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  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/048—Pyridine radicals
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  • C07H19/14—Pyrrolo-pyrimidine radicals
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  • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
  • C07H19/23—Heterocyclic radicals containing two or more heterocyclic rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system, not provided for in groups C07H19/14 - C07H19/22

Definitions

• This invention relates to compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment of various disorders, particularly disorders of cell proliferation, including cancers, and inflammatory disorders.
• the invention provides compounds which inhibit the activity of El type activating enzymes.
• Ubls is an important regulatory process within cells, playing key roles in controlling many biological processes including cell division, cell signaling and the immune response.
• Ubls are small proteins that are covalently attached to a lysine on a target protein via an isopeptide linkage with a C-terminal glycine of the ubl.
• the ubiquitin-like molecule alters the molecular surface of the target protein and can affect such properties as protein-protein interactions, enzymatic activity, stability and cellular localization of the target.
• Ubiquitin and other ubls are activated by a specific El enzyme which catalyzes the formation of an acyl-adenylate intermediate with the C-terminal glycine of the ubl.
• the activated ubl molecule is then transferred to the catalytic cysteine residue within the El enzyme through formation of a thioester bond intermediate.
• the El-ubl intermediate and an E2 associate, resulting in a thioester exchange wherein the ubl is transferred to the active site cysteine of the E2.
• the ubl is then conjugated to the target protein, either directly or in conjunction with an E3 ligase, through isopeptide bond formation with the amino group of a lysine side chain in the target protein.
• Ubiquitin is the best characterized of the ubls and a consequence of modification by ubiquitination is the degradation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins by the 26S proteasome.
• Ubiquitin is conjugated to its target proteins through an enzymatic cascade involving its specific El activating enzyme, Ubal (ubiquitin activating enzyme, UAE), a conjugating
• ubiquitin-like proteins there are at least 10 ubiquitin-like proteins, each believed to be activated by a specific El activating enzyme and processed through similar but distinct downstream conjugation pathways.
• El activating enzymes include Nedd8 (APPBP1-Uba3), ISG15 (UBElL) and the SUMO family (Aosl-Uba2).
• the ubl Nedd8 is activated by the heterodimer Nedd8-activating enzyme
• APPBP1-Uba3 (NAE) and is transferred to a single E2 (Ubcl2), ultimately resulting in ligation to cullin proteins.
• E2 Ubcl2
• the function of neddylation is the activation of cullin-based ubiquitin ligases involved in the ubiquitination and hence turnover of many cell cycle and cell signaling proteins, including p27 and I- ⁇ B. See Pan et al, Oncogene. 23:1985-97, (2004).
• the ubl SUMO is activated by the heterodimer sumo activating enzyme (Aosl-Uba2) (SAE) and is transferred to a single E2 (Ubc9), followed by coordination with multiple E3 ligases, ultimately resulting in sumoylation of target proteins.
• SAE heterodimer sumo activating enzyme
• Ubc9 single E2
• E3 ligases E3 ligases
• the function of sumoylation includes activation of cell signaling pathways (e.g., cytokine, WNT, growth factor, and steroid hormone signaling) involved in transcription regulation; as well as pathways involved in control of genomic integrity (e.g., DNA replication, response to DNA damage, recombination and repair). See Muller et al, Oncogene. 23:1998-2006, (2004). There are other ubls (e.g., ISG15, FATlO, Apgl2p) for which the biological functions are still under investigation.
• cell signaling pathways e.g., cytokine, WNT, growth factor, and steroid hormone signaling
• genomic integrity e.g., DNA replication, response to DNA damage, recombination and repair.
• UPP ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
• the enzymes UAE and NAE regulate the UPP at two different steps in the ubiquitination cascade.
• UAE activates ubiquitin in the first step of the cascade, while NAE, via activation of Nedd8, is responsible for the activation of the cullin based ligases, which in turn are required for the final transfer of ubiquitin to certain target proteins
• a functional UPP pathway is required for normal cell maintenance.
• the UPP plays a central role in the turnover of many key regulatory proteins involved in transcription, cell cycle progression
• modulation of the UPP pathway by inhibition of the 26S proteasome by VELCADE has proven to be an effective treatment in certain cancers and is approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.
• proteins whose levels are controlled by cullin-based ubiquitin ligases which are downstream of NAE and UAE activity include the CDK inhibitor p27 Mpl and the inhibitor of NFKB, IKB. See, Podust et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScI, 97: 4579-4584, (2000), and Read et al, MoI. Cell Biol, 20: 2326-2333, (2000).
• Inhibition of the degradation of p27 is expected to block the progression of cells through the Gl and S phases of the cell cycle. Interfering with the degradation of IKB should prevent the nuclear localization of NF- ⁇ B, transcription of various NF- ⁇ B-dependent genes associated with the malignant phenotype, and resistance to standard cytotoxic therapies. Additionally, NF- ⁇ B plays a key role in the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory mediators, implicating a role for such inhibitors in inflammatory diseases.
• UPP has been implicated as a useful target for additional therapeutics, such as inflammatory disorders, including, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and reperfusion injury; neurodegenerative disorders, including e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, triplet repeat disorders; neuropathic pain; ischemic disorders, e.g., stroke, infarction, kidney disorders; and cachexia.
• inflammatory disorders including, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and reperfusion injury
• neurodegenerative disorders including e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, triplet repeat disorders
• neuropathic pain ischemic disorders, e.g., stroke, infarction, kidney disorders
• ischemic disorders e.g., stroke, infarction, kidney disorders
• cachexia e.g., e., e., rheum
• Targeting El activating enzymes provides a unique opportunity to interfere with a variety of biochemical pathways important for maintaining the integrity of cell division and cell signaling.
• El activating enzymes function at the first step of ubl conjugation pathways; thus, inhibition of an El activating enzyme will specifically modulate the downstream biological consequences of the ubl modification. As such, inhibition of
• This invention provides compounds that are effective inhibitors of El activating enzymes, particularly NAE.
• the compounds are useful for inhibiting El activity in vitro and in vivo, and are useful for the treatment of disorders of cell proliferation, particularly cancers, and other disorders associated with El activity.
• Compounds of the invention are of the general formula I-A:
• Ring A is selected from the group consisting of:
• Ring A wherein one ring nitrogen atom in Ring A optionally is oxidized;
• X is -CH 2 -, -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -NH-, or -O-;
• - 5 - Y is -O-, -S-, or -C(R m )(R n )-;
• each R independently is hydrogen, halo, -CN, -OH, -0-(C 1-4 aliphatic), -NH 2 , -NH-(C 1-4 aliphatic), -N(C 1-4 aliphatic) 2 , -SH, -S-(C 1-4 aliphatic), or an optionally substituted C 14 aliphatic group;
• R j is hydrogen, -OR 5 , -SR 6 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, or heteroaryl group;
• R is hydrogen, halo, -OR 5 , -SR 6 , -N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic group;
• R m is hydrogen, fluoro, -N(R 4 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic group
• R 1 is hydrogen, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, -NR 7 R 8 , -R 9 , -SH, -SCH 3 , -S-R 10 , -OH, -OCH 3 , or -O-R 11 ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, -N(R 6 ) 2 , -CN, -0-(C 1-4 aliphatic), -OH, -SR 6 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic group;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, -CN, -N 3 , hydroxy, -OR , -NH 2 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , -OC(O)OR 21 , -C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic, or a -C 1-4 aliphatic optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OR 5x , -N(R 4x )(R 4y ), -CO 2 R 5x , or -C(O)N(R 4x )(R 4y ); or R 3a and R 3c together form a bond;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, C 1-4 aliphatic, and C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, -CN, -N 3 , hydroxy, -OR , -NH 2 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , -OC(O)OR 21 , -C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic, or a -C 1-4 aliphatic optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OR 5x , -N(R ⁇ )(R 45 ), -CO 2 R 5x , or -C(O)N(R 4x )(R 4y ); or R a and R c together form a bond;
• R is hydrogen, or C 14 aliphatic; or R , taken together with one R and the intervening carbon atoms, forms a 3- to 6-membered spirocyclic ring;
• R is hydrogen, or C 1-4 aliphatic
• each R is independently hydrogen or C 14 aliphatic
• R is an optionally substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic
• R 9 is -V-Z-R 12a , -V-Z-R 12b , -R 12c , or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group;
• R 10 is an unsubstituted C 2-10 aliphatic, a substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
• R is an unsubstituted C 2-10 aliphatic, a substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
• R is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, or C 6-10 ar(C 1-4 )alkyl, the aryl portion of which may be optionally substituted;
• R y is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, C 6-10 ar(C 1-4 )alkyl, the aryl portion of which may be optionally substituted, or an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl ring; or
• R 4* and R 4y taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, 0-2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S;
• each R 5x independently is hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 fluoroalkyl, or an optionally substituted C M0 aryl or C 6-10 ar(C M )alkyl;
• R 12a is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocydyl, or cycloaliphatic group
• R 12b is halo, -NO 2 , -CN, -OR 14 , -SR 15 , -N(R 16 ) 2 , -N(R 16 )C(O)R 15 , -N(R 16 )C(O)N(R 16 ) 2 ,
• each R 13 is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; each R 14 independently is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; each R 15 independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic, or aryl group;
• each R 1 independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted five to eight membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, zero to two additional ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; each R independently is an optionally substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; and m is 1, 2, or 3.
