WO2007054737A1 - Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser - Google Patents

Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007054737A1
WO2007054737A1 PCT/GB2006/050336 GB2006050336W WO2007054737A1 WO 2007054737 A1 WO2007054737 A1 WO 2007054737A1 GB 2006050336 W GB2006050336 W GB 2006050336W WO 2007054737 A1 WO2007054737 A1 WO 2007054737A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
laser
switch
lase
pump pulse
pulse
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2006/050336
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
David Legge
Original Assignee
Selex Sensors And Airborne Systems Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB0523128A external-priority patent/GB0523128D0/en
Application filed by Selex Sensors And Airborne Systems Limited filed Critical Selex Sensors And Airborne Systems Limited
Priority to AU2006313535A priority Critical patent/AU2006313535B2/en
Priority to EP06794993A priority patent/EP1949511A1/en
Priority to CA2628143A priority patent/CA2628143C/en
Priority to US11/629,516 priority patent/US9373929B2/en
Publication of WO2007054737A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007054737A1/en
Priority to IL191419A priority patent/IL191419A/en

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094076—Pulsed or modulated pumping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/102—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the active medium, e.g. by controlling the processes or apparatus for excitation
    • H01S3/1022—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the active medium, e.g. by controlling the processes or apparatus for excitation by controlling the optical pumping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/11—Mode locking; Q-switching; Other giant-pulse techniques, e.g. cavity dumping
    • H01S3/1123—Q-switching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
    • H01S3/08018—Mode suppression
    • H01S3/0804—Transverse or lateral modes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
    • H01S3/08018—Mode suppression
    • H01S3/0804—Transverse or lateral modes
    • H01S3/08045—Single-mode emission
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/0941—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light of a laser diode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/10038—Amplitude control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
    • H01S3/16—Solid materials
    • H01S3/1601—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion
    • H01S3/1603—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth
    • H01S3/1611—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth neodymium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
    • H01S3/16—Solid materials
    • H01S3/163—Solid materials characterised by a crystal matrix
    • H01S3/164—Solid materials characterised by a crystal matrix garnet
    • H01S3/1643—YAG

