WO2006081364A2 - Formulations for injection of catecholic butanes, including ndga compounds, into animals - Google Patents

Formulations for injection of catecholic butanes, including ndga compounds, into animals Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006081364A2
WO2006081364A2 PCT/US2006/002807 US2006002807W WO2006081364A2 WO 2006081364 A2 WO2006081364 A2 WO 2006081364A2 US 2006002807 W US2006002807 W US 2006002807W WO 2006081364 A2 WO2006081364 A2 WO 2006081364A2
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Prior art keywords
composition
disease
peg
concentration
present
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PCT/US2006/002807
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French (fr)
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WO2006081364A3 (en
Inventor
Rocio Alejandra Lopez
Jessica Andrea Loduca Blomberg
Melissa Claire Rhodes
Jonathan Daniel Heller
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Erimos Pharmaceuticals Llc
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Priority to AU2006208109A priority Critical patent/AU2006208109A1/en
Priority to ES06719601.4T priority patent/ES2536177T3/en
Priority to JP2007553235A priority patent/JP5069131B2/en
Priority to MX2007009032A priority patent/MX2007009032A/en
Priority to EP06719601.4A priority patent/EP1845787B1/en
Priority to CA2595617A priority patent/CA2595617C/en
Priority to CN2006800099824A priority patent/CN101150956B/en
Priority to US11/814,880 priority patent/US20080096967A1/en
Publication of WO2006081364A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006081364A2/en
Publication of WO2006081364A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006081364A3/en
Priority to HK08109526.6A priority patent/HK1113970A1/en

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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
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    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
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Definitions

  • compositions including injectible formulations and methods for administration of catecholic butanes, including NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, for example tetra-O-methyl NDGA, to animals, such as humans, for treatment of diseases, for example, cancer, psoriasis or other proliferative or inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases such as diabetes or neuronal diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
  • NDGA Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
  • NDGA compounds catecholic butanes, including NDGA or NDGA derivatives
  • NDGA compounds are to be useful as therapeutics for humans and other animals, for example, as described in PCT/US2004/016117, published December 29, 2004 as International Publication No. WO 04/112696
  • such formulations are not only safe but also stable, have minimal side effects upon administration to animals. It would further be desirable to develop formulations for these compounds that would allow distribution of an effective amount of these compounds to the desired target tissues in vivo in humans and other animals.
  • the present invention provides these desirable benefits.
  • a composition for injection into animals comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a catecholic butane, and the carrier comprises at least one of a solubilizing agent and an excipient selected from the group consisting of: (a) a water-soluble organic solvent other than dimethyl sulfoxide; provided that when the water-soluble organic solvent is propylene glycol, the propylene glycol is in the absence of white petrolatum, in the absence of xanthan gum (also known as xantham gum and xanthum gum) and in the absence of at least one of glycerine or glycine, when the water- soluble organic solvent is polyethylene glycol, the polyethylene glycol is present in the absence of ascorbic acid or butylated hydroxytoluene ("BHT"), and when the polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 400, the polyethylene glycol 400 is present in the absence of polyethylene glycol 8000; (b) a cyclodextr
  • the present invention also includes a method of treatment of a disease in a subject comprising: (a) providing the composition of the present invention; and (b) administering the composition by injecting the composition into the subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • the present invention includes a kit for treatment of a disease comprising the composition of the present invention and instructions for use thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 comprises FIGS. IA and IB and depicts the results of cell proliferation assays conducted for the C-33A cell line and the HeLa cell line after M 4 N treatment.
  • FIG. IA is a graphical representation of the ratio of number of cells present after M 4 N treatment over the number of cells present in the absence OfM 4 N treatment, where M 4 N was provided in amounts varying from 0 ⁇ M to 80 ⁇ M in a DMSO formulation.
  • FIG. IB is a graphical representation of the ratio of number of cells present after M 4 N treatment over the number of cells present in the absence OfM 4 N treatment, where M 4 N was provided in amounts varying from 0 ⁇ M to 80 ⁇ M in a HP- ⁇ -CD/PEG formulation ("CPE" formulation).
  • CPE HP- ⁇ -CD/PEG formulation
  • FIG. 2 comprises FIGS. 2 A and 2B and is a graphical representation of cell death measurements based on percentage of dead cells for C-33A cells and HeLa cells in the absence or presence of varying concentrations OfM 4 N in a DMSO (FIG. 2A) formulation or in a HP- ⁇ - CD/PEG formulation (FIG. 2B).
  • the M 4 N concentrations varied from O ⁇ M to 80 ⁇ M.
  • FIG. 3 comprises FIGS.
  • FIG. 3 A and 3B is a graphical representation of the effect of concentration in dog serum over time during day 1 after one IV administration to dogs of M 4 N in a formulation including 30% (w/v) and hydoxypropyl ⁇ -cyclodextrin ("HP- ⁇ -CD") and 25% (v/v) PEG 300.
  • FIG. 3 A uses on a non-logarithmic scale
  • FIG. 3B uses a logarithmic scale of concentration.
  • the present invention provides for novel compositions, kits and methods for treatment of diseases, including proliferative diseases such as cancer and psoriasis, hypertension, obesity, type I or type II diabetes, central nervous system diseases or neurodegenerative diseases including, without limitation, pain, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, stroke, and inflammatory disease, premalignant neoplasia or dysplasia, infection including viral infections such as human immunodeficiency viruses ("HIV”), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (“HTLV”), human papilloma virus (“HPV”), herpes simplex viruses ("HSV”), hepatitis B virus (“HBV”), Epstein-Barr virus (“EBV”), Varicella-zoster, adenovirus, parvovirus, Jakob Creutzfeldt virus (“JC virus”) or others.
  • proliferative diseases such as cancer and psoriasis, hypertension, obesity, type I or type II diabetes
  • carrier certain pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizing agents, which together with other diluents, excipients and the like (collectively, “carrier") constitute formulations appropriate for injection into subjects, such as humans, for treatment of diseases.
  • carrier Such formulations are suitable for injection, such as intravenous administration.
  • a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes at least one selected from: (a) a water-soluble organic solvent other than DMSO, such as polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), for example, PEG 300, PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate, propylene glycol (“PG”), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (“PVP”), ethanol, benzyl alcohol or dimethylacetamide; (b) a cyclodextrin or modified cyclodextrin such as hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (“HP- ⁇ -CD”) or sulfobutyl ether ⁇ -cyclodextrin (“SBE- ⁇ -CD”); (c) an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (also known as polysorbate), which is a non-ionic surfactant, for example, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, commercially available as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80,
  • the compounds herein are dissolved in PEG 300, PEG 400 or a PEG 400 monolaurate (the "PEG compounds").
  • PEG 400 it is present in the absence of PEG 8000.
  • the compounds herein are dissolved in a modified cyclodextrin, such as HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • the present compounds are solubilized and diluted in a combination formulation containing one or more of the PEG compounds and HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • the PEG compounds in the combination formulation can be substituted with or combined with a modified cellulose. Suitable modified celluloses include EC or HPMC, for example.
  • solubilization of the present compounds can be performed at room temperature or upon heating. Particularly useful are those solubilizers that maintain the present compounds in solution after cool-down when heat is applied in the solubilization process.
  • the catecholic butane or NDGA compounds herein are solubilized in a modified cellulose such as EC or HPMC.
  • the EC can be diluted in ethanol (“EtOH”) prior to use.
  • the present invention also provides water-insoluble lipids as solubilizers for the present compounds.
  • the water-insoluble lipids include, for example, oils as well as mixed fat emulsion compositions such as Intralipid® (Pharmacia & Upjohn, now Pfizer), used as per the manufacturer's recommendation.
  • Intralipid® Pulcoa & Upjohn, now Pfizer
  • adult dosage is recommended to be not exceeding 2 g of fat/kg body weight/day (20 mL, 10 mL and 6.7 mL/kg of Intralipid® 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively).
  • Intralipid® 10% is believed to contain in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 10Og, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 22 g, water for injection q.s.
  • Intralipid® 20% contains in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 200 g, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 22 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1,000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 8.
  • Intralipid® 30% contains in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 300 g, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 16.7 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1,000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 7.5.
  • the present invention provides corn oil, sesame seed oil, peppermint oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, glycerol or alone or in combination with other oil or with any or more of the PEG compounds and Tween® 20 or Tween® 80.
  • the present invention also includes as solubilizing agents materials such as propylene glycol and any combinations of the foregoing.
  • the present invention includes suitable materials for injection or infusion of the composition into an animal, such as intravenous (“IV”) tubing, that is compatible for delivery of the present formulations.
  • IV tubing include those made of polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) alone or in combination with a fluoroelastomer such as CHEM-
  • active pharmaceutical ingredient means any of the catecholic butanes of Formula I or the NDGA compounds, such as the
  • NDGA derivatives present in the pharmaceutical compositions herein.
  • Alkylene dioxy refers to methylene or substituted methylene dioxy or ethylene or substituted ethylene dioxy.
  • Unsubstituted or substituted amino acid reside or salt thereof in reference to one of the -R groups in Formula I or Formula II as used herein means an amino acid residue or a substituted amino acid residue including but not limited to: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, 5-hydroxylysine, 4-hydroxyproline, thyroxine, 3-methylhistidine, ⁇ -N-methyllysine, ⁇ -N,N,N-trimethyllysine, aminoadipic acid, ⁇ - carboxyglutamic acid, phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine, N-methylarginine, N- acetyllysine, and an N
  • a “carrier” as used herein refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, vehicle, excipient, solubilizing agent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any conventional type, and encompasses all of the components of the composition other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
  • the carrier may contain additional agents such as wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Other materials such as anti-oxidants, humectants, viscosity stabilizers, and similar agents may be added as necessary.
  • Rj and R 2 each independently represents -H, a lower alkyl, a lower acyl, an alkylene; or -R 1 O and -R 2 O each independently represents an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or salt thereof;
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 and R 13 each independently represents — H or a lower alkyl;
  • R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 each independently represents — H, -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or a salt thereof, or any two adjacent groups together may be an alkyene dioxy.
  • a "cyclodextrin” as used herein means an unmodified cyclodextrin or a modified cyclodextrin, and includes with out limitation ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin and any modified cyclodextrins containing modifications thereto, such as HP- ⁇ -CD or SBE- ⁇ -CD.
  • Cyclodextrin typically has 6 ( ⁇ -cyclodextrin), 7 ( ⁇ -cyclodextrin), and 8 ( ⁇ -cyclodextrin) sugars, up to three substitutions per sugar, and 0 to 24 primary substitutions are therefore possible (primary substitutions are defined as substitutions connected directly to the cyclodextrin ring).
  • the modified or unmodified cyclodextrins used in the present invention may have any appropriate number and location of primary substitutions or other modifications.
  • a “derivative" of NDGA as used herein means an “NDGA derivative” (see below).
  • the term “disease” as used herein includes all diseases, conditions, infections, syndromes or disorders for which the application of the present composition produces a therapeutic effect. Such “disease” includes, for example without limitation, cancer, psoriasis and other proliferative diseases, inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis,
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • hypertension obesity, diabetes, pain, stroke and/or other neuronal disorders or neurodegenerative diseases or conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ("ALS”) and premalignant conditions such as intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia, and infectious diseases.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • G 4 N or "tetra-N,N-dimethyl glycinyl NDGA” or “tetra-dimethyl glycinyl NDGA” as used herein is an NDGA derivative of Formula II (below) in which R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 each independently represents
  • R 18 and R 19 each represents -CH 3 .
  • “Lower acyl” as used herein means C 1 - C 6 acyl, preferably, C 1 - C 3 acyl.
  • “Lower alkyl” as used herein means C 1 - C 6 alkyl, preferably, C 1 - C 3 alkyl.
  • “M 4 N” or “tetra-O-methyl NDGA” as used herein is an NDGA derivative of Formula II in which R 14 , R 15 , Ri 6 and R 17 each independently represents -OCH 3 , and Ri 8 and R 19 are each
  • a "modified cellulose” as used herein means a cellulose that contains one or more modifications to the cellulose molecule and includes, for example EC, HPMC, CMC and MC.
  • "NDGA” as used herein means nordihydroguaiaretic acid and has the following formula:
  • NDGA compound as used herein means singly or collectively NDGA and/or any one or more of the NDGA derivatives.
  • NDGA derivative as used herein means a derivative of NDGA having a Formula II
  • R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 each independently represents -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, or an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and R 18 and R 19 each independently represents -H or a lower alkyl, wherein R 14 , Ri 5 , R 16 and R 17 are not simultaneously —OH.
  • the term includes a compound that is a methylated derivative of NDGA, such as tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M 4 N), tri-O-methyl NDGA (M 3 N), di-O-methyl NDGA (M 2 N) and mono-O-methyl NDGA (M 1 N).
  • a NDGA derivative may be a compound in which one or more of the hydrogens in the hydroxyl or methyl groups of NDGA are substituted, such as, for example where R 14 , Ri 5 , Ri 6 and Rn each independently represents a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, or an amino acid or substituted amino acid or salt thereof; and Rig and Ri 9 each independently represents — H or an alkyl such as a lower alkyl.
  • percent means the percent of the component indicated in the composition based on the amount of the carrier present in the composition, on a weight/weight (w/w), weight/volume (w/v) or volume/volume (v/v), as indicated with respect to any particular component, all based on the amount of the carrier present in the composition.
  • different types of carriers may be present in an amount of up to 100% as indicated, which does not preclude the presence of the API, the amount of which may be indicated as a % or as a certain number of mg present in the composition or a certain number of mg/mL present, where the % or mg/mL is based on the amount of the total carrier present in the composition.
  • Certain types of carriers may be present in combination to make up 100% of the carrier.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation.
  • the carrier for a formulation containing the present catecholic butane, NDGA compounds or NDGA derivatives preferably does not include oxidizing agents and other compounds that are known to be deleterious to such.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a solubilizing agent.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, dextrose, glycerol, saline, ethanol, buffer, Cremaphor® EL, phosphate buffered saline, PEG 300, PEG 400, modified cyclodextrin, and combinations thereof, all as set forth above.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipient includes vehicles, adjuvants, or diluents or other auxiliary substances, such as those conventional in the art, which are readily available to the public, and which are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances include pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents and the like.
  • the term "solubilizing agent” as used herein means a composition in which one or more of the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, dissolves.
  • a solubilizing agent may also be a carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the terms "subject,” “host,” and “patient,” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an animal being treated with the present compositions, including, but not limited to, simians, humans, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
  • a “substantially purified” compound in reference to the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds or derivatives for administration herein is one that is substantially free of materials that are not the catecholic butane, NDGA compounds or NDGA derivatives (hereafter, "non-NDGA materials").
  • substantially free is meant at least about 50% free of non-NDGA materials, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about 90% free and still more preferably at least about 95% free of non-NDGA materials.
  • treatment refers to obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect.
  • the effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a condition or disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a condition or disease and/or adverse affect attributable to the condition or disease.
  • Treatment covers any treatment of a condition or disease in a mammal, particularly in a human, and includes: (a) preventing the condition or disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the condition or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the condition or disease, such as, arresting its development; and (c) relieving, alleviating or ameliorating the condition or disease, such as, for example, causing regression of the condition or disease.
  • a compound includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to “the NDGA compound” includes reference to one or more NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
  • All publications mentioned herein, including patents, patent applications, and journal articles are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties including the references cited therein, which are also incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • the catecholic butanes of the present invention can be prepared by any method know in the art. For example, such compounds can be made as described in US Patent 5,008,294.
  • NDGA may be purchased from any available commercial sources, such as, for example, Alexis Biochemicals Corp., San Diego, CA, U.S.A. (Cat. No. LKT-N5669), or A.G. Scientific, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A. (Cat. No. N1071), or Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. (Cat. No. 70300).
  • the NDGA derivatives and formulations thereof can be made by any process conventional in the art.
  • the NDGA derivatives can be made as described in, US Patent 5,008,294; US Patent 6,291,524; Hwu, J.R. et al. (1998); or McDonald, R. W. et al. (2001).
  • an NDGA derivative tetra-O-methyl NDGA, also known as meso-l,4-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane, or M 4 N, is made as follows! a solution is made containing NDGA and potassium hydroxide in methanol in a reaction flask. Dimethyl sulfate is then added to the reaction flask and the reaction is allowed to proceed. The reaction is finally quenched with water, causing the product to precipitate. The precipitate is isolated by filtration and dried in a vacuum oven.
  • the compound is then dissolved in a solution of methylene chloride and toluene and subsequently purified through an alumina column.
  • the solvents are removed by rotary evaporation and the solid is resuspended in isopropanol and isolated by filtration.
  • the filter cake is dried in a vacuum oven.
  • the resulting tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M 4 N) is crystallized by refluxing the filter cake in isopropanol and re-isolating the crystals by filtration.
  • certain NDGA derivatives of the present invention such as G 4 N, also known as meso-l,4-bis[3,4-(dimethylaminoacetoxy)phenyl]-(2R,3S)- dimethylbutane or tetra-dimethylglycinyl NDGA, or a hydrochloride salt thereof, and similar compounds having amino acid substituents, can also be prepared according to conventional methods, as described in, for example, US Patent 6,417,234. [0068] Preparation of the Therapeutic Compositions
  • compositions comprising the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds, such as the NDGA derivatives, as active pharmaceutical ingredients ("API"), and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
  • the compositions of the instant invention will contain from less than about 0.1% (w/v) up to about 99% (w/v) of the active pharmaceutical ingredient or API, that is, the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds and NDGA derivatives herein; optionally, the present invention will contain about 2% (w/v) to about 90% (w/v) of the API.
  • the present invention additionally provides compositions in which the catecholic butanes, such as NDGA derivatives, for example M 4 N, are present in concentrations of about 1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or about 10 mg/mL to about 175 mg/mL, or about 20 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL, or about 30 mg/mL to about 125 mg/mL, or about 40 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL, or about 50 mg/mL to about 75 mg/mL.
  • the catecholic butanes such as NDGA derivatives, for example M 4 N
  • the NDGA compounds are present in the compositions herein at a concentration about 1 mg/mL, about 2 mg/mL, about 2.5 mg/mL, about 5 mg/mL, about 10 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL, about 20 mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 120 mg/mL, about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 175 mg/mL or about 200mg/mL.
  • composition of the present invention may contain less than about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg or more of the API, such as about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg or about 200 mg of the API.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient may contain one or more solubilizing agents in which the API is dissolved.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient may additionally contain a diluent.
  • the invention provides a solubilizing agent that contains one or more of a water-soluble organic solvent, other than DMSO.
  • a water-soluble organic solvent other than DMSO.
  • preferred water-soluble organic solvents are ethanol, benzyl alcohol, dimethylacetamide, PVP, PG and PEG compounds such as: PEG 300, PEG 400, or PEG 400 monolaurate.
  • the PEG compound in the present compositions is provided in an amount of about 5% to about 100%, or about 5% to about 60%, or about 10% to about 90%, or about 20% to about 80%, or 30% to about 70%, or about 40% to about 60%, all concentrations being a percentage of volume/volume (v/v).
  • PG may be present at a concentration of about 2.5% to about 100% (v/v).
  • the concentration of the PEG compounds in the present compositions can vary depending on what other solubilizers or diluents or excipients are also present.
  • the PEG 300, PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate of the present invention can be at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of volume/volume (v/v).
  • the present invention also provides compositions of catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds in a cyclodextrin, which includes modified cyclodextrins.
  • the cyclodextrins herein may be ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and the modified cyclodextrins may include HP- ⁇ -CD and SBE- ⁇ -CD, for example.
  • the present composition contains a modified cyclodextrin in a concentration of about 5% to about 80%, or about 10% to about 70%, or about 20% to about 60%, or about 30% to about 50%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of weight/volume (w/v).
  • the modified cyclodextrins such as HP- ⁇ -CD
  • HP- ⁇ -CD is present in the compositions at a concentration of about 12.5%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70% or about 75%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of weight/volume (w/v).
  • Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, such as Cremophor® EL, polysorbates, which are non-ionic surfactants, for example, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, commercially available as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80, TPGS, which is an amphipathic surfactant, among many others.
  • an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant such as Cremophor® EL
  • polysorbates which are non-ionic surfactants, for example, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, commercially available as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80, TPGS, which is an amphipathic surfactant, among many others.
  • Suitable surfactants include, without limitation, glycerol monooleate and an esterified fatty acid, such as those typically made by transesterification of vegetable oils, available in several varieties and grades as Labrafil®, Labrasol®, and Gelucire®, from Gattefosse Corp., Paramus, NJ, U.S.A.
  • the surfactant can be present in any desired effective amount, such as at a concentration of about 1% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v), preferably about 9% (v/v) to about 80% (v/v), and more preferably, about 10% (v/v) to about 50% (v/v).