• El refers to any one of a family of related ATP-dependent activating enzymes involved in activating or promoting ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like (collectively "ubl") conjugation to target molecules.
• El activating enzymes function through an adenylation/thioester intermediate formation to transfer the appropriate ubl to the respective E2 conjugating enzyme through a transthiolation reaction.
• the resulting activated ubl-E2 promotes ultimate conjugation of the ubl to a target protein.
• El activating enzymes e.g., NAE, UAE, SAE
• El enzyme is meant to refer to any El activating enzyme protein, including, without limitation, nedd ⁇ activating enzyme (NAE (APPBPl /Uba3)), ubiquitin activating enzyme (UAE (Ubal)), sumo activating enzyme (SAE (Aosl/Uba2)), or ISG15 activating enzyme (UbelL), preferably human NAE, SAE or UAE, and more preferably NAE.
• NAE nedd ⁇ activating enzyme
• UAE ubiquitin activating enzyme
• SAE Aosl/Uba2
• ISG15 activating enzyme UbelL
• El enzyme inhibitor or "inhibitor of El enzyme” is used to signify a compound having a structure as defined herein, which is capable of interacting with an El enzyme and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.
• Inhibiting El enzymatic activity means reducing the ability of an El enzyme to activate ubiquitin like (ubl) conjugation to a substrate peptide or protein (e.g., ubiquitination, neddylation, sumoylation).
• such reduction of El enzyme activity is at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99%.
• the concentration of El enzyme inhibitor required to reduce an El enzymatic activity is less than about 1 ⁇ M, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, or less than about 10 nM.
• the El enzyme inhibitor reduces the ability of one or more El enzymes (e.g., NAE, UAE, or SAE) to promote ubl conjugation to substrate peptide or protein at a concentration that is lower than the concentration of the inhibitor that is required to produce another, unrelated biological effect.
• the El enzyme inhibitor reduces the activity of one El enzyme at a concentration that is lower than the concentration of the inhibitor that is required to reduce enzymatic activity of a different El enzyme.
• the El enzyme inhibitor also reduces the enzymatic activity of another El enzyme, preferably one that is implicated in regulation of pathways involved in cancer (e.g., NAE and UAE).
• aliphatic as used herein, means straight-chain, branched or cyclic
• suitable aliphatic groups include substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof, such as cycloalkyl, (cylcoalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
• the aliphatic group has one to ten, one to eight, one to six, one to four, or one, two, or three carbons.
• alkyl refers to a straight and branched chain aliphatic group having from one to twelve carbon atoms.
• alkyl will be used when the carbon atom attaching the aliphatic group to the rest of the molecule is a saturated carbon atom.
• an alkyl group may include unsaturation at other carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, propargyl, butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.
• alkoxy refers to an -O-alkyl radical.
• alkenyl will be used when the carbon atom attaching the aliphatic group to the rest of the molecule forms part of a carbon-carbon double bond.
• Alkenyl groups include, without limitation, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, and 1-hexenyl.
• alkynyl will be used when the carbon atom attaching the aliphatic group to the rest of the molecule forms part of a carbon-carbon triple bond.
• Alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, and 1-hexynyl.
• cycloaliphatic used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic aliphatic ring system having from 3 to about 14 members, wherein the aliphatic ring system is optionally substituted.
• the cycloaliphatic is a monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3-8 or 3-6 ring carbon atoms.
• Nonlimiting examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cydoheptyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, and cyclooctadienyl.
• the cycloaliphatic is a bridged or fused bicyclic hydrocarbon having 6-12, 6-10, or 6-8 ring carbon atoms, wherein any individual ring in the bicyclic ring system has 3-8 members.
• two adjacent substituents on a cycloaliphatic ring taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 5- to 6-membered aromatic or 3- to 8-membered non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• cycloaliphatic includes aliphatic rings that are fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl rings.
• Nonlimiting examples include indanyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, decahydronaphthyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the aliphatic ring.
• haloaliphatic refers to an aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy group, as the case may be, which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.
• halogen or halo means F, Cl, Br, or I.
• fluoroaliphatic refers to a haloaliphatic wherein the halogen is fluoro.
• aryl and "ar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g.,
• aralkyl refers to a C 6 to C 14 aromatic hydrocarbon, comprising one to three rings, each of which is optionally substituted.
• the aryl group is a C 6-10 aryl group.
• Aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl.
• aryl as used herein, includes groups in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic,
• fused ring systems include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, phenanthridinyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indolinyl, phenoxazinyl, benzodioxanyl, and be
• aryl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, preferably mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicyclic.
• aryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “aryl group”, “aryl moiety”, and “aryl ring”.
• an "aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” group comprises an aryl group covalently attached to an alkyl group, either of which independently is optionally substituted.
• the aralkyl group is C 6-10 aryl(C 1 6 )alkyl, including, without limitation, benzyl, phenethyl, and naphthylmethyl.
• heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., heteroaralkyl, or “heteroaralkoxy”, refer to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, 9, or 10 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to four heteroatoms.
• heteroatom refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen.
• nitrogen when used in reference to a ring atom of a heteroaryl, includes an oxidized nitrogen (as in pyridine N-oxide). Certain nitrogen atoms of 5-membered heteroaryl groups also are substitutable, as further defined below.
• Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl.
• heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring.
• Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl,
• a heteroaryl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, preferably mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicyclic.
• heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, or “heteroaryl group”, any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted.
• heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.
• aromatic ring and “aromatic ring system” refer to an optionally substituted mono-, bi-, or tricyclic group having 0-6, preferably 0-4 ring heteroatoms, and having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array.
• aromatic ring and “aromatic ring system” encompass both aryl and heteroaryl groups.
• heterocycle As used herein, the terms “heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”, “heterocyclic radical”, and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 3- to 7-membered monocyclic, or to a fused 7- to 10-membered or bridged 6- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above.
• nitrogen includes a substituted nitrogen.
• the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or + NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).
• a heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure, and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted.
• saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl.
• heterocyclic ring taken together with the intervening ring atoms, form an optionally substituted fused 5- to 6-membered aromatic or 3- to 8-membered non-aromatic ring having 0-3 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• heterocyclic radical are used interchangeably herein, and include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring.
• a heterocyclyl group may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic, preferably mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, more preferably mono- or bicyclic.
• heterocyclylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.
• partially unsaturated refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond between ring atoms.
• the term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.
• linker group means an organic moiety that connects two parts of a compound.
• Linkers typically comprise an atom such as oxygen or sulfur, a unit such as -NH-, -CH 2 -, -C(O)-, -C(O)NH-, or a chain of atoms, such as an alkylene chain.
• the molecular mass of a linker is typically in the range of about 14 to 200, preferably in the range of 14 to 96 with a length of up to about six atoms.
• the linker is a C j _ 6 alkylene chain which is optionally substituted.
• alkylene refers to a bivalent alkyl group.
• An "alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., -(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from one to six, from one to four, from one to three, from one to two, or from two to three.
• a substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms is replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.
• An alkylene chain also may be substituted at one or more positions with an aliphatic group or a substituted aliphatic group.
• An alkylene chain also can be optionally interrupted by a functional group.
• An alkylene chain is "interrupted" by a functional group when an internal methylene unit is replaced with the functional group.
• Each R* independently is hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group.
