cells because excessive proliferation is often antagonistic to cellular differentiation. In this context, it is important to note that expression of certain important transcriptional and signaling regulators in the lung decreases with gestational age. Forced overexpression of some of these such as BMP-4, GATA6, and Foxa2 results in aberrant lung development that exhibits many aspects of arrested lung epithelial maturity. (Weaver, 1999; Koutsourakis, M. et al, Mech. Dev. 105: 105-114, 2001; Zhou, L. et al, Dev. Dyn. 210:305-314, 1997). Thus, a careful balance of the correct spatial and temporal expression of certain regulatory genes is required for normal lung development, and improper activation of these pathways can result in severe defects in epithelial differentiation. Nuclear β-catenin is found in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airway epithelium (Chilosi, 2003), and this is significant especially because these cells appear to be myofibroblasts in nature and may contribute to bronchial and vascular smooth muscle in, the lung. Although Wnt signals in these mesenchymal cells could be autocrine in nature, it is just as likely that the mesenchymal cells are responding to a paracrine signal from the airway epithelium where Wnts such as Wnt5a and Wnt7b are expressed. In this way, the epithelium may be responsible for causing the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in adjacent mesenchyme, leading to increased fibrosis and damage to the lung. This is particularly relevant because of the increase in the number of type 2 cells in the airways of IPF patients. This may also be reflective of a switch to an embryonic phenotype in the alveolus, where type 1 cells are rare. In turn, this would result in an increase in expression of several genes, including Wnts such as Wnt7b, whose expression is dramatically down-regulated in postnatal development. (Weidenfeld, 2002; Shu, 2002.) The increased level of Wnts may inhibit the proper differentiation of more mature alveolar cells such as type 1 cells, impairing the repair process. Because nuclear translocation of β-catenin is a result of Wnt signaling activity, its presence in cells such as distal airway epithelium and in mesenchyme adjacent to airway epithelium suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal Wnt signaling is active and likely plays an important role during both lung development and disease states such as IPF.
Regulation of Cell-Matrix Interactions by Wnt Signaling
A link has been shown between Wnt signaling and regulation of cell-matrix interactions including cell adhesion and migration. In particular, Wnt signaling has been shown to affect cell motility and invasiveness of melanoma cells. (Weer ara+na, A.T. et ah, Cancer Cell 1:279-288 (2002.) In this system, melanoma cells overexpressing Wnt5 a displayed increased adhesiveness, which correlated to a reorganized actin cytoskeleton. (Weer, 2002.) These data suggest that Wnt5a expression correlates directly with the metastatic ability of melanoma tumors.
In IPF lung tissue (Chilosi, 2003), the important extracellular matrix metalloproteinase matrilysinwas overexpressed in some of the cells containing high levels of nuclear β-catenin. This is supported by previous studies showing that matrilysin is a molecular target of Wnt signaling. (Crawford, H.C., Oncogene 18:2883-2891, 1999.) Matrilysin has been linked to a role in carcinogenesis both in intestinal and endometrial tumors. Increased matrilysin expression strongly correlates with increased nuclear β-catenin expression and inhibition of this nuclear translocation results in decreased matrilysin expression. (Crawford, 1999.) Without being bound by a specific hypothesis, the mechanism may involve increased degradation of the
_ ,_ . .. 2i 25 extracellular matrix from increased matrilysin expression, leading to decreased cell adhesion and increased cell motility. In IPF5 this might reduce the ability of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells to properly restructure the alveolar architecture after injury. In addition, extracellular matrix integrity maybe required for type 1 cell differentiation, because of their flattened morphology and the very large surface area that they cover in the alveolus. This process may contribute to an increase in type 2 cell proliferation, which in turn could decrease type 1 cell differentiation.
Wnt Signaling and JPF
Without being bound by a specific hypothesis, several models could explain the finding that Wnt signaling is aberrantly activated in IPF. First, unregulated activation of the Wnt signaling pathway could be a physiological response to either lung injury or the repair process, possibly because of the requirement of the Wnt pathway for proliferation in cells such as type 2 alveolar epithelium and adjoining myofibroblasts. In this model, Wnt signaling should deactivate once the repair process is complete, leading to a return to normal proliferation. In the second model, aberrant Wnt signaling is the initiating event leading to increased cell proliferation in type 2 cells, which may inhibit their ability to differentiate into type 1 cells and restructure the alveolar architecture properly. Either injury-induced or spontaneous mutations in certain components of the canonical Wnt pathway or in regulatory molecules that regulate this pathway may result in this dysregulation of cell proliferation. The fact that nuclear β-catenin is N up-regulated in other lung proliferative diseases suggests that the previous data (Chilosi, 2003) may be a response and not a primary causative event in IPF. Moreover, the unregulated proliferation in type 2 cells and mesenchymal fibroblasts along with the increased presence of nuclear β-catenin suggests that the Wnt pathway is continuously stimulated in lung diseases such as IPF and that inhibitors of Wnt signaling may provide a means to control this proliferation. Increased nuclear β-catenin was detecetd in the mesenchyme adjacent to the airway epithelium, describes as myofibroblasts. (Chilosi, 2003.) These myofibroblasts can induce apoptosis in neighboring epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, probably through degradation of the extracellular matrix. (Uhal, B.D. et ah, Am. J. Physiol. 275:L1192-L1199, 1998; Uhal, B.D. et al., Am. J. Physiol. 269:L819-L822, 1995; Selman, M. eta!., Am. J. Physiol. 279:L562-L574, 2000.) In addition, in IPF there appears to be either a lack of re-epithelialization or an increase in type 2 cells with little if any maturation of type 1 cells, leading to injured areas with exposed mesodermal components or re-epithelialized with immature type 2 cells. Since it has been demonstrated that type 2 cells express high levels of TGF-IJl, which is a profibrotic cytokine, in IPF either scenario would inhibit the proper re-epithelialization of these injured areas, causing more fibrosis. (Kapanci, Y., et al, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:2163-2169, 1995; Khalil, N., et ah, Am. J. Respir. Cell MoI. Biol. 5: 155-162, 1991.) This process could go unchecked and eventually lead to massive changes in tissue architecture, eventual tissue destruction, and loss of lung function. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 36 to 38 kD cysteine-rich peptide containing 349 amino acids. It belongs to the CCN (CTGF, cyr 61/cef 10, nov) family of growth factors. The gene for CTGF was originally cloned from a human umbilical endothelial cell cDNA library. CTGF has been detected in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cartilaginous cells, smooth muscle cells, and some cancer cell lines. Earlier studies revealed that TGF-βl increases CTGF mRNA markedly in human foreskin fibroblasts. PDGF, EGF, and FGF were also shown to induce CTGF expression, but their effects were only transient and weak.
Connective tissue growth factor has diverse bioactivities. Depending on cell types, CTGF was shown to trigger mitogenesis, chemotaxis, ECM production, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In earlier studies, CTGF was noted to have mitogenic and chemotactic effects on fibroblasts. CTGF was also reported to enhance the mRNA expression of αl(I) collagen, fibronectin, and α5 integrin in fibroblasts. The finding that TGF- β increases CTGF synthesis and that TGF- β and CTGF share many functions is consistent with the hypothesis that CTGF is a downstream mediator of TGF-β.
The mechanism by which CTGF exerts its effects on cells, especially its signal transduction, is still unclear. CTGF was reported to bind to the surface of fibroblasts with high affinity, and this binding was competed with recombinant PDGF BB. This suggests that CTGF binds to a certain class of PDGF receptors, or that there is some cross reactivity of PDGF BB with CTGF receptors.
Connective tissue growth factor mRNA has been detected in fibroblasts of sclerotic lesions of patients with systemic sclerosis. In patients with localized scleroderma, CTGF mRNA was detected in fibroblasts in tissues from sclerotic stage more than the inflammatory stage, which suggests a close correlation between CTGF and fibrosis. Similar results were also obtained in keloid and other fibrotic diseases. Subsequently, expression of CTGF has been reported in a variety of fibrosis, such as liver fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and heart fibrosis. CTGF is also implicated in dermal fibrosis of scleroderma. However, the detailed role of CTGF in fibrosis is still unclear. Further studies are needed to clarify this point.
The CCN family comprises cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61/CCN1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV/CCN3), and Wnt-induced secreted proteins-1 (WISP-1/CCN4), -2 (WISP-2/CCN5) and -3 (WISP-3/CCN6). These proteins stimulate mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest and migration of multiple cell types. Many of these activities probably occur through the ability of CCN proteins to bind and activate cell surface integrins.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been identified as a potential target of Wnt and BMP signaling. It has been confirmed by microarray results, and demonstrated that CTGF was up-regulated at the early stage of BMP-9 and Wnt3A stimulations and that Wnt3A-regulated CTGF expression was beta-catenin-dependent.
The synthesis and identification of conformationally constrained α-helix mimetics and their application to diseases are discussed in (Walensky, L.D. et al Science 305, 1466, 2004; Klein, C. Br. J. Cancer. 91, 1415, 2004).
The present invention is directed to conformationally constrained compounds which mimic the secondary structure of α-helix regions of biological peptide and proteins (also referred to herein as "α-helix mimetics" and chemical libraries relating thereto. The α-helix mimetic structures of the present invention will be useful as bioactive agents, such as diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents.
The α-helix mimetic structures of the present invention are useful as bioactive agents, including (but not limited to) use as diagnostic, prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents. The α-helix mimetic structure libraries of this invention are useful in the identification of such bioactive agents. In the practice of the present invention, the libraries may contain from tens to hundreds to thousands (or greater) of individual α-helix structures (also referred to herein as "members").
In one aspect of the present invention, a α-helix mimetic structure is disclosed having the following formula (I):
Figure imgf000029_0001
Wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=OHCHR7)- or - (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XR9V, -(CHR1O)-(NR6)^-(C-O)-(XRi2)-, -(C=N-W-Ri)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-Rn, X-(C=O)-NRi3Ri4, X-(SO2)-R]3, or X-(C=O)-OR13, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, (C=O)-(NRi5)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1; and R1, R2, R3, R4, Rs, Re, R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, R13, R14, and R]5 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers thereof.
