WO2006091095A2 - Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream - Google Patents
Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006091095A2 WO2006091095A2 PCT/NL2006/050007 NL2006050007W WO2006091095A2 WO 2006091095 A2 WO2006091095 A2 WO 2006091095A2 NL 2006050007 W NL2006050007 W NL 2006050007W WO 2006091095 A2 WO2006091095 A2 WO 2006091095A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- soot particles
- gas stream
- liquid
- optical properties
- suspension
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006194 liquid suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 19
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
- G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2205—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling with filters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2211—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling with cyclones
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2214—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling by sorption
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2247—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas
- G01N1/2252—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas in a vehicle exhaust
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
- G01N15/075—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by optical means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
- G01N1/2214—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling by sorption
- G01N2001/2217—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling by sorption using a liquid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining soot particles in a gas stream, comprising the measurement of the optical properties.
- a method for determining soot particles in a gas stream comprising the measurement of the optical properties.
- Such a method is generally known in the art and is carried out, for example, in a so- called aethalometer.
- Soot particles occur in the atmosphere as an undesired component.
- these originate from diesel engines. It has been found that the determination of suspended soot particles in air and other gaseous media is unpredictable because of the other particles adhering to the soot. Particularly large measurement differences have been found especially if the measurement is based on the transmittance of light, as a result of which it is impossible to determine the soot concentration rapidly and accurately with existing meters.
- Soot particles are in fact harmful to human and animal airways. This is especially true of soot particles with a particle size between a few nanometres and a few micrometres. More particularly it is important to measure the presence of soot particles with dimensions smaller than 400 nm. Such particles can occur in very small concentrations. For example, a value of some ⁇ g/m 3 gas may be mentioned.
- a method for determining atmospheric pollutants is disclosed in GB 2320088. More in particular, the size distribution of such pollutants can be determined bypassing the atmospheric gas through fluid columns connected in series, a certain particle size being absorbed in each column.
- the aim of the present invention is to provide a method with which it is possible to determine the presence of soot particles in an accurate manner. More in particular, the aim of the present invention is to provide a method which can be carried out continuously or discontinuously. Furthermore, one aim of the present invention is to prevent effects caused by soluble salts in the light measurement as far as possible.
- the determination of the optical properties no longer takes place in a gas stream, such as air, containing soot particles, but in a liquid.
- the soot particles are brought into suspension in that liquid.
- at least 70 % is a soluble salt. These salts dissolve in the liquid and the detrimental disturbing effect of these foreign particles will largely be eliminated.
- the time resolution considerably increases, for example from 1 day to 1 minute. Suspension of the soot particles in the liquid can be carried out by any means known in the state of the art.
- the soot particles are moistened with the liquid concerned or a liquid related thereto.
- This moistening can be carried out by a physical (condensation) or chemical means.
- the mass of the soot particles thereby increases and it is possible to separate the soot particles from the gas with separation on a weight basis. For example, using a centrifuging operation with, for example, a cyclone the soot particles collect in the liquid used.
- the moistening can. be carried out by passing a (water) vapour stream through the gas containing soot particles to be determined.
- the suspension achieved with the invention has proved particularly stable. It is consequently possible to prepare the suspension at a measurement location and then to measure this at another place, such as a central laboratory, in a sealed container. However, it is also possible to carry out measurements on the spot on a continuous basis.
- soot particles are first passed through a filter before they are subjected to a determination. Soot particles of a certain particle size are thereby retained.
- filters with different permeabilities different determinations can be performed and on this basis a statement can be made not only about the amount of soot present, but also about the particle size distribution. As previously stated, this is important as in certain determinations the larger particles in particular are less important. Thus, in certain measurements, a statement is especially requested regarding the amount of particles with a particle size of less than 2.5 ⁇ m.
- the invention also relates to a assembly comprising the determination of the soot particle size distribution in said gas stream, wherein for carrying out the method described above the gas stream is passed as described above through a first filter, followed by a first determination as described above, and is then passed through a second filter with a different permeability to the first filter for performing a second determination according to the above method.
- This stage can be repeated a number of times to achieve a highly refined particle size distribution.
- Fig. 1 shows highly diagrammatically the layout of a measurement assembly according to the invention
- Fig. 2 shows details of the suspension device and moistening device according to the invention
- Fig. 3 shows diagrammatically the circuit of the assembly according to the invention during the determination of a sample
- Fig. 4 shows the illustration according to Fig. 3 during the flushing of the device.