• Examples of C 3 6 alkylene chains that have been "interrupted" with -O- include -CH 2 OCH 2 -, -CH 2 O(CH 2 V, -CH 2 O(CH 2 V, -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 4 -, -(CEy 2 OCH 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 2 O(CH 2 ) 2 -, -(CH 2 )P(CH 2 V, -(CH 2 ) 3 O(CH 2 )-, -(CH 2 ) 3 O(CH 2 ) 2 - , and -(CH 2 ) 4 O(CH 2 )-.
• alkylene chains that are "interrupted" with functional groups include -CH 2 GCH 2 -, -CH 1 G(CHJ 2 -, -CH 2 G(CBy 3 -, -CH 2 G(CH 2 ),-, -(CHJ 2 GCH 2 -, -(CHJ 2 G(CHJ 2 -, -(CHJ 2 G(CHJ 3 -, -(CHJ 3 G(CHJ-, -(CHJ 3 G(CHJ 2 - , and -(CH 2 ) 4 G(CH 2 )-, wherein G is one of the "interrupting" functional groups listed above.
• a stable or chemically feasible compound is one in which the chemical structure is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature from about -80 0 C to about +40 0 C, preferably from about -20 0 C to about +40 0 C, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week, or a compound which maintains its integrity long enough to be useful for therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a patient.
• substituted means that a hydrogen radical of the designated moiety is replaced with the radical of a specified substituent, provided that the substitution results in a stable or chemically feasible compound.
• substituted when used in reference to a designated atom, means that attached to the atom is a hydrogen radical, which can be replaced with the radical of a suitable substituent.
• substituents refers to a number of substituents that equals from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites, provided that the above conditions of stability and
• an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and the substituents may be either the same or different.
• the term "independently selected” means that the same or different values may be selected for multiple instances of a given variable in a single compound.
• An aryl (including the aryl moiety in aralkyl, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl and the like) or heteroaryl (including the heteroaryl moiety in heteroaralkyl and heteroaralkoxy and the like) group may contain one or more substituents.
• An aliphatic group or a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring may be substituted with one or more substituents.
• substituted aliphatic refers to an aliphatic group having at least one non-aliphatic substituent.
• - 16 - also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
• the compounds of formula I wherein R a is hydroxy can have R or S configuration at the carbon atom bearing R 3a . Both the R and the S stereochemical isomers, as well as all mixtures thereof, are included within the scope of the invention.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of a hydrogen atom by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon atom by a C- or 1 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of the invention.
• X is -CH 2 -, -CHF-, -CF 2 -, -NH-, or -O-. In some embodiments, X is -CH 2 -, -NH-, or -O-. In certain embodiments, X is -O-.
• Y is -O-, -S-, or -C(R m )(R n )-, where R m and
• R n are as described above.
• R m is hydrogen, fluoro, -NH 2 , -NH(C 1-4 aliphatic), -N(C 1-4 aliphatic) 2 , or C 1-4 aliphatic.
• Y is -O- or -CH 2 .
• R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, -CN, -N 3 , hydroxy, -OR 21 , -NH 2 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , -OC(O)OR 21 , -C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic, or a
• R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, -NH 2 ,
• R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -OH, -OCH 3 , C 1-4 aliphatic,
• R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, -OH, -OCH 3 , -CH 3 , and fluoro.
• R 3a is -OH.
• R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, -CN, -N 3 , hydroxy, -OR 21 , -NH 2 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , -OC(O)OR 21 , -C 14 fluoroaliphatic, or a -C 1-4 aliphatic optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OR 5x , -N(R 4x )(R 4y ), -CO 2 R 5 ", or -C(O)N(R 4x )(R 4y ).
• R c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, -NH 2 , -C 1-4 aliphatic, fluoro, -CN, -C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic, -OR 21 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 ,-N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , and -OC(O)OR 21 .
• R 3c is hydrogen, -OH, -OCH 3 , or fluoro. In certain particular embodiments, R 3c is hydrogen or -OH.
• R and R are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, C 14 aliphatic, and C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic. In some embodiments, one of R and R is C 1-4 aliphatic and the other is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 3 and R are each hydrogen.
• R 3a and R 3c are each -OH, and R and R are each hydrogen.
• R 3a is -OH, and each of R 3 , R c , and R is hydrogen.
• R is -OH, R is fluoro or -OCH 3 , and R and R are each hydrogen.
• R 3a is -OH, R 3b is -CH 3 , R 3c is hydrogen or -OH, and R 3d is hydrogen.
• R and R together form a bond, and R and R are each hydrogen.
• each R independently is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic.
• each R independently is hydrogen or -CH 3 .
• one R is hydrogen or -CH 3
• the other R is hydrogen.
• each R is hydrogen.
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic; or R , taken together with one R and the intervening carbon atoms, forms a 3- to 6-membered spirocyclic ring.
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic.
• R is hydrogen or -CH 3 .
• R is hydrogen.
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic.
• R 5 is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic.
• R is hydrogen or -CH 3 .
• R 5 is hydrogen.
• Ring A is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 7 R 7 R 7 R 1 and R are as defined above and as further defined below.
• R is hydrogen, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, -N(R 6 ) 2 , -CN, -Q-(C 1-4 aliphatic), -OH, -SR 6 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic
• R 2 is hydrogen, chloro, or -N(R 6 J 2 . In certain embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen or chloro. In certain particular embodiments, R is hydrogen.
• the compound of formula (I-A) is characterized by at least one of the following features:
• Y is -O- or -CH 2 -;
• R 3a is -OH
• R 3b and R 3d are each independently hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic;
• R c is hydrogen, fluoro, or -OR 5 ;
• R and R are each hydrogen
• each R is hydrogen
• each R is hydrogen
• R 1 is hydrogen
• (k) R is hydrogen, halo, or C 1 4 aliphatic.
• One embodiment of the invention relates to a subgenus of the compounds of formula (I-A) represented by formula (Z):
• the invention also relates to a compound of formula (T), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• - 20 - X is -CH 2 -, -NH-, or -O-;
• Y is -Ov or -CH 2 -;
• R 1 is chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, -NR 7 R 8 , -R , -S-R , or -O-R ;
• R 2 is hydrogen, chloro, bromo, fluoro, iodo, -N(R 6 ) 2 , -CN, -0-(C 1-4 aliphatic), -OH, -SR 6 , or an optionally substituted C 1-4 aliphatic group;
• R 3a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, -NH 2 , -C 1-4 aliphatic, fluoro, -CN, -C ⁇ . 4 fluoroaliphatic, -OR 21 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , and -OC(O)OR 21 ;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, C 1-4 aliphatic, and C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic;
• R 3c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, -NH 2 , -C 1-4 aliphatic, fluoro, -CN, -C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic, -OR 21 , -NH(R 21 ), -N(H)CO 2 R 21 , -N(H)C(O)R 21 , -CON(H)R 21 , -OC(O)N(H)R 21 , -OC(O)R 21 , and -OC(O)OR 21 ;
• R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, C 1-4 aliphatic, and C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic; each R is independently hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic; or two R , taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; or one R , taken together with R and the intervening carbon atoms, forms a 3- to 6-membered spirocyclic ring;
• R is hydrogen, or C 1-4 aliphatic; or R , taken together with one R and the intervening carbon atoms, forms a 3- to 6-membered spirocyclic ring; each R is independently hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic;
• R 7 is an optionally substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic
• - 21 - R 9 is -V-Z-R 12'1 , -V-Z-R 12b , -R 12c , or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein the heteroaryl group is attached at a carbon atom;
• R is an optionally substituted C 2-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl
• R is an optionally substituted C 2-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl
• R 12a is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic group
• R 12b is halo, -NO 2 , -CN, -OR 14 , -SR 15 , -N(R 16 ) 2 , -N(R 16 )C(O)R 15 , -N(R 16 )C(O)N(R 16 ) 2 ,
• each R is independently hydrogen, or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; each R independently is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; each R independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic, or aryl group;
• each R independently is an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group; or two R on the same nitrogen atom, taken together with the nitrogen atom, form an optionally substituted five to eight membered heterocyclyl ring having, in addition to the nitrogen atom, zero to two additional ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; and each R 21 independently is an optionally substituted C 1-10 aliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl group.
