WO2006065569A2

WO2006065569A2 - Power supply for led signal

Info

Publication number: WO2006065569A2
Application number: PCT/US2005/043878
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jean Simon Bourgault
Original assignee: Gelcore Llc
Priority date: 2004-12-15
Filing date: 2005-12-01
Publication date: 2006-06-22
Also published as: US20060125418A1; AU2005316880A1; WO2006065569A3; EP1829430A4; EP1829430A2; US7333027B2

Abstract

A power supply includes a component for receiving input power and a controller that measures a RMS value of the input voltage and generates a command signal proportional to the RMS value. A current regulator of the power supply receives the command signal and independently regulates current flowing through each of one or more LED strings based on said command signal. A current monitor of the power supply compares the regulated current with a predetermined threshold and transmits a power supply termination signal when an aggregation of the regulated current is less than the predetermined threshold.

Description

POWER SUPPLY FOR LED SIGNAL

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to traffic signals. More particularly, the present invention relates to power supplies for light emitting diode (LED) traffic signals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traffic signal lamps typically use either incandescent or LED lamps. LED traffic signals are more reliable, more mechanically stable, safer, more energy efficient and more environmentally friendly than incandescent lamps. Thus, LED traffic signals are gaining in popularity. LED traffic signals are typically used as a replacement for an incandescent bulb traffic signals. They may also be used in new traffic installations. Driven by stable current and voltage levels produced by switching power supplies, LED traffic signals consume relatively low amounts of power and have extremely long lifetimes compared to standard incandescent bulbs. Whether the signals are being retrofit into an existing traffic signal or is part of a new installation, the LED traffic signals must meet governmental standards.

Governments regulate many aspects of the signal including chromaticity requirements, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, controller compatibility requirements, sun phantom protection requirements, and photometric requirements such as dimming compatibility and brightness. However, there is no worldwide standard for traffic lights. Different requirements exist for the United States, for Europe and for Australia and New Zealand. Other differences include that the operating range of the Australian signal lamp is larger. Australian signals have a requirement related to the shape of the input current within ± 500 microsecond of the peak input voltage. Australian traffic controllers utilize dimming in low light conditions. Preferably, linear dimming is utilized.

Further, because LED signal lamps are often retrofit into units originally housing incandescent traffic lamps, it is necessary to provide circuitry that is compatible with existing signals and that it mimics the way an incandescent signal behaves. A signal light that meets the governmental requirements and mimics the behavior of an incandescent signal is needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, a novel power supply is illustrated. The power supply includes a component for receiving input power. A controller measures the RMS value of the input voltage and generates a command signal proportional to the RMS value. A current regulator receives the command signal and independently regulates current flowing through each of one or more LED strings based on said command signal. A current monitor compares the regulated current with a predetermined threshold and transmits a power supply termination signal when an aggregation of the regulated current is less than the predetermined threshold.

In another aspect, a method for regulating current in a LED traffic signal is illustrated. The method includes measuring a RMS value of input voltage, computing a command signal proportional to said RMS value, and using said command signal to regulate current flowing through one or more LED strings.

In another aspect, a LED traffic signal is illustrated. The LED traffic signal includes a housing with an opening in which a printed circuit board (PCB) is mounted. The PCB includes a power supply having a controller that measures a RMS value of an input voltage source and that generates a command signal that is proportional to the RMS value. A current regulator of the power supply receives the command signal and independently regulates current flowing through each of one or more LED strings through respective voltage controlled current sources. A current monitor of the power supply compares the regulated current with a predetermined threshold and transmits a power supply termination signal when an aggregation of the regulated current is less than the predetermined threshold. The LED traffic signal further includes a cover that closes the opening of said housing. It is desirable for a traffic lamp to dim in low ambient light conditions. However, when dimmed the lamp must still meet minimum light output standards. Circuitry is needed to perform these functions and to perform them in a way that meets the governmental standards and mimics the behavior of a conventional incandescent signal.