  • a non-ionic surfactant preferred concentrations of a non-ionic surfactant are Tween® 20 at a concentration of about 9% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v) and Tween® 80 of about 33% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v). All percentages of the surfactant are volume percentages (v/v).
  • Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is a modified cellulose, such as EC, HPMC, MC and CMC.
  • the modified cellulose can be present in any desired effective amount, such as a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25%, or about 0.5% to about 7.5%, or about 1.0% to about 5%.
  • EC may be present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20%; HPMC may be present at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 1%; MC may be present at a concentration of about 1% to about 3%; and CMC may be present at a concentration of about 1% to about 4%.
  • the percentages of modified cellulose are in weight per volume (w/v).
  • Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is a water-insoluble lipid, such as an oil or mixed fat emulsion. Examples of oils include corn oil, sesame seed oil, peppermint oil, soybean oil, mineral oil and glycerol, for instance.
  • the water-insoluble carriers may be used in combination with any one or more of the water-soluble carriers, such as PEG compounds and the surfactants, such as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80.
  • the water-insoluble lipid carriers can be present in any desired effective amount, such as a concentration of about 10% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v), or about 15% (v/v) to about 85% (v/v), or about 25% (v/v) to about 75% (v/v).
  • Oil may be present at a concentration of about 9% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v).
  • Mixed fat emulsions may be present at a concentration of about 10% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v); and preferably about 20% (w/v).
  • Combinations of the various carrier components may be used with the API, as noted above.
  • One non-limiting example of such an embodiment that is presently preferred is a composition of 10 mg/ml M 4 N in 25% (w/v) PEG 300, 30% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD, balance of the carrier being water suitable for injection into animals ("WFI," which designates a recognized grade of water in the pharmaceutical industry).
  • WFI water suitable for injection into animals
  • the HP- ⁇ -CD has 6 to 8 degrees of substitution, but other substitutions in other embodiments are well within the scope of this invention, as noted above.
  • the invention provides a diluent that is saline or water that is suitable for injection.
  • a diluent that is saline or water that is suitable for injection.
  • water suitable for injection is used as a diluent.
  • compositions in liquid form may include a buffer, which is selected according to the desired use of the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds, such as the NDGA derivatives, and may also include other substances appropriate for the intended use. Those skilled in the art can readily select an appropriate buffer, a wide variety of which are known in the art, suitable for an intended use.
  • compositions containing the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds find use as therapeutic agents or for treatment in subjects in need of such treatment in any number of diseases in which such catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds can be used.
  • the present invention provides for methods and compositions for treatment of disease including, for example, proliferative diseases such as benign and malignant cancer, psoriasis and premalignant conditions and neoplasia, such as intraepithelial neoplasia, or dysplasia.
  • the present invention also provides for treatment of diabetes, including type I and type II diabetes, obesity and complications resulting from such, including cardiovascular diseases, stroke and hypertension.
  • the present invention further provides for treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other immune system associated diseases.
  • the present invention provides for treatment of neurological diseases, including central nervous system diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
  • the present invention provides for treatment of infections, such as viral infections including viruses that require SpI binding for transcription or replication. Examples of such viruses that require SpI binding include: HIV, HTLV, HPV, HSV, HBV, EBV, Varicella-zoster virus, adenovirus, parvovirus and JC virus.
  • a variety of animal hosts are treatable according to the subject methods, including human and non-human animals.
  • Such hosts are "mammals” or “mammalian,” where these terms are used broadly to describe organisms which are within the class mammalia, including the orders carnivore (e.g., dogs and cats), rodentia (e.g., guinea pigs, and rats), and other mammals, including cattle, goats, horses, sheep, rabbits, pigs, and primates (e.g., humans, chimpanzees, and monkeys).
  • the hosts will be humans.
  • Animal models are of interest for experimental investigations, such as providing a model for treatment of human disease. Further, the present invention is applicable to veterinary care as well.
  • an effective amount of the present composition is administered to the host, where an "effective amount" means a dosage sufficient to produce a desired result.
  • the desired result is at least an inhibition of progression of the neoplasia or dysplasia.
  • the appropriate dose to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, such as the general health of the subject, the age of the subject, the state of the disease or condition, the weight of the subject, the size of the tumor, for example. Generally, about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg or less may be administered to a child and about 0.1 mg to about 5 grams or less may be administered to an adult. Typical dosages are within the broad range of about 10 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject to about 600 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject.
  • the active agent can be administered in a single or, more typically, multiple doses. Preferred dosages for a given agent are readily determinable by those of skill in the art by a variety of means. Other effective dosages can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves. The amount of agent will, of course, vary depending upon the particular agent used.
  • the frequency of administration of the active agent will be determined by the care giver based on age, weight, disease status, health status and patient responsiveness.
  • the agents may be administered one or more times daily, weekly, monthly or as appropriate as conventionally determined.
  • the agents may be administered intermittently, such as for a period of days, weeks or months, then not again until some time has passed, such as 3 or 6 months, and then administered again for a period of days, weeks, or months.
  • the active agents may be administered alone or in appropriate association, as well as in combination, with other pharmaceutically active agents or therapeutics including other small molecules, antibodies or protein therapeutics.
  • the following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
  • the carrier or excipient may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents or emulsifying agents.
  • auxiliary substances such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents or emulsifying agents.
  • the composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the API adequate to achieve the desired state in the subject being treated.
  • Unit dosage forms for injection or intravenous administration may comprise the API in a composition as a solution in sterile water, normal saline or another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • unit dosage form refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of API of the present invention calculated in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or vehicle.
  • the specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of the present invention depend on the particular compound employed and the effect to be achieved, and the pharmacodynamics associated with each compound in the host.
  • Kits with multiple or unit doses of the active agent are included in the present invention.
  • kits in addition to the containers holding the multiple or unit doses of the compositions containing the catecholic butanes such as the NDGA compounds will be an informational package insert with instructions describing the use and attendant benefits of the drugs in treating pathological condition of interest.
  • an applicator for administration of the present composition is included in each kit.
  • compositions of the present injectable compositions can be administered parenterally, including intravenously, intra-arterially, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and intravesicularly, as appropriate for the disease to be treated and as conventional in the art. While the compositions of the present invention are intended to be administered by injection, they may also be suitable to be administered by other routes, for example by topical, intranasal, inhalation or implantation administration. [0101] The Examples set forth below are exemplary in nature and are not to be interpreted as limiting the present invention.
  • Example 1 Formulations Containing M 4 N in HP- ⁇ -CD and/or PEG 300
  • M 4 N was prepared as described in PCT/US2004/016117 and was solubilized in a sombilizing agent.
  • the resulting solution was optionally mixed with an excipient and/or a diluent.
  • the solubilizing agent and the excipient may be used interchangeably or in combination with each other.
  • One solubilizing agent or excipient used was endotoxin-controlled hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin ("HP- ⁇ -CD") obtained from Research Diagnostics, Inc. (Cat. No. RDI-82004HPB, lot no. H3N188P) (Flanders, NJ, U.S.A.).
  • Another solubilizing agent or excipient used was PEG 300, obtained from Spectrum Chemicals, Inc. (Cat. No. P0108, lot no. TB1228) (Gardena, CA, U.S.A.).
  • HP- ⁇ -CD and PEG 300 were present in a single formulation.
  • M 4 N was first dissolved in PEG 300 to form a M 4 N in PEG 300 solution ("M 4 N/PEG 300").
  • M 4 N/PEG 300 solution was then added to a pre-made solution of HP- ⁇ -CD to form a M 4 N solution in a PEG 300 and HP- ⁇ -CD (hereafter, a "CPE" formulation").
  • CPE HP- ⁇ -CD
  • a volume expansion must be accounted for. For example, for a 40% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD solution, a volume expansion of 0.7 mL/g (i.e., 0.7 mL of water displaced per gram of HP- ⁇ -CD added) must be accounted for.
  • a 100 mL solution of 40% HP- ⁇ -CD for use as a solubilizing agent and/or excipient was made as follows: 65 mL of WFI were placed in a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate, and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About forty (40) grams of HP- ⁇ -CD were added slowly to the stirring WFI, using a spatula to direct the HP- ⁇ -CD to the center of the beaker so as to prevent HP- ⁇ -CD crystals from sticking to the beaker wall. The HP- ⁇ - CD solution was stirred for about 24 hr or until the HP- ⁇ -CD was dissolved completely upon visual inspection. The resulting solution measured about 93 mL.
  • modified cyclodextrin solution may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration.
  • concentrations or other modified cyclodextrin solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD with other modified cyclodextrins, adjusted for the appropriate concentrations in the process described above.
  • a lO mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 10 mg/mL in 40% HP- ⁇ -CD was made as follows. About 10 mL of the 40% HP- ⁇ -CD solution were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 10 mg of M 4 N were slowly added to the 40% HP- ⁇ -CD in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula. The M 4 N/40% HP- ⁇ -CD mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all
  • M 4 N was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present.
  • the M 4 N/40% HP- ⁇ -CD mixture was optionally heated at 80°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 80° C for 100 mL of the M 4 N/HP- ⁇ -CD mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution OfM 4 N.
  • the M 4 N/HP- ⁇ -CD mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M 4 N/40% HP- ⁇ -CD solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light.
  • This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other cyclodextrin solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins. Results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that M 4 N remained in solution after cooling at concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL in the 40% HP- ⁇ -CD formulation for greater than 7 days.
  • a 100 mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 25 mg/mL in PEG 300 was made as follows. About 100 mL of PEG 300 were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 2.5 g ofM 4 N were slowly added to the PEG 300 in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M 4 N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M 4 N/PEG 300 mixture was stirred for 24 hr or until all M 4 N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M 4 N/PEG 300 mixture was optionally heated at about 60° C for about 30 min.
  • M 4 NVPEG 300 mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. After all M 4 N was observed to be dissolved, the resulting M 4 N/PEG 300 solution was used immediately or before the expiration of 48 hr, otherwise crystals or other precipitates might form.
  • the M 4 N /PEG 300 solution could be heated again at 60° C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M 4 N was dissolved back in solution.
  • the final M 4 N/PEG 300 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration OfM 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other PEGs may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting PEG 300 in the process described above with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate.
  • a 100 mL stock solution of a formulation containing 50% PEG 300 (v/v), 20% HP- ⁇ -CD (w/v) and 12.5 mg M 4 N was made by adding 50 mL of the 40% pre-made HP- ⁇ -CD solution (made as described above) to a glass beaker containing a stir bar on a magnetic plate, with the stir bar stirring at medium speed, and slowly adding 50 mL of the pre-made M 4 N/PEG 300 solution (made as described above), for example, at a rate of about 10 mL per min.
  • the M 4 N/PEG 300 was added by use of a pipette to the center of the beaker to avoid its sticking to the walls of the beaker and to ensure complete dissolution.
  • M 4 N/PEG 300 was added to the HP- ⁇ -CD solution initially appeared as a white solution, but eventually became clear upon continuous mixing.
  • This recipe may be scaled up or down as appropriate to produce the desired volume or concentration of M 4 N/PEG 300 and HP- ⁇ -CD.
  • the stock solution was filter-sterilized using a 0.22 ⁇ m PVDF membrane, such as a pre-sterilized vacuum driven disposal bottle-top filter membrane obtained from Millipore (Cat. No. SCGV T05 RE) (Billerica, MA, U.S.A.). The filtration process was driven by vacuum force and the filtrate is collected in pre-sterilized 250 mL glass bottles. The bottles were then sealed tightly, stored at room temperature and protected from light.
  • a stock solution of M 4 N/PEG 400 or M 4 N/PEG 400 monolaurate in HP- ⁇ -CD can be similarly made by substituting PEG 300 with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate in the processes described above.
  • the M 4 N/PEG 300/HP- ⁇ -CD, M 4 N/PEG 400/HP- ⁇ -CD or M 4 N/PEG 400 monolaurate/HP- ⁇ -CD stock solution made in the foregoing manner can be diluted prior to use in vitro or for administration into animals. If dilution is necessary, the stock solution is preferably diluted in WFI, instead of saline, for example, so as to keep the osmolarity down.
  • a formulation suitable for use as placebo control containing 50% PEG 300 and 20% HP- ⁇ -CD can be made as follows. To make a 100 mL solution of the placebo or control formulation, about 50 mL of 40% HP- ⁇ -CD are added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar on a magnetic plate. The magnetic plate is set to stir the HP- ⁇ -CD solution at medium speed.
  • PEG 300 About 50 mL of PEG 300 are slowly added to the 50 mL of HP- ⁇ -CD in the glass beaker by pipette to the center of the beaker to prevent the PEG 300 from sticking to the wall of the beaker. The mixture is stirred for about 1 hr or until mixing is complete.
  • This placebo formulation is filter-sterilized using a 0.22 ⁇ m PVDF membrane filter driven by vacuum force. The filtrate is collected in pre-sterilized 250 mL glass bottles. The glass bottles are sealed tightly, stored at room temperature, and kept protected from light. This recipe may be scaled up or down as required to produce the desired concentration and volume amounts. Further, PEG 300 may be substituted with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate, as desired.
  • M 4 N may be solubilized in other solubilizing agents, such as water-soluble organic solvents including ethanol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), propylene glycol or glycerol.
  • solubilizing agents such as water-soluble organic solvents including ethanol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), propylene glycol or glycerol.
  • Example 2 Effect of M 4 N in DMSO or Combination PEG 300/ HP- ⁇ -CD Formulation on Proliferation and Death of Tumor Cells in Culture
  • M 4 N in 10% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD and 25% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE formulation")
  • M 4 N in 30% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD and 25% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE 25/30 formulation”
  • M 4 N in 27% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD and 33% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE 33/27 formulation”) was tested for their effects on cell death and proliferation on two different tumor cell lines: HeLa, an HPV-18 positive human cervical cancer cell line, and C-33A, an HPV-negative human cervical cancer cell line M 4 N in DMSO was also tested in parallel.
  • Both tumor cell lines were treated with increasing amounts of M 4 N: 0 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M, 40 ⁇ M, 60 ⁇ M and 80 ⁇ M, for 72 hr with the DMSO or the CPE formulation. Each formulation was added to total 1% of the growth media (Minimal Essential Medium with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, ImM sodium pyruvate, Ix non-essential amino acid solution, and 1,000 IU/mL penicillin/1, 000 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin solution). Control cells were grown under the same conditions and were left untreated. After 72 hr of treatment or no treatment, the total number of cells and the number of live cells in each sample were counted, using the trypan blue exclusion method. The cell proliferation rate and the percentage of dead cells in each sample were analyzed. Results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and Tables 6 through 12.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the ratio of the number of treated cells/number of untreated cells plotted against increasing concentrations of M 4 N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation for treatment of the C-33A cells and HeLa cells.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the percentage of dead cells plotted against increasing concentrations of M 4 N and in either DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation for treatment of the two cancer cell lines, C- 33A and HeLa cells in culture.
  • Results show that DMSO alone, in the absence of M 4 N, has a significant anti-proliferative effect and some toxic effect, as measured by % of dead cells, on both of the tumor cell lines tested as compared to the untreated controls. In contrast, the CPE formulation alone has an antiproliferative effect and very little toxic effect on the two tumor cell lines when compared to the untreated controls.
  • Cell proliferation rate was reduced in both cell lines after treatment with M 4 N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation, when compared to the non-M 4 N-treated controls (i.e., 0 ⁇ g/mL or 0 ⁇ M of M 4 N) in the same formulation.
  • the antiproliferative effect appeared to be M 4 N dose-dependent in the CPE formulation.
  • the CPE formulation for example, about 20 ⁇ M or 7.2 ⁇ g/mL of M 4 N was found to be sufficient to cause about a 50% inhibition in cell proliferation for both tumor cell types. Further increases in the concentration OfM 4 N in the CPE formulation resulted in further increases in antiproliferative effect for both cell types.
  • higher doses M 4 N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation induced higher percentages of cell death for both the C-33A cells and the HeLa cells.
  • M 4 N in the DMSO formulation was more toxic to cells than the corresponding concentrations of M 4 N in the CPE formulation.
  • Example 3 Multiple lots of M 4 N can be used and create the same results
  • Various lots OfM 4 N were tested to show the effectiveness of the drug of different lots.
  • HeLa cells were treated with increasing amounts OfM 4 N: 0 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M, 40 ⁇ M, 60 ⁇ M and 80 ⁇ M, for 72 hr with the CPE formulation.
  • Each formulation was added to total 1% of the growth media (Minimal Essential Medium with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, ImM sodium pyruvate, Ix non-essential amino acid solution, and 1,000 IU/mL penicillin/1, 000 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin solution).
  • Control cells were grown under the same conditions and were left untreated.
  • test article cyclodextrin vehicle and diluent were considered 100% pure for formulation purposes.
  • Dose formulations were prepared on each day of dosing by adding the appropriate amount of test article or cyclodextrin vehicle into a glass container using a sterile syringe. For each dose, an equal amount of sterile water was added to the M 4 N formulation or cyclodextrin vehicle to form a 50:50 (v/v) dilution. No dilution was required for the 200 mg/kg dose. All formulations were mixed by gentle inversion to ensure that a proper solution was formed. Formulations were loaded into medication cassettes and stored at room temperature until needed.
  • M 4 N was administered at 25 mg/kg on SD 3, 50 mg/kg on SD 5, and 100 mg/kg on SD 8. Only the female received the full 100 mg/kg dose; due to mechanical malfunctions caused by precipitation in the infusion line, the male dog received approximately 72 mg/kg (i.e., 72%) of the intended dose. Two additional Beagle dogs were administered a 200 mg/kg dose; however, mechanical difficulties ensued and the male dog received approximately 180 mg/kg (90%) of the intended dose, whereas the amount the female received could not be determined. [0145] On SD13, dosing could not be completed due to a pump mechanical failure that may be related to the viscosity of the 12.5 mg/mL formulation.
  • the unused formulation was transferred into amber glass vials and stored at room temperature until reformulated on SDl 5 by diluting 50:50 (v/v) with sterile water. The 6.25 mg/mL dilutions were then loaded into medication cassettes.
  • the animals used were acclimated to laboratory conditions for at least 7 days prior to the first dose and released from quarantine by a staff veterinarian. During that time, each animal was identified by the ear tattoo and a temporary number that was recorded on each cage label. Animals were cared for in the conventional manner and in accordance with the provisions of the USDA Animal Welfare Act, the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the U.S. Interagency Research Animal Committee Principles for the Utilization and Care of Research Animals.
  • Feed and water were provided ad libitum, unless otherwise noted. No contaminants were known to be present in the diet or water at levels that might have interfered with achieving the objectives of the study. Animals were provided with positive human interaction such as petting, scratching, and talking during dosing and when performing physical examinations. Due to the jugular vein catheterization, dogs were not exercised outside of their cages following surgery. Rubber Kong toys or nylon toys were provided inside the cages.
  • HP- ⁇ -CD and 25% PEG 300 when administered as a single intravenous infusion dose for seven consecutive days in beagle dogs.
  • This study constitutes the first study of this particular formulation ofM 4 N in dogs and was executed to evaluate the toxicity and compare tolerability of a diluted formulation (10 mg/mL versus 5 mg/mL).
  • test article analysis was performed on Study Days 1 and 7, blood samples (targeting a volume of 2.0 mL) were collected from each animal from an appropriate vessel at the following time points:
  • Red discoloration of the infusion site was noted in one female in the 45 mg/kg CPE group and correlated microscopically to multifocal, mild, intimal, vascular thickening, multifocal, mild vascular hyperplasia of the smooth myocyte, and a multifocal, mild, subacute, subcutaneous perivasculitis, indicating irritation caused by the dosing technique.
  • Select male and female animals in the placebo and 90 mg/kg CPE groups exhibited diffuse, mild to moderate splenic congestion attributed to the mode of euthanasia.
  • AU other macroscopic and microscopic findings noted at the SD 16, 42, and 43 necropsies were considered incidental and not treatment-related.
  • a single male dog was administered M 4 N (12.5 mg/mL) in 20% HP- ⁇ -CD/50% PEG 300 via IV infusion (10 mL/kg/hour). Increased pressure in the infusion line and test formulation leakage from the syringe occurred. Dosing resulted in salivation, mydriasis, red-colored urine, severe ataxia, tremors, and convulsion. Because the observations were considered severe, the animal was considered moribund and scheduled for euthanization. Prior to euthanization, the dog appeared to be recovering; all previously noted clinical observations were markedly reduced in severity.
  • HP- ⁇ -CD HP- ⁇ -CD
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • modified cyclodextrins with modified celluloses may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration of HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC solution.
  • modified cyclodextrin/modified cellulose solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD with other modified cyclodextrins, or HPMC with other modified celluloses, in the process described above.