• variables Q, R 1 , R 2 , R a , and R c have the values and preferred values described herein for formulae (1) and (I-A).
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or
• Ring B is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring having zero to three ring nitrogen atoms and optionally one additional ring heteroatom selected from oxygen and sulfur.
• Ring B is an optionally substituted furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, phenyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or triazinyl, wherein one ring nitrogen atom in Ring B optionally is oxidized.
• Ring B is an optionally substituted phenyl, imidazolyl, or triazolyl.
• Substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring B preferably are substituted with zero to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 6 aliphatic,
• Z is a C 1-6 , C 1-4 , or C 14 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one or two R * or R y , wherein R x and R y have the values and preferred values described above.
• Each R a independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring.
• each R bl7 independently is -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -NR 4 C(O)R 5 , -NR 4 -C(O)N(R% -NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , -C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -CO 2 R 5 , or -OR 5 .
• the substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring B are substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, -O(C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, -C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, -0(C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic), optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• Preferred halo groups in R 17 substitutions include F and CL
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (J) or
• R 1 is -L-Z-R 12a , -L-Z-R , -L-R ⁇ or -L-R , where L is
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (J) or
• V is selected from the group consisting of -S(O) 2 -, -C(O)O-, -C(O)-,
• V is selected from the group consisting of -CON(R 13 )-, -N(R 13 )C(O)-, -N(R 13 )C(O)N(R 13 )-, -N(R 13 )S(O) 2 -, -N(R 13 )SO 2 -N(R 13 )-, and -N(R 13 )CO 2 .
• V is -N(R 13 )C(O)- or -N(R 13 )C(O)N(R 13 )-.
• Z is a C 1 6 alkylene chain optionally substituted with one to four substituents. Suitable substituents for Z include those described generally above for substituted aliphatic groups.
• Z is optionally substituted with one or two R x or R y , where each R x independently is selected from the group consisting of -halo, -OH, -0(C M alkyl), -0(C 1-4 haloalkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(O)(C 1-4 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-4 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1 .
• each R y independently is a C 1-3 aliphatic optionally substituted with R x or an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; or two R y on the same carbon atom, taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered cycloaliphatic ring.
• Z is a C M alkylene chain, optionally substituted with C 1-3 aliphatic, C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, -F, -OH, -O(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -CN, -N(R) 2 , or -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl).
• R c is selected from the group consisting of -CON(R ) 2 ,
• R 12c is -N(R 16 )C(O)R 15 , -N(R 16 )C(O)N(R 16 ) 2 ,
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (VI):
• Ring C is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl, cycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl ring having zero to three ring nitrogen atoms and optionally one additional ring heteroatom selected from oxygen and sulfur; and the variables Q, X, Y, L, V, Z, R?, R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 4 , R 5 , and m have the values and preferred values described above for formulae (J), (I-A), and (V).
• W is -Z- or -L-.
• two adjacent substituents on Ring C taken together with the intervening ring atoms / form an optionally substituted fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic or non-aromatic ring having zero to three ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• Ring C is an optionally substituted mono- or bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic group.
• Exemplary Ring C mono- or bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic rings include optionally substituted furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzothienyl,
• Suitable substituents on Ring C include those generally described above for substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl and cycloaliphatic groups.
• Substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring C preferably are substituted with zero to four, preferably zero to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 fluoroaliphatic, halo, -R a , -R , -Z -R a , and -Z -R .
• the variables Z , R a , and R have the values described below.
• Each R a independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring.
• each R bl2 independently is -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -NR 4 C(O)R 5 , -NR 4 -C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , -C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -CO 2 R 5 , or -OR 5 .
• the substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring C are substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, -O(C ⁇ . 3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, ⁇ C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, -0(C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic), optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substitued heteroaryl.
• Preferred halo substituents on Ring C include F and Cl.
• the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or
• R is -NR R
• R 7 is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic group.
• R is an optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered monocyclic or 8- to 10-membered bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring, or a 3- to 8- membered monocyclic or 6- to 10- membered bicyclic heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic ring.
• R 8 is hydrogen or C 1 4 aliphatic, and preferably is hydrogen.
• One embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (VIZ):
• R is hydrogen or C 1-4 aliphatic
• Ring D is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cydoaliphatic ring; and the variables X, Y, R?, R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 4 , R 5 , and m have the values and preferred values described above for formulae (! and (J-A).
• Ring D is a mono- or bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or cydoaliphatic ring.
• Ring D selected from the group consisting of furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl
• Suitable substituents on Ring D include those generally described above for substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl and cydoaliphatic groups.
• Each substitutable unsaturated ring carbon atom preferably is unsubstituted or substituted with
• Ring D may be unsubstituted or may be substituted on any one or more of its component rings, wherein the substituents may be the same or different.
• each R independently is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 fluoroaliphatic, halo, ⁇ R a7 , -R b7 , -Z 7 -R a7 , and -Z 7 -R b7 .
• the variables Z , R a7 , and R have the values described below.
• Each R a7 independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring.
• each R b independently is -CN, -N(R 4 ),, -NR 4 C(O)R 5 , -NR 4 -C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , -C(O)N(R 4 ) 2 , -CO 2 R 5 , or -OR 5 .
• the substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring D are substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, -0(C 1-3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(O)(C 14 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, -C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, -0(C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic), and optionally substituted aryl.
• Preferred halo group substituents on Ring D include F and Cl.
• Ring D is an optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, or indanyl ring. In certain other embodiments, Ring D is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic ring. Optionally, two adjacent substituents on the heterocyclyl or cycloaliphatic ring, taken together with the intervening carbon atoms, form an optionally substituted fused phenyl ring.
• Ring D is selected from the group consisting of:
• each R p independently is selected from the group consisting of -O, fluoro, -OR x , or a C 1-4 aliphatic or C 1-4 fluoroaliphatic optionally substituted with -OR 5x , -N(R 4x )(R 4y ), -CO 2 R 5x , or -C(O)N(R 4 ") (R 4y ), provided that R 8p is other than -OR 5x when located at a position adjacent to a ring oxygen atom; s is 0, 1, or 2; t is 0, 1, or 2; and the variables R 4 ", R 4y , and R 5x have the values described above for formulae (I) and (I- A).
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (I) or
• R is hydrogen.
• R is C 1 10 aliphatic or a substituted aliphatic group of the formula -Z a R , -Z R , or -Z a R ;
• R is C 210 aliphatic or a substituted aliphatic group of the formula -Z a R 18 , -Z R , or -Z 3 R ;
• R is C 2-10 aliphatic or
• Z a is optionally substituted with one to four R * or R y , wherein R x and R y are as defined above for formula (VI).
• Z a is substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -F, -OH, -0(C 1-3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 J 2 , -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1 3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, -C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, and optionally substituted aryl.
• Z a is a C 1-4 alkylene chain which is optionally substituted with zero, one or two groups selected from the group consisting of -F, -OH, C 1-3 aliphatic and optionally substituted aryl.
• Z is optionally substituted with one to four R x or R y , wherein R x and R y are as defined above for formula (VT).
• Z b is substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -F, -OH, -0(C 1-3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 J 2 , -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, -C ⁇ fluoroaliphatic, and optionally substituted aryl.
• Z is a C 2-4 alkylene chain which is optionally substituted with zero, one or two groups selected from the group consisting of -F, -OH, C 1-3 aliphatic and optionally substituted aryl.
• R is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic group.
• R 20 is halo, -NO 2 , -CN, -OR 14 , SR 15 -, -N(R 16 ) 2 , -N(R 16 )C(O)R 15 ,
• One embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula (VIII):
• Ring E is a mono- or bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic group
• W 2 is -O-, -S-, or -N(R 8 )-;
• variables Q, X, Y, R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 4 , R 5 , R 8 , and m have the values and preferred values described above for formulae (I) and (L-A).
• Ring E is an optionally substituted furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, purinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl,
• Ring E is an optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or morpholinyl ring.
• Suitable substituents for Ring E include those described generally above for substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl groups.
• Each substitutable ring nitrogen atom in Ring E is unsubstituted or substituted, preferably with -C(O)R 14 , -C(O)N(R 16 ) 2 , -CO 2 R 14 , -SO 2 R 15 , -SO 2 N(R 16 ) 2 , or an optionally substituted aliphatic.
• Substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring E preferably are substituted with zero to four, preferably zero to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 aliphatic, C 1-6 fluoroaliphatic, halo,
• Z is a
• Each R a independently is an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or cycloaliphatic ring.
• each R 1 independently is -CN, -N(R 4 ),, -NR 4 C(O)R 5 , -NR ⁇ C(O)N(R 4 ),, -NR 4 CO 2 R 6 , -C(O)N(R 4 ),, -CO 9 R 5 , or -OR 5 .
• the substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring E are substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, -0(C 1-3 alkyl), -CN, -N(R 4 ) 2 , -C(O)(C 1-3 alkyl), -CO 2 H, -CO 2 (C 1-3 alkyl), -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NH(C 1-3 alkyl), -C 1-3 aliphatic, -C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic, -0(C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic), optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substitued heteroaryl.
• Preferred halo substituents on Ring E include F and Cl.
• the invention relates to a compound of formula (VIII), wherein R is hydrogen, Z a is C 1-3 alkylene, and Ring E is an optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrazinyl, morpholinyl, benzothiophenyl, or benzodioxolyl ring.
• the substitutable ring carbon atoms in Ring E are substituted with zero, one, or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, -OH, -methoxy, -CN, -0(C 1-3 alkyl), -trifluoromethyl, and -C 1-3 fluoroaliphatic.
• the compounds of this invention may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art for analogous compounds, as illustrated by the general schemes below, and by reference to the preparative examples shown below.
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared by various methods known in the art of organic chemistry and nucleoside and nucleotide analogue synthesis in particular.
• general reviews of the preparation of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are included in "Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides," Ed. L.B. Townsend, Plenum Press, 1991; and S. Simons, "Nucleoside Mimetics Their Chemistry and Biological Properties," Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 2001.
• Reagents and conditions a: 2,2-Dimethoxypropane, pTsOH, Acetone; b: amine, TEA, EtOH, reflux or microwave irradiation; c: H 2 NSO 2 Cl, TEA,DMF, AcCN; d: TFA-water; e: Quinuclidine, EtOH, then amine.
• N / N-dimethylformamide(c) followed by treatment with an acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid in an appropriate solvent such as water (d).
• sulfamoylation can be effected prior to reaction with an amine nucleophile.
• sulfamoylation of the unprotected alcohol can be achieved by reaction with chlorosulfonamide in an appropriate solvent such as acetonitrile and a base such as triethylamine in an appropriate solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide(c) to afford compound iii.
• Compound iv may then be produced by addition of a primary amine to a solution of compound iii in an appropriate solvent, such as ethanol, in the presence of an appropriate base, such as quinuclidine(e), followed by treatment with an with an acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid and an appropriate solvent such as water (d).
• an appropriate solvent such as ethanol
• Compounds of formula (I-A) wherein R is an amide or sulfonamide substituent can be prepared by reaction of the 6-amino group of a suitably protected adenosine derivative with an appropriately activated carboxylic acid or sulfonyl chloride.
• Some embodiments involve derivatization of the ribose moiety, in addition to sulfamoylation at the 5'-position.
• Examples include 2'-C-branched ribonucleosides, deoxy derivatives, fluoro-deoxy derivatives and O-alkylated compounds.
• Such compounds can be prepared by coupling a suitably protected ribose derivative to a purine base. Methods for effecting this coupling reaction are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example the method taught by Vorbruggen H. et. al. "Handbook of Nucleoside Synthesis", John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
• Suitable protecting groups are also known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and may be found described for example, in Greene "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley and Sons, 3 r Edition, 1999.
• 2'-C-methylated derivatives can be prepared following the procedures described in Franchetti (J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 1708) and Wolfe (J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 1754).
• Some embodiments involve derivatization of the purine moiety, in addition to sulfamoylation at the 5'-position.
• Examples include rings A-ii, A-iii, A-iv, A-v, A-vi, and A-vii.
• Such compounds can be prepared by coupling a suitably protected ribose derivative to these bases. Methods for effecting this coupling reaction are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, for example the method taught by Vorbruggen H. et. al. "Handbook of
• 2'-deoxy-ribose analogs can be prepared by coupling l- ⁇ -chloro-2- deoxy ⁇ 3,5-bis(p-toluoyl)- ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl chloride with a variety of nucleoside base analogs following the procedures described in Robins (J. Am. Chem. Soc 1984, 106, 6379).
• Reagents and conditions f) tert-BuOH, NH 3 ; g) Ph 3 P, DIAD, EtOAc; h) TFA, DCM; b) amine, TEA, EtOH, reflux, or microwave irradiation; d) TFA-water.
• compound v prepared according to step (a) of scheme I above, can be treated with tert-butyl (aminosulfonyl) carbamate (compound xxi), in the presence of triphenylphosphine and an azodicarboxylate(g) to form the sulfamide compound vi.
• Reagents and conditions j) Dess-Martin periodinane, DCM; k) n-BuLi, THF; 1) NaBH 4 , EtOH; m) Bu 4 NI, acetone, reflux; n) SO 2 Cl 2 , DCM, DMF; p) NH 3 , MeOH; r) amine, DBPEA, EtOH, reflux, or microwave irradiation; d) TFA-water.
• Scheme 4 above shows a general synthesis of compounds of formula (IV-A), wherein R is an optionally substituted aliphatic, aryl or heteroaryl group.
• Compound xii can be prepared by reaction of compound v (prepared as described above in Scheme 2) with pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine and acetic anhydride in methylene chloride.
• Compounds xiii can be produced by introduction of a variety of alkyl or aryl functionality at the 6-position of the purine ring through a palladium catalyzed coupling with a suitable organometallic reagent, aryl boronic acid, or alkyne (e.g., Scheme 4 step (s)).
• a suitable organometallic reagent e.g., aryl boronic acid, or alkyne
• Scheme 4 step (s) e.g., Scheme 4 step (s)
• Synthetic procedures are known in the art and can be adapted as applicable. For example procedures described herein were adapted from those described in, e.g., Lakshman (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7779); Hocek (Collect. Czech. Commun., 2001, 66, 483; Robins (Org. Lett., 2004, 6, 2917).
• Agrofoglio see Agrofoglio (
• reaction conditions including variations in solvent, reagents, catalysts, reaction temperatures and times are possible for each of the reactions described.
• Alternative synthetic routes are also possible.
• the compounds of this invention are useful inhibitors of El enzyme activity.
• the compounds are designed to be inhibitors of NAE, UAE, and/or SAE.
• Inhibitors are meant to include compounds which reduce the promoting effects of El enzymes in ubl conjugation to target proteins (e.g., reduction of ubiquitination, neddylation, sumoylation), reduce intracellular signaling mediated by ubl conjugation, and/or reduce proteolysis mediated by ubl conjugation (e.g., inhibition of cullin-dependent ubiquitination and proteolysis (e.g., the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)).
• the compounds of this invention may be assayed for their ability to inhibit the El enzyme in vitro or in vivo, or in cells or animal models according to methods provided in further detail herein, or methods known in the art.
• the compounds may be assessed for their ability to bind or mediate El enzyme activity directly.
• the activity of compounds may be assessed through indirect cellular assays, or assays of downstream effects of El activation to assess inhibition of downstream effects of El inhibition (e.g., inhibition of cullin- dependent ubiquitination and proteolysis).
• activity may be assessed by detection of ubl-conjugated substrates (e.g., ubl-conjugated E2s, neddylated cullins, ubiquitinated substrates, sumoylated substrates); detection of downstream protein substrate stabilization (e.g., stabilization of p27, stabilization of IKB); detection of inhibition of UPP activity; detection of downstream effects of protein El inhibition and substrate stabilization (e.g., reporter assays, e.g., NFKB reporter assays, p27 reporter assays). Assays for assessing activities are described below in the Experimental section and/or are known in the art.
• ubl-conjugated substrates e.g., ubl-conjugated E2s, neddylated cullins, ubiquitinated substrates, sumoylated substrates
• downstream protein substrate stabilization e.g., stabilization of p27, stabilization of IKB
• One embodiment of this invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compounds of this invention may be derivatized at functional groups to provide prodrug derivatives which are capable of conversion back to the parent compounds in vivo.