More specifically, Ru R2, R3, R4, Rs, Rδ, R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, R13, Ru, and Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-salkyl, guanidineC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl,
Figure imgf000030_0001
amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylamidino C2.5a.kyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000030_0002
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000030_0003
Figure imgf000030_0004
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxy 1), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000030_0005
halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, Cualkyl, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, C^alkyl, Cualkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bisphenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000030_0006
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000030_0007
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyridylCl-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000030_0008
halogen, perfluoro Chalky 1,
Figure imgf000030_0009
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000030_0010
substituted
Figure imgf000030_0011
(where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000030_0012
Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Chalky., Chalky., Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000030_0013
Ci^alkyl, Cualkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCualkyl, substituted imidazol Ci^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000031_0001
halogen, perfluoro Chalky 1, C^alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl or methyl), imidazolinylCalkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co^alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl,
Ci.5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci.5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl,
In one embodiment, R1, R2, Re of E, and R7, Rg and Rg of G are the same or different and represent the remainder of the compound, and R3 or A, R4 of B or R5 of D is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof. As used herein, the term "remainder of the compound" means any moiety, agent, compound, support, molecule, linker, amino acid, peptide or protein covalently attached to the α-helix mimetic structure at R1, R2, R5, Re, R7, Rs and/or R9 positions. This term also includes amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof.
In another embodiment, where B is CHR6 and W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, or (C=O)-(NRi5)-, G cannot be CHR9, NR9, (C=O)-CHR12, (C=O)-NRi2, or no atom at all.
As used herein, the teπn "amino acid side chain moiety" represents any amino acid side chain moiety present in naturally occurring proteins including (but not limited to) the naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties identified in Table 1. Other naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties of this invention include (but are not limited to) the side chain moieties of 3,5-dibromotyrosine, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, hydroxylysine, γ-carboxyglutamate, phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine. In addition, glycosylated amino acid side chains may also be used in the practice of this invention, including (but not limited to) glycosylated threonine, serine and asparagine.
TABLE 1
Amino Acid Side Chain Moieties
Amino Acid Side Chain Moiety Amino Acid
-H Glycine
-CH3 Alanine
-CH(CHs)2 Valine
-CH2CH(CHa)2 Leucine -CH(CH3)CH2CH3 Isoleucine
-(CH2)4NH3 + Lysine
-(CH2)3NHC(NH2)NH2 + Arginine
Histidine
-CH2COO- Aspartic acid -CH2CH2COO- Glutamic acid -CH2CONH2 Asparagine -CH2CH2CONH2 Glutamine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
-CH2SH Cysteine -CH2CH2SCH3 Methionine -CH2OH Serine -CH(OH)CH3 Threonine
Proline
Hydroxyproline In addition to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties, the amino acid side chain moieties of the present invention also include various derivatives thereof. As used herein, a "derivative" of an amino acid side chain moiety includes modifications and/or variations to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties. For example, the amino acid side chain moieties of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and pheylalanine may generally be classified as lower chain alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl moieties. Derivatives of amino acid side chain moieties include other straight chain or brached, cyclic or noncyclic, substitutes or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl moieties.
As used herein, "lower chain alkyl moieties" contain from 1-12 carbon atoms, "lower chain aryl moieties" contain from 6-12 carbon atoms and "lower chain aralkyl moieties" contain from 7-12 carbon atoms. Thus, in one embodiment, the amino acid side chain derivative is selected from a Ci-I2 alkyl, a Cβ-n aryl and a C7-12 arylalkyl, and in a more preferred embodiment, from a Ci-7 alkyl, a Cβ-io aryl and a C7.11 arylalkyl.
Amino side chain derivatives of this invention further include substituted derivatives of lower chain alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl moieties, wherein the substituents is selected from (but are not limited to) one or more of the following chemical moieties: -OH, -OR, -COOH, -COOR, -CONH2, -NH2, -NHR, -NRR, -SH, -SR, -SO2R, -SO2H, -SOR and halogen (including F, Cl3 Br and I), wherein each occurrence of R is independently selected from straight chain or branched, cyclic or noncyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl moieties. Moreover, cyclic lower chain alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl moieties of this invention include naphthalene, as well as heterocyclic compounds such as thiophene, pyrrole, furan, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, 3-pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline and carbazole. Amino acid side chain derivatives further include heteroalkyl derivatives of the alkyl portion of the lower chain alkyl and aralkyl moieties, including (but not limited to) alkyl and aralkyl phosphonates and silanes.
Representative Rj, R2, R5, R5, Ry, Rs and R9 moieties specifically include (but are not limited to) -OH, -OR, -COR, -COOR, -CONH2, -CONR, -CONRR, -NH2, -NHR, -NRR, -SO2R and -COSR, wherein each occurrence of R is as defined above.
In a further embodiment, and in addition to being an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof (or the remainder of the compound in the case of Ri, R2, R5, Re, R7, Rs and R9), Ri, R2, R5, Re, R7, Re or R9 may be a linker facilitating the linkage of the compound to another moiety or compound. For example, the compounds of this invention may be linked to one or more known compounds, such as biotin, for use in diagnostic or screening assay. Furthermore, R1, R2, Rs, RO5 R7, Rs or R9 may be a linker joining the compound to a solid support (such as a support used in solid phase peptide synthesis) or alternatively, may be the support itself. In this embodiment, linkage to another moiety or compound, or to a solid support, is preferable at the R1, R2, R7 or R8 position, and more preferably at the Ri or R2 position.
In the embodiment wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, B is -N-R4, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, G is -(C=O)-(XRg)-, the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following general formula (III):
Figure imgf000034_0001
wherein R1, R2, R4, R6, R?, Rg, W and X are as defined above, Y is -C=O, -(C=O)-O-, -(C=O)-NRs, -SO2-, or nothing, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen). In a preferred embodiment, R1, R2, Rs, R7 and Rs represent the remainder of the compound, and R4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety. In a more specific embodiment wherein A is - O-CHR3-, B is -NR4-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, Gi is (XRy)n-, the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following formula (IV):
Figure imgf000034_0002
wherein Ri, R2, R4, R6, R7, W, X and n are as defined above, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen and n is not zero). In a preferred embodiment, R1, R2, R6, and R7 represent the remainder of the compound, and R4 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety. In this case, R6 or R7 may be selected from an amino acid side chain moiety when Z and X are CH, respectively.
In the embodiment of structure (I) wherein A is -(C=O), B is -(CHR6)-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZRi)-, and G is -(NH)- or -(CH2)-, and W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the α-helix mimetic compounds of this invention have the following general formula (V):
Figure imgf000035_0001
Wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or CH, and Ri, R2, Re, Rg, and R13 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety. Alternative embodiments of the invention relate to compounds having the general formula (VI):
Figure imgf000035_0002
Wherein B is -(CHR3)-, -(NR3)-,, E is -(CHR4)-, V is -(XR5)- or nothing, W is -(C=O)-(XR6R7), -(SO2)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and R1, R2, R3, Rt, R5, R6, and R7 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers thereof. In the embodiments of formula (VI) whereinV is -(XR5)- or nothing, and W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently introgen or CH, the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
Figure imgf000036_0001
Wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and R2 and R5 are defined as described above. In preferred embodiments of the invention, R2 in structures I through VII comprises an aromatic ring substituent such as a phenyl or naphthyl group that is substituted with a basic moiety such a primary or secondaiy amine. The aromatic ring substituent may also be a heterocycle, such as a purine or indole. Some embodiments of the invention also provide for aromatic ring substituents that may be substitued with one or two halogen moieties. A feature of many α-helix mimetic compounds is that they provide a scaffolding that places three hydrophobic functional groups, which may also be referred to as pharmacophore rings, in a specific, spacially-defmed orientation referred to as an "optimized chemical space". The optimized chemical space may be triangular, with the centers of three functional groups forming the three points of the triangle. An example of an optimized chemical space is one in which the lengths of the three sides of the triangle are around 9.6 ± 0.5 Angstroms (symbolized hereafter by "A"), 9.2 ± 0.5 A, and 10.3± 0.5 A. Figure 13C depicts two superimposed structures having three such pharmacophore rings forming a triangle in space. A number of different compounds exhibit such an optimized chemical space, and may be considered to be within the scope of the invention. The compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention have one or more asymmetric carbons depending on the substituents. For example, where the compounds of general formula (I) contains one or more asymmetric carbons, two kinds of optical isomers exist when the number of asymmetric carbon is 1, and when the number of asymmetric carbon is 2, four kinds of optical isomers and two kinds of diastereomers exist. Pure stereoisomers including opticalisomers and diastereoisomers, any mixture, racemates and the like of stereoisomers all fall within the scope of the present invention. Mixtures such as racemates may sometimes be preferred from viewpoint of ease of manufucture.
When the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains a basic functional group such as amino group, or when the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains an aromatic ring which itself has properties of base (e.g., pyridine ring), the compound can be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., salt with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, or salts with organic acids such as acetic acid and citric acid) by a known means. When the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains an acidic functional group such as carboxyl group or phenolic hydroxy! group, the compound can be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., inorganic salts with sodium, ammonia and the like, or organic salts with triethylamine and the like) by a known means. When the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention contains a prodrugable functional group such as phenolic hydroxyl group, the compound can be converted into prodrug (eg., acetylate or phosphonate) by a known means. Any pharmaceutically acceptable salt and prodrug all fall within the scope of the present invention.
The various compounds disclosed by the present invention can be purified by known methods such as recrystallization, and variety of chromatography techniques (column chromatography, flash column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography).
The α-helix mimetic structures of the present invention may be prepared by utilizing appropriate starting component molecules (herinafter referred to as "component pieces"). Briefly, in the synthesis of α-helix mimetic structures having foπnula (II), first and second component pieces are coupled to form a combined first-second intermediate, if necessary, third and/or fourth component pieces are coupled to form a combined third-fourth intermediate (or, if commercially available, a single third intermediate may be used), the combined first-second intermediate and third-fourth intermediate (or third intermediate) are then coupled to provide a first-second-third-fourth intermediate (or first-second-third intermediate) which is cyclized to yield the reverse-turn mimetic structures of this invention. Alternatively, the reverse-turn mimetic structures of formula (II) may be prepared by sequential coupling of the individual component pieces either stepwise in solution or by solid phase synthesis as commonly practiced in solid phase peptide synthesis.
Within the context of the present invention, a "first component piece" has the following formula Sl
I H (S1) R0
Wherein R2 as defined above, and R is a protective group suitable for use in peptide synthesis.
Suitable R groups include alkyl groups and, in a preferred embodiment, R is a methyl group.
Such first component pieces may be readily synthesized by reductive amination or substitution reaction by displacement of H2N-R2 from CH(OR)2-CHO or CH(OR)2-CH2-HaI (wherein Hal means a halogen atom).