  • a 10 mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 10 mg/mL in 50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC was made as follows. About 10 mL of the 50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC solution were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 100 mg of M 4 N were slowly added to the 50% HP- ⁇ - CD/0.5% HPMC in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula. The M 4 N/50% HP- ⁇ - CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was stirred for 24 hr or until all M 4 N was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present.
  • the M 4 N/50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was heated at about 90°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 9O 0 C for 500 mL of the M 4 N/50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution of M 4 N.
  • the M 4 N/50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M 4 N/50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light.
  • M 4 N was dissolved in this 50% HP- ⁇ -CD/0.5% HPMC formulation at the 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL concentrations when heated at 9O 0 C and remained in solution after cool down, with stability at room temperature for greater than 7 days. M 4 N did not dissolve in this same formulation at the 50 mg/mL concentration even at 9O 0 C.
  • the foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other cyclodextrin/cellulose solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins, or by substituting HPMC with other modified celluloses.
  • a lO mL solution of 5% ethylcellulose ("EC") in ethanol (w/v) for use as a solubilizing agent and/or excipient was made as follows: 10 mL of 100% ethyl alcohol (“EtOH”) were placed in a glass beaker containing a stir bar, covered by a round Teflon® cover. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate, and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. Five hundred (500) milligrams of EC was added slowly to the stirring ethanol, using a spatula to direct the EC to the center of the beaker so as to prevent EC powder from sticking to the beaker wall.
  • EtOH ethyl alcohol
  • modified cellulose solutions were stirred for about 2 hr or until the EC was dissolved completely upon visual inspection. The final solution was stored at room temperature, and was protected from light.
  • This method of making modified cellulose solutions may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration. Other modified cellulose solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting EC with other modified celluloses, in the process described above.
  • a 10 mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 20 mg/niL in 5% EC (w/v) (the "EC formulation" was made as follows. About 10 mL of 5% EC formulation, made as described above, were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar.
  • the beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed, and covered with a round Teflon® cover.
  • About 200 mg OfM 4 N were slowly added to the 5% EC formulation in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M 4 N from sticking to the beaker wall.
  • the M 4 N/EC mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all M 4 N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present.
  • the M 4 N/EC mixture was heated at about 60° C for about 30 min.
  • M 4 NZEC mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M 4 N/EC solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. [0195] The foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other modified celluloses may be similarly made, such as, for example, HPMC, MC (methylcellulose), and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose).
  • Results of the solubility of M 4 N in the modified celluloses are set forth in Table 18. [0196] Results showed that M 4 N was soluble at 1 mg/mL in the EC formulation without application of heat, the solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days. M 4 N was soluble at the 10 mg/mL concentration at 40°C and remained in solution after cooling, this solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days. M 4 N was soluble in the EC formulation at the 20 mg/mL concentration at 60°C and remained in solution after cooling, this solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days.
  • M 4 N at the 30 mg/mL concentration was soluble in the EC formulation at 60°C, but did not remain in solution upon cooling.
  • a lO mL solution OfM 4 N at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL in sesame oil was made as follows. About 10 mL of sesame oil were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 500 mg ofM 4 N were slowly added to the sesame oil in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M 4 N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M 4 N/sesame oil mixture was stirred for about 2 hr or until all M 4 N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clump being present.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil mixture was heated at about 60°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 60 0 C for 500 mL of the M 4 N/sesame oil mixture), or longer as need to ensure complete dissolution of M 4 N.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. If crystals formed, the M 4 N /sesame oil solution could be heated again at 60 0 C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M 4 N was dissolved back in solution.
  • the final M 4 N/sesame oil solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light.
  • the foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other water-insoluble lipids may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Results are shown in Table 19.
  • Table 19 shows, for example, that M 4 N was soluble in corn oil at 6O 0 C at concentrations ranging from 1 mg/mL up to 100 mg/mL and, except at the 100 mg/mL level, remained in solution after cooling, the solutions being stable for greater than 3 days at the 1 and 10 mg/mL concentrations, for less than 3 days at the 20, 40 and 50 mg/mL levels and for less than 1 day at the 60 mg/mL level. Further, M 4 N was soluble in olive oil at 60°C at the 30 mg/mL level but did not remain in solution after cooling.
  • M 4 N was soluble at room temperature at the 10 mg/mL level and at 6O 0 C at 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL concentrations, and remained in solution upon cooling.
  • the 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL solutions were stable at room temperature for more than 3 days, the 30 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 3 days, and the 50 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 1 day.
  • a lO mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 60 mg/mL in 85% sesame oil and 15% Tween® 20 was made as follows. About 8.5 mL of sesame oil were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 1.5 mL of Tween® 20 was slowly added to the center of the beaker. About 600 mg ofM 4 N were slowly added to the sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M 4 N from sticking to the beaker wall.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was stirred for about 2 hr or until all M 4 N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was heated at about 60 0 C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 6O 0 C for 500 mL of the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture), or longer as need to ensure - complete dissolution OfM 4 N.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. If crystals were to form during storage, the M 4 N /sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution could be heated again at 60 0 C, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M 4 N dissolved back in solution. [0204] This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other water-insoluble lipids combined with non-ionic surfactants, ionic surfactants or water-soluble organic solvents may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), lecithin, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), lecithin, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • M 4 N results of the solubility of M 4 N in water-insoluble lipids are set forth in Table 19.
  • Table 19 shows, for example, that M 4 N at 60 mg/mL was soluble in a formulation containing 85% sesame oil and 15% Tween® 20 at 55 0 C and 40 mg/mL of M 4 N was soluble in the same formulation at 45 °C, but M 4 N did not stay in solution in these formulations upon cooling.
  • M 4 N at 29 mg/mL was soluble in a slightly different formulation containing 89% sesame oil and 11% Tween® 20 at 60°C and remained in solution upon cooling, the solution being stable at room temperature for more than 7 days.
  • a 1 mL emulsion of M 4 N at a concentration of about 2.9 mg/mL in saline was made as follows. About 0.9 mL of a 0.9% saline solution was placed in a 1.5 mL-sized polypropylene tube. About 0.1 mL of an M 4 N solution at a concentration of 29 mg/mL in 89% sesame oil, 11% Tween® 20 was added to the polypropylene tube. The M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution or mixture in saline was vortexed vigorously for one minute.
  • the emulsion was prepared by sonication of the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution for five minutes with a microtip probe adjusted to an amplitude of 60% maximum probe amplitude.
  • the M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 emulsion was observed for presence of any precipitated M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M 4 N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 emulsion was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. [0207] This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other lipids combined with other surfactants, or water- soluble organic solvents may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, TPGS, lecithin, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”), or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof.
  • sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, TPGS, lecithin, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”), or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • Table 20 shows the results obtained for the solubility of M 4 N in water-soluble organic solvents EtOH, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, PVP, and certain combinations thereof.
  • a lO mL solution of M 4 N at a concentration of about 60 mg/mL in Tween® 20 was made as follows. About 10 mL of Tween® 20 were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 600 mg ofM 4 N were slowly added to the Tween® 20 in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M 4 N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M 4 N/Tween® 20 mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all M 4 N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present.
  • the M 4 N/Tween® 20 mixture was heated at about 60°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 60 0 C for 500 mL of the M 4 N/Tween® 20 mixture), or longer as need to ensure complete dissolution OfM 4 N.
  • the M 4 N/Tween® 20 mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M 4 N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates.
  • the final M 4 N/Tween® 20 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light.
  • the M 4 N/Tween® 20 solution could be heated again at 60° C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate or until all M 4 N was dissolved back in solution.
  • This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N in other non-ionic surfactant, ionic surfactants or amphiphilic molecules may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting Tween® 20 in the process described above with Tween® 80, other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof.
  • results of the solubility of M 4 N in Tween® 20, Tween® 80, and a combination of Tween® 20 and PEG 400 are shown in Table 21.
  • Table 21 shows that M 4 N was soluble in Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 at a concentration of 1 mg/mL at room temperature.
  • the M 4 N in Tween® 20 solution (“M 4 N/Tween® 20") was stable at room temperature for more than 7 days, while the M 4 N in Tween® 80 solution (“M 4 N/Tween® 80”) was stable for more than 3 days of observation.
  • Higher concentrations OfM 4 N were soluble in Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 at 50 0 C.
  • M 4 N remained in solution after cooling at concentrations of up to 60 mg/mL in Tween® 20 or up to 50 mg/mL in Tween® 80, while becoming insoluble upon cooling at the 80 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL levels in Tween® 20.
  • the 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL M 4 N/Tween® 20 solutions were observed to be stable at room temperature for greater than 7 days.
  • the 40 mg/mL and 80 mg/mL M 4 N/Tween® 20 solutions were observed to be stable at room temperature for less than 3 days.
  • the 10 mg/mL solution was observed to be stable at room temperature for more than 3 days while the 50 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 1 day.
  • Results also show that M 4 N was soluble in a combination of 50% Tween® 20 and 50% PEG 400, up to a concentration of 60 mg/mL OfM 4 N tested when heated at 65°C. M 4 N remained in solution in these formulations upon cooling, the solutions being stable at room temperature for more than 3 days.
  • Table 22 shows the concentration of M 4 N in ⁇ g/mL and its corresponding concentration in ⁇ M quantities.
  • a 120 mg lyophilized powder of M 4 N at a concentration of about 185 mg/g (w/w) in HP- ⁇ -CD was made as follows. Equal molar amounts of HP- ⁇ -CD and M 4 N were used to increase the complexation rate between HP- ⁇ -CD and M 4 N. About 98 mg of HP- ⁇ -CD and about 22.2 mg M 4 N were mixed together in a 1.5 mL-sized polypropylene tube. About 0.2 mL WFI was added to the mixture in the polypropylene tube containing the HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N powder mixture and vortexed for 1 minute to produce a HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N suspension in water.
  • the HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N suspension was frozen at -20 0 C for 24 hours.
  • the HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N suspension was then centrifuged at 1,400 rpm under vacuum at 60°C for about 2 hours to remove all the water from the suspension.
  • the dry powder of HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N complex weighed about 120 mg. This HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N powder complex may be then dissolved or resuspended in water or other solubilizing agents.
  • the final M 4 N/HP- ⁇ - CD powder complex was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration OfM 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N with other cyclodextrins may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins.
  • Results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that a powder complex of HP- ⁇ -CD/TVLjN was obtained after lyophilization of the HP- ⁇ -CD/M 4 N suspension consisting of about 81.5% HP- ⁇ -CD and 18.5% M 4 N.
  • a 400 mg lyophilized powder OfM 4 N at a concentration of about 150 mg/g (w/w) in HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC was made as follows.
  • This HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC/M 4 N powder complex may be then dissolved or resuspended in water or other solubilizing agents.
  • the final M 4 N/HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC powder complex was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M 4 N.
  • Formulations containing M 4 N with other cyclodextrins/cellulqse solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP- ⁇ -CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins, or by substituting HPMC with other modified celluloses.
  • Results shown in Table 18 demonstrate that a powder complex of HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC/M 4 N was obtained after lyophilization of the HP- ⁇ -CD/HPMC/M 4 N suspension consisting of about 84% HP- ⁇ -CD, 1% HPMC and 15% M 4 N.
  • formulated material a formulation to be tested
  • the visual inspection was conducted as follows: About 5 mL of a formulation to be tested (“formulated material”) were passed through a tubing of about 20 cm in length. The formulated material was kept inside the tube for about 24 hr at room temperature (25°C). The formulated material was then circulated several times (about 5 times, for example) through the tubing and was collected in a beaker or a collection tube. The formulated material was carefully inspected for precipitates or particulates present, including by holding the beaker or collection tube against a white background followed by a dark background.
  • the compatibility test using HPLC analysis varied in the methodology depending on the tubing being tested, the length of time and the purpose of the tubing. This test measured the amount OfM 4 N in solution before and after circulation through different tubing.
  • the threshold for determining compatibility was 90% assay purity, meaning that if about 90% ofM 4 N remained in solution after interaction with the tubing and completion of the test, the material would be considered as being compatible. Any amount below 90% threshold was considered incompatible tubing. Results are summarized in Table 23.
  • Example 11 Intravesicular Administration of Pharmaceutical Composition
  • One or more of the foregoing pharmaceutical compositions can be administered intravesicularly, such as for the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder, for example, at a dose of 800 mg every week for 6 weeks.
  • the composition will contain an API, such as the NDGA compounds, e.g., M 4 N.
  • the API, such as M 4 N is present in the composition at 200 mg per 5 niL vial, and is stored in the refrigerator at 2°C - 8°C (36°F - 46 0 F). Prior to administration of the composition to a subject, the vial is removed from the refrigerator and is allowed to warm to room temperature without heating.
  • the composition may be diluted by adding 800 mg (20 mL) to 55 mL of 0.9% Normal Saline Injection, USP.
  • Bladder lavage is performed by intravesicular administration of the API (total volume of 75 mL when diluted as above), allowing the API to dwell for 2 hours, and then voided out.
  • the appropriate compatible tubing is used, as described above.
  • Physicians or patients are advised that the composition containing the API is not to be given if bladder is injured, inflamed, or perforated, as systemic absorption will occur via loss of mucosal integrity.
  • the compound is to be used with caution in patients with severe irritable bladder symptoms, as the API may cause symptoms of irritable bladder during instillation and dwell time.
  • the patients are taught that the urine may be red-or pink-tinged for about 24 hr.
  • Example 12 A human phase 0, three-way crossover microdose pharmacokinetic study of 14 C-labelled M 4 N in eight healthy male subjects
  • This study was designed to assess the absorption of M 4 N when administered to humans as a sub-therapeutic dose either as a single oral dose under fed and fasted conditions or a single intravenous dose (Regimens A - C, respectively, in Table 24).
  • the study was a three-way crossover study design in a target population of healthy male subjects and consisted of three study periods of approximately 35 hours duration, each separated by a minimum period of at least 7 days between dosing. During the course of each study period, pharmacokinetic blood samples were taken at specified time points after dosing and urine was collected over pre-defined time intervals. The subjects were able to leave the clinical unit after the completion of study specific procedures at 24 hours post-dose.
  • M 4 N was administered to humans in a 100 ⁇ g quantity.
  • M 4 N was lightly- labelled with 14 C (3.3 kBq per 100 ⁇ g) and administered to healthy volunteers.
  • Each oral administration of M 4 N consisted of 0.1 mg of 14 C labeled M 4 N and 376.8 mg of glycerol monooleate in a size 0 gelatin capsule.
  • the single intravenous infusion of M 4 N consisted of 0.1 mg/mL 14 C labelled M 4 N, 30% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD, and 25% (v/v) PEG diluted with water to ImL for bolus injection.
  • Regimen A lOO ⁇ g 14 C-labelled M 4 N (3.3 kBq) administered as a single oral dose following a high fat breakfast.
  • Regimen B lOO ⁇ g 14 C-labelled M 4 N (3.3 kBq) administered as a single oral dose following an overnight fast.
  • Regimen C lOO ⁇ g 14 C-labelled M 4 N (3.3 kBq) administered as ImL bolus intravenous solution following an overnight fast.
  • T max tended to occur later in fed subjects than in fasted subjects.
  • T max the time of occurrence of C max , was highly variable and ranged from 1.5 to 24 hours post-dose, and in fasted subjects T max generally occurred at 1 hour post-dose (range 0.50 to 2.00 hours).
  • the AUCo- t values were generally lower in fed subjects than in fasted subjects.
  • Example 13 Additional Studies of Solubility of M 4 N in Water-soluble Organic Solvents
  • the solubility of M 4 N in combinations of water-soluble organic solvents as noted in Table 25 was evaluated up to 48 hours. Following 2, 24 and 48 hours incubation at room temperature samples were analyzed via Reverse Phase-HPLC ("RP-HPLC") to quantify the solubility of M 4 N.
  • RP-HPLC Reverse Phase-HPLC
  • the M 4 N solubility was evaluated by RP-HPLC at 2, 24 and 48 hours incubation at room temperature. At each time point, the samples were centrifuged for 2 minutes at 13,000 rpm to pellet any solid M 4 N. As noted in Table 25, over half of the formulation conditions examined were able to solubilize M 4 N to a concentration of greater than 10 mg/Ml. The solubility of M 4 N in glycerol at 2 and 48 hours was not detectable.
  • Example 14 M 4 N Solubility in aqueous solutions
  • M 4 N was accurately weighed and added in quantities exceeding its aqueous solubility were gently rotated ( ⁇ 12 rpm) at room temperature with aqueous solutions of HP- ⁇ -CD in increasing concentrations (0-350 mmol/L), for a period of 48 hours.
  • the M 4 N / HP- ⁇ -CD solutions were then filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m SFCA filter and analyzed via RP-HPLC.
  • cyclodextrins are also known to form non-inclusion complexes and complex aggregates capable of dissolving drugs through micelle-like structures.
  • the phase-solubility profiles did not verify formation of inclusion complexes, but only detail how the increasing concentration of cyclodextrin influences drug solubility.
  • Formation of the M 4 N / HP- ⁇ -CD complex is non-linear, but accurate determination of stoichiometry (as well as stability constants) was not studied in the experiments of this Example, but could be determined by other means such as NMR or potentiometry.
  • Buffered 40 % solutions of HP- ⁇ -CD were prepared on a weight to volume basis.
  • the M 4 N for use in the samples was prepared as set forth in Example 13.
  • 2.0 g HP- ⁇ -CD was weighed into 5 mL volumetric flasks on an OHAUS Analytical Plus Balance. 1 mL of a 100 mM buffer solution was added to each flask. Each sample was q.s. to 5 mL with WFI. Following a 1 hour incubation at 40 0 C, the preparations were filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m SFCA filter into a fresh 15 mL tube. Preparations were kept at room temperature until ready for use.
  • Example 17 - M 4 N Stability in 11-14 mg/mL PEG300/HP- ⁇ -CD solutions [0261] To support manufacturing specifications, this study examined the 24-hour room temperature stability of combinations of PEG300/HP- ⁇ -CD at varying M 4 N target concentrations. Stock samples of M 4 N stocks were prepared in 100% PEG 300 at drug concentrations of 33-56 mg/mL at 60°C as follows.
  • M 4 N bulk drug was solubilized to concentrations of 33, 44, 48, 52, 55 and 56 mg/mL (w/w) in PEG 300 using the procedure set forth in Examples 13 and 16, following incubation of at least 2 hours at 60 0 C. Vigorous vortexing and mixing were necessary for complete solubilization of M 4 N above 44 mg/mL.
  • the M 4 N stock solutions were filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m SFCA filter and used within 30 minutes of preparation. Separately, a solution of 40% (w/v) HP- ⁇ -CD was prepared in sterile WFI and filtered. Combinations of the 40% HP- ⁇ -CD stock and the M 4 N/PEG 300 stocks were combined in 1.5 mL polypropylene microtubes.
  • the M 4 N solubility was evaluated by RP- HPLC at 2 and 24 hours incubation at room temperature. [0263] The requisite amount of M 4 N stock was added to 40% HP- ⁇ -CD to yield the final concentrations of drug and excipients listed in Table 28. Samples were gently rotated (-12 rpm) at room temperature. At 2 and 24 hours of incubation, samples were centrifuged 2 minutes at 13,000 rpm and 50 ⁇ L aliquots were removed for RP-HPLC analysis. Regardless of target M 4 N or formulation, little if any changes in solubility were observed after the 24 hour incubation (Table 28).
  • Test samples containing between 11-14 mg/mL M 4 N formulated to a final concentration of 25% PEG 300 and 30% HP- ⁇ -CD were stable after 24 hours incubation at room temperature.
  • Example 18 40 mg/mL M 4 N/PEG300 Stability

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Abstract

The present invention provides for a composition, kit and method for treatment of diseases, where the composition contains at least one catecholic butane, including NDGA compounds and derivatives, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may include solubilizing agents or excipients, where the composition is suitable for injection into animals.

Description

Attorney Docket No. 682714-10WO Express Mail No. EV715144606US
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Formulations For Injection Of Catecholic Butanes, Including NDGA Compounds, Into Animals
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos.
60/647,495 and 60/647,648, both filed January 27, 2005, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. This application is also related to an International Patent Application filed simultaneously with the present application and identified as Attorney Docket No. 682714- 9WO, entitled "Oral Formulations For Delivery Of Catecholic Butanes Including NDGA Compounds," the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] This application relates to compositions, including injectible formulations and methods for administration of catecholic butanes, including NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, for example tetra-O-methyl NDGA, to animals, such as humans, for treatment of diseases, for example, cancer, psoriasis or other proliferative or inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases such as diabetes or neuronal diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. [0004] Nordihydroguaiaretic acid ("NDGA") has been tested for therapeutic applications in certain experimental animals. For example, Jordan et al. in US 5,008,294 described the effect of NDGA on human mammary carcinoma, MX-I, which was implanted subcutaneously into mice on day 0 (Example 2). Mice that developed tumors were injected with various doses of NDGA on day 1, in a single intratumor injection. The solubilizing solvent for the NDGA in this example was not disclosed. In another example, a stock solution of 10"2 M NDGA in 4 mL of DMSO (i.e., dimethyl sulfoxide) and 6 mL distilled water was used for in vitro testing on cells (Example 5).