- the assembly according to the invention is indicated in its entirety by 1. This consists of a measurement device 2, a suspension device 3 and a filter unit 4. A moistening device 18 is connected between the suspension device 3 and filter unit 4.
- the filter unit 4 consists of a number of filters 16. These preferably have a different permeability and a shut-off valve 5 is always connected downstream thereof.
- a filtering limit for the filters of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 and 1 ⁇ m, respectively, is mentioned. This means that particles larger than the value concerned are not allowed through.
- the gas to be measured wherein in soot particles are present is fed via inlet 25.
- one (or more) of the shut-off valves 5 will be opened, though which the particular gas introduced is fed after filtering via pipe 6 and common discharge pipe 7 to moistening device 18.
- the gas with moistened soot particles is then introduced into the suspension device 3, the details of which are shown in Fig. 2.
- the soot particles are passed through a degassing device 10 and fed via pipe 11 to measuring tube 12 of measurement device 2.
- Measuring tube 12 is provided at one end with a lamp or some other lighting device 13 and provided at its other end with a sensor 14.
- the electronic part of the measurement device, which may also include a controller, is indicated by 15.
- the measuring tube 12 can have a relatively small volume of e.g. 0.2 ml for a length of about 1 metre.
- Fig. 2 shows details of the suspension device 3 and the moistening device 18.
- the gas originating from the filters 16 enters the moistening device 18 via pipe 7.
- Steam is injected into the chamber 30 through nozzle 20 via pipe 9.
- liquid 22 collects around the soot particles 21.
- some agglomeration of the particles thus obtained occurs. Consequently, the weight thereof in the moistening device 18 increases considerably.
- the particles moistened in this way are fed to suspension device 3 via inlet pipe 19.
- This device consists of a cyclone 23 with a central outlet 24 for gas extending upwards. This gas is extracted with a gas pump.
- Liquid with soot particles collects at the wall of cyclone 23 and moves down along the wall to be fed via pipe 10 to the degassing device 8. The liquid stream thus obtained then moves via pipe 11 into tube 12 and the determination is performed.
- Tube 12 is provided with a drain 31.
- Figs 3 and 4 show how the measuring tube 12 can be cleaned regularly.
- there is a flushing agent in holder 28 which can be pumped via pump 27.
- Flushing is performed in the position shown in Fig. 3.
- the agent is fed from holder 28 via pump 27 to the outlet 31 of the measuring tube 12 and pumped through the measuring tube 12. After passing the degassing device 8, it is discharged as waste at drain 32.
- the sample located in the pipe section between 4 and 7 is fed as a package via pipe 10 and pump 27 with the liquid from holder 28 after the degassing to tube 12.
- the assembly can be calibrated by any method known in the state of the art. However, according to the invention, ink is more especially used. Another calibration method is chemical oxidation of soot to carbon dioxide and the subsequent determination of carbon dioxide.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06700792A EP1839029A2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2006-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
CA002594616A CA2594616A1 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2006-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
CN2006800021552A CN101124470B (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2006-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
US11/813,815 US7830508B2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2006-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
NO20073593A NO20073593L (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2007-07-12 | Method and apparatus for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL1028013A NL1028013C2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2005-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream. |
NL1028013 | 2005-01-12 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006091095A2 true WO2006091095A2 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
WO2006091095A3 WO2006091095A3 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
Family
ID=34974715
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NL2006/050007 WO2006091095A2 (en) | 2005-01-12 | 2006-01-12 | Method and assembly for determining soot particles in a gas stream |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7830508B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1839029A2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101124470B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2594616A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL1028013C2 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20073593L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006091095A2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2009074910A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
WO2009074943A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
EP1818665A3 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2014-06-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Particle sensor |
LU92382B1 (en) * | 2014-02-26 | 2015-08-27 | Fib Services Intellectual Sa | Smoke characterization device |
EP2864753A4 (en) * | 2012-06-25 | 2016-02-24 | Avl Test Systems Inc | Emissions measurement equipment and method |
CN108375654A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-08-07 | 佛山市诺瓦安评检测有限公司 | The concentration detection apparatus and detection method of Brodifacoum in Exposed air |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0808385D0 (en) * | 2008-05-08 | 2008-06-18 | Naneum Ltd | A condensation apparatus |