A "second component piece" of this invention has the following formula S2:
Figure imgf000038_0001
Where Li is carboxyl-activation group such as halogen atom, R3, R4 is as defined above, and P is an amino protective group suitable for use in peptide synthesis. Preferred protective groups include t-butyl dimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), Methylosycarbonyl (MOC), 9H-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), and allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc). When L is - C(O)NHR, -NHR may be an carboxyl protective group. N-Protected amino acids are commercially available. For example, FMOC amino acids are available for a variety of sources. The conversion of these compounds to the second component pieces of this invention may be readily achieved by activation of the carboxylic acid group of the N-proctected amino acid. Suitable activated carboxylic acid groups include acid halides where X is a halide such as chloride or bromide, acid anhydrides where X is an acyl group such as acetyl, reactive esters such as an N-hydroxysuccinimide esters and pentafluorophenyl esters, and other activated intermediates such as the active intermediate formed in a coupling reaction using a carbodiimide such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
In the case of the azido derivative of an amino acid serving as the second component piece, such compounds may be prepared from the corresponding amino acid by the reaction disclosed by Zaloom et al. {J. Org. Chem. 46:5173-76, 1981).
A "third component piece" of this invention has the following formula S3:
Figure imgf000038_0002
(S3)
where G, E, and Li are as defined above. Suitable third component pieces are commercially available from a variety of sources or can be prepared by known methods in organic chemistry.
More specifically, the α-helix mimetic structures of this invention of formula (II) are synthesized by reacting a first component piece with a second component piece to yield a combined first-second intermediate, followed by either reacting the combined first-second intermediate with third component pieces sequentially to provide a combined flrst-second-third-fourth intermediate, and the cyclizing this intermediate to yield the α-helix mimetic structure.
The general synthesis of a α-helix having structure I' may be synthesized by the following technique. A first component piece 1 is coupled with a second component piece 2 by using coupling reagent such as phosgene to yield, after N-deprotection, a combined first-second intermediate 1-2 as illustrated below:
Figure imgf000039_0001
wherein R1, R2, R4, Rγ.Fmoc, Moc and X are as defined above, and Pol represents a polymeric support.
The α-helix mimetic structures of formula (III) and (IV) may be made by techniques analogous to the modular component synthesis disclosed above, but with appropriate modifications to the component pieces. As mentioned above, the reverse-turn mimetics of U.S. Patent No. 6,013,458 to Kahn, et al. are useful as bioactive agents, such as diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic agents. The opiate receptor binding activity of representative reverse-turn mimetics is presented in Example 9 of said U.S. Patent No. 6,013,458, wherein the reverse-turn mimetics of this invention were found to effectively inhibit the binding of a radiolabeled enkephalin derivative to the δ and μ opiate receptors, of which data demonstrates the utility of these reverse-turn mimetics as receptor agonists and as potential analgesic agents.
Therefore, since the compounds according to the present invention are of α-helix mimetic structures, they are useful for modulating cell signaling transcription factor-related peptides in a warm-blooded animal, comprising administering to the animal an effective amount of the compound of formula (I). Further, the α-helix mimetic structures of the present invention may also be effective for inhibiting transcription factor/coactivator and transcription factor corepressor interactions.
Non- limiting embodiments of these structures are shown as Compounds 1-2217, Figures 1-12 and 26. In another aspect of this invention, libraries containing α-helix mimetic structures of the present invention are disclosed. Once assembled, the libraries of the present invention may be screened to identify individual members having bioactivity. Such screening of the libraries for bioactive members may involve; for example, evaluating the binding activity of the members of the library or evaluating the effect the library members have on a functional assay. Screening is normally accomplished by contacting the library members (or a subset of library members) with a target of interest, such as, for example, an antibody, enzyme, receptor or cell line. Library members, which are capable of interacting with the target of interest, are referred to herein as "bioactive library members" or "bioactive mimetics". For example, a bioactive mimetic may be a library member which is capable of binding to an antibody or receptor, which is capable of inhibiting an enzyme, or which is capable of eliciting or antagonizing a functional response associated, for example, with a cell line. In other words, the screening of the libraries of the present invention determines which library members are capable of interacting with one or more biological targets of interest. Furthermore, when interaction does occur, the bioactive mimetic (or mimetics) may then be identified from the library members. The identification of a single (or limited number) of bioactive mimetic(s) from the library yields α-helix mimetic structures which are themselves biologically active, and thus useful as diagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic agents, and may further be used to significantly advance identification of lead compounds in these fields.
In another aspect of this invention, methods for constructing the libraries are disclosed. Traditional combinatorial chemistry techniques (see, e.g., Gallop et al., J. Med. Chem. 37: 1233-1251, 1994) permit a vast number of compounds to be rapidly prepared by the sequential combination of reagents to a basic molecular scaffold. Combinatorial techniques have been used to construct peptide libraries derived from the naturally occurring amino acids. For example, by taking 20 mixtures of 20 suitably protected and different amino acids and coupling each with one of the 20 amino acids, a library of 400 (i.e., 202) dipeptides is created. Repeating the procedure seven times results in the preparation of a peptide library comprised of about 26 billion (i.e., 20 ) octapeptides. Specifically, synthesis of the peptide mimetics of the library of the present invention may be accomplished using known peptide synthesis techniques, for example, the General Scheme of [4,4,0] α-helix Mimetic Library as follows:
Figure imgf000041_0001
(Y'O. S or NH)
Synthesis of the peptide mimetics of the libraries of the present invention was accomplished using a FlexChem Reactor Block which has 96 well plates by known techniques. In the above scheme ToI' represents a bromoacetal resin (Advanced ChemTech) and detailed procedure is illustrated below.
Step l
A bromoacetal resin (37mg, 0.98 mmol/g) and a solution of R2-amine in DMSO (1.4mL) were placed in a Robbins block (FlexChem) having 96 well plates. The reaction mixture was shaken at 6O0C using a rotating oven [Robbins Scientific] for 12 hours. The resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM
Step 2
A solution of available Fmoc hydrazine Amino Acids (4 equiv.), PyBop (4 equiv.), HOAt (4 equiv.), and DIEA (12 equiv.) in DMF was added to the resin. After the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature, the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and them DCM.
Step 3 To the resin swollen by DMF before reaction was added 25% piperidine in DMF and the reaction mixture was shaken for 30 min at room temperature. This deprotection step was repeated again and the resin was washed with DMF, Methanol, and then DCM. A solution of Hydrazine acid (4 equiv.), HOBt (4 equiv.), and DIC (4 equiv.) in DMF was added to the resin and the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature. The resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM.
Step 4a (Where hydrazine acid is MOC carbamate)
The resin obtained in Step 3 was treated with formic acid (1.2 mL each well) for 18 hours at room temperature. After the resin was removed by filtration, the filtrate was condensed under a reduced pressure using SpeedVac [SAVANT] to give the product as oil. The product was diluted with 50% water/acetonitrile and then lyophilized after freezing.
Step 4b (Where Fmoc hydrazine acid is used to make Urea through isocynate)
To the resin swollen by DMF before reaction was added 25% piperidine in DMF and the reaction mixture was shaken for 30 min at room temperature. This deprotection step was repeated again and the resin was washed with DMF, Methanol, then DCM. To the resin swollen by DCM before reaction was added isocynate (5 equiv.) in DCM. After the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, then DCM. The resin was treated with formic acid (1 ,2 mL each well) for 18 hours at room temperature. After the resin was removed by filtration, the filtrate was condensed under a reduced pressure using SpeedVac [SAVANT] to give the product as oil. The product was diluted with 50% water/acetonitrile and then lyophilized after freezing.
\
Step 4c (Where Fmoc-hydrazine acid is used to make Urea through active carbamate)
To the resin swollen by DMF before reaction was added 25% piperidine in DMF and the reaction mixture was shaken for 30 min at room temperature. This deprotection step was repeated again and the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH5 and then DCM. To the resin swollen by DCM before reaction was added p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (5 equiv.) and diisopropyl ethylamine (5 equiv.) in DCM. After the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 hours at room temperature, the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM. To the resin was added primary amines in DCM for 12 hours at room temperature and the resin was washed with DMF, MeOH, and then DCM. After reaction the resin was treated with formic acid (1.2 mL each well) for 18 hours at room temperature. After the resin was removed by filtration, the filtrate was condensed under a reduced pressure using SpeedVac [SAVANT] to give the product as oil. The product was diluted with 50% water/acetonitrile and then lyophilized after freezing. To generate these block libraries the key intermediate hydrazine acids were synthesized according to the procedure illustrated in the Examples.
Figure 13 shows the scaffold of ICG-OOl (Figure 13A) and ASN 06387747 (Asinex) (Figure 13B). Flexible alignment calculations using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) revealed that chemical features of ICG-OOl were also found in ASN 06387747. A three dimensional alignment of the two molecules is shown in Figure 13C.
Administration and Dosage
The inventive compounds may be administered by any means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the inventive compounds may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intrasternal, intracranial, and intraosseous injection and infusion techniques. The exact administration protocol will vary depending upon various factors including the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient; the determination of specific administration procedures would be routine to an one of ordinary skill in the art.
Compounds 1-2217 are suitable for treating diseases and pathological conditions including but not limited to interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma, Alzheimer's disease; tuberous sclerosis complex; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; restenosis; ulcerative colitis; rheumatoid arthritis; modulation of hair growth; and graft remodeling.
Certain diseases and pathological conditions can be treated by administering at least one compound having the structure of formula (I), wherein the disease or pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; and graft remodeling.
The inventive compounds may be administered by a single dose, multiple discrete doses or continuous mtusion. Fump means, particularly subcutaneous pump means, are useful tor continuous infusion.
Dose levels on the order of about 0.001 mg/kg/d to about 100 mg/kg/d of an inventive compound are useful for the inventive methods. In one embodiment, the dose level is about 0.1 mg/kg/d to about 100 mg/kg/d. In another embodiment, the dose level is about 1 mg/kg/d to about 10 mg/kg/d. The specific dose level for any particular patient will vary depending upon various factors, including the activity and the possible toxicity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the disease; and the form of administration. Typically, in vitro dosage-effect results provide useful guidance on the proper doses for patient administration. Studies in animal models are also helpful. The considerations for determining the proper dose levels are well known in the art and within the skills of an ordinary physician.