[0005] Huang et al. tested the therapeutic application of certain derivatives of NDGA (i.e., "NDGA derivatives"), as described in US 6,214,874. In one example, an NDGA derivative was dissolved in DMSO (Example 5). [0006] The use of DMSO for administration into humans has been controversial. Further, use of DMSO has been associated with undesirable side effects such as sedation, headache, nausea, dizziness, burning or aching eyes and noticeable breath odor. (See, for example, Brobyn, R.D., "The human toxicology of dimethyl sulfoxide," Ann. KY. Acad. Set 243: 497-506, January 27, 1975.) If the catecholic butanes, including NDGA or NDGA derivatives (collectively, "NDGA compounds") are to be useful as therapeutics for humans and other animals, for example, as described in PCT/US2004/016117, published December 29, 2004 as International Publication No. WO 04/112696, it would be highly desirable to develop new formulations, other than formulations containing DMSO, for solubilizing such catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds such as NDGA derivatives, for example, M4N. Furthermore, it would be desirable if such formulations are not only safe but also stable, have minimal side effects upon administration to animals. It would further be desirable to develop formulations for these compounds that would allow distribution of an effective amount of these compounds to the desired target tissues in vivo in humans and other animals. The present invention provides these desirable benefits.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] It is, therefore, one of the objects of the present invention to provide one or more novel formulations for solubilization of the catecholic butanes herein, including the NDGA compounds, such as the NDGA derivatives, where such formulations do not contain DMSO and are suitable for injection into animals.
[0008] It is another one of the objects to provide formulations as above that are safe and have few adverse side effects when administered to animals, including humans. [0009] It is another one of the objects to provide formulations as one or more of the foregoing that have a commercially reasonable period of stability.
[0010] It is a further one of the objects to provide formulations as one or more of the foregoing that can be administered parenterally to animals.
[0011] It is another one of the objects to provide for formulations as one or more of the foregoing that have a commercially reasonable half-life in circulation upon administration into animals. [0012] In accordance to the foregoing one or more objects of the invention, there is provided \ embodiments of the present invention as follows:
[0013] A composition for injection into animals comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a catecholic butane, and the carrier comprises at least one of a solubilizing agent and an excipient selected from the group consisting of: (a) a water-soluble organic solvent other than dimethyl sulfoxide; provided that when the water-soluble organic solvent is propylene glycol, the propylene glycol is in the absence of white petrolatum, in the absence of xanthan gum (also known as xantham gum and xanthum gum) and in the absence of at least one of glycerine or glycine, when the water- soluble organic solvent is polyethylene glycol, the polyethylene glycol is present in the absence of ascorbic acid or butylated hydroxytoluene ("BHT"), and when the polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 400, the polyethylene glycol 400 is present in the absence of polyethylene glycol 8000; (b) a cyclodextrin; (c) an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, provided that when the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant, the non-ionic surfactant is present in the absence of xanthan gum; (d) a modified cellulose; (e) a water-insoluble lipid other than castor oil; and a combination of any of the carriers (a) — (e). [0014] The present invention also includes a method of treatment of a disease in a subject comprising: (a) providing the composition of the present invention; and (b) administering the composition by injecting the composition into the subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
[0015] Additionally, the present invention includes a kit for treatment of a disease comprising the composition of the present invention and instructions for use thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the embodiments shown.
[0017] In the drawings:
[0018] FIG. 1 comprises FIGS. IA and IB and depicts the results of cell proliferation assays conducted for the C-33A cell line and the HeLa cell line after M4N treatment. FIG. IA is a graphical representation of the ratio of number of cells present after M4N treatment over the number of cells present in the absence OfM4N treatment, where M4N was provided in amounts varying from 0 μM to 80 μM in a DMSO formulation. FIG. IB is a graphical representation of the ratio of number of cells present after M4N treatment over the number of cells present in the absence OfM4N treatment, where M4N was provided in amounts varying from 0 μM to 80 μM in a HP-β-CD/PEG formulation ("CPE" formulation). [0019] FIG. 2 comprises FIGS. 2 A and 2B and is a graphical representation of cell death measurements based on percentage of dead cells for C-33A cells and HeLa cells in the absence or presence of varying concentrations OfM4N in a DMSO (FIG. 2A) formulation or in a HP-β- CD/PEG formulation (FIG. 2B). The M4N concentrations varied from O μM to 80 μM. [0020] FIG. 3 comprises FIGS. 3 A and 3B and is a graphical representation of the effect of concentration in dog serum over time during day 1 after one IV administration to dogs of M4N in a formulation including 30% (w/v) and hydoxypropyl β-cyclodextrin ("HP-β-CD") and 25% (v/v) PEG 300. FIG. 3 A uses on a non-logarithmic scale, and FIG. 3B uses a logarithmic scale of concentration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0021] The present invention provides for novel compositions, kits and methods for treatment of diseases, including proliferative diseases such as cancer and psoriasis, hypertension, obesity, type I or type II diabetes, central nervous system diseases or neurodegenerative diseases including, without limitation, pain, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, stroke, and inflammatory disease, premalignant neoplasia or dysplasia, infection including viral infections such as human immunodeficiency viruses ("HIV"), human T-cell lymphotropic virus ("HTLV"), human papilloma virus ("HPV"), herpes simplex viruses ("HSV"), hepatitis B virus ("HBV"), Epstein-Barr virus ("EBV"), Varicella-zoster, adenovirus, parvovirus, Jakob Creutzfeldt virus ("JC virus") or others.
[0022] The present invention provides for novel compositions containing the catecholic butanes including NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, for example M4N, that are dissolved in certain pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizing agents, which together with other diluents, excipients and the like (collectively, "carrier") constitute formulations appropriate for injection into subjects, such as humans, for treatment of diseases. Such formulations are suitable for injection, such as intravenous administration. A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes at least one selected from: (a) a water-soluble organic solvent other than DMSO, such as polyethylene glycol ("PEG"), for example, PEG 300, PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate, propylene glycol ("PG"), polyvinyl pyrrolidone ("PVP"), ethanol, benzyl alcohol or dimethylacetamide; (b) a cyclodextrin or modified cyclodextrin such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ("HP-β-CD") or sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin ("SBE-β-CD"); (c) an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (also known as polysorbate), which is a non-ionic surfactant, for example, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, commercially available as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate ("TPGS"), glycerol monooleate (also known as glyceryl monooleate), an esterified fatty acid or a reaction product between ethylene oxide and castor oil in a molar ratio of 35:1, commercially available as Cremophor® EL; (d) a modified cellulose, such as ethyl cellulose ("EC"), hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose ("HPMC"), methylcellulose ("MC") or carboxy methylcellulose ("CMC"); and (e) a water-insoluble lipid, such as oil or a fat emulsion, for example Intralipid®. Preferably, when PG is used, it is used in the absence of white petrolatum, in the absence of xanthan gum, and in the absence of at least one of glycerine or glycine. Preferably, when PEG is used, it is used in the absence of ascorbic acid or BHT; when a non-ionic surfactant is used, it is used in the absence of xanthan gum; and the oil is an oil other than castor oil. [0023] In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds herein are dissolved in PEG 300, PEG 400 or a PEG 400 monolaurate (the "PEG compounds"). Preferably, when PEG 400 is used, it is present in the absence of PEG 8000. In another embodiment, the compounds herein are dissolved in a modified cyclodextrin, such as HP-β-CD. In yet another embodiment, the present compounds are solubilized and diluted in a combination formulation containing one or more of the PEG compounds and HP-β-CD. In a further embodiment, the PEG compounds in the combination formulation can be substituted with or combined with a modified cellulose. Suitable modified celluloses include EC or HPMC, for example. For purposes herein, solubilization of the present compounds can be performed at room temperature or upon heating. Particularly useful are those solubilizers that maintain the present compounds in solution after cool-down when heat is applied in the solubilization process. [0024] In as yet a further embodiment of the invention, the catecholic butane or NDGA compounds herein are solubilized in a modified cellulose such as EC or HPMC. The EC can be diluted in ethanol ("EtOH") prior to use.
[0025] The present invention also provides water-insoluble lipids as solubilizers for the present compounds. The water-insoluble lipids include, for example, oils as well as mixed fat emulsion compositions such as Intralipid® (Pharmacia & Upjohn, now Pfizer), used as per the manufacturer's recommendation. For example, adult dosage is recommended to be not exceeding 2 g of fat/kg body weight/day (20 mL, 10 mL and 6.7 mL/kg of Intralipid® 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively). Intralipid® 10% is believed to contain in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 10Og, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 22 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1,000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 8. Intralipid® 20% contains in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 200 g, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 22 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1,000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 8. Intralipid® 30% contains in 1,000 mL: purified soybean oil 300 g, purified egg phospholipids 12 g, glycerol anhydrous 16.7 g, water for injection q.s. ad 1,000 mL. pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide to pH approximately 7.5. These Intralipid® products are stored at controlled room temperature below
25°C and should not be frozen.
[0026] In another embodiment, the present invention provides corn oil, sesame seed oil, peppermint oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, glycerol or alone or in combination with other oil or with any or more of the PEG compounds and Tween® 20 or Tween® 80.
[0027] The present invention also includes as solubilizing agents materials such as propylene glycol and any combinations of the foregoing.
[0028] In addition, the present invention includes suitable materials for injection or infusion of the composition into an animal, such as intravenous ("IV") tubing, that is compatible for delivery of the present formulations. Suitable tubing include those made of polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene ("PTFE") alone or in combination with a fluoroelastomer such as CHEM-
Sure (Barnant Company), polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene ("FEP"),
Teflon® and platinum cured silicone (small size) (Cole-Parmer) and the like. [0029] The present invention can be more clearly understood in light of the following definitions, which are used with other terms as defined elsewhere herein:
[0030] The term "about" as used herein in reference to a concentration or dose means the specified number up to ± 10% to 20%.
[0031] The term "active pharmaceutical ingredient," "API" or reference to the "compounds" as used herein means any of the catecholic butanes of Formula I or the NDGA compounds, such as the
NDGA derivatives, present in the pharmaceutical compositions herein.
[0032] "Alkylene dioxy" as used herein refers to methylene or substituted methylene dioxy or ethylene or substituted ethylene dioxy.
[0033] "Unsubstituted or substituted amino acid reside or salt thereof in reference to one of the -R groups in Formula I or Formula II as used herein means an amino acid residue or a substituted amino acid residue including but not limited to: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, 5-hydroxylysine, 4-hydroxyproline, thyroxine, 3-methylhistidine, ε-N-methyllysine, ε-N,N,N-trimethyllysine, aminoadipic acid, γ- carboxyglutamic acid, phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine, N-methylarginine, N- acetyllysine, and an N,N-dimethyl-substituted amino acid residue, or a salt of any of the foregoing, such as a chloride salt. [0034] The "buffer" suitable for use herein includes any buffer conventional in the art, such as, for example, Tris, phosphate, imidazole, and bicarbonate.
[0035] A "carrier" as used herein refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, vehicle, excipient, solubilizing agent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any conventional type, and encompasses all of the components of the composition other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The carrier may contain additional agents such as wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Other materials such as anti-oxidants, humectants, viscosity stabilizers, and similar agents may be added as necessary.
[0036] "Catecholic butane" as used herein means a compound of Formula I:
Figure imgf000009_0001
wherein Rj and R2 each independently represents -H, a lower alkyl, a lower acyl, an alkylene; or -R1O and -R2O each independently represents an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or salt thereof; R3, R4, R5, R6, R10, R11, R12 and R13 each independently represents — H or a lower alkyl; and R7, R8, and R9 each independently represents — H, -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or a salt thereof, or any two adjacent groups together may be an alkyene dioxy.
[0037] A "cyclodextrin" as used herein means an unmodified cyclodextrin or a modified cyclodextrin, and includes with out limitation α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin and any modified cyclodextrins containing modifications thereto, such as HP-β-CD or SBE-β-CD. Cyclodextrin typically has 6 (α-cyclodextrin), 7 (β-cyclodextrin), and 8 (γ-cyclodextrin) sugars, up to three substitutions per sugar, and 0 to 24 primary substitutions are therefore possible (primary substitutions are defined as substitutions connected directly to the cyclodextrin ring). The modified or unmodified cyclodextrins used in the present invention may have any appropriate number and location of primary substitutions or other modifications.
[0038] A "derivative" of NDGA as used herein means an "NDGA derivative" (see below). [0039] The term "disease" as used herein includes all diseases, conditions, infections, syndromes or disorders for which the application of the present composition produces a therapeutic effect. Such "disease" includes, for example without limitation, cancer, psoriasis and other proliferative diseases, inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis,
Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ("COPD"), hypertension, obesity, diabetes, pain, stroke and/or other neuronal disorders or neurodegenerative diseases or conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ("ALS") and premalignant conditions such as intraepithelial neoplasia or dysplasia, and infectious diseases.
[0040] "G4N" or "tetra-N,N-dimethyl glycinyl NDGA" or "tetra-dimethyl glycinyl NDGA" as used herein is an NDGA derivative of Formula II (below) in which R14, R15, R16 and R17 each independently represents
-O(C=O)CH2N(CH3)2 or -O(C=O)CH2N+(CH3)2-C1", in either a solid form or in solution; and R18 and R19 each represents -CH3.
[0041] "Lower acyl" as used herein means C1 - C6 acyl, preferably, C1 - C3 acyl.
[0042] "Lower alkyl" as used herein means C1 - C6 alkyl, preferably, C1 - C3 alkyl. [0043] "M4N" or "tetra-O-methyl NDGA" as used herein is an NDGA derivative of Formula II in which R14, R15, Ri6 and R17 each independently represents -OCH3, and Ri8 and R19 are each
-CH3.
[0044] A "modified cellulose" as used herein means a cellulose that contains one or more modifications to the cellulose molecule and includes, for example EC, HPMC, CMC and MC. [0045] "NDGA" as used herein means nordihydroguaiaretic acid and has the following formula:
Figure imgf000010_0001
[0046] "NDGA compound" as used herein means singly or collectively NDGA and/or any one or more of the NDGA derivatives. [0047] "NDGA derivative" as used herein means a derivative of NDGA having a Formula II
Figure imgf000011_0001
wherein R14, R15, R16 and R17 each independently represents -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, or an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and R18 and R19 each independently represents -H or a lower alkyl, wherein R14, Ri5, R16 and R17 are not simultaneously —OH. Thus, the term includes a compound that is a methylated derivative of NDGA, such as tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M4N), tri-O-methyl NDGA (M3N), di-O-methyl NDGA (M2N) and mono-O-methyl NDGA (M1N). Alternatively, a NDGA derivative may be a compound in which one or more of the hydrogens in the hydroxyl or methyl groups of NDGA are substituted, such as, for example where R14, Ri5, Ri6 and Rn each independently represents a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, or an amino acid or substituted amino acid or salt thereof; and Rig and Ri9 each independently represents — H or an alkyl such as a lower alkyl. The term includes, for example, a compound in which Ri4, Ri5, Ri6 and Ri7 each independently represents -OCH3 or -0(C=O)CH3 or a disubstituted amino acid residue, such as a N,N-dimethyl substituted amino acid residue, such as -O(C=O)CH2N(CH3)2 or-O(C=O)CH2N+(CH3)2-Cl"; and R18 and R19 each represents -H or a lower alkyl, for example, -CH3 or -CH2CH3.
[0048] As used herein, "percent," "percentage" or the symbol "%" means the percent of the component indicated in the composition based on the amount of the carrier present in the composition, on a weight/weight (w/w), weight/volume (w/v) or volume/volume (v/v), as indicated with respect to any particular component, all based on the amount of the carrier present in the composition. Thus, different types of carriers may be present in an amount of up to 100% as indicated, which does not preclude the presence of the API, the amount of which may be indicated as a % or as a certain number of mg present in the composition or a certain number of mg/mL present, where the % or mg/mL is based on the amount of the total carrier present in the composition. Certain types of carriers may be present in combination to make up 100% of the carrier.
[0049] A "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. For example, the carrier for a formulation containing the present catecholic butane, NDGA compounds or NDGA derivatives preferably does not include oxidizing agents and other compounds that are known to be deleterious to such. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises a solubilizing agent. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, dextrose, glycerol, saline, ethanol, buffer, Cremaphor® EL, phosphate buffered saline, PEG 300, PEG 400, modified cyclodextrin, and combinations thereof, all as set forth above.
[0050] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient," includes vehicles, adjuvants, or diluents or other auxiliary substances, such as those conventional in the art, which are readily available to the public, and which are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation.. For example, pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances include pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents and the like.
[0051] The term "solubilizing agent" as used herein means a composition in which one or more of the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, dissolves. A solubilizing agent may also be a carrier or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0052] The terms "subject," "host," and "patient," are used interchangeably herein to refer to an animal being treated with the present compositions, including, but not limited to, simians, humans, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets. [0053] A "substantially purified" compound in reference to the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds or derivatives for administration herein is one that is substantially free of materials that are not the catecholic butane, NDGA compounds or NDGA derivatives (hereafter, "non-NDGA materials"). By substantially free is meant at least about 50% free of non-NDGA materials, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about 90% free and still more preferably at least about 95% free of non-NDGA materials. [0054] As used herein, the terms "treatment," "treating," and the like, refer to obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a condition or disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a condition or disease and/or adverse affect attributable to the condition or disease. "Treatment," thus, for example, covers any treatment of a condition or disease in a mammal, particularly in a human, and includes: (a) preventing the condition or disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the condition or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the condition or disease, such as, arresting its development; and (c) relieving, alleviating or ameliorating the condition or disease, such as, for example, causing regression of the condition or disease.
[0055] Before the present invention is further described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.
[0056] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. [0057] It must be noted that as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a compound" includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to "the NDGA compound" includes reference to one or more NDGA compounds, such as NDGA derivatives, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. [0058] All publications mentioned herein, including patents, patent applications, and journal articles are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties including the references cited therein, which are also incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
[0059] The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed. Citations to references mentioned in the text of this application are identified more fully in the bibliography preceding the claims. [0060] The invention described below is given by way of example only and is not to be interpreted in any way as limiting the invention.
[0061] Preparation of Catecholic Butanes [0062] The catecholic butanes of the present invention can be prepared by any method know in the art. For example, such compounds can be made as described in US Patent 5,008,294.
[0063] Preparation of the NDGA Derivatives
[0064] NDGA may be purchased from any available commercial sources, such as, for example, Alexis Biochemicals Corp., San Diego, CA, U.S.A. (Cat. No. LKT-N5669), or A.G. Scientific, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A. (Cat. No. N1071), or Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. (Cat. No. 70300).
[0065] The NDGA derivatives and formulations thereof can be made by any process conventional in the art. For example, the NDGA derivatives can be made as described in, US Patent 5,008,294; US Patent 6,291,524; Hwu, J.R. et al. (1998); or McDonald, R. W. et al. (2001).
[0066] In one embodiment of the present invention, an NDGA derivative, tetra-O-methyl NDGA, also known as meso-l,4-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane, or M4N, is made as follows! a solution is made containing NDGA and potassium hydroxide in methanol in a reaction flask. Dimethyl sulfate is then added to the reaction flask and the reaction is allowed to proceed. The reaction is finally quenched with water, causing the product to precipitate. The precipitate is isolated by filtration and dried in a vacuum oven. The compound is then dissolved in a solution of methylene chloride and toluene and subsequently purified through an alumina column. The solvents are removed by rotary evaporation and the solid is resuspended in isopropanol and isolated by filtration. The filter cake is dried in a vacuum oven. The resulting tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M4N) is crystallized by refluxing the filter cake in isopropanol and re-isolating the crystals by filtration.
