WO2006106334A1 - High performance sofc cathode material in the 4500c - 6500c range - Google Patents

High performance sofc cathode material in the 4500c - 6500c range Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006106334A1
WO2006106334A1 PCT/GB2006/001254 GB2006001254W WO2006106334A1 WO 2006106334 A1 WO2006106334 A1 WO 2006106334A1 GB 2006001254 W GB2006001254 W GB 2006001254W WO 2006106334 A1 WO2006106334 A1 WO 2006106334A1
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Prior art keywords
material according
composite material
electrode
fuel cell
composite
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PCT/GB2006/001254
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French (fr)
Inventor
Sylvia Baron
John Kilner
Robert Rudkin
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Ceres Intellectual Property Company Limited
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Priority to AT06726657T priority Critical patent/ATE483516T1/en
Priority to DK06726657.7T priority patent/DK1877168T3/en
Priority to EP06726657A priority patent/EP1877168B1/en
Priority to US11/910,913 priority patent/US20080160379A1/en
Priority to DE602006017353T priority patent/DE602006017353D1/en
Publication of WO2006106334A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006106334A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
    • C01G51/006—Compounds containing, besides cobalt, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
    • C01G51/40—Cobaltates
    • C01G51/66—Cobaltates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrCoO3
    • C01G51/68—Cobaltates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrCoO3 containing rare earth, e.g. La0.3Sr0.7CoO3
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
    • C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
    • C01G53/40—Nickelates
    • C01G53/66—Nickelates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3, SrNiO2
    • C01G53/68—Nickelates containing alkaline earth metals, e.g. SrNiO3, SrNiO2 containing rare earth, e.g. La1.62 Sr0.38NiO4
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
    • H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
    • H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
    • C01P2002/34—Three-dimensional structures perovskite-type (ABO3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
    • C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
    • C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
    • C01P2002/77—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by unit-cell parameters, atom positions or structure diagrams
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
    • C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/8689—Positive electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

A novel cerium substituted perovskite material is disclosed which may be used as an electrode, current collector or membrane in an electrochemical device such as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) or an oxygen generator. The novel material may be provided as a composite material if desired. It has been found that examples of this material and its composites exhibit greatly improved electrochemical and electronic performance when used as a cathode material, current collector, membrane or the like in an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell or oxygen generator for example.