The present invention is a novel way to control the light intensity of a LED traffic signal to conform to a predetermined pattern, depending on the input voltage root mean square (RMS) value. The input voltage is changed by acting on the amplitude of the sine wave or by using a triac and controlling the angle of fire. The traffic signal power supply system diminishes the light output to an established level during low light conditions. The dimmed light output must be sufficient to compensate for the ambient light.

The power supply is comprised of the following modules: fuse module, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter module, power supply module, LED load module, current monitor module, RMS-to-DC conversion module, and fuse blow out module.

The fuse module contains the fuses for the power supply circuit. It also contains a device to protect the circuitry and the lamp from over-voltage on the AC line coming into the lamp.

The EMC filter module contains an arrangement of X2-and Y-capacitors, inductors and common mode chokes to reduce conducted electromagnetic emissions. All components are properly de-rated to ensure that the voltage or current applied is never above the manufacturer's rating.

The power supply module takes the AC voltage from the input and transforms it into DC voltage, with a regulated current, to power the LEDs. A switching power supply is used. This power supply uses a flyback converter. The power supply is designed to control the operating range of the lamp, preferably from about 100V_ac to about 285V_ac at 50Hz. The power supply module has a variable duty cycle so that the signal coming from the current monitor is always the same. The LED load module comprises one or more LED. If the load comprises a plurality of LEDs, the LEDs are preferably connected in a series-parallel arrangement. If one LED suffers from a catastrophic failure, only the affected LED will shut down. The current will be equally spread among the remaining parallel LEDs. As a result, the remaining LEDs and, thus, the lamp will remain lit. The LEDs are mounted on a printed circuit board. Metal core printed circuit boards are used for some lamps such as the yellow 300mm disc and the yellow 300mm arrow. Other lamps may use high quality glass epoxy printed circuit boards FR4. The number of LEDs may vary based on the color of the signal, size of the signal and/or type of LED. The current monitor module reads the current flowing through the LEDs and reports the value to the power supply controller. The current monitor module is acted upon by the RMS-to-DC module to change the light intensity. The gain of the reading is modified to change the current flowing through the LEDs. The RMS-to-DC module and the fuse blow out modules incorporate a microcontroller that monitors the input voltage and the current flowing in the

LEDs. The input voltage is sampled at 23kHz. This sampling rate can detect a phase controlled signal that varies by as little as 1 degree at 60Hz. The microcontroller preferably uses a true RMS-to-DC algorithm. Whatever the shape of the input voltage, the microcontroller computes the RMS value of the input voltage (V_rms) and averages it over a specified time. The current monitor gain is adjusted to closely follow the intensity vs. V_rms graph provided in the Australian

Standard for Traffic Signal Lanterns - AS/NZS 2144. Based on the RMS value calculated, a voltage controlled current source is acted upon. The microcontroller also turns off the power supply when the input voltage is below 95V_{ac rrns}. At the same time, the microcontroller monitors the current through the LEDs. If the current falls below a certain level for a specified length of time and the input voltage is above the minimum during that time, i.e. at a time the lamp should be lit, the fuse blow out module is activated. The fuse blow out module uses a high power MOSFET to make a short between the active and neutral wire of the lamp, therefore melting the fuse. The whole cycle (detection, activation through fuse melting) takes less than a second. In another embodiment, the LEDs are arranged in independent strings. Comparators monitor the current through each string and activate the FBO when one or more string are out.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Figure 1 is a LED signal lamp.

Figure 2 is block schematic of the inventive power supply, showing the different functions. Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of the inventive power supply.

Figure 4 is a detail view of the input filter circuit.

Figure 5A-D are detail views of the modules.

Figure 6 is a detail view of an under-voltage lockout circuit.

Figure 7 is an alternative block schematic of the power supply. Figure 8 is a non-limiting embodiment of a power module of the power supply.

Figure 9 is a non-limiting embodiment of a portion of a controller of the power supply that generates an analog reference signal for regulating current through one or more LED strings.

Figure 10 is a non-limiting embodiment of a portion of a filter of the power supply for filtering the analog reference signal.

Figure 11 is a non-limiting embodiment of a portion of a current regulator of the power supply having six voltage controlled current sources for regulating current through one or more LED strings.