[0067] In some embodiments of the present invention, certain NDGA derivatives of the present invention, such as G4N, also known as meso-l,4-bis[3,4-(dimethylaminoacetoxy)phenyl]-(2R,3S)- dimethylbutane or tetra-dimethylglycinyl NDGA, or a hydrochloride salt thereof, and similar compounds having amino acid substituents, can also be prepared according to conventional methods, as described in, for example, US Patent 6,417,234. [0068] Preparation of the Therapeutic Compositions
[0069] The present invention provides compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, comprising the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds, such as the NDGA derivatives, as active pharmaceutical ingredients ("API"), and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Typically, the compositions of the instant invention will contain from less than about 0.1% (w/v) up to about 99% (w/v) of the active pharmaceutical ingredient or API, that is, the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds and NDGA derivatives herein; optionally, the present invention will contain about 2% (w/v) to about 90% (w/v) of the API. [0070] The present invention additionally provides compositions in which the catecholic butanes, such as NDGA derivatives, for example M4N, are present in concentrations of about 1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL, or about 10 mg/mL to about 175 mg/mL, or about 20 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL, or about 30 mg/mL to about 125 mg/mL, or about 40 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL, or about 50 mg/mL to about 75 mg/mL. In one embodiment, the NDGA compounds are present in the compositions herein at a concentration about 1 mg/mL, about 2 mg/mL, about 2.5 mg/mL, about 5 mg/mL, about 10 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL, about 20 mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 35 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 120 mg/mL, about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 175 mg/mL or about 200mg/mL. [0071] Expressed alternatively, other embodiments of the composition of the present invention may contain less than about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg or more of the API, such as about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg or about 200 mg of the API. [0072] The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient may contain one or more solubilizing agents in which the API is dissolved. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient may additionally contain a diluent.
[0073] In one embodiment, the invention provides a solubilizing agent that contains one or more of a water-soluble organic solvent, other than DMSO. Among preferred water-soluble organic solvents are ethanol, benzyl alcohol, dimethylacetamide, PVP, PG and PEG compounds such as: PEG 300, PEG 400, or PEG 400 monolaurate. The PEG compound in the present compositions is provided in an amount of about 5% to about 100%, or about 5% to about 60%, or about 10% to about 90%, or about 20% to about 80%, or 30% to about 70%, or about 40% to about 60%, all concentrations being a percentage of volume/volume (v/v). PG may be present at a concentration of about 2.5% to about 100% (v/v).
[0074] The concentration of the PEG compounds in the present compositions can vary depending on what other solubilizers or diluents or excipients are also present. For example, the PEG 300, PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate of the present invention can be at a concentration of about 5%, about 10%, about 12.5%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of volume/volume (v/v). [0075] The present invention also provides compositions of catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds in a cyclodextrin, which includes modified cyclodextrins. The cyclodextrins herein may be α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, and the modified cyclodextrins may include HP- β-CD and SBE-β-CD, for example. In one embodiment, the present composition contains a modified cyclodextrin in a concentration of about 5% to about 80%, or about 10% to about 70%, or about 20% to about 60%, or about 30% to about 50%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of weight/volume (w/v).
[0076] In yet another embodiment, the modified cyclodextrins, such as HP-β-CD, is present in the compositions at a concentration of about 12.5%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70% or about 75%, all such concentrations being given as a percentage of weight/volume (w/v).
[0077] Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, such as Cremophor® EL, polysorbates, which are non-ionic surfactants, for example, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80, commercially available as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80, TPGS, which is an amphipathic surfactant, among many others. Further examples of suitable surfactants include, without limitation, glycerol monooleate and an esterified fatty acid, such as those typically made by transesterification of vegetable oils, available in several varieties and grades as Labrafil®, Labrasol®, and Gelucire®, from Gattefosse Corp., Paramus, NJ, U.S.A. The surfactant can be present in any desired effective amount, such as at a concentration of about 1% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v), preferably about 9% (v/v) to about 80% (v/v), and more preferably, about 10% (v/v) to about 50% (v/v). As specific examples, preferred concentrations of a non-ionic surfactant are Tween® 20 at a concentration of about 9% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v) and Tween® 80 of about 33% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v). All percentages of the surfactant are volume percentages (v/v). [0078] Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is a modified cellulose, such as EC, HPMC, MC and CMC. The modified cellulose can be present in any desired effective amount, such as a concentration of about 0.1% to about 25%, or about 0.5% to about 7.5%, or about 1.0% to about 5%. As specific examples, EC may be present at a concentration of about 5% to about 20%; HPMC may be present at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 1%; MC may be present at a concentration of about 1% to about 3%; and CMC may be present at a concentration of about 1% to about 4%. The percentages of modified cellulose are in weight per volume (w/v). [0079] Another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient that may be used alone or with others in the composition of the present invention is a water-insoluble lipid, such as an oil or mixed fat emulsion. Examples of oils include corn oil, sesame seed oil, peppermint oil, soybean oil, mineral oil and glycerol, for instance. Mixed fat emulsion compositions are available, such as Intralipid® emulsion, as described above. [0080] The water-insoluble carriers may be used in combination with any one or more of the water-soluble carriers, such as PEG compounds and the surfactants, such as Tween® 20 or Tween® 80.
[0081] The water-insoluble lipid carriers can be present in any desired effective amount, such as a concentration of about 10% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v), or about 15% (v/v) to about 85% (v/v), or about 25% (v/v) to about 75% (v/v). Oil may be present at a concentration of about 9% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v). Mixed fat emulsions may be present at a concentration of about 10% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v); and preferably about 20% (w/v).
[0082] Combinations of the various carrier components may be used with the API, as noted above. One non-limiting example of such an embodiment that is presently preferred is a composition of 10 mg/ml M4N in 25% (w/v) PEG 300, 30% (w/v) HP-β-CD, balance of the carrier being water suitable for injection into animals ("WFI," which designates a recognized grade of water in the pharmaceutical industry). In this preferred embodiment, the HP-β-CD has 6 to 8 degrees of substitution, but other substitutions in other embodiments are well within the scope of this invention, as noted above. [0083] It is to be understood that as long as the catecholic butanes herein are dissolved and remain in solution, one or more of the solubilizers or diluents or excipients herein may be added to such solution to optimize delivery of such to a subject in need of such treatment. [0084] In another embodiment, the invention provides a diluent that is saline or water that is suitable for injection. In one aspect of the invention, when the osmolarity of the pharmaceutical composition is high, water suitable for injection is used as a diluent.
[0085] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients suitable for use herein are described in a variety of publications. Examples of useful carriers or excipients are described in, for example, Gennaro, A.R. (2003); Ansel, H.C. et al. (2004); Rowe, R.C. et al. (2003); and Garg, S. et al. (2001). [0086] The compositions in liquid form may include a buffer, which is selected according to the desired use of the catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds, such as the NDGA derivatives, and may also include other substances appropriate for the intended use. Those skilled in the art can readily select an appropriate buffer, a wide variety of which are known in the art, suitable for an intended use.
[0087] Therapeutic Methods
[0088] The compositions containing the catecholic butanes, including the NDGA compounds, find use as therapeutic agents or for treatment in subjects in need of such treatment in any number of diseases in which such catecholic butanes or NDGA compounds can be used. [0089] The present invention provides for methods and compositions for treatment of disease including, for example, proliferative diseases such as benign and malignant cancer, psoriasis and premalignant conditions and neoplasia, such as intraepithelial neoplasia, or dysplasia. The present invention also provides for treatment of diabetes, including type I and type II diabetes, obesity and complications resulting from such, including cardiovascular diseases, stroke and hypertension. The present invention further provides for treatment of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other immune system associated diseases. Additionally, the present invention provides for treatment of neurological diseases, including central nervous system diseases and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. In a further embodiment, the present invention provides for treatment of infections, such as viral infections including viruses that require SpI binding for transcription or replication. Examples of such viruses that require SpI binding include: HIV, HTLV, HPV, HSV, HBV, EBV, Varicella-zoster virus, adenovirus, parvovirus and JC virus.
[0090] A variety of animal hosts are treatable according to the subject methods, including human and non-human animals. Generally such hosts are "mammals" or "mammalian," where these terms are used broadly to describe organisms which are within the class mammalia, including the orders carnivore (e.g., dogs and cats), rodentia (e.g., guinea pigs, and rats), and other mammals, including cattle, goats, horses, sheep, rabbits, pigs, and primates (e.g., humans, chimpanzees, and monkeys). In many embodiments, the hosts will be humans. Animal models are of interest for experimental investigations, such as providing a model for treatment of human disease. Further, the present invention is applicable to veterinary care as well.
[0091] Formulations, dosages, and routes of administration
[0092] In one embodiment of the invention, an effective amount of the present composition is administered to the host, where an "effective amount" means a dosage sufficient to produce a desired result. In some embodiments, the desired result is at least an inhibition of progression of the neoplasia or dysplasia.
[0093] The appropriate dose to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, such as the general health of the subject, the age of the subject, the state of the disease or condition, the weight of the subject, the size of the tumor, for example. Generally, about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg or less may be administered to a child and about 0.1 mg to about 5 grams or less may be administered to an adult. Typical dosages are within the broad range of about 10 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject to about 600 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject. The active agent can be administered in a single or, more typically, multiple doses. Preferred dosages for a given agent are readily determinable by those of skill in the art by a variety of means. Other effective dosages can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves. The amount of agent will, of course, vary depending upon the particular agent used.
[0094] The frequency of administration of the active agent, as with the doses, will be determined by the care giver based on age, weight, disease status, health status and patient responsiveness. Thus, the agents may be administered one or more times daily, weekly, monthly or as appropriate as conventionally determined. The agents may be administered intermittently, such as for a period of days, weeks or months, then not again until some time has passed, such as 3 or 6 months, and then administered again for a period of days, weeks, or months. [0095] In pharmaceutical dosage forms, the active agents may be administered alone or in appropriate association, as well as in combination, with other pharmaceutically active agents or therapeutics including other small molecules, antibodies or protein therapeutics. The following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting. [0096] In addition, if desired, the carrier or excipient may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents or emulsifying agents. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th ed., Mack Publishing Co. Rawlins EA, (1997). The composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the API adequate to achieve the desired state in the subject being treated. [0097] Unit dosage forms for injection or intravenous administration may comprise the API in a composition as a solution in sterile water, normal saline or another pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0098] The term "unit dosage form," as used herein, refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of API of the present invention calculated in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or vehicle. The specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of the present invention depend on the particular compound employed and the effect to be achieved, and the pharmacodynamics associated with each compound in the host. [0099] Kits with multiple or unit doses of the active agent are included in the present invention. In such kits, in addition to the containers holding the multiple or unit doses of the compositions containing the catecholic butanes such as the NDGA compounds will be an informational package insert with instructions describing the use and attendant benefits of the drugs in treating pathological condition of interest. Optionally, an applicator for administration of the present composition is included in each kit.
[0100] The present injectable compositions can be administered parenterally, including intravenously, intra-arterially, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and intravesicularly, as appropriate for the disease to be treated and as conventional in the art. While the compositions of the present invention are intended to be administered by injection, they may also be suitable to be administered by other routes, for example by topical, intranasal, inhalation or implantation administration. [0101] The Examples set forth below are exemplary in nature and are not to be interpreted as limiting the present invention.
[0102] Example 1. Formulations Containing M4N in HP-β-CD and/or PEG 300
[0103] In this example, M4N was prepared as described in PCT/US2004/016117 and was solubilized in a sombilizing agent. The resulting solution was optionally mixed with an excipient and/or a diluent. The solubilizing agent and the excipient may be used interchangeably or in combination with each other. One solubilizing agent or excipient used was endotoxin-controlled hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ("HP-β-CD") obtained from Research Diagnostics, Inc. (Cat. No. RDI-82004HPB, lot no. H3N188P) (Flanders, NJ, U.S.A.). Another solubilizing agent or excipient used was PEG 300, obtained from Spectrum Chemicals, Inc. (Cat. No. P0108, lot no. TB1228) (Gardena, CA, U.S.A.).
[0104] In one embodiment of the invention, HP-β-CD and PEG 300 were present in a single formulation. To make this formulation, M4N was first dissolved in PEG 300 to form a M4N in PEG 300 solution ("M4N/PEG 300"). The M4N/PEG 300 solution was then added to a pre-made solution of HP-β-CD to form a M4N solution in a PEG 300 and HP-β-CD (hereafter, a "CPE" formulation"). [0105] When preparing the HP-β-CD solution, a volume expansion must be accounted for. For example, for a 40% (w/v) HP-β-CD solution, a volume expansion of 0.7 mL/g (i.e., 0.7 mL of water displaced per gram of HP-β-CD added) must be accounted for.
[0106] A 100 mL solution of 40% HP-β-CD for use as a solubilizing agent and/or excipient was made as follows: 65 mL of WFI were placed in a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate, and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About forty (40) grams of HP-β-CD were added slowly to the stirring WFI, using a spatula to direct the HP-β-CD to the center of the beaker so as to prevent HP-β-CD crystals from sticking to the beaker wall. The HP-β- CD solution was stirred for about 24 hr or until the HP-β-CD was dissolved completely upon visual inspection. The resulting solution measured about 93 mL. About 7 mL of WFI was added to this resulting solution to obtain 100 mL, producing a final solution of about 40% HP-β-CD. The final solution was stirred for about 1 hr, stored at room temperature, and was protected from light. This method of making the modified cyclodextrin solution may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration. Other concentrations or other modified cyclodextrin solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting HP-β-CD with other modified cyclodextrins, adjusted for the appropriate concentrations in the process described above.
[0107] A lO mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 10 mg/mL in 40% HP-β-CD was made as follows. About 10 mL of the 40% HP-β-CD solution were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 10 mg of M4N were slowly added to the 40% HP-β-CD in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula. The M4N/40% HP-β-CD mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all
M4N was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/40% HP-β-CD mixture was optionally heated at 80°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 80° C for 100 mL of the M4N/HP-β-CD mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution OfM4N. The M4N/HP-β-CD mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/40% HP-β-CD solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other cyclodextrin solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP-β-CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins. Results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that M4N remained in solution after cooling at concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL in the 40% HP-β-CD formulation for greater than 7 days.
[0108] A 100 mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 25 mg/mL in PEG 300 was made as follows. About 100 mL of PEG 300 were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 2.5 g ofM4N were slowly added to the PEG 300 in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M4N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M4N/PEG 300 mixture was stirred for 24 hr or until all M4N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/PEG 300 mixture was optionally heated at about 60° C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 60° C for 500 mL of the M4N/PEG 300 mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution OfM4N. The M4NVPEG 300 mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. After all M4N was observed to be dissolved, the resulting M4N/PEG 300 solution was used immediately or before the expiration of 48 hr, otherwise crystals or other precipitates might form. If crystals formed, the M4N /PEG 300 solution could be heated again at 60° C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M4N was dissolved back in solution. The final M4N/PEG 300 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration OfM4N. Formulations containing M4N in other PEGs may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting PEG 300 in the process described above with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate.
[0109] A 100 mL stock solution of a formulation containing 50% PEG 300 (v/v), 20% HP-β-CD (w/v) and 12.5 mg M4N was made by adding 50 mL of the 40% pre-made HP-β-CD solution (made as described above) to a glass beaker containing a stir bar on a magnetic plate, with the stir bar stirring at medium speed, and slowly adding 50 mL of the pre-made M4N/PEG 300 solution (made as described above), for example, at a rate of about 10 mL per min. The M4N/PEG 300 was added by use of a pipette to the center of the beaker to avoid its sticking to the walls of the beaker and to ensure complete dissolution. The addition of M4N/PEG 300 to the HP-β-CD solution initially appeared as a white solution, but eventually became clear upon continuous mixing. This recipe may be scaled up or down as appropriate to produce the desired volume or concentration of M4N/PEG 300 and HP-β-CD. The stock solution was filter-sterilized using a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane, such as a pre-sterilized vacuum driven disposal bottle-top filter membrane obtained from Millipore (Cat. No. SCGV T05 RE) (Billerica, MA, U.S.A.). The filtration process was driven by vacuum force and the filtrate is collected in pre-sterilized 250 mL glass bottles. The bottles were then sealed tightly, stored at room temperature and protected from light. A stock solution of M4N/PEG 400 or M4N/PEG 400 monolaurate in HP-β-CD can be similarly made by substituting PEG 300 with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate in the processes described above. [0110] The M4N/PEG 300/HP-β-CD, M4N/PEG 400/HP-β-CD or M4N/PEG 400 monolaurate/HP-β-CD stock solution made in the foregoing manner can be diluted prior to use in vitro or for administration into animals. If dilution is necessary, the stock solution is preferably diluted in WFI, instead of saline, for example, so as to keep the osmolarity down. To make a 100 mL of a 1:1 dilution of the stock solution in WFI, about 50 mL of the stock solution was added to a glass vial. About 50 mL of WFI was added to the 50 mL of the stock solution in the vial to form a diluted solution. The glass vial was closed and the diluted solution was mixed well by shaking and inverting the vial a few times. The diluted solution was filter-sterilized using a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane, such as a pre-sterilized vacuum driven disposal bottle-top filter membrane obtained from Millipore (Cat. No. SCGV T05 RE) (Billerica, MA, U.S.A.). The filtration process was driven by vacuum force and the filtrate was collected in pre-sterilized 250 mL glass bottles. The bottles were then sealed tightly, stored at room temperature and protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or dilutions, such as 1 :2 or 1 :4 dilutions, for example. [0111] A formulation suitable for use as placebo control containing 50% PEG 300 and 20% HP- β-CD can be made as follows. To make a 100 mL solution of the placebo or control formulation, about 50 mL of 40% HP-β-CD are added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar on a magnetic plate. The magnetic plate is set to stir the HP-β-CD solution at medium speed. About 50 mL of PEG 300 are slowly added to the 50 mL of HP-β-CD in the glass beaker by pipette to the center of the beaker to prevent the PEG 300 from sticking to the wall of the beaker. The mixture is stirred for about 1 hr or until mixing is complete. This placebo formulation is filter-sterilized using a 0.22 μm PVDF membrane filter driven by vacuum force. The filtrate is collected in pre-sterilized 250 mL glass bottles. The glass bottles are sealed tightly, stored at room temperature, and kept protected from light. This recipe may be scaled up or down as required to produce the desired concentration and volume amounts. Further, PEG 300 may be substituted with PEG 400 or PEG 400 monolaurate, as desired.
[0112] Results of the solubility of M4N in formulations containing HP-β-CD and/or PEG 300, PEG 400, and in formulations containing HP-β-CD and propylene glycol ("PG"), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), or Tween® 80 made in accordance to the foregoing or similar processes as well as characteristics of the resulting formulations are shown in Tables 1 - 5, where N represents "No" and Y represents "Yes."
[0113] Table 1. Modified Cyclodextrins as Solubilizing Agents and/or Excipients
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000027_0001
[0114] All formulations withstand 4°C for 24 hr and 5 min. centrifugation at 5000 rpm without forming visible precipitates. The formulation containing 50% PEG 300, 20% HP-β-CD, 12.5 mg/mL M4N stock solution withstands 4°C for at least 4 months. Dilutions of the same stock made in 1 :1 or 1 :2 dilutions also withstand 4°C for at least 4 months.
[0115] Table 2. Formulations of M4N in PEG 300 and HP-β-CD
Figure imgf000027_0002
[0116] Table 3. Formulations of M4N in PEG 400 and HP-β-CD
Figure imgf000028_0001
[0117] Table 4. Stability OfM4N formulations in PEG 300
[0118]
Figure imgf000028_0002
[0119] Similarly, M4N may be solubilized in other solubilizing agents, such as water-soluble organic solvents including ethanol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), propylene glycol or glycerol.
[0120] Example 2. Effect of M4N in DMSO or Combination PEG 300/ HP-β-CD Formulation on Proliferation and Death of Tumor Cells in Culture
[0121] M4N in 10% (w/v) HP-β-CD and 25% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE formulation"), M4N in 30% (w/v) HP-β-CD and 25% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE 25/30 formulation") and M4N in 27% (w/v) HP-β-CD and 33% (v/v) PEG 300 (hereafter, the "CPE 33/27 formulation") was tested for their effects on cell death and proliferation on two different tumor cell lines: HeLa, an HPV-18 positive human cervical cancer cell line, and C-33A, an HPV-negative human cervical cancer cell line M4N in DMSO was also tested in parallel. Both tumor cell lines were treated with increasing amounts of M4N: 0 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, 60 μM and 80 μM, for 72 hr with the DMSO or the CPE formulation. Each formulation was added to total 1% of the growth media (Minimal Essential Medium with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, ImM sodium pyruvate, Ix non-essential amino acid solution, and 1,000 IU/mL penicillin/1, 000 μg/mL streptomycin solution). Control cells were grown under the same conditions and were left untreated. After 72 hr of treatment or no treatment, the total number of cells and the number of live cells in each sample were counted, using the trypan blue exclusion method. The cell proliferation rate and the percentage of dead cells in each sample were analyzed. Results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and Tables 6 through 12.
[0122] FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of the ratio of the number of treated cells/number of untreated cells plotted against increasing concentrations of M4N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation for treatment of the C-33A cells and HeLa cells. FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the percentage of dead cells plotted against increasing concentrations of M4N and in either DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation for treatment of the two cancer cell lines, C- 33A and HeLa cells in culture.