• prodrugs include the physiologically acceptable and metabolically labile ester derivatives, such as methoxymethyl esters, methylthiomethyl esters, or pivaloyloxymethyl esters derived from a hydroxyl group of the compound or a carbamoyl moiety derived from an amino group of the compound.
• any physiologically acceptable equivalents of the present compounds similar to the metabolically labile esters or carbamates, which are capable of producing the parent compounds described herein in vivo, are within the scope of this invention.
• the salts preferably are derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
• suitable salts see, e.g., Berge et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19 (1977) and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Ed., ed. A. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
• Nonlimiting examples of suitable acid addition salts include the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzene sulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulf onate, fumarate, lucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl-propionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate
• Suitable base addition salts include, without limitation, ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
• the invention relates to a sodium or potassium salt of a compound of formula I.
• basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides such as
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is used herein to refer to a material that is compatible with a recipient subject, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human, and is suitable for delivering an active agent to the target site without terminating the activity of the agent.
• the toxicity or adverse effects, if any, associated with the carrier preferably are commensurate with a reasonable risk/benefit ratio for the intended use of the active agent.
• compositions of the invention can be manufactured by methods well known in the art such as conventional granulating, mixing, dissolving, encapsulating, lyophilizing, or emulsifying processes, among others.
• Compositions may be produced in various forms, including granules, precipitates, or particulates, powders, including freeze dried, rotary dried or spray dried powders, amorphous powders, tablets, capsules, syrup, suppositories, injections, emulsions, elixirs, suspensions or solutions.
• Formulations may optionally contain stabilizers, pH modifiers, surfactants, solubilizing agents, bioavailability modifiers and combinations of these.
• compositions may be prepared as liquid suspensions or solutions using a liquid, such as, but not limited to, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of these. Solubilizing agents such as cyclodextrins may be included. Pharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, or emulsifying agents, may be added for oral or parenteral administration. Suspensions may include oils, such as but not limited to, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil and olive oil. Suspension preparation may also contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, fatty acid glycerides and acetylated fatty acid glycerides.
• Suspension formulations may include alcohols, such as, but not limited to, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol.
• Ethers such as but not limited to, poly(ethyleneglycol) ,
• compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates and carbonates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphates and carbonates
• compositions of this invention are formulated for pharmaceutical administration to a mammal, preferably a human being.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• the compositions are administered orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously.
• the formulations of the invention may be designed to be short-acting, fast-releasing, or long-acting.
• compounds can be administered in a local rather than systemic means, such as administration (e.g., by injection) at a tumor site.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their
• oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• Compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection such as by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• a unit dosage form for injection may be in ampoules or in multi- dose containers.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers that are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• suppositories may be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract may be 'effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene,
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• compositions of this invention are particularly useful in therapeutic applications relating to disorders as described herein (e.g., proliferation disorders, e.g., cancers, inflammatory, neurodegenerative disorders).
• the composition is formulated for administration to a patient having or at risk of developing or experiencing a recurrence of the relevant disorder being treated.
• patient means an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.
• Preferred pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are those formulated for oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration.
• any of the above dosage forms containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention are well within the bounds of routine experimentation and therefore, well within the scope of the instant invention.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may further comprise another therapeutic agent.
• such other therapeutic agent is one normally administered to patients with the disorder, disease or condition being treated.
• terapéuticaally effective amount is meant an amount of compound or composition sufficient, upon single or multiple dose administration, to cause a detectable decrease in El enzyme activity and /or the severity of the disorder or disease state being treated. “Therapeutically effective amount” is also intended to include an amount sufficient
• - 71 - to treat a cell, prolong or prevent advancement of the disorder or disease state being treated (e.g., prevent additional tumor growth of a cancer, prevent additional inflammatory response), ameliorate, alleviate, relieve, or improve a subject's symptoms of the a disorder beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
• the amount of El enzyme inhibitor required will depend on the particular compound of the composition given, the type of disorder being treated, the route of administration, and the length of time required to treat the disorder.
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combinations, the judgment of the treating physician, and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent present in a composition of this invention typically will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent will range from about 50% to about 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.
• One embodiment of the invention relates to a method of inhibiting or decreasing El enzyme activity in a sample comprising contacting the sample with a compound of this invention, or composition comprising a compound of the invention.
• the sample includes, without limitation, sample comprising purified or partially purified El enzyme, cultured cells or extracts of cell cultures; biopsied cells or fluid obtained from a mammal, or extracts thereof; and body fluid (e.g., blood, serum, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears) or extracts thereof.
• Inhibition of El enzyme activity in a sample may be carried out in vitro or in vivo, in cellulo, or in situ.
• the invention provides a method for treating a patient having a disorder, a symptom of a disorder, at risk of developing or experiencing a recurrence of a disorder, comprises administering to the patient a compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. Treating can be to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, palliate, improve or affect the disorder, the symptoms of the disorder or the predisposition toward the disorder.
• treating is believed to cause the inhibition of growth, ablation, or killing of a cell or tissue in vitro or in vivo, or otherwise reduce capacity of a cell or tissue (e.g., an aberrant cell, a diseased tissue) to mediate a disorder, e.g., a disorder as described herein
• a proliferative disorder e.g., a cancer, inflammatory disorder
• inhibiting the growth or “inhibition of growth” of a cell or tissue refers to slowing, interrupting, arresting or stopping its growth and metastases and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of growth.
• Disease applications include those disorders in which inhibition of El enzyme activity is detrimental to survival and/or expansion of diseased cells or tissue (e.g., cells are sensitive to El inhibition; inhibition of El activity disrupts disease mechanisms; reduction of El activity stabilizes protein which are inhibitors of disease mechanisms; reduction of El activity results in inhibition of proteins which are activators of disease mechanisms).
• Disease applications are also intended to include any disorder, disease or condition which requires effective cullin and/or ubiquitination activity, which activity can be regulated by diminishing El enzyme activity (e.g., NAE, UAE activity).
• methods of the invention are useful in treatment of disorders involving cellular proliferation, including, but not limited to, disorders which require an effective cullin- dependent ubiquitination and proteolysis pathway (e.g., the ubiquitin proteasome pathway) for maintenance and /or progression of the disease state.
• the methods of the invention are useful in treatment of disorders mediated via proteins(e.g., NFKB activation, p27 Kip activation, p21 WAF/CIP1 activation, p53 activation) which are regulated by El activity(e.g., NAE activity, UAE activity, SAE activity).
• proliferative disorders include proliferative disorders, most notably cancers and inflammatory disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), osteoarthritis, dermatosis (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis), vascular proliferative disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, restenosis) autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, tissue and organ rejection)); as well as inflammation associated with infection (e.g., immune responses), neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neurone disease, neuropathic pain, triplet repeat disorders, astrocytoma, and neurodegeneration as result of alcoholic liver disease), ischemic injury (e.g., stroke), and cachexia (e.g., accelerated muscle protein breakdown that accompanies various physiological and pathological states, (e.g., nerve injury, fasting
• cancer refers to a cellular disorder characterized by uncontrolled or disregulated cell proliferation, decreased
• cancer includes, but is not limited to, solid tumors and bloodborne tumors.
• cancer encompasses diseases of skin, tissues, organs, bone, cartilage, blood, and vessels.
• cancer further encompasses primary and metastatic cancers.
• the cancer is a solid tumor.
• solid tumors that can be treated by the methods of the invention include pancreatic cancer; bladder cancer; colorectal cancer; breast cancer, including metastatic breast cancer; prostate cancer, including androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer; renal cancer, including, e.g., metastatic renal cell carcinoma; hepatocellular cancer; lung cancer, including, e.g., non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), and adenocarcinoma of the lung; ovarian cancer, including, e.g., progressive epithelial or primary peritoneal cancer; cervical cancer; gastric cancer; esophageal cancer; head and neck cancer, including, e.g., squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; melanoma; neuroendocrine cancer, including metastatic neuroendocrine tumors; brain tumors, including, e.g., glioma, an
• the cancer is a hematologic malignancy.
• Non-limiting examples of hematologic malignancy include acute myeloid leukemia (AML); chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), including accelerated CML and CML blast phase (CML-BP); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); Hodgkin's disease (HD); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma; B-cell lymphoma; T-cell lymphoma; multiple myeloma (MM); Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia; myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), including refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with ringed siderblasts (RARS), (refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), and RAEB in transformation (RAEB-T); and myeloproliferative syndromes.