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to laser arrangements and methods. More specifically, but not exclusively it relates to a Q-switched laser resistant to beam seeding, whilst retaining pre-lase characteristics, and a method of achieving the same.
  • any Q-switched laser there is a possibility that a very small amount of continuous wave (CW) or quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser radiation is emitted prior to the main Q-switch pulse. This is termed pre-lase.
  • CW continuous wave
  • QCW quasi-continuous wave
  • This is normally used for spectral seeding of single frequency lasers to finely control output frequency within the Q-switch pulse.
  • Pre-lase can also happen by accident, if the resonator is not "closed” enough or when a parasitic resonator is formed from reflective surfaces outside the laser. This may occur in very high gain systems where hold-off is difficult to maintain.
  • One of the unfortunate side-effects is that, particularly when the high gain laser is multi-transverse mode, serious spatial (as well as spectral) seeding occurs, causing the beam to fragment and often become excessively "peaky". This is termed spatial beam seeding.
  • the fragmentation and excessive peaking of the laser beam resulting from the spatial beam seeding can cause damage to sensitive optics in the system. This is because the peak power density can significantly increase as a result of the spatial beam seeding associated with the pre-lase.
  • the standard method in which to prevent spatial beam seeding, and hence protect the sensitive optics of the system, is to try to prevent pre-lase occurring at all. This can be accomplished by under-pumping the laser, or by attempting to detect conditions pre-requisite to the onset of pre-lase. Under- pumping the laser reduces output energy, whilst detection of pre-lase is rarely achievable in practice.
  • a method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a pumped Q-switch laser comprising the step of delaying the Q-switch trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
  • a method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a laser comprising the step of delaying the initial pulse of energy to the laser by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
  • a laser system comprising a diode laser for pumping using a defined pump pulse, a trigger for triggering the pumped pulse and control means for delaying the trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
  • the laser in question can be designed much closer to the damage threshold of the optics, either in the laser itself or in associated systems, completely eliminating the risk that pre-lase will cause the dramatic increase in peak power density associated with spatial seeding. This therefore prevents catastrophic damage to optical coatings and/or substrates, and also permits removal of pre-lase detectors from laser systems thereby simplifying the optics of the system.
  • FIG 1 shows the typical timing of pump, pre-lase and Q-Switch outputs for optimised output energy, in accordance with one form of the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows the beam seeding fragmentation caused by varying amounts of pre-lase energy showing that the worst effects are for the smallest amounts of pre-lase energy.
  • a Q-switched laser system when pumping the laser using a defined pump pulse, from say a diode laser, the timing of the Q-switch relative to the pump pulse is normally chosen to maximise the output energy, or optimise the output pulse duration. In this configuration, a pre-lase event will cause spatial beam seeding to occur.
  • Seeding of the main Q-switch output pulse can be completely eliminated by delaying the Q-switch trigger by at least several laser resonator lifetimes (typically 10 to 20ns) after the end of the pump pulse. Indeed, by delaying the Q-switch by up to 1 % of the active laser medium spontaneous emission lifetime (230 ⁇ s for Nd:YAG) after the end of the pump pulse, spatial seeding can be completely eliminated, no matter how much pre-lase is present, for almost no loss in final output power/energy.
  • the diode pump pulse is indicated by reference numeral 10.
  • Numerals 20 and 30 indicate the pre-lase on energy monitor and fast photodiode respectively.
  • the Q-Switch output is indicated by reference numeral 40.
  • the pre-lase energy would cause beam seeding, as indicated in Figure 2.
  • the Q-switch timing By delaying the Q-switch timing by an additional 4 to 5 ⁇ s on the above trace, all beam seeding is eliminated whilst in the presence of the illustrated level of pre-lase.
  • the Q-Switch pulse By delaying the Q-Switch pulse in the manner described above all the transverse beam profiles shown in Figure 2 look homogeneous and similar to that shown for the 14OmJ case.
  • a short pump pulse fall time of less than or equal to 2% of lasing medium upper state lifetime is required.
  • a Q-switch firing delay of an additional 1 % of lasing medium upper state lifetime subsequent to the fall of - A - the pump pulse is preferable.
  • the Q-switch firing point must be for pump pulse levels at least below the threshold level, preferably with no pump present at all.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

A method for preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a Q- switched laser is described. The Q-switch trigger of the laser is delayed by several laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse. In this way, beam seeding is completely eliminated whilst pre-lase is maintained. The method described may be used for any laser system where the fall time of the pump radiation is sufficiently fast with respect to the upper state lifetime of the laser medium.