[0123] Results show that DMSO alone, in the absence of M4N, has a significant anti-proliferative effect and some toxic effect, as measured by % of dead cells, on both of the tumor cell lines tested as compared to the untreated controls. In contrast, the CPE formulation alone has an antiproliferative effect and very little toxic effect on the two tumor cell lines when compared to the untreated controls. [0124] Cell proliferation rate was reduced in both cell lines after treatment with M4N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation, when compared to the non-M4N-treated controls (i.e., 0 μg/mL or 0 μM of M4N) in the same formulation. In fact, the antiproliferative effect appeared to be M4N dose-dependent in the CPE formulation. In the CPE formulation, for example, about 20 μM or 7.2 μg/mL of M4N was found to be sufficient to cause about a 50% inhibition in cell proliferation for both tumor cell types. Further increases in the concentration OfM4N in the CPE formulation resulted in further increases in antiproliferative effect for both cell types. [0125] In general, higher doses M4N in either the DMSO formulation or the CPE formulation induced higher percentages of cell death for both the C-33A cells and the HeLa cells. However, M4N in the DMSO formulation was more toxic to cells than the corresponding concentrations of M4N in the CPE formulation. While the highest concentration of M4N tested (80 μM or 28.7 μg/mL) in DMSO formulation promoted cell death in about 40% of the cell population, the same concentration of M4N in the CPE formulation promoted cell death in only about 20% of the cell population in this experiment. [0126] These results were found to be reproducible in both cell lines. Data from this study indicate that M4N in the CPE formulation has the ability to arrest cell proliferation, similar to M4N in the DMSO formulation, while inducing less cellular toxicity than the DMSO formulation. [0127] Data were collected from continuing time points to test the effectiveness of the CPE formulation over time. The data showed that after a twelve month period of being stored at 2-80C the CPE formulation is just as effective as when it is new. The viability of cells remained similar over the twelve months the CPE formulation was stored. Cell death and proliferation rates remained within the same range.
[0128] Data were collected to compare the original CPE formulation with the new CPE 25/30 formulation. Studies were conducted at 0 and 3 months to test the effectiveness of the formulation over time as well as to test how well the new formulation works in relation to the old. The data showed that the CPE 25/30 formulation is as effective in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells as is the original CPE formulation. Cell viability was similar between HeLa cells treated with various concentrations of drug using either the CPE formulation or the CPE 25/30 formulation. Cell death and proliferation remained within the same range even over time. [0129] Information was collected comparing the original CPE formulation with the CPE 33/27 formulation at time zero on HeLa cells. The data showed that CPE 33/27 had the same affects on HeLa cells in cell viability, percent of dead cells and proliferation rate. [0130] Table 6. Effect of M4N in DMSO or the CPE Formulation on C-33 A Cells
Figure imgf000031_0001
[0131] Table 7. Effect of M4N in DMSO or the CPE Formulation on HeLa Cells at time 0
Figure imgf000031_0002
[0132] Table 8. Effect OfM4N in DMSO or the CPE formulation on HeLa Cells at 9 months
Figure imgf000032_0001
[0133] Table 9. Effect OfM4N in DMSO or the CPE formulation on HeLa Cells at 12 months
Figure imgf000032_0002
[0134] Table 10. Comparison of the CPE formulation and the CPE 25/30 Formulation in HeLa Cells
Figure imgf000033_0001
[0135] Table 11. Comparison of the CPE formulation and the CPE 25/30 Formulation in HeLa Cells at 3 months
Figure imgf000033_0002
[0136] Table 12. Comparison of CPE formulation and the CPE 33/27 formulation in HeLa cells at time zero
Figure imgf000033_0003
Figure imgf000034_0001
[0137] Example 3. Multiple lots of M4N can be used and create the same results [0138] Various lots OfM4N were tested to show the effectiveness of the drug of different lots. HeLa cells were treated with increasing amounts OfM4N: 0 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM, 60 μM and 80 μM, for 72 hr with the CPE formulation. Each formulation was added to total 1% of the growth media (Minimal Essential Medium with L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, ImM sodium pyruvate, Ix non-essential amino acid solution, and 1,000 IU/mL penicillin/1, 000 μg/mL streptomycin solution). Control cells were grown under the same conditions and were left untreated. After 72 hr of treatment or no treatment, the total number of cells and the number of live cells in each sample were counted, using the trypan blue exclusion method. The cell proliferation rate and the percentage of dead cells in each sample were analyzed. Results of this experiment are shown in Tables 13 and 14. These result show that regardless of the lot of M4N used, the effectiveness of the drug remains the same.
[0139] Table 13 Treatment of HeLa cells with various lots of M4N (lot EMlOOl)
Figure imgf000034_0002
[0140] Table 14. Treatment of HeLa cells with various lots of M4N (lot EMl 002)
Figure imgf000034_0003
[0141] Example 4. Intravenous Infusion Toxicity Studies
[0142] The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerable dose of tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M4N) when administered by intravenous infusion to male and female Beagle dogs, supplied by Convince Research Products (Cumberland, Virginia, U.S.A). Two Beagle dogs, one male and one female, about 6 to 9 months old at first dose, were administered the cyclodextrin vehicle containing 20% (w/v) HP-β-CD and 50% PEG 300, on Study Day ("SD") 1, followed by escalating levels of M4N prepared in the cyclodextrin vehicle (i.e., the test articles). The preformed cyclodextrin vehicle and test articles were stored at room temperature. Sterile water, used as diluent, was obtained from Baxter Health Care Corp. (Deerfield, Michigan, U.S.A) or Abbott Laboratories (North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.) and stored at room temperature.
[0143] The test article,, cyclodextrin vehicle and diluent were considered 100% pure for formulation purposes. Dose formulations were prepared on each day of dosing by adding the appropriate amount of test article or cyclodextrin vehicle into a glass container using a sterile syringe. For each dose, an equal amount of sterile water was added to the M4N formulation or cyclodextrin vehicle to form a 50:50 (v/v) dilution. No dilution was required for the 200 mg/kg dose. All formulations were mixed by gentle inversion to ensure that a proper solution was formed. Formulations were loaded into medication cassettes and stored at room temperature until needed. [0144] M4N was administered at 25 mg/kg on SD 3, 50 mg/kg on SD 5, and 100 mg/kg on SD 8. Only the female received the full 100 mg/kg dose; due to mechanical malfunctions caused by precipitation in the infusion line, the male dog received approximately 72 mg/kg (i.e., 72%) of the intended dose. Two additional Beagle dogs were administered a 200 mg/kg dose; however, mechanical difficulties ensued and the male dog received approximately 180 mg/kg (90%) of the intended dose, whereas the amount the female received could not be determined. [0145] On SD13, dosing could not be completed due to a pump mechanical failure that may be related to the viscosity of the 12.5 mg/mL formulation. The unused formulation was transferred into amber glass vials and stored at room temperature until reformulated on SDl 5 by diluting 50:50 (v/v) with sterile water. The 6.25 mg/mL dilutions were then loaded into medication cassettes. [0146] The animals used were acclimated to laboratory conditions for at least 7 days prior to the first dose and released from quarantine by a staff veterinarian. During that time, each animal was identified by the ear tattoo and a temporary number that was recorded on each cage label. Animals were cared for in the conventional manner and in accordance with the provisions of the USDA Animal Welfare Act, the PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the U.S. Interagency Research Animal Committee Principles for the Utilization and Care of Research Animals.
[0147] Feed and water were provided ad libitum, unless otherwise noted. No contaminants were known to be present in the diet or water at levels that might have interfered with achieving the objectives of the study. Animals were provided with positive human interaction such as petting, scratching, and talking during dosing and when performing physical examinations. Due to the jugular vein catheterization, dogs were not exercised outside of their cages following surgery. Rubber Kong toys or nylon toys were provided inside the cages.
[0148] Using aseptic surgical techniques, the animals were catheterized with an in-dwelling catheter inserted into the jugular vein, and were treated prophylactic ally with an analgesic and antibiotic on the day of surgery and with antibiotics and/or analgesics for 8 days following surgery. The study summary is presented in Tables 15, 16 and 17.
[0149] Table 15. Doses OfM4N Administered in PEG 300/HP-β-CD Formulation to Beagle Dogs in the Toxicity Study
Figure imgf000036_0001
[0150] Table 16. Individual Body Weights of Beagle Dogs (in Kg) Infused with M4N
Figure imgf000037_0001
SD = Study Day
[0151] Table 17. Serum Concentrations of M4N in Individual Beagle Dogs (in mg/mL) After Infusion of Various Doses (in mg/kg)
Figure imgf000037_0002
ND = none detected; <LLOQ = less than lower limit of quantitation
[0152] Doses 1, 2 and 3 were delivered without incident. On SD 8, during the 100 mg/kg dose, the syringe pumps stopped prematurely and only 88.6 mL of the intended 123.2 mL dose was delivered to the male dog (No. 10529). Pumps were manually restarted as needed, but only the female dog (No. 10530) received the entire dose.
[0153] On SD 15, a 200 mg/kg dose was attempted to be given to dogs No. 10567 and No. 10568 with a diluted test article formulation and an 8-hr target infusion duration. After 7 hr and 45 min. of dosing, the pump for the male dog stopped. The male dog (No. 10567) thus received only 289 mL of the intended 320 mL dose. After 2 hr and 12 min. of dosing, the infusion needle was found to be detached from the infusion line on the female dog (No. 10568) and dosing was discontinued. The amount OfM4N delivered intravenously to the female dog could not be determined. [0154] Following completion of each intravenous infusion, 1 mL of sterile saline was administered as a slow bolus injection to flush the test material from the infusion line into the animal, followed by an injection of heparin-saline solution to fill the infusion line to maintain patency. The animals were observed. Cageside observation included observation for mortality, morbundity, general health, and signs of toxicity. Clinical observations included evaluation of skin and fur characteristics, surgical site, eye and mucous membranes, respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems, and somatomotor and behavior patterns. Blood was collected and placed into 2.5 mL serum separator tubes for serum M4N concentration analysis. The tubes were inverted several times, stored on wet ice, and centrifuged at about 3000 rpm for about 10 min. at 40C. Serum was transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and stored at -75 ± 10° C.
[0155] Samples were shipped on dry ice to the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of GeneLogic (Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.) for test article analysis. The method involved treating aliquots of dog serum, at least 0.5 mL, with acetonitrile, filtering, and injecting the filtrate onto an HPLC column with tandem mass-spectrometry detection (LC -MS/MS). The analyte was quantified using an external standard curve with triazolam as an internal standard.
[0156] Male dog No. 10529 and female dog No. 10530 were removed from study on SD 9 and 17, respectively, and euthanized and exsanguinated. Male No. 10567 and female No. 10568 were euthanized and exsanguinated on SD 17. All animals were euthanized by an intravenous injection of Nembutal®. [0157] All dogs were necropsied as soon as possible after the time of death. A gross necropsy, which included examination of the external surface of the body, surgical site, all orifices, the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities and their contents, was performed. Bone marrow smears were prepared from femoral marrow. Slides were air-dried, fixed in methanol, and held for possible future evaluation. Tissues were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin ("NBF"). In addition, the infusion lines attached to the vascular access port ("VAP") were collected, knotted at both ends, and stored in NBF. The kidneys, lung, urinary bladder, and any gross lesions were embedded, sectioned, stained, and examined by a board certified veterinary pathologist. There were no test article related pathological findings in the examined tissues. [0158] Results showed that treatment with M4N had no effect on mortality. There were no apparent treatment-related clinical observations or effects on body weight. There were no test- article related gross pathology findings or microscopic changes. M4N serum concentration levels were highest immediately following the infusion period and M4N levels were higher in the female dog than in the male dog at all measured intervals. M4N was still detectable 16 hr following the infusion period, with the amount detected increasing with increasing dose.
[0159] In conclusion, no treatment-related adverse effects were observed at doses of up to about 200 mg/kg.
[0160] Example 5. Additional Intravenous Infusion Toxicity Studies
[0161] A. A 7-Day Intravenous Infusion Toxicity Study of M4N (CPE) in Beagle Dogs
[0162] This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicokinetic profile of M4N formulated in 30%
HP-β-CD and 25% PEG 300 when administered as a single intravenous infusion dose for seven consecutive days in beagle dogs. This study constitutes the first study of this particular formulation ofM4N in dogs and was executed to evaluate the toxicity and compare tolerability of a diluted formulation (10 mg/mL versus 5 mg/mL).
[0163] A total of twelve beagle dogs (8 male/4 female) were dosed with M4N via a 54-minute
(Group 2) or 108-minute (Groups 1, 3 and 4) intravenous infusion. All animals received seven doses, one per day over seven consecutive days.
[0164] The following parameters were evaluated: clinical observations and body weights. Test article analysis was performed on Study Days 1 and 7, blood samples (targeting a volume of 2.0 mL) were collected from each animal from an appropriate vessel at the following time points:
Figure imgf000039_0001
[0165] Gross necropsies were performed on Groups 1 and 3 animals and all injection sites were processed for histology. Detailed clinical observations revealed the following findings: transient reversible uncoordination of hindlimbs was observed in Groups 2, 3 and 4. The majority of these observations were observed in Groups 3 and 4. Discolored urine appeared in Groups 1 and 3. Since this finding was noted in the vehicle group, it may be vehicle-related. Three observations of swelling in the forelimb area were noted in Groups 1, 2 and 3 beginning on Day 3 and ending on Day 4. The finding is likely indicative of irritation due to multiple needle insertions in the same dosing area (cephalic vein). A single observation of rapid respiration was noted for the Group 3 female as an isolated incident and was not observed again. Finally, sporadic observations of diarrhea, emesis, mucoid feces and soft feces were noted. These observations are common in beagle dogs and were considered stress-induced and not test article-related. [0166] The serum analysis revealed that the lowest peak test article concentration (nominally 18759 ng/mL) were in the Group 4 animals receiving 45 mg/kg (5 mg/mL). Higher peak concentrations (nominally 33420 ng/mL) were noted in the Group 2 animals receiving 45 mg/kg (10 mg/mL). As anticipated, the highest concentrations (nominally 46704 ng/mL) were noted in the Group 3 animals receiving 90 mg/kg (10 mg/mL). The time of maximum concentration for all groups was at the end of infusion (0.9 hours for Group 2 and 1.8 hours for Groups 3 and 4). No test article was observed in the samples of any Group 1 animals receiving vehicle. Concentration curves following one administration are presented in FIG. 3A (non-logarithmic scale) FIG. 3B (logarithmic scale). [0167] Gross necropsies were performed on the Group 1 and 3 animals. Injection sites were collected and processed for histology. The histology revealed that the injection site of the controls appeared less affected than those of the treated animals and there was more thickening and discoloration at the site of injection in the treated animals when compared to controls. This suggests that the test article was more irritating than the vehicle. No other gross findings were observed in the animals necropsied.
[0168] B. A 14-Day Repeat Intravenous Infusion Toxicity Study OfM4N (CPE) in Beagle Dogs with a 28-Day Recovery Period
[0169] Male and female Beagle dogs were administered CPE (12.5 mg/mL in 20% HP-β-CD in 50% PEG 300) via intravenous infusion for 14 days, with a 28-day recovery period to determine the reversibility of any treatment-related toxicity. Initially, 32 dogs (16/sex) were randomLy assigned to one of four groups (5/sex in Groups 1 and 4, 3/sex in Groups 2 and 3) and administered 20% HP- β-CD in 50% PEG 300 (placebo) or test article (CPE) at doses of 22.5, 45, or 90 mg/kg. All animals received a total of 14 daily doses by intravenous infusion. Following dosing, 3 dogs/sex/group were euthanized on SD 16 and the remaining 2 dogs/sex in Groups 1 and 4 were maintained through a 28-day recovery period. [0170] Parameters evaluated during the study included mortality, clinical observations, body weight and body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmology, cardiology, clinical pathology, organ weights, and macroscopic and microscopic pathology.
[0171] Treatment with CPE had no effect on mortality; all animals survived until scheduled termination. There were no effects on body weight, body weight change, or food consumption. No treatment-related ocular effects were noted. Transient evidence of reversible CNS activity (ataxia) was seen in one dog at 90 mg/kg on two occasions. AU other clinical observations were considered isolated occurrences unrelated to treatment.
[0172] There were no test-article related effects on cardiology. At predose and on SD 13, one male treated with placebo had premature ventricular beats and on SD 1 one female treated with 45 mg/kg CPE had one atrial beat that was not conducted to the ventricles; none of these findings were considered treatment-related.
[0173] There were no apparent test-article related effects on clinical pathology parameters.
Significantly lower absolute reticulocyte counts were noted in males treated with 22.5 mg/kg CPE on SD 15; however the change was minimal, similar to the predose value, and not considered biologically or toxicologically significant.
[0174] On SD 16, statistical significances in absolute spleen weights of males treated with 22.5 and 45 mg/kg CPE were related to individual animal variation in the control group (placebo). No significant differences were noted in relative organ weights. [0175] Lesions noted at the infusion sites in all animals at necropsy on SD 16 were considered secondary to the intravenous infusion procedure and not treatment related. Red discoloration of the infusion site was noted in one female in the 45 mg/kg CPE group and correlated microscopically to multifocal, mild, intimal, vascular thickening, multifocal, mild vascular hyperplasia of the smooth myocyte, and a multifocal, mild, subacute, subcutaneous perivasculitis, indicating irritation caused by the dosing technique. Select male and female animals in the placebo and 90 mg/kg CPE groups exhibited diffuse, mild to moderate splenic congestion attributed to the mode of euthanasia. AU other macroscopic and microscopic findings noted at the SD 16, 42, and 43 necropsies were considered incidental and not treatment-related.
[0176] In conclusion, no adverse treatment-related effects were noted following 14 days of intravenous infusion of CPE in Beagle dogs at does up to 90 mg/kg. [0177] C. IV Dose Ranging Study in Beagle Dogs
[0178] A single male dog was administered M4N (12.5 mg/mL) in 20% HP-β-CD/50% PEG 300 via IV infusion (10 mL/kg/hour). Increased pressure in the infusion line and test formulation leakage from the syringe occurred. Dosing resulted in salivation, mydriasis, red-colored urine, severe ataxia, tremors, and convulsion. Because the observations were considered severe, the animal was considered moribund and scheduled for euthanization. Prior to euthanization, the dog appeared to be recovering; all previously noted clinical observations were markedly reduced in severity. [0179] An identical dose was attempted in a single female dog at an infusion rate of 5 mL/kg/hour and resulted in uncoordinated/unbalanced movements and frequent urination following dosing. The dog recovered within 1 hour and 15 minutes of dosing and presented no continued or additional adverse clinical signs.
[0180] An additional male and female were dosed at 150 mg/kg and then at 125 mg/kg. Severe ataxia, nystagmus, red urine or feces, frequent urination, vocalization during dosing, dyspnea, emesis, and/or salivation occurred at these dose levels. Both animals recovered within 1 hour of dosing and no additional important clinical signs were subsequently noted.
[0181] Incidental clinical, cageside, post dose, or unscheduled observations seen at 200, 150, and 125 mg/kg included minimal to mild erythema of the nose and/or ears, excretory changes (soft and/or mucoid feces) and one instance each of clear nasal discharge and red vaginal discharge. These findings occurred infrequently and were considered common laboratory findings unrelated to treatment. One instance of paddling during dosing on SD 43 in the female receiving 125 mg/kg occurred and is attributed to the use of dosing slings and is also considered unrelated to treatment. [0182] Two extra (naive) dogs were added to the study design and dosed at 75 mg/kg/day at an infusion rate of 5 mL/kg/hour, for a total of 12 doses in a 13-day interval. The only notable post dose observation was a single observation of red-brown urine in the female on SD 7; the significance of this event is unknown. Clinical observations included soft feces in the male and frothy white emesis in the female; these findings were infrequent or isolated incidences and are considered unrelated to treatment. A post dose observation of weakened limbs was noted in the male on SD 2 and is attributed to the use of sling restraint. Both dogs recovered from any noted clinical signs within 1 hour of dosing. Treatment with M4N had no effect on body weights and no gross lesions were noted at necropsy. No other treatment-related observations were noted. [0183] D. An 8-Day IV Infusion Toxicity Study in Sprague-Dawley Rats [0184] Escalating doses of 0, 10O5 150, or 200 mg/kg M4N in 10% HP-β-CD in PEG 300 (6.25 mg/mL) were administered by IV infusion once every four days to male and female Sprague- Dawley rats (3/each sex) at 8 niL/kg/hr. Following the initial four infusions the study was extended to include daily infusions of four hours duration for up to 14 days. No obvious mortality related to M4N occurred. One male rat was found dead on the first day dosage during administration of the vehicle and one female rat was found dead on day 5 of the study at the end of the infusion of 100 mg/kg of the test material. These deaths were not considered related to the test article because for one rat no test article (only vehicle) was administered and for the other rat, this was a single event with other rats surviving multiple days of dosing at 200 mg/kg/day.