Description

High Performance SOFC Cathode Material in the 4500C - 6500C Range
The present invention describes the chemical formula for, and the stoichiometric limits of a novel perovskite material system which may be used as an active material in solid state electrochemical devices; particularly solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.
Convention
There are two cathode material systems currently used extensively in the fuel cell and oxygen generator field that define state of the art convention. Both are perovskites of general formula ABO3 as shown in Figure 1. The most established and widely reported is LSCF (La(1-X)SrxCoyFe(1-y)O(3-δ), where 0<x<l and 0<y<l), the second is LSM (La(i,X)SrxMn 0(3-5) where 0<x<l) where δ here and in subsequent formulae represents the degree of oxygen deficiency. LSM is more often found in higher temperature operation solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems comprising YSZ electrolytes. Typical operating temperatures for such systems are in the 75O0C- 10000C range. LSCF based cathodes can operate at lower temperatures and LSCF is therefore the current material of choice for lower temperature YSZ electrolyte based systems and CGO electrolyte based systems. Typical operating temperatures for such systems are in the 600°C-800°C range.
Limitations of Convention
In the field of SOFC technology, when considering performance and cost, there is a constant need to reduce the target operating temperature. The desire for reduced temperature operation drives the requirement for new single phase ceramic materials. Such materials must posses the necessary physical, chemical and electrical properties for acceptable electrode performance when operating the fuel cell at reduced temperatures. Two such key material properties are electrochemical activity and electronic conductivity. The electrochemical activity and electronic conductivity of conventional cathode materials in the temperature range 450°C-600°C are limiting with respect to optimal fuel cell performance. This is the target temperature range of operation for the stainless steel supported, CGO electrolyte based fuel cell described in GB 2,368,450 and cathode materials capable of improved lower temperature performance are sought. Many materials of perovskite type, ABO3 have been used as cathode materials in SOFCs. The perovskite structure is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. The larger A cation is co-ordinated by 12 oxygen ions and the smaller B cation by 6 oxygen ions. PrCoO3 is one such perovskite material and has been reported in US 6, 319,626 as a potential cathode material for use in YSZ electrolyte based systems operating at temperatures in the region of 8000C. Results have also been published on various derivatives of the parent perovskite with lower valence cations substituted onto the A site. An example of such a material is Pro.sSro.2Co03 (PSC).
It is an aim of an embodiment of the present invention to provide a material with improved performance in the temperature range utilised by the fuel cell described in GB 2,368,450 typically below 8000C, preferably below 7000C and more preferably between 450°C-600°C.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a material defined by the formula: ' Ln(i.X)AexB(i.y)CeyO(3.δ); where: - Ln is any of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Ho, Er, Tm or Yb
Ae is any element from the alkaline earth family such as Ca, Sr and Ba - B is any of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Mo,
W5 Zr with 0<x<l and y<0.5.
An aspect of this family of perovskite materials that specifically defines its novelty is that with reference to the general conventional perovskite notation ABO3, Cerium is substituted onto the 'B' site. It has been found that examples of this material exhibit greatly improved electrochemical and electronic performance when used as an electrode material, current collector, membrane or the like in an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell or oxygen separator for example, especially below 8000C preferably below 7000C and more preferably in the temperature range 450°C-600°C. The use of cerium as the substituting B site ion also improves cathode - electrolyte chemical compatibility when the material is used as a cathode within ceria based electrolyte fuel cell systems. A further advantage of the material of the first aspect of the present invention is that when compared to materials with undoped B site stoichiometry, the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) is reduced, reducing the likelihood of separation from adjoining materials, when in use, due to temperature variations. Examples of this material can be obtained by standard solid state techniques. The perovskite material system PSCC (Pro.5Sro.5Ceo.2Cθo.8θ(3-δ)) is a specific example of a family of materials defined by the first aspect of the present invention. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a composite material including Ln(i.X)AexB(i..y)CeyO(3.δ) as described above in the first aspect of the present invention, with a second material being an oxygen ion conductor. An example of such an oxygen ion conducting material system to be provided with the material of the first aspect of the present invention to provide a composite is ceria (CeO2) and solid solutions of ceria with other oxides; a specific example of such a solid solution being CGO (Ce(1-X)GdxO(2-δ) where 0<x<0.5). A second example of such an oxygen ion conducting system to be provided with the material of the first aspect of the present invention to provide a composite system is zirconia (ZrO2) and solid solutions of zirconia with other oxides, examples of such a solid solution being YSZ (Zr(1-X)YxO(2-δ) where 0<x<0.1). An example of such a composite material is (l-z)PSCC/zCGO where z is the volume fraction of CGO.
According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an electrode material, current collector or membrane for use in any solid state electrochemical device, wherein the electrode material, current collector or membrane comprises the material according to the first aspect of the present invention or the composite material according to the second aspect of the present invention. The electrode material is preferably a mixed electronic and oxide ion conducting electrode material. Examples of the third aspect of the present invention include an electrode material on ceria based electrolytes, an electrode material on any electrolyte with a ceria based interface layer, an SOFC cathode, an SOFC current collector, an electrode material in an electrically driven oxygen separator and a membrane in a pressure driven oxygen separator.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an electrochemical device, such as a SOFC or an oxygen generator including an electrode, current collector or membrane including the material according to the first aspect of the present invention or the composite material according to the second aspect of the present invention.
The material and its composites are found to work particularly well at relatively low temperatures such as below 8000C, below 7000C or below 6000C such as between 45O0C and 6000C.
Examples of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows a schematic of a general perovskite structure;
Figure 2 shows a graphical comparison of the cathode area specific resistance vs. reciprocal temperature for an example of a cathode of the material according to the present invention (PSCC) and LSCF; Figure 3 shows a graphical comparison of the cathode area specific resistance vs. reciprocal temperature for an example of a cathode made from a composite material according to the present invention (PSCC/CGO) and a composite of LSCF/CGO;
Figure 4 shows a graphical comparison of cathode area specific resistance vs. reciprocal temperature for an example of a cathode of a material according to the present invention (PSCC) and PSC;
Figure 5 is a scanning electron microscope view of a fuel cell cross-section with a composite PSCC/CGO cathode and
Figure 6 shows a power curve taken at 57O0C for a fuel cell as described in GB 2, 368,450 processed with a PSCC/CGO cathode.
The material of the present invention could be produced by any suitable standard process such as producing a powder by mixed oxide, nitrate, glycine/nitrate routes. The powder would then be made into a usable media for cathode processing such as by providing screen printing ink, tape casting slurry, spray suspension etc. It would then be deposited on a- fuel cell electrolyte or support and sintered.
Figure 2 shows the cathode area specific resistance (ASR) vs. reciprocal temperature for a PSCC cathode measured by the applicant and an LSCF cathode using data from Ralph: Solid State Ionics, Volume 159, Issues 1-2, March 2003, pages 71-78. The ASR was taken as the sum of the cathode low frequency and high frequency arc resistances obtained by AC impedance spectroscopy. As can be seen, the PSCC cathode exhibited much lower ASR for a given temperature. Figure 3 shows a similar comparison between a 70/30 wt % PSCC/CGO composite and a 70/30 wt % LSCF/CGO composite using data from Wang: Solid State Ionics, Volumes 152-153, December 2002, Pages 477-484. As can be seen, the 70/30 wt % PSCC/CGO composite exhibited much lower cathode area specific resistance for a given temperature. Figure 4 shows a similar comparison between PSCC and PSC using data from
Ralph: Solid State Ionics Volume 159, Issues 1-2, March 2003, pages 71-78. As can be seen, the PSCC exhibited much lower cathode area specific resistance for a given temperature.
Figure 5 shows a scanning electron microscope view of a fuel cell cross-section with a PSCC/CGO cathode showing a robust electrolyte cathode/electrolyte interface. The fuel cell was found to exhibit good compatibility between the electrolyte and the cathode post processing.
Figure 6 shows a power curve taken at 57O0C for a fuel cell as in GB 2, 368, 450 processed with a PSCC/CGO cathode. The power curve demonstrates practical power densities in the target temperature range.