Any known administration regimen for regulating the timing and sequence of drug delivery may be used and repeated as necessary to effect treatment in the inventive methods. The regimen may include pretreatment and/or co-administration with additional therapeutic agent(s). The inventive compounds can be administered alone or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use. Examples of an additional therapeutic agent include, without limitation, compounds of this invention; steroids (e.g., hydrocortisones such as methylprednisolone); anti-inflammatory or anti-immune drug, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide or cyclosporin A; interferon-β; antibodies, such as anti-CD4 antibodies; chemotherapeutic agents; immunotherapeutic compositions; electromagnetic radiosensitizers; and morphine. The inventive compounds may be co-administered with one or more additional therapeutic agent(s) either (i) together in a single formulation, or (ii) separately in individual formulations designed for optimal release rates of their respective active agent.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) an effective amount of at least one compound as disclosed herein; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The inventive pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient(s), including without limitation one or more wetting agent(s), buffering agent(s), suspending agent(s), lubricating agent(s), emulsifier(s), dϊsirϊtegrant(s), absorbent(s), preservative(s), surfactant(s), colorant(s), flavorant(s), sweetener(s) and additional therapeutic agent(s).
The inventive pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into solid or liquid form for the following: (1) oral administration as, for example, a drench (aqueous or non-aqueous solution or suspension), tablet (for example, targeted for buccal, sublingual or systemic absorption), bolus, powder, granule, paste for application to the tongue, hard gelatin capsule, soft gelatin capsule, mouth spray, emulsion and microemulsion; (2) parenteral administration by, for example, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution, suspension or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application as, for example, a cream, ointment, or controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginal or intrarectal administration as, for example, a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingual administration; (6) ocular administration; (7) transdermal administration; or (8) nasal administration,
It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application.
EXAMPLE 1
INTERMEDIATE SYNTHESIS Synthesis of 2-Boc-amino-benzothiazoleyl-4-methylamine
Figure imgf000045_0001
Step-1 (2-Boc-amino-4-methyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000045_0002
A solution of 2-Arnino-4-methyl benzothiazole (25.0 g, 152 mmol) in 456 niL of dry THF was treated with Et3N (42 mL, 300 mmol), (Boc)2O (40.0 g, 183 mmol) and DMAP (3.7 g, 30 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at 30 0C for 12 h. The resulting solution was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and filtered through a glass filter (Celite) washing with EtOAc (200 mL). The filtrate was washed with NaHCO3 (saturated aqueous solution, 100 mL) and NaCl
(saturated aqueous solution, 100 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was filtered through a silica gel plug (flash column chromathography) eluting with toluene '.Et2O=I 5:1 to 8:1 to afford 2-Boc-amino-4-methyl benzothiazole as a colorless oil (41.4 g, quant.) Rf=0Λ8 (toluene:Et2O=10:l); 1H NMR (400MHz5 CDCl3) δ 9.75 (IH, br s), 7.61 (IH, d, J= 7.8 Hz), 7.19 (3H, m), 2.64 (3H, s), 1.47 (9H, s).
Step-2 (2-Boc-amino-4-bromomethyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000046_0001
A solution of 2-Boc-amino-4-methyl benzothiazole (152 mmol) in 456 mL of dry CC14 was treated with NBS (27.1 g, 152 mmol) and AIBN (3.2 g, 20 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at 80 0C for 3.5 h. The mixture was retreated with NBS (7.2 g, 41 mmol) and AIBN (0.84 g, 5.1 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at 80 0C for 11 hr. The resulting mixture was cooled to 20 0C and filtered through a glass filter (Celite) washing with Et2O (200 mL). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was filtered through a silica gel column (flash column chromathography) eluting with toluene:Et2O=20:l to 10:1 to afford 2-BocNH-4-bromomethyl benzothiazole (46.7 g, 136 mmol, 90%) as a yellowish oil. i?/=0.51 (toluene:Et2O=15:l); 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.27 (IH, br s), 7.72 (IH, d, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.43 (IH, d, J= 7.2 Hz), 7.24 (IH, dd, J= 8.2, 7.2 Hz), 4.91 (2H, s), 1.56 (9H5 s).
Step-3 (2-Boc-amino-4-azidemethyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000046_0002
A solution of 2-Boc-amino-4-bromomethyl benzothiazole (46.7 g, 136 mmol) in 205 mL of dry DMF was treated with NaN3 (8.80 g, 136 mmol) at 15 0C and stirred at 20 0C for 45 min. The resulting mixture was diluted with Et2O (400 mL), quenched by addition of NaCl (1 g in 150 mL ofH2O) at 0 0C. The solution was extracted with Et2O (100 mL). The organic phase was washed r^M"NaCΪ'(2"g"m"ϊ'0"0' niL OfH2O) twice, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was filtered through a silica gel plug (flash column chromathography) eluting with toluene:Et2O=100:0 to 10:1 to afford 2-Boc-amino-4-azidemethyl benzothiazole (33.2 g, 109 mmol, 80%) as a colorless oil. fy=0.48 (toluene:Et2O=10:l); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.75 (IH, d, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.37 (IH, d, J= 7.2 Hz), 7.27 (IH5 m), 4.74 (2H, s), 1.52 (9H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 159.8, 151.9, 147.6, 132.5, 127.6, 125.8, 123.5, 121.3, 83.4, 51.4, 28.1.
Step-4 (2-Boc-amino-beiizothiazoleyl-4-methylamine)
Figure imgf000047_0001
A solution of 2-Boc-amino-4-azidemethyl benzothiazole (11.6 g, 38.0 mmol) in 183 mL of MeOH was treated with Pd(OH)2 (20% on carbon, 2.9 g), placed under an atmosphere of hydrogen and stirred at 20 0C for 1.5 hr. The resulting mixture was filtered through Celite washing with MeOHiNH4OH (100:3, 100 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The obtained yellowish solid was triturated with toluene (35 mL) and filtered to afford 2-Boc-amino- benzothiazoleyl-4-methylamine (6.90 g, 24.7 mmol, 65%) as a colorless powder. Rf= 0.32 (CHCl3:MeOH:NH4θH=100:25:l); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.67 (IH, d, J= 7.7 Hz), 7.25-7.15 (2H, m), 4.85 (2H, br s), 1.58 (9H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 160.0, 152.8, 148.0, 134.5, 132.7, 124.4, 123.1, 120.0, 82.4, 44.3, 28.3; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 280.2 (M+l)+.
Synthesis of Benzothiazoleyl-4-methylamine
Figure imgf000047_0002
Step-1 (4-Methyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000047_0003
A solution ot 2-ammo-4-methylbenzothiazolee (24.5 g, 149 mmol) in 745 mL of 1,4-dioxane was treated with isoamylnitrile (40.0 mL, 300 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at 70 0C for 0.5 hr. After the nitrogen evolution had subsided, the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1.5 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was submitted to silica gel column chromathography with hexane:Et2O = 3:1 to 2:1 as eluate to afford 4-methyl benzothiazole as a yellowish oil. (16.0 g, 107 mmol, 72%) i?/=0.45 (toluene:Et2O=10:l); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.98 (IH, s), 7.79 (IH, d, J= 6.8 Hz), 7.33 (2H, m), 2.80 (3H, s).
Step-2 (4-Bromomethyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000048_0001
A solution of 4-Methyl benzothiazole (16.0 g, 107 mmol) in 535 mL of CCI4 was treated with
NBS (19.0 g, 107 mmol) and AIBN (2.28 g, 13.9 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at 70 0C for 2.5 h. The resulting mixture was filtered through Celite washing with Et2O (150 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was submitted to a silica gel column chromatography with toluene:Et2O = 50:3 to 50:5 as eluate to afford 4-bromomethyl benzothiazole as a yellowish solid. (20.4 g, 89.9 mmol, 84%) i?/=0.61 (toluene-Et2O 10:1); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.07 (IH, s), 7.90 (IH, d, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.55 (IH, d, J= 7.5 Hz), 7.41 (IH, t, J= 7.5 Hz)5 5.08 (2H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.1, 151.4, 134.3, 132.6, 127.0, 125.6, 122.3, 29.5.
Step-3 (4-Azidemethyl benzothiazole)
Figure imgf000048_0002
A solution of 4-Bromomethyl benzothiazole (20.4 g, 89.9 mmol) in 272 mL of dry DMF was treated with NaN3 (7.00 g, 108 mmol) at 20 0C and stirred at the same temperature for 5 min. The resulting mixture was quenched by addition of NaCl (5 g in 150 mL OfH2O) at 0 0C, diluted with Et2O (200 mL) and extracted with Et2O (200 mL x 6). The organic phase was washed with NaCl (2 g in 100 mL OfH2O) twice and brine (100 mL). The resulting solution was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was submitted to silica gel column chromathography with toluene:Et2θ = 50:3 to 50:5 as eluate to afford 4-azidemethyl benzothiazole as a colorless oil (15.5 g, 81.5 mmol, 91%). i
Figure imgf000048_0003
?/=0.48 1H Mt(4θOMHz'; CE)Cl3) δ 9.03 (IH, s), 7.95 (IH, d, J= 7.7 Hz), 7.49 (2H, m), 5.01 (2H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 154.2, 151.7, 134.3, 130.6, 126.0, 125.7, 122.1, 51.6.
Step-4 (Benzothiazole-4-methylamine)
Figure imgf000049_0001
To a solution of 4-Azidemethyl benzothiazole (15.4 g, 81.0 mmol) in 243 mL of MeOH was added Pd(OH)2 (20% on carbon, 3.1 g) and then hydrogenolysis at 20 0C. After 1.5 hr, additional Pd(OH)2 (20% on carbon, 0.87 g) was added and then hydrogenolysis. After further 1.5hr, additional Pd(OH)2 (20% on carbon, 1.27 g) was added and then hydrogenolysis for 1 hr. The resulting mixture was replaced with N2 and then filtered through Celite washing with
MeOHiNH4OH (25:1, 260 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was submitted to silica gel column chromathography eluting with CHCl3MeOH)NH4OH (100:0:0 to 20:5:1) followed by trituration with toluene to afford 4-aminomethyl benzothiazole as a white solid (10.5 g, 63.9 mmol, 79%). i?/=0.49 (CHCl3:MeOH:NH4θH=100:25:l); 1H NMR (400MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.23 (IH, s), 7.97 (IH, d, J= 1.1 Hz), 7.46 (2H, m), 4.30 (2H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CD3OD) δ 184.2, 180.1, 165.3, 163.5, 154.9, 154.1, 150.1, 72.0; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 165.4 (M+l)+.