• AML acute myeloid leukemia
• CML chronic my
• the compound or composition of the invention is used to treat a patient having or at risk of developing or experiencing a recurrence in a cancer selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
• a cancer selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
• the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and a hematologic cancer.
• the El enzyme inhibitor of the invention is administered in conjunction with additional therapeutic agent or agents.
• the additional therapeutic agent(s) is one that is normally administered to patients with the disorder or condition being treated.
• additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disorder or condition are known as "appropriate for the disorder or condition being treated.”
• the El inhibitor of the invention may be administered with the other therapeutic agent in a single dosage form or as a separate dosage form.
• the other therapeutic agent may be administered prior to, at the same time as, or following administration of the El inhibitor of the invention.
• the El enzyme inhibitor of the invention is administered in conjunction with a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy appropriate for treatment of proliferative disorders and cancer.
• cytotoxic agents suitable for use in combination with the El enzyme inhibitors of the invention include: antimetabolites, including, e.g., capecitibine, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouracil/ leucovorin, fludarabine, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, pentostatin, and methotrexate; topoisomerase inhibitors, including, e.g., etoposide, teniposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, doxorubicin, and daunorubicin; vinca alkaloids, including, e.g., vincristine and vinblastin; taxanes, including, e.
• agents the inhibitors of the invention may be combined with include anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, 11-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and
• immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporins, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine; antibacterial and antiviral agents; and agents for Alzheimer's treatment such as donepezil, galantamine, memantine and rivastigmine.
• LCMS compounds were analyzed on a Phenomenex Luna column [C18, 30 x
• Formic acid method mobile phase A consisting of 5% acetonitrile/water/0.1% formic acid and mobile phase B of 99% acetonitrile/water/0.1% formic acid.
• Ammonium acetate method mobile phase A consisting of 1% acetonitrile/10 mM ammonium acetate aqueous and mobile phase B of 95% acetonitrile/10 mM ammonium acetate aqueous.
• the 5min cycle consisted of a gradient of 5% to 100 % B in 3.5min; 100% B for lmin; 100% B to 100% A in O.lmin; then re-equilibration with mobile phase A for 0.49min.
• NMR proton spectra were recorded on a Bruker 300 or 400 MHz ultrashield spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported relative to methanol ( ⁇ 3.31) or dimethyl sulfoxide ( ⁇ 2.50).
• Microwave AU microwave reactions were carried out using a Personal computer
• Example 1 ((2R / 3S / 4R / 5R)-5- ⁇ 6-[(lS)-2 / 3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino]9H-purin-9-yl ⁇ - 3,4-dmydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-2)
• Step a [('3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2 > 2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro- r3,4-diri,31dioxol-4-yllmethanol
• Step b ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl)-2 / 2- dimemyltetrahydrofuror3,4-diri3idioxol-4-yl)methanol
• [3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]methanol(736mg, 2.26mmol), (S)-(+)-l-aminoindane (360mg, 2.71mmol) and triethylamine(380 ⁇ L, 2.71mmol) were added to ethanol (2.5mL) and the mixture was heated at 140 0 C for lOminutes using microwave irradiation. The cooled mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (5mL) and the precipitated product isolated by filtration. Further product was isolated from the filtrates by evaporation, followed by recrystallization from ethanol / ether. Total yield was 630mg, 66%.
• Step c ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl
• Example 1 steps b-d, using cyclohexyl-methylamine in step b.
• Example 1 steps b-d, using 4-chloroaniline in step b.
• Example 1 steps b-d, using phenethylamine in step b.
• Step a Sulfamic acid 6-(6-chloro-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo
• Step b l-r9-(2,2-Dimethyl-6-sulfamoyloxymethyl-tetrahydro-furo[ ' 3 / 4-dll ' l y 31- dioxol-4-yl)-9Hpurin-6-yn-l-azonia-bicyclor2.2.21octane chloride
• Step c ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(6-r(3-methoxybenzyl')aminol-9H-purin-9-yll- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl-sulfamate (I-l ⁇ )
• Example 14 ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 6-[(4-Fluorobenzyl)amino]-9H-purin-9-yl ⁇ -3,4-dihydroxy- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl-sulfamate (1-65)
• Step a tert-Butyl (aminosulfonyl) carbamate
• the reaction was stirred at about -60 0 C for 3h.
• the cold finger and the cooling bath were removed and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature under a stream of nitrogen.
• Water (10OmL) was added.
• the phases were separated and the aqueous washed once with
• Step b fert-Butyl (aminosulf onyl) f r(3aR,4R ⁇ 6R,6aR)-6-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)- 2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuror3,4-rfiri31dioxol-4-yl1memyl)carbamate
• Step c N-f((3aR,4R,6R / 6aR)-6-(6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl')-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro- r3,4-£flri31dioxol-4 ⁇ yl)methy ⁇ sulfamide
• Step d N-r((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H ' -purin-9-yl)- 2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuror3,4-rf1[l y 31dioxol-4-yl)methynsulfamide
• Step e N-[((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-r(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl)- -3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyllst ⁇ famide (I-15)
• Example 28 N-[((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 6-[(l-Benzothien-3-ylmethyl)amino]-9H ' -purin-9-yl ⁇ - -3,4 ⁇ dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl]st ⁇ famide (1-44)
• Step a [(3aR / 4R/6R,6aR)-6-(4-Chloro-pyrrolor2,3-d1pyrimidin-7-yl)-2 / 2-dimethyl- tetrahydrofurof3,4-d1fl,31dioxol-4-yl1-methanol.
• Step b (3aR,4R,6 J R > 6aR)-6-r4-((S)-Indan-l-ylamino)-pyrrolor2,3-d1pyrimidin-7-yll-2,2- dimemyltetrahydro-furo[34-diri31dioxol-4-yl)-methanol.
• Step c Sulfamic acid (3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-r4-((S)-indan-l-ylamino)-pyrrolor23-d1- pyrimidin-7-yll-2 > 2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furor3,4-dl[l / 31dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester.
• step b To a solution of the alcohol formed in Example 39, step b (349 mg, 0.83 mmol), and triethylamine (231 ⁇ L, 1.66 mmol) in DMF (14 mL) was added dropwise 620 ⁇ L of a 2M solution of the chlorosulfonamide in acetonitrile and the cloudy solution was stirred for 50 minutes.
• the reaction was diluted with EtOAc and water /brine, the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (Ix). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 5% MeOHZCH 2 Cl 2 ) to afford 233 mg (56%) of the title compound.
• Step d ((2R,3S > 4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 4-r(lS)-2 y 3-Dihvdro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-7H-pyrrolor2,3-rf1- pyrimidin-7-yl ⁇ -3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-9)
• Example 40 ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 4-[(lS)-2,3-Dihydro4H-inden-l-ylamino]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- ⁇ i]- pyri ⁇ din-7-yl ⁇ -3,4-dihydroxytetrahydroftiran-2-yl)inethyl sulfamate (1-1)
• Step a (2R,35,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-( ⁇ [ter ⁇ -butyl(dimethyl)silyl1oxy Imethyl)- tetrahydrofuran-3-ol
• Step b (2R,35,5R)-5-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-( ⁇ [fer ⁇ butyKdimethyl)silyl]oxy jmethyl)- tetrahydrofuran-3-yl acetate
• Step g ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-f4-r(15)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylaminol-7H-pyrrolor2,3-rfl- pyrimidin-Z-yll-S ⁇ dihydroxytetrahydrotoan- ⁇ -yDmethyl sulfamate (1-1)
• Example 41 ((2R / 3S,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 4-[(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]- pyrimidin-7-yl ⁇ -3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-53)
• Step a (2R ⁇ 3R,5S)-2-(6-Chloro-purin-9-yl)-5-(ter ⁇ -butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)- tetrahydro-furan-3-yl acetate.
• Step b (2R / 3R,55)-5-(fer ⁇ -Butyl-dimemyl-silanyloxymethyl)-2-r6-((S)-indan-l-ylamino)- purin-9-yl1tetrahydro-furan-3-yl acetate.
• Step c (2R / 3R > 5S)-5-Hydroxymethyl-2-r6-((5)-indan-l-ylamino)-purin-9-yl1tetrahydro- furan-3-yl acetate.
• Step d (2R3R,5S)-2-r6-((5)-Indan-l-ylamino)-purin-9-yll-5-sulfamoyloxymethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-yl acetate.