Figure 12 is a non-limiting embodiment of a portion of a current monitor of the power supply.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A LED traffic signal 10 comprises a housing 12, a power supply 14, wires 16, a printed circuit board 18, at least one LED 20 and an outer shell or cover 22. In addition, the signal 10 may include a mask (not shown) and/or optical element 24. For example, an arrow signal preferably uses an arrow shaped mask (not shown). Preferably, the housing is moisture and dust resistant. Preferably, the optical element 24 and outer shell 22 are made of UV stabilized polycarbonate.

A block diagram of the power supply system 14 is shown in Figure 2. Each module will be explained in detail below. The power supply system 14 includes a novel system to control the light intensity of a LED traffic signal 10 to conform to a predetermined pattern, depending on the input voltage root mean square (RMS) value. The input voltage is changed by acting on the amplitude of the sine wave or by using a triac and controlling the angle of fire. Preferably, the signal 10 operates at a voltage range of about 100 to about 285 V at 50 Hz AC. Preferably, the dimming range is about 200 to about 230 V. The power supply 14 comprises the following modules: fuse module

40, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter module 50, power supply module 60, LED load module 70, current monitor module 80, RMS-to-DC conversion module 90, and fuse blow out module 100.

The fuse module 40 contains the fuses (not shown) for the power supply circuit 60. The fuse module is directly connected to the fuse blow out module 100 and contains a device to protect the circuitry and the lamp from over-voltage on the AC line 30 coming into the lamp 10.

The EMC filter module 50 contains an arrangement of X2-and Y-capacitors, inductors and common mode chokes to reduce conducted electromagnetic emissions. All components are properly de-rated to ensure that the voltage or current applied is never above the manufacturer's rating. Filtering is necessary due to the noisy nature of a switching power supply.

The power supply module 60 takes the AC voltage from the AC input line 30 and transforms it into DC voltage, with a regulated current, to power the

LEDs. A switching power supply is used. This power supply uses a flyback converter. The power supply supplies power to the load when the input voltage is between preferred 100V_ac and 285V_ac. The power supply module has a variable duty cycle so that the signal coming from the current monitor is always the same.

The LED load module 80 comprises LEDs preferably in a series-parallel arrangement. If an LED suffers from a catastrophic failure, only the affected

LED will shut down. The current will be equally spread among the remaining parallel LEDs. As a result, the remaining LEDs and, thus, the lamp will remain lit.

Metal core printed circuit boards are used for some lamps such as the yellow 300mm disc and the yellow 300mm arrow. Other lamps may use high quality glass epoxy printed circuit boards FR4.

The current monitor module 80 reads the current flowing through the LEDs and reports the value to the power supply micro-controller. The current monitor module 80 is acted upon by the RMS-to-DC module 90 to change the light intensity. The gain of the reading is modified to change the current flowing through the LEDs.

The RMS-to-DC module 90 and the fuse blow out 100 module incorporate a microcontroller that monitors the input voltage and the current flowing in the LEDs.

The input voltage is sampled at about 23kHz. This sampling rate is capable of detecting a phase controlled signal that varies by as little as 1 degree at 60Hz. The microcontroller preferably uses a true RMS-to-DC algorithm. Whatever the shape of the input voltage, the microcontroller computes the RMS value of the input voltage (V_ms) and averages it over a specified time. For example, the voltage may be sinusoidal or phase-controlled. In a phase- controlled voltage, a part of each sine wave is chopped, but the amplitude remains unchanged. The current monitor gain is adjusted to closely follow the intensity vs. V_rms graph given in the AS/NZS 2144 standard. Based on the RMS value calculated, four transistors are turned off or on to control the current flowing through the LEDs. In another embodiment, the micro-controller acts upon a voltage controlled current source. Preferably, the lamp 10 turns off when the voltage is less than 100 V ± 10V. Even, more preferably, the lamp 10 turns off when the voltage is less than 100 V. Most preferably, the lamp 10 turns off when the voltage is less than 95V. More preferably, the micro-controller also turns off the power supply when the input voltage is below 95V_ac rms-

At the same time, the microcontroller monitors the current through the LEDs. If the current falls below a certain level for a specified length of time and the input voltage is above the minimum during that time, i.e. at a time the lamp should be lit, the fuse blow out module is activated. The fuse blow out module uses a high power MOSFET to make a short between the active and neutral wire of the lamp, therefore melting the fuse. The fuse blow out module is an active circuit whose role is to intentionally blow the input fuse upon sensing a lack of current to allow detection of the failed lamp by a remote system designed to monitor signals for incandescent lamps. The whole cycle (detection, activation through fuse melting) takes less than a second.