Synthesis of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid
Figure imgf000049_0002
Step- 1 (4-Benzyl-2-methylsemicarbazide)
Figure imgf000049_0003
A solution of Benzyl isocyanate (1.85 mL, 15.0 mmol) in 7.5 mL of CHCl3 was treated with methyl hydrazine (795 μL, 15.0 mmol) at 0 0C and stirred at the same temperature for 2 h. The resulting mixture was dissolved in IN HCl (200 mL) and the solution was washed with CHCl3 fMtϋx 3)?f hV'aqu'gδus phase was adjusted to pH 12 with 2 M NaOHaq and then extracted with CHCl3 (100 raL x 3). The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo, The residue was recrystalized from hexane-CHC^ to afford (1.7 g, 9.5 mmol, 63%) as a colorless crystal. i?/=0.44 (CHCl3:Me0H=9:l); 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.28-7.19 (5H, m), 4.47 (2H, s), 4.20 (2H, d, J= 6.3 Hz), 2.96 (3H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 159.3, 141.1, 128.I5 127.1, 126.5, 43.1, 37.8; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 180.3 (M+l)+.
Step-2 (Ethyl 4-benzyl-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetate)
Figure imgf000050_0001
To the solution of 4-Benzyl-2-methylsemicarbazide (5.24 g, 29.2 mmol) in Toluene (58 mL) were added DIPEA (7.63 mL, 43.8 mmol) and Ethyl bromoacetate (4.86 mL, 43.8 mmol) and then stirred at 85δ for 24 hr. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature followed by dilution with EtOAc (100 mL), The mixture was washed with H2O (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude was submitted to silica gel (250 g) column chromatography with Hex:EtOAc=l : 1 to 1 :9 as elute to afford a pale yellow oil (5.75 g, 21.7 mmol, 74%). Rf= 0.36 (Hex:EtOAc=l:3); 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.34- 7.21 (5H, m), 6.88 (IH, br s), 4.40 (2H, d, J= 5.8 Hz), 4.18 (2H, q, J= 7.2 Hz), 3.69 (IH, br t, J = 4.8 Hz), 3.58 (2H, d, J= 4.8 Hz), 3.08 (3H, s), 1.26 (3H, t, J= 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.8, 159.3, 139.9, 128.6, 127.6, 127.1, 61.4, 50.1, 44.4, 33.1, 14.2; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 266.3 (M+l)+.
Step-3 (Ethyl 4-benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetate)
Figure imgf000050_0002
To the solution of Ethyl 4-benzyl-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetate (5.70 g, 21.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (43 mL) were added DIPEA (7.5 mL, 43 mmol), DMAP (1.1 g, 8.6 mmol) and (Boc)2O (9.4 g, 43 mmol) and then stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. The reaction miture was concentrated and then submitted to SiO2 (250 g) column chromatography with Hex:EtOAc = 7:1 to 1:2 as eluate to afford product (2.58 g, 7.06 mmol, 33%) as a pale yellow oil, and starting material (2.80 g, 10.6 mmol, 49%) was recovered. Rf= 0.76 (Hex:EtOAc =1:3); 1H NME. (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (IH, br s), 7.33-7.20 (5H, m), 4.59-4.46 (2H, m), 4.27-4.19 (4H, m), 3.72 (IH, br H/7= Ϊ7 Hzp:O3 '(3H, br s), 1.39 (9H, s), 1.26 (3H51, J= 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.7, 158.3, 139.8, 128.3, 127.6, 126.9, 82.7, 62.0, 51.6, 44.3, 34.4, 28.0, 14.1; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 366.3 (M+l)+.
Step-4 (4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid)
Figure imgf000051_0001
To the solution of Ethyl 4-benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetate (2.30 g, 6.29 mmol) in THF/MeOH/H2O (2/3/1, 24mL) was added LiOH H2O (528 mg, 12.6 mmol) at 06. After stirred for lhr at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc ,(40 mL) at Oδ. The mixture was acidified with IN HCl and then extracted with EtOAc. The combined extracts were washed with H2O (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over Na2SO4, added Et3N (2mL), filtered and concentrated. The crude was submitted to SiO2 column chromatography with CHCl3MeOH = 100:0 to 85:15 as eluante to afford a pale yellow sticky oil 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2- methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acidδEt3N salt (1.99 g, 4.56 mmol, 72%); 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.45 (IH, br s), 7.32-7.18 (5H, m), 4.58-4.22 (3H, m), 3.71-3.57 (IH, m), 3.08 and 3.01 (3H, br s), 2.82 (2.4H, q, J= 7.3 Hz5 Et3N), 1.40 (9H, br s), 1.08 (3.6H, t, J= 7.3 Hz, Et3N); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.2, 159.2, 154.1, 140.1, 128.2, 127.4, 12.7, 81.8, 52.2, 45.1 (Et3N), 44.1, 34.5, 28.1, 8.3 (Et3N); LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 338.3 (M+l)+. Synthesis of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid
Figure imgf000051_0002
;Sϊ^ϊf4-Ben'zyl-2-aillylsemicarbazide)
Figure imgf000052_0001
To the solution of Allyl hydrazine (1.55 mL, 15.0 mmol) in 7.5 niL of CHCl3 was added benzyl isocyanate (1.85 mL, 15.0 mmol) slowly at 0 0C and stirred at the same temperature for 2 h. The resulting mixture was dissolved in IN HCl (200 mL) and the solution was washed with CHCl3 (50 mL x 3). The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 12 with 2 M NaOH aq and then extracted with CHCl3 (100 mL x 3). The organic phase was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo, The residue was recrystalized from hexane-CHCl3 to afford a colorless crystal (2.20 g, 10.7 mmol, 70%). i?/=0.50 (CHCl3MeOH = 9:1); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) 57.34-7.23 (5H, m), 6.77 (IH, br s), 5.77 (IH, ddt, J= 16.9, 10.1, 6.3 Hz), 5.28 (IH, d, J= 10.1 Hz), 5.22 (IH, dd, J = 16.9, 1.5 Hz), 4.42 (2H, d, J= 6.3 Hz), 4.14 (2H, d, J= 6.3 Hz), 3.47 (2H, s); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) 6159.0, 139.9, 132.7, 128.6, 127.6, 127.2, 119.2, 52.8, 44.3; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 206.3 (M+l)+.
Step-2 (Ethyl 4-benzyl-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetate)
Figure imgf000052_0002
To the solution of 4-Benzyl-2-allylsemicarbazide (8.60 g, 41.9 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) were added DIPEA (14.6 mL, 83.8 mmol) and Ethyl bromoacetate (8.1 mL, 73 mmol) and then stirred at 95δ for 39 hr. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature followed by dilution with EtOAc (150 mL). The mixture was washed with H2O (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude was submitted to silica gel (250 g) column chromatography with Hex:EtOAc=2:l to 1:1 as eluate to afford a pale yellow oil (7.60 g, 26.1 mmol, 62%). Rf= 0.30 (Hex:EtOAc = 2:3); 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.32-7.23 (5H, m), 7.02 (IH, br,s), 5.78 (IH, ddt, J= 17.4, 10.1, 6.3 Hz), 5.25 (2H, m), 4.42 (2H, d, J= 5.8 Hz), 4.16 (3H, q and br m, J= 7.2 Hz), 3.98 (IH, t, J= 4.8 Hz), 3.55 (2H, d, J= 4.8 Hz), 1.25 (3H, t, J= 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.5, 158.9, 139.8, 132.5, 128.5, 127.6, 127.1, 119.2, 61.3, 50.0, 46.7, 44.3, 14.1; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 292.3 (M+l)+. Step-3 (Ethyl 4-benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetate)
Figure imgf000053_0001
To the solution of Ethyl 4-benzyl-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetate (7.10 g, 24.4 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (50 mL) were added DIPEA (8.5 mL, 49 mmol), DMAP (1.19 g, 9.76 mmol) and (Boc)2O (10.6 g, 48.8 mmol). After the mixture was stirred for 3.5 hr at room temperature, additional DIPEA (2.12 mL, 12.2 mmol) and (BoC)2O (2.66 g, 12.2 mmol) were added. After the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 6 hr, the mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL) and then sat.NaHCC>3 (50 mL) was added at Oδ. The separated aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2 (100 mL x 2). The combined organic phases were washed with H2O (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude was submitted to SiO2 (300 g) column chromatography with Hex:EtOAc = 7: 1 to 1 : 1 as eluate to afford product as a pale yellow oil (6.61 g, 16.9 mmol, 69%). Rf= 0.57 (Hex:EtOAc = 1:1); 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.77 (IH, br s), 7.34-7.21 (5H, br m), 5.88 (IH, br m), 5.20 (2H, br m), 4.62-4.46 (3H, m), 4.37-4.13 (3H, m), 3.92-3.65 (2H, m), 1.48 and 1.38 (9H, s), 1.26 (3H, t, J= 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.8, 157.8, 154.1, 139.8, 128.4, 127.6, 127.0, 119.6, 82.7, 62.0, 51.2, 44.3, 30.9, 28.0, 14.1; LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 392.4 (MH-I)+.
Step-4 (4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid)
Figure imgf000053_0002
To the solution of Ethyl 4-benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetate (3.20 g, 8.17 mmol) in
THF/MeOH/H2O (2/3/1, 25 mL) was added LiOH H2O (685 mg, 16.3 mmol) at 0δ. After stirred for 40 min at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL) at Oδ. The mixture was acidified with IN HCl and then extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined extraction were washed with H2O (30 mL) and Brine (3OmL)3 dried over Na2SO4, added Et3N (3 mL), filtered and concentrated. The crude was submitted to SiO2 column chromatography with CHCl3MeOH = 100:0 to 85:15 as eluate to afford orange sticky oil 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2- allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acidδEt3N salt (3.66 g, 7.87 mmol, 96%); 1HNMR (400MHz, (JDCl3, rotamer) δ 9,44 and 9.34 (IH, br s), 7.35-7.18 (5H, m), 5.91 (IH, m), 5.17 (2H, m), 4.58 and 4.87 (2H, dd, J= 15.5, 6.3 and 14.5, 5.8 Hz), 4.39-4.23 (2H, m), 3.89 and 3.80 (IH, dd, J= 14.0, 8.2 and 14.5, 8.2 Hz), 3.58 and 3.52 (IH, d, J= 17.4 and 16.9 Hz), 2.81 (5H, q, J= 12 Hz, Et3N)5 1.44 and 1.42 (9H5 s), 1.11 (7.5H, t, J= 7.2 Hz, Et3N); 13C NMR (99.5MHz, CDCl3) δ 158.9, 154.3, 153.6, 140.6, 134.2, 128.1, 127.4, 126.5, 118.8, 81.1, 55.6, 51.4, 44.9 (Et3N), 44.2, 28.2, 8.3 (Et3N); LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 364.3 (M+l)+.