WO2012054876A2 (en) * | 2010-10-22 | 2012-04-26 | Magee Scientific Corporation | Method and analyzer for determining the content of carbon-containing particles filtered from an air stream |
EP3089807A4 (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2017-02-15 | Hollison, LLC | Aerosol particle separation and collection |
CN110346190B (en) * | 2019-08-13 | 2022-03-18 | 上海明华电力科技有限公司 | Device and method for testing soluble salt discharged by fixed source flue gas |
CN111366422A (en) * | 2020-03-13 | 2020-07-03 | 国电环境保护研究院有限公司 | Method and device for testing slurry fog drops of wet desulphurization system |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH615998A5 (en) * | 1977-06-14 | 1980-02-29 | Ernst Koneth | Method and appliance for the continuous measurement of CO2 in flue gases. |
GB2320088A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1998-06-10 | Sharp Kk | Collection and analysis of contaminants in an atmosphere |
WO1998043063A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 1998-10-01 | Aerosol Dynamics Inc. | Integrated collection and vaporization particle chemistry monitoring |
US6217636B1 (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2001-04-17 | The Texas A&M University System | Transpirated wall aerosol collection system and method |
WO2002018911A1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-03-07 | Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland | Method and installation for determining organic particles floating in the air |
US20020134137A1 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-09-26 | Ondov John M. | System and method for collecting samples of atmospheric aerosol particles for near-real time analysis |
US6503758B1 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2003-01-07 | President & Fellows Of Harvard College | Systems and methods for measuring nitrate levels |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH06186155A (en) * | 1992-10-21 | 1994-07-08 | Toa Medical Electronics Co Ltd | Particle analyzer |
-
2005
- 2005-01-12 NL NL1028013A patent/NL1028013C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2006
- 2006-01-12 EP EP06700792A patent/EP1839029A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-01-12 CA CA002594616A patent/CA2594616A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-01-12 CN CN2006800021552A patent/CN101124470B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-01-12 WO PCT/NL2006/050007 patent/WO2006091095A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-01-12 US US11/813,815 patent/US7830508B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-07-12 NO NO20073593A patent/NO20073593L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH615998A5 (en) * | 1977-06-14 | 1980-02-29 | Ernst Koneth | Method and appliance for the continuous measurement of CO2 in flue gases. |
GB2320088A (en) * | 1995-08-24 | 1998-06-10 | Sharp Kk | Collection and analysis of contaminants in an atmosphere |
WO1998043063A1 (en) * | 1997-03-21 | 1998-10-01 | Aerosol Dynamics Inc. | Integrated collection and vaporization particle chemistry monitoring |
US6217636B1 (en) * | 1998-03-13 | 2001-04-17 | The Texas A&M University System | Transpirated wall aerosol collection system and method |
US6503758B1 (en) * | 1999-10-12 | 2003-01-07 | President & Fellows Of Harvard College | Systems and methods for measuring nitrate levels |
WO2002018911A1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-03-07 | Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland | Method and installation for determining organic particles floating in the air |
US20020134137A1 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-09-26 | Ondov John M. | System and method for collecting samples of atmospheric aerosol particles for near-real time analysis |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1818665A3 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2014-06-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Particle sensor |
DE102006006112B4 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2024-01-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Particle sensor |
WO2009074910A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
WO2009074943A1 (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-18 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
US8627732B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2014-01-14 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
US8627733B2 (en) | 2007-12-12 | 2014-01-14 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Device for characterizing a size distribution of electrically-charged airborne particles in an air flow |
EP2864753A4 (en) * | 2012-06-25 | 2016-02-24 | Avl Test Systems Inc | Emissions measurement equipment and method |
US9829413B2 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2017-11-28 | Avl Test Systems, Inc. | Emissions measurement equipment and method |
LU92382B1 (en) * | 2014-02-26 | 2015-08-27 | Fib Services Intellectual Sa | Smoke characterization device |
CN108375654A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-08-07 | 佛山市诺瓦安评检测有限公司 | The concentration detection apparatus and detection method of Brodifacoum in Exposed air |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20073593L (en) | 2007-10-01 |
NL1028013C2 (en) | 2006-07-17 |
US20080198382A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
CN101124470B (en) | 2012-02-01 |
CA2594616A1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
WO2006091095A3 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
US7830508B2 (en) | 2010-11-09 |
EP1839029A2 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
CN101124470A (en) | 2008-02-13 |
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