Claims

1. A material defined by the formula: Ln(1-X)AexB(1-y)CeyO(3-δ); where: - Ln is any of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Ho, Er, Tm or Yb
Ae is any member of the alkaline earth family such as Ca, Sr or Ba; and
B is any of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Nb, Mo, W, Zr with 0<x<l and y<0.5.
2. A composite material comprising the material according to claim 1 and a further material, the further material being an oxygen ion conductor. -
3. A composite material according to claim 2, wherein the further material includes ceria.
4. A composite material according to claim 3, wherein the further material is a solid solution of ceria with other oxides.
5. A composite according to claim 4, wherein the solid solution is CGO (Ce(1-X)Gdx0(2-s) where 0<x<0.5)
6. A composite material according to claim 2, wherein the further material includes zirconia.
7. A composite material according to claim 6, wherein the further material is a solid solution of zirconia with other oxides.
8. A composite material according to claim 7, wherein the solid solution is (Zr(I- X)YxO(2-δ) where 0<x<0.1).
9. An electrode for an electrochemical device including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8.
10. An electrode according to claim 9, provided on a ceria based electrolyte.
11. An electrode according to claim 9, provided on an electrolyte with a ceria based interface layer.
12. A current collector for an electrochemical device, the current collector including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any of claims 2 to 8.
13. A membrane for an electrochemical device, the membrane including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8.
14. An electrochemical device including an electrode, current collector or membrane including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8.
15. A solid oxide fuel cell with a cathode including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8, an electrolyte and an anode.
16. A solid oxide fuel cell with a current collector including the material according to claim 1, or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8.
17. An oxygen generator with at least one electrode according to any one of claims 9 to 11.
18. An oxygen generator with a membrane including the material according to claim 1 or the composite material according to any one of claims 2 to 8.
19. A material substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
20. A composite material substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
21. An electrode substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
22. An electrochemical device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
23. A solid oxide fuel cell substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
24. An oxygen separator substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
PCT/GB2006/001254 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 High performance sofc cathode material in the 4500c - 6500c range WO2006106334A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT06726657T ATE483516T1 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 HIGH PERFORMANCE SOFC CATHODE MATERIAL IN THE RANGE 450OC-650OC
DK06726657.7T DK1877168T3 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 High performance SOFC cathode material in the range 450C - 650C
EP06726657A EP1877168B1 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 High performance sofc cathode material in the 450°c - 650°c range
US11/910,913 US20080160379A1 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 High Performance Sofc Cathode Material in the 450C-650C Range
DE602006017353T DE602006017353D1 (en) 2005-04-08 2006-04-05 HIGH-PERFORMANCE SOFC CATHODE MATERIAL IN THE 450oC-650oC AREA

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0507180A GB2424878B (en) 2005-04-08 2005-04-08 High performance SOFC Cathode material in the 450 C 650 C range
GB0507180.8 2005-04-08

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WO2006106334A1 true WO2006106334A1 (en) 2006-10-12

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EP (1) EP1877168B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE483516T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602006017353D1 (en)
DK (1) DK1877168T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2353613T3 (en)
GB (1) GB2424878B (en)
WO (1) WO2006106334A1 (en)

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US10270119B2 (en) 2014-03-12 2019-04-23 Ceres Intellectual Property Company Limited Fuel cell stack arrangement
GB202001138D0 (en) 2020-01-27 2020-03-11 Ceres Ip Co Ltd Electrode material
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WO2021078874A1 (en) 2019-10-24 2021-04-29 Ceres Intellectual Property Company Limited Metal-supported cell unit
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US11522210B2 (en) 2019-10-22 2022-12-06 Ceres Intellectual Property Company Limited Alignment apparatus and methods of alignment
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