Synthesis of Compound No.61
Figure imgf000054_0001
Step-1
Figure imgf000054_0002
The hydroxy-functionalized resin (5.0 g, 0.68 mmol/g, Novabiochem) was placed in 200 niL round-bottom flask. To the mixture of the resin and PPTS (1.7 g, 6.8 mmol) in 1,2- dichloromethane (51 mL) was added bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal (4.2 mL, 27 mmol) at room temperature. After being stirred under reflux for 4.0 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF 50 mL x 3, DMSO 50 mL x 3, 1,4-dioxane 50 mL x 3, CH2Cl2 50 mL x 3, MeOH 50 mL x 3, Et2O 50 mL x 3. The resin was dried under reduced pressure for over night to afford the desired bromoacetal resin (5.5 g). bXep-A
Figure imgf000055_0001
Bromoacetal resin (1.0 g, 0.9 mmol/g) was placed in 30 niL round-bottom flask. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 mL x 5 min x 1) and then treated with 1.0 M solution of 1- naphtylmethylamine (1.4 g, 9.0 mmol) in DMSO (9.0 mL) at 70 0C. After being stirred for 12 hr, the resin was filtered and rinsed with DMSO (9.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.18g).
Step-3
Figure imgf000055_0002
Naphthylmethylamino resin (1.18 g, 0.84 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 mL x 5 min x 1) and then DMF (9.0 mL), Fmoc- Tyr(f-Bu)-OH (620 mg, 1.35 mmol), DIPEA (470 μL, 2.70 mmol) and HATU (513 mg, 1.35 mmol) were added at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, in case of Kaiser test was positive, the same procedure was repeated. The mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.50 g).
Step-4
Figure imgf000055_0003
The l-Naphthylmethylamino-Fmoc-Tyr(ffiu) resin (1.50 g, 0.61 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (10.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. "'TKe resin was"ti:e"ated["with 20 v/v% piperidine/DMF (10.0 niL) at room temperature. After being shaken for 1.0 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (10 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.48 g).
Step-5
Figure imgf000056_0001
The Amino resin (300 mg, 0.71 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH2Cl2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.5 mL, 0.75 mmol), DIPEA (260 μL, 1.49 mmol) and HATU (284 mg, 0.75 mmol) at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin.
Step-6
Figure imgf000056_0002
The resin (115 mg, 0.58 mmol/g) was placed in 5.0 mL plastic disposable syringe. After addition of 99% HCO2H (1.0 mL), the mixture was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature, the solution was collected by filteration. The resin was washed with 99% HCO2H (1.5 mL x 5 min x 2). The combined HCO2H solutions were concentrated and then submitted to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound No.61 (7.1 mg, 19% from bromoacetal resin). Rf= 0.63 (CHCl3:MeOH = 9:1); 1H NMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.06 (IH, d, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.89 (IH, m), 7.84 (IH, d, J= 8.2 Hz), 7.56 (2H, m), 7.38 (IH, dd, J= 8.2, 7.2 Hz), 7.20 (3H, m), 7.12 (IH, d, J= 6.8 Hz), 7.05 (2H, dd, J= 7.7, 2.9 Hz)5 7.02 (2H5 d, J= 8.2 Hz)5 6.88 (0.5H, br s), 6.71 (2H5 d, J= 8.2 Hz), 6.05 (IH, t, J= 5.8 Hz), 5.06 (2H5 ABq, J= 14.5 Hz), 4.80 (IH, dd, J= 5.8, 2.5 Hz), 4.23 (2H5 ABX, J= 14.5, 5.8 Hz), 3.67-3.44 (4H, m), 3.21 (IH, dd, J= 14.0, 5.8 Hz), 3.12 (IH, dd, J= 11.0, 3.9 Hz), 2.86 (IH. dd. J= 11.0, 9.1 Hz), 2.59 (3H, s); LC/MS [ESI+] (m/z) 564.4 (M-H)+.
Synthesis of Compound No.71
Figure imgf000057_0001
Step-1
Figure imgf000057_0002
The Amino resin (100 mg, 0.71 mmol/g) was placed in 5 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (1.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH2Cl2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (830 μL, 0.25 mmol), DIPEA (87 μL, 0.50 mmol) and HATU (95 mg, 0.25 mmol) at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (1.0 mL x
SEA 1904040vl 67648-21 56 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (1.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin.
Steρ-2
Figure imgf000058_0001
The resin (100 mg, 0.57 mmol/g) was placed in 5.0 mL plastic disposable syringe. After addition of 99% HCO2H (1.0 mL), the mixture was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature, the solution was collected by filteration. The resin was washed with 99% HCO2H (1.5 mL x 5 min x 2). The combined HCO2H solutions were concentrated and then submitted to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound No.71 (11 mg, 26% from bromoacetal resin). Rf= 0.63 (CHCl3:Me0H = 9:l).
Similar synthesis was carried out to obtain the compounds as shown as Compounds 1-1200 in Figures 1-6.
Synthesis of Compound No.1273
Figure imgf000058_0002
Steρ-1
Figure imgf000059_0001
Bromoacetal resin (1.0 g, 0.9 mmol/g) was placed in 30 niL round-bottom flask. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 niL x 5 min x 1) and then treated with 1.0 M suspension of 2-tert- Butoxycarbonylaminobenzothiazole-4-methylamine (2.5 g, 9.0 mmol) in DMSO (9.0 niL) at 70 0C. After being stirred for 12 hr, the resin was filtered and rinsed with DMSO (9.0 niL x 5 min x 3). The resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.16 g).
Step-2
Figure imgf000059_0002
2-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminoebenzothiazole-4-methylamino resin (1.16 g, 0.76 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen with DMF (9.0 mL x 5 min x 1) and then DMF (9.0 mL), Fmoc-Tyr(r-Bu)-OH (620 mg, 1.35 mmol), DIPEA (470 μL, 2.70 mmol) and HATU (513 mg, 1.35 mmol) were added at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, in case of Kaiser test was positive, the same procedure was repeated. The mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (10.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1.76 g).
Step-3
Figure imgf000059_0003
The 2-tert-Butoxycarbonylbenzothiazole-4-methylamino-Fmoc-Tyr(tBu) resin (1.76 g, 0.57 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (10.0 niL) and DMF was sucked out. The resin was treated with 20 v/v% piperidine/DMF (10.0 mL) at room temperature. After being shaken for 1.0 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (10 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (10 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin (1 ,42 g).
Step-4
Figure imgf000060_0001
The Amino resin (350 mg, 0.65 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH2Cl2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-methylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.7 mL, 0.80 mmol), DIPEA (277 μL, 1.59 mmol) and HATU (302 mg, 0.80 mmol) at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin.
Step-5
Figure imgf000060_0002
The resin (350 mg, 0.54 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. After addition of 99% HCO2H (4.0 mL), the mixture was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature, the solution " was collected by filteration. The resin was washed with 99% HCO2H (4.0 mL x 5 min x 2). The combined HCO2H solutions were concentrated and then submitted to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound No.1273 (9.1 mg, 6.8% from bromoacetal resin). Rf= 0.47 (CHCl3MeOH = 9:1).
Synthesis of Compound No.1285
Figure imgf000061_0001
Steρ-1
Figure imgf000061_0002
The Amino resin (350 mg, 0.65 mmol/g) was placed in 20 mL plastic disposable syringe. The resin was swollen in DMF (3.0 mL) and DMF was sucked out. To the resin was added 0.3 M stocked CH2Cl2 soltuion of 4-Benzyl-3-Boc-2-allylsemicarbazidylacetatic acid (2.7 mL, 0.80 mmol), DPEA (277 μL, 1.59 mmol) and HATU (302 mg, 0.80 mmol) at room temperature. After being shaken for 12 hr, the mixture was filtered and the resin was washed with DMF (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3) and CH2Cl2 (5.0 mL x 5 min x 3). The resin was dried under reduced pressure to afford desired resin. step-z
Figure imgf000062_0001
The resin (350 mg, 0.53 mmol/g) was placed in 20 niL plastic disposable syringe. After addition of 99% HCO2H (4.0 niL), the mixture was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature, the solution was collected by filteration. The resin was washed with 99% HCO2H (4.0 mL x 5 min x 2). The combined HCO2H solutions were concentrated and then submitted to silica gel column chromatography to afford Compound No. 1285 (18 mg, 13% from bromoacetal resin). Rf= 0.52 (CHCl3:Me0H = 9:l).
Similar synthesis was carried out to obtain Compounds 1201-2200 as shown in Figures 7-11.
Synthesis of Compound No. 2201
Figure imgf000062_0002
To the cooled (Oδ) solution of Compound No. 61 (18 mg, 0.032 mmol) in THF (500 δL) were added Et3N (13.4 μL, 0.096 mmol) and POCl3 (14.9 μL, 0.160 mmol) and then the mixture was stirred till SM was disappeared on TLC (4 hr). The mixture was diluted with H2O (ImL) and then NaHCO3 was added at Oδ to pH 8. After stirred overnight, the mixture was acidified to pH 3 with IN HCl followed by extraction with CHCl3 (5 mL x 3). The combined extracts were dried over Na2SU4, filtered and concentrated to afford pale yellow powder Compound No. 2201 (17.1 mg, 83%). TLC: Rf= 0.45δSilica gel F254, "CHCl3:MeOH:EtOH:H2θ:AcOH:nBuOH=100:40:10:10:8:5δ; 1HNMR (400MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.98 (IH, d, J= 7.7 Hz), 7.83 (IH5 m), 7.77 (IH5 d, J= 8.2 Hz)5 7.51 (2H5 m), 7.35 (IH, t, J= 7.3 Hz), 7.24-6.93 (10H5 m), 6.07 (IH5 br s), 5.86 (3H, br s), 5.34 (IH, br d, J= 15.0 Hz)5 4.76 (2H5 m), 4.11 (2H5 br ABX5 J= 15.5, 5.3 Hz)5 3.62 (2H, m), 3.47 and 3.31 (2H5 br ABq5 J= 15.0 Hz)5 3.22 (2H, br m), 3.02 (IH5 br m)5 2.77 (IH5 br t, J= 10.6 Hz), 2.56 (3H5 s); 31P NMR (160.26MHz5 CDCl3) δ -3.57.