• Step e ((2R,35,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 4-r ⁇ S)-23-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-7H-pyrrolor2,3-rf1- pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-53)
• Step a 6-chloro-9-r(6aR / 8R,95 y 9aR)-2,2,4,4-Tetraisopropyl-9-methoxytetrahydro-6H-furo- r3,2 : f1[l,3,5,2,41trioxadisilocin-8-yn-9H-purine.
• Step b N-r(lS)-2,3-Dihvdro-lH-inden-l-yn-9-r(6aR,8R,95 ⁇ 9aR)-2,2,4,4-tetraisopropyl-9- methoxytetrahydro-6H-furo[3,2-/in,3,5,2,41trioxadisilocin-8-yn-9H-purin-6- amine.
• Step c 3-(r(2R,3R,4S,5RV5- ⁇ 6-r ⁇ S)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl
• Step d ( (2R,3R,4S,5RV5- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylaminol-9H-purin-9-yl)-3-r(3- hydroxy-l ⁇ l ⁇ -tetraisopropyldisiloxanyDoxyi- ⁇ methoxytetrahydrofuran- ⁇ -yl)- methyl sulfamate.
• Step e ((2 J R3R,4S > 5R)-5- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-Dihvdro-lH-inden-l-ylaminol-9H-purin-9-yl)-3- hydroxy-4-methoxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-61)
• Step a (2R > 3S > 4S,5R)-2-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-(r(triisopropylsilyl)oxyl methyl)- tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol
• Step c (2R35,4R,5.R)-2-('6-Bromo-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-fr(triisopropylsilyl)oxylmethyl)- tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate
• the pale yellow organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated.
• the yellow solid was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 25% ethyl acetate/hexanes to give the title compound as a yellow solid (0.402 g, 52%).
• Step d (2R ⁇ 35,4R,5R)-2-(6-r(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl)-5- ⁇ r(triisopropylsilyl)oxy1methyl ⁇ tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate
• Step f (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2- ⁇ r(Aminosulfonyl)oxy1memyl ⁇ -5-(6-r(lS)-23-dmydro-lH-inden-l- ylaminol-9H-purm-9-yl ⁇ tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate
• Step g ((2R3545,5RV5-(6-[(lS)-23-Dihvdro-lH-mden-l-ylaminol-9H-purin-9-yl
• Step a r(3aR,4K,6K,6aR)-6-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro furor3,4-rf1- ri / 3idioxol-4-ynmethyl acetate
• step b 2',3'- isopropylidene adenine (1O g 32.5 mmol)) was reacted with acetic anhydride to give the product as a white solid (7.65 g, 67 %).
• Step b [(3aR > 4R,6R,6aR)-6-(6-Bromo-9H-purin-9-yl)-2 > 2-dimethyltetrahydro furor3,4-cflri,31dioxol-4-y ⁇ methyl acetate
• Step c ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-2 > 2-Dimethyl-6- ⁇ 6-[3-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)phenyll-9H-purin-9-yl)- tetrahydrofuror3,4-rfl[131dioxol-4-yl)methyl acetate
• step g ((SaR 7 IR 7 OjR 7 OaR)-
• Step e ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-2 > 2-Dimethyl-6-(6-r3-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl')phenyn-9H-purin-9-yl)- tetrahydrofuro
• Step f ( • (2R,35,4R,5R)-3 ⁇ 4-Dihydroxy-5- ⁇ 6-r3-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)phenyn-9H-purin-9-yl ⁇ - tetrahydrofuran-2-yDmethyl sulfamate (1-56)
• Step a ((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-2 y 2-Pime1hyl-6-(6-r3-(t ⁇ fluoromethyl)phenyl1-9H-ptu:in-9-yl)- tetrahydrof urof 3,4- ⁇ 1 [1 ,31dioxol-4-yl)methyl acetate
• [3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]methyl acetate (0.60 g, 1.45 mmol), 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (0.414 g, 2.18 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (0.033 g, 0.145 mmol), racemic-2,2'- bis(diphenylphospliino)-l,l'-binaphthyl (0.136 g, 0.218 mmol), and potassium phosphate (0.617 g, 2.91 mmol) were placed in an oven dried flask and degassed using argon. Anhydrous dioxane (9 mL) was added and the reaction was heated to 90 0 C overnight.
• Step b ((2R,35,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5- ⁇ 6-r3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyll-9H-purm-9-yl)- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-57)
• Step a [(3aR,4R,6R ⁇ 6aR)-2,2-Dimethyl-6-(6-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro furo[3,4-rf]- ri31dioxol-4-yr
• step a [(3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-
• 6-(6-bromo-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]methyl acetate(0.60 g, 1.45 mmol) was reacted with phenylboronic acid (0.22 g, 1.8 mmol) and the product was purified by flash chromatography (20-50 % ethyl acetate/hexanes) (0.322 g, 44 %).
• Step b r(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(6-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahvdro furan-2-yli- methyl sulfamate (1-62)
• Step a ⁇ (3aR,4R,6R / 6aR)-6-r6-(3,5-Dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-9H-purin-9-yl1-2,2-dimethyl- tefaahydrofuror3/4-rf1fl31dioxol-4-yl
• step a [(3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-
• 6-(6-bromo-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]methyl acetate(0.60 g, 1.45 mmol) was reacted with 3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-boronic acid (0.25 g, 1.88 mmol) at 90 0 C for 2.5 days and the product was purified by flash chromatography (10-40 % ethyl acetate/hexanes) (0.180 g, 22 %).
• Step b ⁇ (2R,3S,4R ⁇ 5R)-5-[6-(3,5-Dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)-9H-purin-9-yn-3,4-dihydroxy- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ⁇ methyl sulfamate (1-66)
• Example 48 ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 6-[(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino]-9H-purin-9-yl ⁇ -3- hydroxy-4-methoxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl sulfamate (1-54)
• Example 49 2-((2R / 3S,4R,5K)-5- ⁇ 6-[(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino]-9H-purin-9-yl ⁇ - 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)ethanesulfonamide (1-31)
• Step a [(SaR ⁇ .R ⁇ aR'l- ⁇ -fe-Chloro-gH-purin-g-yn- ⁇ -dimethyltetrahydrofurorS ⁇ -rfi- [1 ,31dioxol-4-carbaldehyde
• Step b (Diethoxyphosphoryl)-methanesulfonic acid ethyl ester.
• Step d Ethyl 2-
• reaction was diluted with water (400 mL) and 5M ammonium chloride in water (50 mL) and was concentrated in vacuo to remove most of the ethanol.
• the aqueous residue was extracted with methylene chloride (2 x 250 mL) and the organic phase was concentrated in vacuo to yield crude product (9.83g).
• Step e Tetrabutyl-ammonium 2-[(3aR > 4R,6R,6aR)-6-(6-chloro-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyl- tetrahydro-furor3,4-diri,31dioxol-4-yn-ethanesulfonate.
• Step g 2-r(3aR > 4R,6Jl,6aR)-6-(6-Chloro-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro- r3,4-d]ri,3]dioxol-4-yl]-emanesulfonamide.
• Step h 2-r(3aR,4R,6R > 6aR)-6-(6-(mdan-l-ylamino)-purin-9-yl)-2,2-dimethyltetrahydro- furor3,4-diri31dioxol-4-yl]-emanesulfonamide
• [3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]-ethanesulfonamide (45.0 mg, 0.000111 mol), (S)-(+)-l-aminoindane (20.0 ⁇ L, 0.000156 mol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (24.0 ⁇ L, 0.000138 mol) were dissolved in ethanol (1.25 mL, 0.0214 mol) and reacted in a microwave at 140 0 C for 10 minutes. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and used crude in the next step.
• Step i 2-((2R > 35,4R,5R)-5- ⁇ 6-r(lS)-2,3-Dihydro-lH-inden-l-ylamino1-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4- dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)ethanesulfonamide (1-31)
• Trifluoroacetic acid (3.60 mL, 0.0467 mol) was added to water (0.40 mL, 0.022 mol) and the mixture was added to 2-[(3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(6-(indan-l-ylamino)-purin-9-yl)- 2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][l,3]dioxol-4-yl]-ethanesulfonamide (crude, 0.000111 mol). The reaction was left to stand (with occasional shaking) for 25 minutes. The reaction was

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