Description

TIMING OP A Q-SWITCH TO SUPPRESS PRE-LASING OF THE LASER
The invention relates generally to laser arrangements and methods. More specifically, but not exclusively it relates to a Q-switched laser resistant to beam seeding, whilst retaining pre-lase characteristics, and a method of achieving the same.
In any Q-switched laser there is a possibility that a very small amount of continuous wave (CW) or quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser radiation is emitted prior to the main Q-switch pulse. This is termed pre-lase.
This can be forced to occur, for example, by permitting some leakage through the Q-switch itself. This is normally used for spectral seeding of single frequency lasers to finely control output frequency within the Q-switch pulse.
Pre-lase can also happen by accident, if the resonator is not "closed" enough or when a parasitic resonator is formed from reflective surfaces outside the laser. This may occur in very high gain systems where hold-off is difficult to maintain. One of the unfortunate side-effects is that, particularly when the high gain laser is multi-transverse mode, serious spatial (as well as spectral) seeding occurs, causing the beam to fragment and often become excessively "peaky". This is termed spatial beam seeding.
The fragmentation and excessive peaking of the laser beam resulting from the spatial beam seeding can cause damage to sensitive optics in the system. This is because the peak power density can significantly increase as a result of the spatial beam seeding associated with the pre-lase.
The standard method in which to prevent spatial beam seeding, and hence protect the sensitive optics of the system, is to try to prevent pre-lase occurring at all. This can be accomplished by under-pumping the laser, or by attempting to detect conditions pre-requisite to the onset of pre-lase. Under- pumping the laser reduces output energy, whilst detection of pre-lase is rarely achievable in practice.
The invention described below aims to overcome these disadvantages and produce a Q-switched laser not susceptible to spatial beam seeding, whilst not eliminating pre-lase. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a pumped Q-switch laser, comprising the step of delaying the Q-switch trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a laser comprising the step of delaying the initial pulse of energy to the laser by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a laser system comprising a diode laser for pumping using a defined pump pulse, a trigger for triggering the pumped pulse and control means for delaying the trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
Accordingly, the laser in question can be designed much closer to the damage threshold of the optics, either in the laser itself or in associated systems, completely eliminating the risk that pre-lase will cause the dramatic increase in peak power density associated with spatial seeding. This therefore prevents catastrophic damage to optical coatings and/or substrates, and also permits removal of pre-lase detectors from laser systems thereby simplifying the optics of the system.
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which:-
Figure 1 shows the typical timing of pump, pre-lase and Q-Switch outputs for optimised output energy, in accordance with one form of the invention; and
Figure 2 shows the beam seeding fragmentation caused by varying amounts of pre-lase energy showing that the worst effects are for the smallest amounts of pre-lase energy. In a Q-switched laser system, when pumping the laser using a defined pump pulse, from say a diode laser, the timing of the Q-switch relative to the pump pulse is normally chosen to maximise the output energy, or optimise the output pulse duration. In this configuration, a pre-lase event will cause spatial beam seeding to occur.
Seeding of the main Q-switch output pulse can be completely eliminated by delaying the Q-switch trigger by at least several laser resonator lifetimes (typically 10 to 20ns) after the end of the pump pulse. Indeed, by delaying the Q-switch by up to 1 % of the active laser medium spontaneous emission lifetime (230μs for Nd:YAG) after the end of the pump pulse, spatial seeding can be completely eliminated, no matter how much pre-lase is present, for almost no loss in final output power/energy.
This happens because CW/QCW laser oscillation will die away very quickly once the pump level dies below threshold. There is therefore nothing present to seed the beam spatially or spectrally. The timing and effect of pre- lase using a typical Q-switch trigger can clearly be seen in Figure 1.
In Figure 1 , the diode pump pulse is indicated by reference numeral 10. Numerals 20 and 30 indicate the pre-lase on energy monitor and fast photodiode respectively. The Q-Switch output is indicated by reference numeral 40.
In the situation described above, the pre-lase energy would cause beam seeding, as indicated in Figure 2. By delaying the Q-switch timing by an additional 4 to 5μs on the above trace, all beam seeding is eliminated whilst in the presence of the illustrated level of pre-lase. By delaying the Q-Switch pulse in the manner described above all the transverse beam profiles shown in Figure 2 look homogeneous and similar to that shown for the 14OmJ case.
Preferably when in use, and to obtain the maximum benefit of this technique, a short pump pulse fall time of less than or equal to 2% of lasing medium upper state lifetime is required. Additionally, a Q-switch firing delay of an additional 1 % of lasing medium upper state lifetime subsequent to the fall of - A - the pump pulse is preferable. Furthermore, the Q-switch firing point must be for pump pulse levels at least below the threshold level, preferably with no pump present at all.
It will be appreciated that the technique has been developed with application to diode pumped solid-state Q-switched lasers in general, however it can be used for any such laser where the fall time of the pump radiation is sufficiently fast with respect to the upper state lifetime of the laser medium.