Synthesis of Compound No. 2202
Figure imgf000063_0001
To the cooled (Oδ) solution of Compound No. 71 (21 mg, 0.036 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) were added Et3N (14.9 μL, 0.107 mmol) and POCl3 (16.6 μL, 0.178 mmol) and then the mixture was stirred till SM was disappeared on TLC (4 hr). The mixture was diluted with H2O (ImL) and then NaHCO3 was added at Oδ to pH 8. After stirred overnight, the mixture was acidified to pH 3 with IN HCl followed by extraction with CHCl3 (5 mL x 3). The combined extracts were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to afford pale yellow powder Compound No. 2202 (21.0 mg5 88%). TLC: Rf= 0.53δSilica gel F254, CHCl3:MeOH:EtOH:H2O:AcOH:nBuOH=100:40:10:10:8:5δ.
Similar synthesis was carried out to obtain Compounds 2203-2217 as shown in Figure 26.
Diastereomeric and Enantiomeric stereo isomers of Compounds 2203-2217 were obtained and are shown Figure 12.
Table 2 below shows the molecular weight (M. W.) and mass for compounds 1-2217. TABLE 2
Figure imgf000064_0001
Figure imgf000064_0002
Figure imgf000064_0003
Figure imgf000065_0001
Figure imgf000065_0002
Figure imgf000065_0003
Figure imgf000066_0001
Figure imgf000066_0002
Figure imgf000066_0003
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000067_0002
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000069_0001
Figure imgf000069_0002
Figure imgf000069_0003
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000070_0002
Figure imgf000070_0003
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000071_0002
Figure imgf000071_0003
Figure imgf000072_0001
Figure imgf000072_0002
Figure imgf000072_0003
Figure imgf000073_0001
Figure imgf000073_0002
Figure imgf000073_0003
Figure imgf000074_0001
Figure imgf000074_0002
Figure imgf000074_0003
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000075_0002
Figure imgf000075_0003
Figure imgf000076_0001
Figure imgf000076_0002
Figure imgf000076_0003
Figure imgf000077_0001
Figure imgf000077_0002
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000078_0002
Figure imgf000078_0003
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000079_0002
Figure imgf000079_0003
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000080_0002
Figure imgf000080_0003
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000081_0002
Figure imgf000081_0003
Figure imgf000082_0002
Figure imgf000082_0001
EXAMPLE 2 EFFECT OF ICG-OOl ON PULMONARY FIBROSIS
Murine models of bleomycin induced fibrosis have been developed in order to study ϊotic disease progression. Bleomycin induced murine fibrosis has been shown to lead to errant alveolar epithelial repair, with increased metaplastic alveolar cells that apparently do it properly differentiate to a type I phenotype (Adamson and Bowden, Am J Pathol. 96:531- 1, 1979). Utilizing this model, it is demonstrated in this Example that the Wnt/β-catenin tthway plays a critical role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and validates that the ihibition of this pathway with ICG-OOl represents a therapy for the treatment of pulmonary brotic disease.
Using this murine model of pulmonary fibrosis in transgenic Bat-Gal mice, ICG-001 5mg/Kg/day, administered via minipump) blocked >95% of bleomycin-induced TCF/β-catenin ranscription. Furthermore, ICG-001 at this dose not only halted but reversed disease >rogression, as judged by reduced mortality, histopathology and endogenous gene expression. Figure 14 shows lung sections taken from Bat-Gal transgenic mice. These mice have a Beta-Galactosidase transgene driven by a TCF/Catenin driven promoter (i.e. a read out for activated Wnt/catenin signaling). The mice were given intratracheal saline or bleomycin and either treated with ICG-001 (5 mgs/Kg/day subcutaneously) or saline as vehicle control. The mice were sacrificed and the lungs sectioned and stained with X-GaI (blue color) A) intratracheal bleo + saline. B) intracheal bleo + ICG-001 C) saline +saline.
The dose was selected because ICG-001 reduces TCF/β-Catenin driven β -Galactosidase expression >95% at 5mgs/Kg/day.
Figure 15 shows lung sections taken from C57/B16 mice treated with intratracheal bleomeycin (lower left) or saline (upper left) for 5 days and stained with trichrome (red color) to stain collagen. There is an absence of airway epithelium in lower left compared to upper left (see arrow heads) and extensive collagen deposition (lower left). On the sixth day, either saline (upper right) or ICG-OO l(5mgs/Kg/day) was administered for 10 days after which the mice were sacrificed and sectioned. Of interest is the upper right (saline treatment) showing lack of normal airway epithelialization, extensive collagen deposition and intra-airway hypercellularity (fibroblasts and inflammatory influx). After treatment with ICG-001, the airway looks essentially normal (compare to untreated (saline) control) (upper left), with normal collagen levels. The mice also regained normal body weight and survived (untreated controls did not). Figures 16 and 17 show RT-PCR data for S100A4 (Figure 16) and collagenlA2 (Figure 17), which are increased in the bleomycin treated mice (treated with saline control). Message is reduced essentially to negative control (i.e. saline/saline mice) levels by ICG-OOl treatment (5mgs/Kg/day s.c). Figures 18 and 19 indicate that over the 25 days of treatment, ICG-OOl reversed fibrosis.
As shown in Figures 20 and 21, IPF patient fibroblasts were cultured in RPMI 1640 + 10% FBS for 2 days and treated with ICG-OOl. Western blots for S100A4 (also know as FSP-I or fibroblast specific protein- 1) and E-Cadherin were performed on whole cell lysates (Figure 20). ICG-001 decreased S100A4 expression (Figure 21) and increased E-cadherin expression (this was also true at the mRNA level). These data demonstrate that ICG-001 mediates a mesenchymal to epithelial transition that is essential for normal healing, re-epithelialization and ameliorization of fibrosis.
EXAMPLE 3
ICG-OO 1 INCREASED AQUAPORIN EXPRESSION IN LUNG EPITHELIUM The aquaporins are water channels expressed in a variety of cell types. Aquaporin 5 is involved in the transportation of water across the apical surface of the alveolar epithelium and the epithelia of the submucosal glands in the upper airway and nasopharynx. (Krane, CM., P.N.A.S. 98:14192-4, 2001; Yang, FJ. Biol. Chem. 278:32173-80, 2003). Because aquaporin 5 is a marker of Type 1 (differentiated) lung epithelium, its expression was assayed in lung tissue xeated with bleomycin (Figure 22A), bleomycin and ICG-001 (Figure 22B), and saline Tigure 22C), using the animal model as described in Example 2 (Figure 15), and mmunostaining with an antibody specific for Aquaporin 5. Thus, aquaporin 5 expression was greatly increased by ICG-001.
EXAMPLE 4 ICG-001 PREVENTED INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS AND ALVEOLAR FIBROSIS
As indicated in Figure 23, ICG-001 prevented interstitial fibrosis. Figure 23A shows ialine treatment; Figure 23B shows bleomycin treatment; and Figure 23 C shows bleomycin and CG-001 treatment. As indicated in Figure 24, ICG-001 prevented alveolar fibrosis. Figure 24A hows saline treatment; Figure 24B shows bleomycin treatment; and Figure 24C shows Neomycin and ICG-001 treatment. The procedures were performed using the animal model as [escribed in Example 2 (Figure 15), and the sectioned lungs were stained for collagen. All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

Claims

We Claim:
1. A compound having the following general formula (I) :
Figure imgf000086_0001
wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=OHCHR7)- or - (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XKg)n-, -(CHR10)-(NR6)-,-(C=O)-(XR12)-, -(C=N-W-Ri)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-Ri3, X-(C=O)-NR]3R14, X-(SO2)-Ri3, or X-(C=O)-ORn, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, (C=O)-(NRi5)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1; and Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, Rg Ri0, Rn, Ri2, Ri3, RH, and Ri5 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof, provided that where B is CHR6 and W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, or (C=O)-(NR15)-, G cannot be CHR9, NR9, (C=0)-CHR]2, (C=O)-NRi2, or no atom at all.
2. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 1, wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Rio, Rn, Ri2, Ri3, R14, are Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-4alkylguanidinoC2.5alkyl, diCi-4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2.5alkyl, Ci-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl (where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where "t'ne substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, C^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000087_0001
halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Cualkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi.4alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C].4alkylamino, C1.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci^alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCi-4alkyl, substituted pyrimidylCi-4alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Cu&lkyl, Chalky., Ci-3alkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000087_0003
halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000087_0002
Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000087_0004
(where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, C^alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi-4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-Co-4alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2.5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci-5dialkylaminoC2.5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylC^alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2all<yl.
3. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 1 wherein A is - (CHR3)-(CO>, B is -(NR4)-, D is (C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, G is -(C=O)-(XR9)-, and the compound has the following general formula (III):
Figure imgf000087_0005
wherein Z is nitrogen or CH, and when Z is CH, X is nitrogen.
4. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 1 wherein when A is - 0-CHR3-, B is -NR4-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, Gi is (XRy)n-. the compound has the following formula (IV):
Figure imgf000088_0001
wherein Ri, R2, R4, R6, R7, R8 W, X and n are as defined above, Y is -C=O, -(C=O)-O-, -(C=O)-NRs, -SO2-, or nothing, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH3 then X is nitrogen and n is not zero).
5. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 1 wherein when A is - (C=O), B is -(CHR6)-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)-, and G is -(NH)- or -(CH2)-, and W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the compound has the following formula (V):
Figure imgf000088_0002
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or CH, and R1, R2, R6, Rs5 and Ri3 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
6. The compound having the general foπnula (VI):
Figure imgf000089_0001
wherein B is -(CHR2)-, -(NR2)-,, E is -(CHR3)-, V is -(XR4)- or nothing, W is -(C=O)-(XR5R6), -(SO2)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is independently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof.
7. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 1, wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5,
R6, R7, Rg, Rg, Rio, Rn, Ri2, Ri3, Ri4, are Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2.5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diC i ,4alkylguanidino-C2.5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, C i .4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000089_0002
Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl (where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000089_0003
halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000089_0004
Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Q^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi-4alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, ' 'CiTalkylamino, 'C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro d^alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, C1.3a.koxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylC].4alkyl, substituted pyrimidylCi^alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Chalky., C].3alkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci-4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C].4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, C1.4a.kyl, C^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi.4alkyl, substituted imidazol C^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4-alkyl, Chalky., Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylC i-4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-CQ^alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci-5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylC 1.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylC0.2alkyl.