[0185] Clinical and necropsy observations that occurred were secondary to the ports and infusion lines. These observations included swelling in the neck or axilla and limited use of the hind limbs. During the continued daily dosing phase of the study, tremors did occur in one male and one female rat. Also, ptosis and hyperactivity occurred in one male and one female rat. These were the only clinical observations that may have been related to the 200 mg/kg/day dosage of the test article. [0186] Both male and female rats gained weight throughout the study. Highest weight gains occurred following administration of the vehicle. Feed consumption values were similar following administration of the vehicle or test article. [0187] Based on the limited number of rats evaluated in this study, administration of the vehicle or test article at doses as high as 200 mg/kg/day for up to eight consecutive days appeared to be tolerated by the rats, causing some adverse clinical observations following daily dosing. Most adverse clinical observations and all necropsy findings that did occur were considered related to the ports and tubing used to dose the rats. At sacrifice, all infusion lines had either moved outside of the jugular vein and/or were no longer patent and masses (assumed to be test article) were found where the ports/lines were located.
[0188] Example 6. Solubility of M4N in Modified Celluloses
[0189] A 10 mL solution of 50% HP-β-CD (w/v) and 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ("HPMC") (w/v) for use as a solubilizing agent and/or excipient was made as follows: 5.9 mL of water suitable for injection into animals ("WFI") were placed in a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate, and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. Five grams of HP-β-CD were added slowly to the stirring WFI, using a spatula to direct the HP-β-CD to the center of the beaker. The HP-β-CD solution was stirred for about 24 hr or until the HP-β-CD was dissolved completely upon visual inspection. The resulting solution measured about 9.4 mL. About 0.6 mL of WFI was added to this resulting solution to reach 10 mL, to produce a solution of 50% HP-β-CD (w/v). Fifty milligrams of HPMC were added to the 50% HP-β-CD solution and stirred for about 1 hr or until the HPMC was dissolved upon visual inspection. The final solution was stirred for about 1 hr and was then stored at room temperature, protected from light. This method of making modified cyclodextrins with modified celluloses may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration of HP-β-CD/HPMC solution. Other modified cyclodextrin/modified cellulose solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting HP- β-CD with other modified cyclodextrins, or HPMC with other modified celluloses, in the process described above.
[0190] A 10 mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 10 mg/mL in 50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC was made as follows. About 10 mL of the 50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC solution were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 100 mg of M4N were slowly added to the 50% HP-β- CD/0.5% HPMC in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula. The M4N/50% HP-β- CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was stirred for 24 hr or until all M4N was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was heated at about 90°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 9O0C for 500 mL of the M4N/50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution of M4N. The M4N/50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC mixture was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. M4N was dissolved in this 50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC formulation at the 1 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL concentrations when heated at 9O0C and remained in solution after cool down, with stability at room temperature for greater than 7 days. M4N did not dissolve in this same formulation at the 50 mg/mL concentration even at 9O0C. [0191] The foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other cyclodextrin/cellulose solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP-β-CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins, or by substituting HPMC with other modified celluloses. [0192] A lO mL solution of 5% ethylcellulose ("EC") in ethanol (w/v) for use as a solubilizing agent and/or excipient was made as follows: 10 mL of 100% ethyl alcohol ("EtOH") were placed in a glass beaker containing a stir bar, covered by a round Teflon® cover. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate, and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. Five hundred (500) milligrams of EC was added slowly to the stirring ethanol, using a spatula to direct the EC to the center of the beaker so as to prevent EC powder from sticking to the beaker wall. The EC solution was stirred for about 2 hr or until the EC was dissolved completely upon visual inspection. The final solution was stored at room temperature, and was protected from light. [0193] This method of making modified cellulose solutions may be scaled up or down to obtain the desired volume or concentration. Other modified cellulose solutions may be similarly made, for example, by substituting EC with other modified celluloses, in the process described above. [0194] A 10 mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 20 mg/niL in 5% EC (w/v) (the "EC formulation") was made as follows. About 10 mL of 5% EC formulation, made as described above, were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed, and covered with a round Teflon® cover. About 200 mg OfM4N were slowly added to the 5% EC formulation in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M4N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M4N/EC mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all M4N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/EC mixture was heated at about 60° C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 60° C for 500 mL of the M4N/EC mixture), or longer as needed to ensure complete dissolution of M4N. The M4NZEC mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/EC solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. [0195] The foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other modified celluloses may be similarly made, such as, for example, HPMC, MC (methylcellulose), and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose). Results of the solubility of M4N in the modified celluloses are set forth in Table 18. [0196] Results showed that M4N was soluble at 1 mg/mL in the EC formulation without application of heat, the solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days. M4N was soluble at the 10 mg/mL concentration at 40°C and remained in solution after cooling, this solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days. M4N was soluble in the EC formulation at the 20 mg/mL concentration at 60°C and remained in solution after cooling, this solution being stable at room temperature for greater than 3 days. M4N at the 30 mg/mL concentration was soluble in the EC formulation at 60°C, but did not remain in solution upon cooling. Higher concentrations OfM4N, such as at the 50 mg/mL or 100 mg/mL levels, were soluble in the EC formulation at 90°C, but did not remain in solution upon cooling.
[0197] Table 18. Solubility of M4N in Formulations containing modified celluloses
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
[0198] EXAMPLE 7. SOLUBILITY OF M4N IN WATER-INSOLUBLE LIPIDS OR WATER-SOLUBLE ORGANIC SOLVENTS
[0199] A lO mL solution OfM4N at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL in sesame oil was made as follows. About 10 mL of sesame oil were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 500 mg ofM4N were slowly added to the sesame oil in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M4N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M4N/sesame oil mixture was stirred for about 2 hr or until all M4N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clump being present. The M4N/sesame oil mixture was heated at about 60°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 600C for 500 mL of the M4N/sesame oil mixture), or longer as need to ensure complete dissolution of M4N. The M4N/sesame oil mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. If crystals formed, the M4N /sesame oil solution could be heated again at 600C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M4N was dissolved back in solution. The final M4N/sesame oil solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light.
[0200] The foregoing process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other water-insoluble lipids may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Results are shown in Table 19. [0201] Table 19 shows, for example, that M4N was soluble in corn oil at 6O0C at concentrations ranging from 1 mg/mL up to 100 mg/mL and, except at the 100 mg/mL level, remained in solution after cooling, the solutions being stable for greater than 3 days at the 1 and 10 mg/mL concentrations, for less than 3 days at the 20, 40 and 50 mg/mL levels and for less than 1 day at the 60 mg/mL level. Further, M4N was soluble in olive oil at 60°C at the 30 mg/mL level but did not remain in solution after cooling.
[0202] In sesame oil, M4N was soluble at room temperature at the 10 mg/mL level and at 6O0C at 20 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL concentrations, and remained in solution upon cooling. The 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL solutions were stable at room temperature for more than 3 days, the 30 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 3 days, and the 50 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 1 day.
[0203] A lO mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 60 mg/mL in 85% sesame oil and 15% Tween® 20 was made as follows. About 8.5 mL of sesame oil were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 1.5 mL of Tween® 20 was slowly added to the center of the beaker. About 600 mg ofM4N were slowly added to the sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M4N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was stirred for about 2 hr or until all M4N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was heated at about 600C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 6O0C for 500 mL of the M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture), or longer as need to ensure - complete dissolution OfM4N. The M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 mixture was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. If crystals were to form during storage, the M4N /sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution could be heated again at 600C, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate until all M4N dissolved back in solution. [0204] This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other water-insoluble lipids combined with non-ionic surfactants, ionic surfactants or water-soluble organic solvents may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), lecithin, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone
("PVP"), propylene glycol ("PG"), or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Results of the solubility of M4N in water-insoluble lipids are set forth in Table 19. [0205] Table 19 shows, for example, that M4N at 60 mg/mL was soluble in a formulation containing 85% sesame oil and 15% Tween® 20 at 550C and 40 mg/mL of M4N was soluble in the same formulation at 45 °C, but M4N did not stay in solution in these formulations upon cooling. In contrast, M4N at 29 mg/mL was soluble in a slightly different formulation containing 89% sesame oil and 11% Tween® 20 at 60°C and remained in solution upon cooling, the solution being stable at room temperature for more than 7 days.
[0206] A 1 mL emulsion of M4N at a concentration of about 2.9 mg/mL in saline was made as follows. About 0.9 mL of a 0.9% saline solution was placed in a 1.5 mL-sized polypropylene tube. About 0.1 mL of an M4N solution at a concentration of 29 mg/mL in 89% sesame oil, 11% Tween® 20 was added to the polypropylene tube. The M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution or mixture in saline was vortexed vigorously for one minute. The emulsion was prepared by sonication of the M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 solution for five minutes with a microtip probe adjusted to an amplitude of 60% maximum probe amplitude. The M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 emulsion was observed for presence of any precipitated M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/sesame oil/Tween® 20 emulsion was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. [0207] This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other lipids combined with other surfactants, or water- soluble organic solvents may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting sesame oil or Tween® 20 in the process described above with corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, peppermint oil, Tween® 80, TPGS, lecithin, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, polyvinylpyrrolidone ("PVP"), or other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof.
[0208] Table 19. Solubility of M4N in water-insoluble Lipids
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
[0209] Table 20 shows the results obtained for the solubility of M4N in water-soluble organic solvents EtOH, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 400 monolaureate, glycerol, PVP, and certain combinations thereof.
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
[0211] Example 8. Solubility of M4N in Non-Ionic Surfactants
[0212] A lO mL solution of M4N at a concentration of about 60 mg/mL in Tween® 20 was made as follows. About 10 mL of Tween® 20 were added to a glass beaker containing a stir bar. The beaker was placed on a magnetic plate and the stir bar was set to stir at medium speed. About 600 mg ofM4N were slowly added to the Tween® 20 in the center of the beaker with the aid of a spatula to prevent M4N from sticking to the beaker wall. The M4N/Tween® 20 mixture was stirred for 2 hr or until all M4N had dissolved or was uniformly suspended without any clumps being present. The M4N/Tween® 20 mixture was heated at about 60°C for about 30 min. (or longer if a larger volume of solution was desired, for example, 1 hr at 600C for 500 mL of the M4N/Tween® 20 mixture), or longer as need to ensure complete dissolution OfM4N. The M4N/Tween® 20 mixture or solution was observed for presence of any undissolved M4N by holding the beaker against a white background followed by a dark background, looking for presence of particulates. The final M4N/Tween® 20 solution was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. If crystals were to form during storage, the M4N/Tween® 20 solution could be heated again at 60° C for about 1 hr, with stirring, on a hot magnetic plate or until all M4N was dissolved back in solution. [0213] This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N and the heating temperature may be increased or decreased to achieve dissolution of M4N. Formulations containing M4N in other non-ionic surfactant, ionic surfactants or amphiphilic molecules may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting Tween® 20 in the process described above with Tween® 80, other solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Results of the solubility of M4N in Tween® 20, Tween® 80, and a combination of Tween® 20 and PEG 400 are shown in Table 21. [0214] Table 21 shows that M4N was soluble in Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 at a concentration of 1 mg/mL at room temperature. The M4N in Tween® 20 solution ("M4N/Tween® 20") was stable at room temperature for more than 7 days, while the M4N in Tween® 80 solution ("M4N/Tween® 80") was stable for more than 3 days of observation. Higher concentrations OfM4N were soluble in Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 at 500C. Further, M4N remained in solution after cooling at concentrations of up to 60 mg/mL in Tween® 20 or up to 50 mg/mL in Tween® 80, while becoming insoluble upon cooling at the 80 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL levels in Tween® 20. The 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL M4N/Tween® 20 solutions were observed to be stable at room temperature for greater than 7 days. The 40 mg/mL and 80 mg/mL M4N/Tween® 20 solutions were observed to be stable at room temperature for less than 3 days. For the M4N/Tween® 80 solutions, the 10 mg/mL solution was observed to be stable at room temperature for more than 3 days while the 50 mg/mL solution was stable at room temperature for less than 1 day.
[0215] Results also show that M4N was soluble in a combination of 50% Tween® 20 and 50% PEG 400, up to a concentration of 60 mg/mL OfM4N tested when heated at 65°C. M4N remained in solution in these formulations upon cooling, the solutions being stable at room temperature for more than 3 days. [0216] Table 22 shows the concentration of M4N in μg/mL and its corresponding concentration in μM quantities.
[0217] Table 21. Solubility of M4N in Non-Ionic Surfactants
Figure imgf000055_0001
Figure imgf000056_0001
[0218] Table 22. Conversion Table for concentration of M4N
Figure imgf000056_0002
[0219] Example 9. Lyophilized Formulations Containing M4N in HP-β-CD
[0220] A 120 mg lyophilized powder of M4N at a concentration of about 185 mg/g (w/w) in HP- β-CD was made as follows. Equal molar amounts of HP-β-CD and M4N were used to increase the complexation rate between HP-β-CD and M4N. About 98 mg of HP-β-CD and about 22.2 mg M4N were mixed together in a 1.5 mL-sized polypropylene tube. About 0.2 mL WFI was added to the mixture in the polypropylene tube containing the HP-β-CD/M4N powder mixture and vortexed for 1 minute to produce a HP-β-CD/M4N suspension in water. The HP-β-CD/M4N suspension was frozen at -200C for 24 hours. The HP-β-CD/M4N suspension was then centrifuged at 1,400 rpm under vacuum at 60°C for about 2 hours to remove all the water from the suspension. The dry powder of HP-β-CD/M4N complex weighed about 120 mg. This HP-β-CD/M4N powder complex may be then dissolved or resuspended in water or other solubilizing agents. The final M4N/HP-β- CD powder complex was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration OfM4N. Formulations containing M4N with other cyclodextrins may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP-β-CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins. Results shown in Table 1 demonstrate that a powder complex of HP-β-CD/TVLjN was obtained after lyophilization of the HP-β-CD/M4N suspension consisting of about 81.5% HP-β-CD and 18.5% M4N. [0221] A 400 mg lyophilized powder OfM4N at a concentration of about 150 mg/g (w/w) in HP- β-CD/HPMC was made as follows. About 1 mL of a 50% HP-β-CD/0.5% HPMC solution, made as described above, was added to a 1.5 mL-sized polypropylene tube. About 60 mg M4N were added to the polypropylene tube containing the HP-β-CD/HPMC suspension and vortexed for 1 minute to produce a HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N suspension. The HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N suspension was frozen at -20°C for 24 hours. The HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N suspension was then centrifuged at 1,400 rpm under vacuum at 600C for about 5 hours to remove all the water from the suspension. The dry powder of HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N complex weighed about 400 mg. This HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N powder complex may be then dissolved or resuspended in water or other solubilizing agents. The final M4N/HP-β-CD/HPMC powder complex was stored at room temperature and was kept protected from light. This process may be scaled up or down to obtain the requisite volume or concentration of M4N. Formulations containing M4N with other cyclodextrins/cellulqse solutions may be similarly made, such as, for example, by substituting HP-β-CD in the process described above with other cyclodextrins, or by substituting HPMC with other modified celluloses. Results shown in Table 18 demonstrate that a powder complex of HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N was obtained after lyophilization of the HP-β-CD/HPMC/M4N suspension consisting of about 84% HP-β-CD, 1% HPMC and 15% M4N.
[0222] Example 10. Testing of IV Tubing for Delivery of M4N
[0223] In this experiment, various types of tubing were tested for compatibility and for optimizing intravenous delivery of M4N. The tests on compatibility were based on visual inspection and HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) analysis.
[0224] The visual inspection was conducted as follows: About 5 mL of a formulation to be tested ("formulated material") were passed through a tubing of about 20 cm in length. The formulated material was kept inside the tube for about 24 hr at room temperature (25°C). The formulated material was then circulated several times (about 5 times, for example) through the tubing and was collected in a beaker or a collection tube. The formulated material was carefully inspected for precipitates or particulates present, including by holding the beaker or collection tube against a white background followed by a dark background. [0225] The compatibility test using HPLC analysis varied in the methodology depending on the tubing being tested, the length of time and the purpose of the tubing. This test measured the amount OfM4N in solution before and after circulation through different tubing.
[0226] The threshold for determining compatibility was 90% assay purity, meaning that if about 90% ofM4N remained in solution after interaction with the tubing and completion of the test, the material would be considered as being compatible. Any amount below 90% threshold was considered incompatible tubing. Results are summarized in Table 23. [0227] This study shows that PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and fluorelastomer (Barnant Company, Barrington, IL5 U.S.A.), polypropylene (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, U.S.A.), FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) (Saint-Gobain, Mickleton, NJ, U.S.A.), PTFE (Cole-Parmer), polyethylene (Intramedic, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, U.S.A.) and platinum cured silicone (small size) (Cole-Parmer) were all compatible for delivery OfM4N in the formulations herein described.
[0228]
Figure imgf000058_0001
Figure imgf000059_0001
H=* not preferred but somewhat compatible
[0229] Example 11. Intravesicular Administration of Pharmaceutical Composition [0230] One or more of the foregoing pharmaceutical compositions can be administered intravesicularly, such as for the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder, for example, at a dose of 800 mg every week for 6 weeks. The composition will contain an API, such as the NDGA compounds, e.g., M4N. The API, such as M4N, is present in the composition at 200 mg per 5 niL vial, and is stored in the refrigerator at 2°C - 8°C (36°F - 460F). Prior to administration of the composition to a subject, the vial is removed from the refrigerator and is allowed to warm to room temperature without heating. The composition may be diluted by adding 800 mg (20 mL) to 55 mL of 0.9% Normal Saline Injection, USP. Bladder lavage is performed by intravesicular administration of the API (total volume of 75 mL when diluted as above), allowing the API to dwell for 2 hours, and then voided out. The appropriate compatible tubing is used, as described above. [0231] Physicians or patients are advised that the composition containing the API is not to be given if bladder is injured, inflamed, or perforated, as systemic absorption will occur via loss of mucosal integrity. The compound is to be used with caution in patients with severe irritable bladder symptoms, as the API may cause symptoms of irritable bladder during instillation and dwell time. The patients are taught that the urine may be red-or pink-tinged for about 24 hr.
[0232] Example 12. A human phase 0, three-way crossover microdose pharmacokinetic study of 14C-labelled M4N in eight healthy male subjects
[0233] This study was designed to assess the absorption of M4N when administered to humans as a sub-therapeutic dose either as a single oral dose under fed and fasted conditions or a single intravenous dose (Regimens A - C, respectively, in Table 24). The study was a three-way crossover study design in a target population of healthy male subjects and consisted of three study periods of approximately 35 hours duration, each separated by a minimum period of at least 7 days between dosing. During the course of each study period, pharmacokinetic blood samples were taken at specified time points after dosing and urine was collected over pre-defined time intervals. The subjects were able to leave the clinical unit after the completion of study specific procedures at 24 hours post-dose.
[0234] In this study, M4N was administered to humans in a 100 μg quantity. M4N was lightly- labelled with 14C (3.3 kBq per 100 μg) and administered to healthy volunteers. Each oral administration of M4N consisted of 0.1 mg of 14C labeled M4N and 376.8 mg of glycerol monooleate in a size 0 gelatin capsule. The single intravenous infusion of M4N consisted of 0.1 mg/mL 14C labelled M4N, 30% (w/v) HP-β-CD, and 25% (v/v) PEG diluted with water to ImL for bolus injection. Following collection of blood and urine from each subject, samples were analyzed for 1 C content using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) to determine the maximum concentration of M4N (Cmax) that occurred at time Tmaχ, the overall area under the curve (AUC) that corresponds to the overall absorption OfM4N at the times of testing (AUCo-t) and overall (AUC0-∞), the terminal half-life (Ty2) of each sample and the relative and overall bioavailability (Frei and F), of the oral dose OfM4N compared to the IV dose of M4N. The mean ± SD values of pharmacokinetic parameters for 14C are presented in Table 24. The baseline levels of M4N were corrected for any residual M4N remaining in the subjects following the periods between dosing so as not to inflate the levels of M4N for any subsequent dosing. [0235] Table 24. Mean + SD values of pharmacokinetic parameters for 14C (Baseline Corrected)
Figure imgf000060_0001
a Median
Regimen A: lOOμg 14C-labelled M4N (3.3 kBq) administered as a single oral dose following a high fat breakfast. Regimen B: lOOμg 14C-labelled M4N (3.3 kBq) administered as a single oral dose following an overnight fast. Regimen C: lOOμg 14C-labelled M4N (3.3 kBq) administered as ImL bolus intravenous solution following an overnight fast.