Claims

1. A method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a pumped Q- switch laser, comprising the step of delaying the Q-switch trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
2. A method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding according to claim 1 in which the pump pulse fall time is less than or equal to 2% of the lasing medium upper state lifetime.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, in which the delay of the Q-switch is a further 1% of the lasing medium upper state lifetime subsequent to the fall of the pump pulse.
4. A method according to any preceding claim, in which the Q-switch firing point is for pump levels at least below a predetermined threshold level.
5. A method of preventing spatial or spectral beam seeding in a laser comprising the step of delaying the initial pulse of energy to the laser by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
6. A laser system comprising a diode laser for pumping using a defined pump pulse, a trigger for triggering the pumped pulse and control means for delaying the trigger by an integer number of laser resonator lifetimes after the end of the pump pulse, such that pre-lase does not result in the onset of beam seeding.
7. A laser system according to claim 6, in which the trigger is a Q-switch
8. A laser system according to claim 6 or 7, having a short pump pulse fall time of no more than 2% of the lasing medium upper state lifetime.
9. A laser system according to claim 7 or 8, in which the Q-switch firing point is for pump levels at least below a predetermined threshold level.
10. A laser system according to any one of claims 7 to 9, in which the delay of the Q-switch is a further 1% of the lasing medium upper state lifetime subsequent to the fall of the pump pulse.
PCT/GB2006/050336 2005-11-14 2006-10-18 Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser WO2007054737A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2006313535A AU2006313535B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2006-10-18 Timing of a Q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser
EP06794993A EP1949511A1 (en) 2005-11-14 2006-10-18 Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser
CA2628143A CA2628143C (en) 2005-11-14 2006-10-18 Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser
US11/629,516 US9373929B2 (en) 2005-11-14 2006-10-18 Q-switched laser system and method to prevent seeding from pre-lasing
IL191419A IL191419A (en) 2005-11-14 2008-05-13 Timing of a q-switch to suppress pre-lasing of the laser

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0523128.7 2005-11-14
GB0523128A GB0523128D0 (en) 2005-11-14 2005-11-14 Laser arrangements and methods
EP05270080 2005-11-14
EP05270080.4 2005-11-14

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WO2007054737A1 true WO2007054737A1 (en) 2007-05-18

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EP (2) EP1949511A1 (en)
AU (1) AU2006313535B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2628143C (en)
IL (1) IL191419A (en)
WO (1) WO2007054737A1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR101254246B1 (en) 2012-09-12 2013-04-12 (주) 블루코어컴퍼니 Nd-yag laser high pulse controll device with igbt
JP6242917B2 (en) 2013-02-08 2017-12-06 カール・ツァイス・エスエムティー・ゲーエムベーハー Beam reversing module and optical power amplifier having such a beam reversing module
JP6296927B2 (en) * 2014-07-03 2018-03-20 キヤノン株式会社 Subject information acquisition device and laser device

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US6038241A (en) * 1997-10-24 2000-03-14 Coherent, Inc. Pulsed-laser with first-pulse control
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Title
GEORGIOU E ET AL: "50 mJ/30 ns FTIR Q-switched diode-pumped Er:Yb:glass 1.54 mum laser", OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING CO. AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 198, no. 1-3, 15 October 2001 (2001-10-15), pages 147 - 153, XP004308636, ISSN: 0030-4018 *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 05 14 September 2000 (2000-09-14) *
XIE W ET AL: "FLUORESCENCE FEEDBACK CONTROL OF AN ACTIVE Q-SWITCHED DIODE-PUMPED ND:YVO4 LASER", APPLIED OPTICS, OSA, OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, WASHINGTON, DC, US, vol. 39, no. 6, 20 February 2000 (2000-02-20), pages 978 - 981, XP000928335, ISSN: 0003-6935 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1949511A1 (en) 2008-07-30
US9373929B2 (en) 2016-06-21
CA2628143C (en) 2016-04-12
AU2006313535B2 (en) 2012-06-07
CA2628143A1 (en) 2007-05-18
IL191419A (en) 2013-06-27
EP2985843A2 (en) 2016-02-17
EP2985843A3 (en) 2016-03-02
AU2006313535A1 (en) 2007-05-18
US20080291947A1 (en) 2008-11-27

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