8. The compound, salts, and prodrugs thereof of claim 6 wherein B is -(CH)-(CH3), E is -(CH)-(CH3), V is -(XR4)- or nothing, and W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently nitrogen or CH, the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
Figure imgf000090_0001
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, and J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the following general formula (I):
Figure imgf000091_0001
wherein A is -(C=O)-CHR3-, or -(C=O), B is N-R5- or -CHR6-, D is -(C=O)-(CHR7)- or - (C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)- or (C=O), G is -(XRg)n-, -(CHRiO)-(NR6X-(C=O)-(XRi2)-, -(or nothing)-, -(C=O)-, X-(C=O)-Ri3, X-(C=O)-NR13Ri4, X-(SO2)-Ri3, or X-(C=0)-0R,3, W is -Y(C=O)-, -(C=O)NH-, -(SO2)-, -CHRi4, (C=O)-(NRi5)-, substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, or nothing, Y is oxygen or sulfur, X and Z is independently nitrogen or CH, n=0 or 1; and Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, Rs, R9 Rio, Rn, R12, R13, R14, and Ri5 are the same or different and independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and a solid support, and stereoisomers, salts, and prodrugs thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, Rg, Rg, Rio, Rn, Ri2, Rn, Ri4, are R15 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC^alkyl, Ci-4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi-4alkylguanidino-C2-5alkyl, amidinoC2.5alkyl, Ci.4alkylamidinoC2.5alkyl, diCi-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000091_0002
Ci,4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl (where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino,
Figure imgf000091_0003
Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, "l'di-4aikylamino,
Figure imgf000092_0001
halogen, perfluoro C].4alkyl,
Figure imgf000092_0002
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000092_0003
substituted pyridylC)-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000092_0004
Ci-4alkyl,
Figure imgf000092_0005
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), ρyrimidylCi.4alkyl, substituted
Figure imgf000092_0006
(where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C1-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, C^alkyl, Cualkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci4alkylammo, Q^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoC^alkyl, substituted imidazol C^alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, smidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Cualkyl, C^alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinyld^alkyl, N-amidinopiρerazinyl-N-Co-4alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-salkylaminoCa-salkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, C1-5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein A is -(CHR3)-(C=O)~, B is -(NR4)-, D is (C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, G is -{C=O)-(XR9>, and the compound has the following general formula (III):
Figure imgf000092_0007
wherein Z is nitrogen or CH, and when Z is CH, X is nitrogen. ' 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein when A is -0-CHR3-, B is - NR4-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR6)-, Gi is (XR7)n-, the compound has the following formula (IV):
Figure imgf000093_0001
wherein Ri, R2, R4, R6, R7, R8 W, X and n are as defined above, Y is -C=O, -(C=O)-O-, -(C=O)-NRs, -SO2-, or nothing, and Z is nitrogen or CH (when Z is nitrogen, then n is zero, and when Z is CH, then X is nitrogen and n is not zero).
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein when A is -(C=O), B is - (CHR6)-, D is -(C=O)-, E is -(ZR8)-, and G is -(NH)- or -(CH2)-, and W is a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, the compound has the following formula (V):
Figure imgf000093_0002
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, - (CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, Z is nitrogen or CH, and R1, R2, R6, R8, and Ri3 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety.
14. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound having the general formula (VI):
Figure imgf000093_0003
wherein B is -(CHR2)-, -(NR2)-,, E is -(CHR3)-, V is -(XR4)- or nothing, W is -(C=O)-(XR5R6), -(SD2)-', su6stituϊed"bf unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, X is indepentently nitrogen, oxygen, or CH, and Ri, R2, R3, Rt, R5 and R6 are selected from an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof, the remainder of the molecule, a linker and solid support, and stereoisomers, salts and prodrugs thereof.
15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein Ri, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Rio, Rn, Ri2, Ri3, R14, are Ri5 are independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2.5alkyl, guanidinoC2.5alkyl, C].4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diC^alkylguanidino-C^alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.4alkylaniidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidmoC2-5alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyli Ci^alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl (where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C1.4dialkylam.ino, halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, Ci^alkyl, C].3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Ci.4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Ci4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidine, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^alkyl, C1.4a.kyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C^aUcyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cualkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C].4alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi^alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCualkyl, substituted pyrimidylCi-4alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C' l^Siallcylamino, Halogen, perfluoro C1.4a.kyl, C1-4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sυlfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci.4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, Cudialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro C1.4a.kyl, Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl),
Figure imgf000095_0001
substituted imidazol Cπalkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C1-4alkylam.no, C1-4dialkylam.no, halogen, perfluoro C1.4aU.cyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi.4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-C0.4alkyl, hydroxyC2.5alkyl, Ci.5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci-5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylC0-2alkyl. ,
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15 wherein B is -(CH)-(CH3), E is -(CH)-(CH3), V is -(XR4)- or nothing, and W is substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted triazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiadiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrooxazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydrothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted 4,5 dihydroimidazole, and X is independently introgen or CH, the compounds have the following general formula (VII):
Figure imgf000095_0002
wherein K is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, L is nitrogen, oxygen, -(CH)-, or -(CH2)-, J is nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of aminoC2-5alkyl, guanidinoC2-5alkyl, C 1.4alkylguanidinoC2-5alkyl, diC 1 -4alkylguanidino-C2.5alkyl, amidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci-4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, diCi.4alkylamidinoC2-5alkyl, Ci.3alkoxy, Phenyl, substituted phenyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci-4alkylamino, Ci-4dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000095_0003
Cualkyl, C1-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), benzyl, substituted benzyl ( where the substituents on the benzyl are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), naphthyl, substituted naphthyl (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci.4alkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfϊuόrό 'C f-'ialkyl, Ci-4alkyl, C1.3a.koxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), bis-phenyl methyl, substituted bis-phenyl methyl (where the subsitituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cmalkylamino, C^dialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Cπalkyl, Ci.4alkyl, C1.3a.koxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridyl, substituted pyridyl, (where the substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C1-4alkylam.no, Cndialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro
Figure imgf000096_0001
Cπalkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyridylCi^alkyl, substituted pyridylCi-4alkyl (where the pyridine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, C1.4alkylami.10, C14dialkylam.no, halogen, perfluoro Ci.4alkyl, Chalky., Ci^alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), pyrimidylCi-4alkyl, substituted pyrimidylC^alkyl (where the pyrimidine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Ci^alkylamino, Cπdialkylamino, halogen, perfluoro Ci^alkyl, Cualkyl, Ci-3alkoxy or nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), triazin-2-yl-C j.4alkyl, substituted triazin-2-yl-Ci4alkyl (where the triazine substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl,
Figure imgf000096_0002
halogen, perfluoro Chalky., Ci-4alkyl, Ci-3alkoxy, nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl or hydroxyl), imidazoCi^alkyl, substituted imidazol Ci-4alkyl (where the imidazole substituents are independently selected from one or more of amino, amidino, guanidino, hydrazino, amidrazonyl, Cwalkylamino,
Figure imgf000096_0003
halogen, perfluoro Ci-4alkyl, Ci.4alkyl,
Figure imgf000096_0004
nitro, carboxy, cyano, sulfuryl, hydroxyl, or methyl), imidazolinylCi-4alkyl, N-amidinopiperazinyl-N-C0.4alkyl, hydroxyC2-5alkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, hydroxyC2.salkyl, Ci-5alkylaminoC2-5alkyl, Ci-5dialkylaminoC2-5alkyl, N-amidinopiperidinylCi.4alkyl and 4-aminocyclohexylCo-2alkyl.
17. A compound selected from the group consisting of Compounds 1-2217.
18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of claim 17.
19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10 wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
20. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said compound is an antifibrotic and/or proliferative agent. '21. ' " The' compound of claim 20, wherein said antifibrotic agent has at least one activity selected from the group consisting of reparation or prevention of pathological polymerization of collagen in lung fibrosis; arteriosclerosis; prostatic hypertrophy; keloid; myocarditis; collagen disease; scar; and wrinkles.
22. The compound of claim 20, wherein said antifibrotic agent has at least one activity selected from the group consisting of reparation and normalization of existing pathological fibrotic tissues.
23. A method of treating disease by administering at least one compound of claim 1 , wherein the disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of renal fibrosis, abdominal adhesions, radiation induced fibrosis, chemotherapy induced fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, silicosis lesions, and Tenon's capsule fibroproliferation.
24. A method of treating disease by administering at least one compound of Compounds 1-2217, wherein the disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of renal fibrosis, abdominal adhesions, radiation induced fibrosis, chemotherapy induced fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, silicosis lesions, and Tenon's capsule fibroproliferation.
25. A method of treating disease or pathological condition by administering at least one compound of claim 1, wherein the disease or pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring,' skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; and graft remodeling.
26. A method of treating disease or pathological condition by administering at least one compound of Compounds 1-2217, wherein the disease pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma, Alzheimer's disease; tuberous sclerosis complex; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; restenosis; ulcerative colitis; rheumatoid arthritis; modulation of hair growth; and graft remodeling.
27. A method of treating disease or pathological condition hy administering at least one pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the disease or pathological condition is at least one selected from the group consisting of interstitial lung disease, human fibrotic lung disease, human kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrotic disease, glomerular nephritis, liver cirrhosis, nephritis associated with systemic lupus, peritoneal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, myocardial fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, Grave's opthalmopathy, glaucoma, scarring, skin lesions, diabetic retinopathy, scleroderma, Alzheimer's disease; tuberous sclerosis complex; Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; pulmonary hypertension; atherosclerosis; restenosis; ulcerative colitis; rheumatoid arthritis; modulation of hair growth; and graft remodeling.
28. The method according to one of claims 23-27, wherein said compound or composition is delivered to the subject orally, transdermally, intravenously, topically, by inhalation, rectally, or by treated stent, wherein said stent comprises or is coated with said compound.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the compound or composition is delivered orally.
30. The method of any one of claims 23-27, wherein said compound or composition is administered to the subject by sustained release.
31. The method of any one of claims 23-27, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is administered by a method selected from the group consisting of capsules, tablets, powders, granules, syrups, injectable fluids, creams, ointments, hydrophilic ointments, inhalable fluids, eye drops, suppositories, and treated stent, wherein said stent comprises or is coated with said pharmaceutical composition.
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