[0236] For the oral doses, the Cmax values for total 14C were lower following oral administration of lOOμg 14C-labelled M4N after a high fat breakfast (Cmax=5.94 ± 1.33pmol/L) than following oral administration after an overnight fast (Cmax=9.29 ± 1.40pmol/L). Tmax tended to occur later in fed subjects than in fasted subjects. In fed subjects, Tmax, the time of occurrence of Cmax, was highly variable and ranged from 1.5 to 24 hours post-dose, and in fasted subjects Tmax generally occurred at 1 hour post-dose (range 0.50 to 2.00 hours). The AUCo-t values were generally lower in fed subjects than in fasted subjects.
[0237] Following the intravenous dose the maximum concentration (Cm3x=I 0.31 ± 1.77pmol/L) occurred, as expected, at the first sampling time (0.08 hours post-dose) in eight of the ten subjects. In two subjects, Tmax was 0.17 hours post-dose. The AUCo-t values for total 14C plasma concentrations were slightly lower following the single oral dose in fed subjects than following the intravenous dose. Conversely, the corresponding AUC0-t values were slightly higher following the single oral dose in the fasted subjects than following the intravenous dose.
[0238] The study formulations were well tolerated in both oral and intravenous administrations. There were no serious or severe adverse events and no subjects discontinued because of a study treatment related adverse event. No clinically significant changes in vital signs or ECGs were seen. [0239] In conclusion regarding this study, the apparent absorption of M4N was very high following oral administration in the fed and fasted state. In the presence of food, the rate and extent of absorption were lower compared with the fasted state and the time of occurrence of Cmax was prolonged in the fed state. These conclusions are made on the assumption that the orally administered doses of 14C-labelled M4N were not degraded prior to absorption.
[0240] Example 13. Additional Studies of Solubility of M4N in Water-soluble Organic Solvents [0241] The solubility of M4N in combinations of water-soluble organic solvents as noted in Table 25 was evaluated up to 48 hours. Following 2, 24 and 48 hours incubation at room temperature samples were analyzed via Reverse Phase-HPLC ("RP-HPLC") to quantify the solubility of M4N. To prepare M4N samples, 200 μL of 100 mg/mL M4N dissolved in acetone were placed in 1.5 mL polypropylene microtubes. The solvent was allowed to evaporate at room temperature for 48 hours until the samples were completely dry.
[0242] The water miscible organic solvent formulations were prepared in 15 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes. 10 mL of each formulation was prepared. Each solvent was added on the basis of weight using its respective density at 25°C. Following brief mixing, each formulation was filtered through a 0.45 μm surfactant free cellulose acetate ("SFCA") filter into a fresh 15 mL tube. Formulations were kept at room temperature until ready for use. [0243] 400 μL of each formulation combination (Table 25, where Benz = benzyl alcohol; Crem : Cremophor® EL; DMA = dimethylacetamide; T80 = Tween® 80) were added to the microtube, enabling a maximum solubility of 50 mg/Ml M4N. The M4N solubility was evaluated by RP-HPLC at 2, 24 and 48 hours incubation at room temperature. At each time point, the samples were centrifuged for 2 minutes at 13,000 rpm to pellet any solid M4N. As noted in Table 25, over half of the formulation conditions examined were able to solubilize M4N to a concentration of greater than 10 mg/Ml. The solubility of M4N in glycerol at 2 and 48 hours was not detectable.
Table 25. M4N solubility in water miscible organic solvents up to 48 hours
Figure imgf000063_0001
[0245] Example 14. M4N Solubility in aqueous solutions
[0246] The solubility of M4N in aqueous solutions containing either hydroxypropyl HP-β-CD or sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SE-β-CD) (Captisol®, CyDex, Inc., Lenexa, KS, U.S.A.) was evaluated up to 48 hours at room temperature described above in Example 13. Ten 50 % solutions of HP-β-CD and SE-β-CD were prepared on a weight to volume basis. The M4N for use in the samples was prepared as set forth in Example 13. Between 1.0 g and 5.0 g of either compound was weighed into a 10 mL volumetric flask on an OHAUS Analytical Plus Balance. Each sample was q.s. to 10 mL with water for injection (WFI). Following a 1 hour incubation at 400C, the preparations were filtered through a 0.45 μm SFCA filter into a fresh 15 mL tube. Preparations were kept at room temperature until ready for use.
[0247] As shown in Table 26, the solubility OfM4N in WFI, 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose (D5W) was below the quantitation limit of the RP-HPLC method throughout the course of this study. Note the increased M4N solubility as a function of HP-β-CD and Captisol® concentration and time. [0248] Table 26. M4N solubility in aqueous solutions up to 48 hours
Figure imgf000064_0001
[0249] More than 20 formulation conditions using water miscible organic solvents were able to solubilize M4N to a concentration of greater than 10 mg/mL. The solubility of M4N in WFI, 0.9% saline, D5W was below the detection limit of the RP-HPLC method. The solubility of M4N increases as a function of HP-β-CD and Captisol® concentration and time. [0250] Example 15. M4N Solubility in Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin
[0251] The aqueous solubility of M4N at various concentrations of HP-β-CD was evaluated by the method reported by Higuchi and Connors (1965). Briefly, M4N was accurately weighed and added in quantities exceeding its aqueous solubility were gently rotated (~12 rpm) at room temperature with aqueous solutions of HP-β-CD in increasing concentrations (0-350 mmol/L), for a period of 48 hours. The M4N / HP-β-CD solutions were then filtered through a 0.45 μm SFCA filter and analyzed via RP-HPLC.
[0252] Although most drug/cyclodextrin complexes are thought to be inclusion complexes, cyclodextrins are also known to form non-inclusion complexes and complex aggregates capable of dissolving drugs through micelle-like structures. The phase-solubility profiles did not verify formation of inclusion complexes, but only detail how the increasing concentration of cyclodextrin influences drug solubility. Formation of the M4N / HP-β-CD complex is non-linear, but accurate determination of stoichiometry (as well as stability constants) was not studied in the experiments of this Example, but could be determined by other means such as NMR or potentiometry.
[0253] Example 16. M4N Stability in HP-β-CD/PEG 300 buffer solutions
[0254] The stability of 10 mg/mL M4N (prepared in a ratio of 75 :25 40% HP-β-CD : 40 mg/mL
M4N PEG 300) in 15 mM buffer solutions was evaluated following incubation at 6O0C.
[0255] Buffered 40 % solutions of HP-β-CD were prepared on a weight to volume basis. The M4N for use in the samples was prepared as set forth in Example 13. 2.0 g HP-β-CD was weighed into 5 mL volumetric flasks on an OHAUS Analytical Plus Balance. 1 mL of a 100 mM buffer solution was added to each flask. Each sample was q.s. to 5 mL with WFI. Following a 1 hour incubation at 400C, the preparations were filtered through a 0.45 μm SFCA filter into a fresh 15 mL tube. Preparations were kept at room temperature until ready for use. [0256] 750 μL 40% HP-β-CD buffered solution was placed in 1.5 mL polypropylene microtubes. 250 μL of a 40 mg/mL M4N PEG 300 was added to each microtube enabling a solubility of 10 mg/mL M4N. After gentle inversion of the sample tubes, the pH of each solution was measured using a Orion, Model 420A pH meter. An initial aliquot was removed for RP-HPLC analysis. Test samples were then placed in a Precision 600C incubator. The M4N stability was evaluated by RP- HPLC. At each time point, the samples were centrifuged for 2 minutes at 13,000 rpm to pellet any solid M4N. [0257] As shown in Table 27, a slight decrease in the concentration of the various M4N solutions is observed following the 14 day incubation at 60°C. RP-HPLC data did not reveal an increase in sample impurities which could account for the magnitude of decrease in the concentration of M4N. However, a pH-dependent change was observed in the M4N impurities, yet these impurities made up less than 0.1% of the total peak area. Little if any changes are observed in the apparent sample pH during the incubation period (Table 27). [0258] Table 27. M4N stability in HP-β-CD/PEG solutions up to 14 days at 600C
Figure imgf000066_0001
[0259] A uniform decrease in stability regardless of apparent sample pH or buffer, as indicated by a loss in the recovery OfM4N, was observed after 14 days of incubation at 6O0C.
[0260] Example 17 - M4N Stability in 11-14 mg/mL PEG300/HP-β-CD solutions [0261] To support manufacturing specifications, this study examined the 24-hour room temperature stability of combinations of PEG300/HP-β-CD at varying M4N target concentrations. Stock samples of M4N stocks were prepared in 100% PEG 300 at drug concentrations of 33-56 mg/mL at 60°C as follows.
[0262] M4N bulk drug was solubilized to concentrations of 33, 44, 48, 52, 55 and 56 mg/mL (w/w) in PEG 300 using the procedure set forth in Examples 13 and 16, following incubation of at least 2 hours at 600C. Vigorous vortexing and mixing were necessary for complete solubilization of M4N above 44 mg/mL. The M4N stock solutions were filtered through a 0.45 μm SFCA filter and used within 30 minutes of preparation. Separately, a solution of 40% (w/v) HP-β-CD was prepared in sterile WFI and filtered. Combinations of the 40% HP-β-CD stock and the M4N/PEG 300 stocks were combined in 1.5 mL polypropylene microtubes. The M4N solubility was evaluated by RP- HPLC at 2 and 24 hours incubation at room temperature. [0263] The requisite amount of M4N stock was added to 40% HP-β-CD to yield the final concentrations of drug and excipients listed in Table 28. Samples were gently rotated (-12 rpm) at room temperature. At 2 and 24 hours of incubation, samples were centrifuged 2 minutes at 13,000 rpm and 50 μL aliquots were removed for RP-HPLC analysis. Regardless of target M4N or formulation, little if any changes in solubility were observed after the 24 hour incubation (Table 28).
[0264] Table 28 M4N Stability in 11-14 mg/mL PEG300/HP-β-CD solutions
Figure imgf000067_0001
[0265] Test samples containing between 11-14 mg/mL M4N formulated to a final concentration of 25% PEG 300 and 30% HP-β-CD were stable after 24 hours incubation at room temperature.
[0266] Example 18. 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG300 Stability
[0267] The stability of 40 mg/mL M4N dissolved in 100% PEG 300 was evaluated up to 24 hours incubation at 300C, 45°C and 600C. A stock 40 mg/mL M4N in PEG 300 was prepared at 600C, following the procedure set forth in Example 17. Subsequently, aliquots were removed and incubated at the appropriate temperature. Samples were rotated at 450 rpm during the entire course of incubation. Visual observations and RP-HPLC data were collected throughout. As shown in Table 29, after 6 hours incubation at 3O0C tiny crystals were observed in the 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 formulation, with more appearing after 24 hours. The formation of crystals coincided with a loss of soluble M4N (Table 30). The 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 samples incubated at 45°C and 600C were stable after 24 hours incubation as assessed by visual observations and RP-HPLC analysis (Tables 29 and 30). No changes in the amount or types of impurities peaks were observed at any of the incubation temperatures. [0268] Table 29. Visual appearance of40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 stability samples
Figure imgf000068_0001
[0269] Table 30. 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 stability samples: RP-HPLC analysis
Figure imgf000068_0002
[0270] After 6 hours incubation at 300C tiny crystals were observed in.the 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 formulation. After 24 hours, even more crystals were observed as well as a >5% loss in soluble M4N as determined by RP-HPLC analysis. [0271] 40 mg/mL M4N/PEG 300 samples incubated at 45°C and 6O0C were stable after 24 hours incubation as assessed by visual observations and RP-HPLC analysis.
[0272] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[0273] Ansel, H. C. et al. (2004). Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems eds., 8th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[0274] Aynaud, O. and Bergeron, C. (2004). Penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Prog. Urol. 14(1): 100 - 4.
[0275] Dieckmann, K.P. and Pichlmeier, U. (2004). Clinical epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors. World J. Urol. 22(1): 2 - 14. Epub 2004 Mar 18.
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[0278] Gennaro, A.R. (2003). Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th ed., with
Facts and Comparisons: DrugfactsP/ws. Lippincott Williams & Williams. [0279] Higuchi T and Connors KA (1965) "Phase solubility techniques", Adv Anal Chem Instr.
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[0282] Kurman, RJ. et al. (1994). Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. JAMA, 27\ : 1866 - 1869.) [0283] McDonald, R. W. et al. (2001). Synthesis and anticancer activity of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and analogues. Anti-Cancer Drug Design 16: 261 - 270.
[0284] O'Shaughnessy et al. (2002). Treatment and Prevention of Intraepithelial Neoplasia: An
Important Target for Accelerated New Agent Development. Clinical Cancer Res. 8: 314 - 346.
[0285] Rowe, R.C. et al. eds. (2003). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 4th edition. Pharmaceutical Press and American Pharmaceutical Association.
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62,

Claims

CLAIMS We claim:
1. A composition for injection into animals comprising an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient comprises a catecholic butane, and the carrier comprises at least one of a solubilizing agent and an excipient selected from the group consisting of: (a) a water-soluble organic solvent other than dimethyl sulfoxide; provided that when the water-soluble organic solvent is propylene glycol, the propylene glycol is in the absence of white petrolatum, in the absence of xanthan gum and in the absence of at least one of glycerine or glycine, when the water-soluble organic solvent is polyethylene glycol, the polyethylene glycol is present in the absence of ascorbic acid or butylated hydroxytoluene, and when the polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 400, the polyethylene glycol 400 is present in the absence of polyethylene glycol 8000; (b) a cyclodextrin; (c) an ionic, non-ionic or amphipathic surfactant, provided that when the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant, the non-ionic surfactant is present in the absence of xanthan gum; (d) a modified cellulose; (e) a water- insoluble lipid other than castor oil; and a combination of any of the carriers (a) - (e).
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is injectable intravenously into animals.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the composition comprises about 10 mg, about
20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg or about 200 mg of the active pharmaceutical agent.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is present at a concentration of about 1 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the catecholic butane is present at a concentration of about 1 mg/mL, about 2 mg/mL, about 2.5 mg/mL, about 5 mg/mL, about 10 mg/mL, about 12.5 mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL, about 20 mg/mL, about 25 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 40 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL or about 175 mg/mL.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the water-soluble organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol and dimethylacetamide.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises polyethylene glycol.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the polyethylene glycol is PEG 300, PEG 400 or PEG monolaurate.
10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the polyethylene glycol is present at a concentration of about 5% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v).
11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the polyethylene glycol is PEG 300.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the PEG 300 is present at a concentration of about 10% (v/v), about 20% (v/v), about 30% (v/v), about 40% (v/v) or about 50% (v/v).
13. The composition of claim 8, wherein the polyethylene glycol is PEG 400.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the PEG 400 is present at a concentration of about 10% (v/v), about 20% (v/v), about 30% (v/v), about 40% (v/v) or about 50% (v/v).
15. The composition of claim 8 wherein the polyethylene glycol is PEG 400 monolaurate.
16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the PEG 400 monolaurate is present at a concentration of about 20% (v/v) to about 50% (v/v).
17. The composition of claim 1 or 8, wherein the carrier comprises an unmodified cyclodextrin or a modified cyclodextrin.
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the modified cyclodextrin is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin.
19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the modified cyclodextrin is present at a concentration of about 5% (w/v) to about 80% (w/v).
20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the modified cyclodextrin is present at a concentration of about 15% (w/v), about 20% (w/v), about 25% (w/v), about 30% (w/v), about 35%
(w/v), about 40% (w/v) or about 50% (w/v).
21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carrier comprises propylene glycol.
22. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carrier comprises glycerol.
23. The composition of claim I3 wherein the carrier comprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of polysorbate, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and the reaction product of ethylene oxide and castor oil in a 35:1 molar ratio.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80.
25. The composition of claim 23, wherein the surfactant is present at a concentration of about 5% (v/v) to about 100% (v/v).
26. The composition of claim 1, wherein the carrier comprises a modified cellulose.
27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the modified cellulose is selected from the group consisting of ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose and carboxy methylcellulose.
28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the modified cellulose is present at a concentration of about 0.1% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v).
29. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carrier comprises a water-insoluble lipid.
30. The composition of claim 29, wherein the water-insoluble lipid comprises a fat emulsion.
31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the fat emulsion is present at a concentration of about 10% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v).
32. The composition of claim 31 , wherein the fat emulsion is present at a concentration of about 20% (w/v).
33. The composition of claim 29, wherein the water-insoluble lipid is an oil.
34. The composition of claim 28, wherein the oil is at least one oil selected from the group consisting of corn oil, olive oil, peppermint oil, soybean oil, sesame seed oil, mineral oil and glycerol.
35. The composition of claim 29, wherein the water-insoluble lipid is an esterified fatty acid. i 36. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the catecholic butane has a structural formula of
Formula I:
Figure imgf000073_0001
wherein Rj and R2 each independently represents -H, a lower alkyl, a lower acyl, an alkylene; or -RiO and -R2O each independently represents an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or salt thereof; R3, R4, R5, R6, R10, R11, R12 and Ri3 each independently represents -H or a lower alkyl; and R7, R8, and R9 each independently represents -H, -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or a salt thereof, or any two adjacent groups together may be an alkyene dioxy.
37. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the catecholic butane is a NDGA compound.
38. The composition of claim 37, wherein the NDGA compound has a structural formula of Formula II:
Figure imgf000074_0001
wherein R14, Rj5, R16 and R17 each independently represents -OH, a lower alkoxy, a lower acyloxy, or an unsubstituted or substituted amino acid residue or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and Rj8 and R19 each independently represents — H or a lower alkyl.
39. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and Rj7 each independently represents a lower alkoxy.
40. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R]7 each independently represents -OCH3.
41. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R17 each independently represents a lower acyloxy.
42. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R]7 each independently represents -0(C=O)CH3.
43. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and Rj7 each independently represents a substituted amino acid residue.
44. The composition of claim 38, wherein Rj4, R15, R16 and R17 each independently represents a N,N-dimethyl-substituted amino acid residue.
45. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R17 each independently represents a salt of a substituted amino acid residue.
46. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and Rj7 each independently represents a chloride salt of a substituted amino acid residue.
47. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, Ri6 and R17 each independently represents a substituted amino acid residue or a salt thereof, and the substituted amino acid residue or salt is -O(C=O)CH2N(CH3)2 or -O(C=O)CH2N+(CH3)2-C1".
48. The composition of claim 38, wherein R18 and R19 each independently represents a lower alkyl.
49. The composition of claim 38, wherein R18 and R19 each independently represents -CH3.
50. The composition of claim 38, wherein R14, R15, R16 and R17 are not each —OH simultaneously.
51. The composition of claim 37, wherein the NDGA compound is a methylated derivative of NDGA.
52. The composition of claim 51, wherein the NDGA compound is selected from the group consisting of tetra-O-methyl NDGA (M4N), tri-O-methyl NDGA (M3N), di-O-methyl NDGA (M2N) and mono-O-methyl NDGA (MiN).
53. The composition of claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is tetra-O- methyl NDGA.
54. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is stable at room temperature or at 4°C for more than 1 day.
55. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is stable at room temperature or at 4°C for more than at 3 days.
56. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is stable at room temperature or at 4°C for more than 7 days.
57. A method of treatment of a disease in a subject comprising: (a) providing the composition of claim 1; and (b) administering the composition by injecting the composition into the subject, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
58. The method of claim 57, wherein the composition is administered parenterally.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the composition is administered by a route selected from the group consisting of intravenously, intra-arterially and intraperitoneally.
60. The method of claim 58, wherein the composition is administered intravenously.
61. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is a proliferative disease.
62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the proliferative disease is cancer.
63. The method of claim 61 , wherein the proliferative disease is psoriasis.
64. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is hypertension.
65. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is obesity.
66. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is diabetes.
67. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a central nervous system disease and a neurodegenerative disease.
68. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is pain.
69. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
70. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is stroke.
71. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is an inflammatory disease.
72. The method of claim 71 , wherein the inflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and multiple sclerosis.
73. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of premalignant neoplasia and dysplasia.
74. The method of claim 73, wherein the disease is an intraepithelial neoplasia.
75. The method of claim 57, wherein the disease is an infection.
76. The method of claim 57, wherein the infection is a viral infection.
77. The method of claim 76, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of HIV, HTLV, HPV, HSV, HBV, EBV, Varicella-zoster virus, adenovirus, parvovirus and JC virus.
78. The method of claim 57, wherein the composition is administered at a dose of about 10 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject to about 600 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient per kg weight of the subject.
79. The method of claim 57, wherein the composition is administered one or more times per week.
80. The method of claim 57, wherein the composition is administered one or more times per month.
81. A kit for treatment of a disease comprising the composition of claim 1 and instructions for use thereof.
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