Resistors, R3 and R4, are selected to each sink 15% of a nominal current luminal- Resistors R5 and R6 are selected to each sink 10% of Inomm_ai- RA and RB are selected to sink 50% of Inommai-

Figure 7 is a block schematic of an alternative configuration of the power supply 14. With this configuration, there is a true linear relationship between the input voltage and the output light for at least the dimming range of voltages, which include the range from about 200 V to about 230 V. This linear relationship between the input voltage and output light meets the Australian standard AS/NZS 2144.

The power supply 14 includes a power module 110, which receives power from a source 120 through a fuse module 130 and a filter module 140. The fuse module 130 can include one or more fuses (not shown), which provide a mechanism for removing power to the power module 110 under predefined conditions (e.g., a malfunctioning LED string, etc.). The filter module 140 includes various capacitors, inductors, and/or chokes to reduce conducted electromagnetic emissions.

In one instance, the power source 120 supplies alternative current (AC), for example, 240 volts AC at 50 Hz. When the power source 120 is an AC source, a converter 150 of the power module 110 converts the AC input into a suitable DC voltage (e.g., 0-160.) for driving LEDs. A regulator 170 of the power module 110 regulates the output voltage in order to provide a fixed voltage to the LED module 160. The power module 110 also provides power to other components of the power supply 14 as described below. Figure 8 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of the power module 110.

The LED module 160 includes one or more LEDs serially arranged within one or more independent LED strings 180. For instance, the LED module 160 may include six independent LED strings 180 in which each LED string 180 includes one or more LEDs connected in series. In some embodiments, the number of LEDs in each LED string 180 is substantially similar, while in other embodiments the number of LEDs in each LED string 180 is different. With a series arrangement of LEDs, a malfunctioning LED (e.g., a LED in which current cannot travel through) within one of the LED strings 180 will prevent current from traveling through that LED string 180 and the LEDs within that LED string 180. As a result, the LED string 180 with the malfunctioning LED will no longer emit light. Current will continue to travel through the operational LED strings 180, and the LEDs therein will continue to emit light.

A controller 190 measures the input voltage from the power source 120. Such measurement typically is the RMS value and can be sampled as described above. A converter 200 of the controller 190 coverts the RMS value into a proportional analog reference, or command signal. In one instance, the analog reference is a DC voltage. For instance, the analog reference can be a DC voltage in the range from about 1.25 V to about 2.5 V. Various techniques can be used to generate the DC voltage. For example, pulse width modulation (PWM) in which the duty cycle is proportional to the RMS value can be used. For instance, a PWM signal in the range from about zero V to about 5 volts with a duty cycle from about 25% to about 50% can be used to generate essentially a continuous range DC voltages from about 1.25 V to about 2.5 V. The controller 190 is powered by the power module 110. Figure 9 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of the controller 190. The analog reference is filtered through a filter 210 (e.g., a RC filter) to remove substantially all of the AC component. Figure 10 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of the filter 210. The filtered analog reference is provided to a LED current source 220 and used therein to facilitate regulating current in the LED strings 180 of the LED module 160. The LED current source 220 includes a current regulator 230 that independently regulates the current flowing through each of the LED strings 180. In one instance, the current regulator 230 includes a plurality of voltage controlled current sources (VCCSs) (not shown). Typically, each of the VCCSs is associated with one of the LED strings 180 and regulates the current flowing through its associated LED string 180. For example, with a configuration in which the LED load module 160 includes six LED strings 180, the current regulator 230 would include six VCCSs, each independently associated with a different one of the six LED strings 180.

Each of the VCCSs receives the filtered analog reference (e.g., a voltage from about 1.25 V to about 2.5 V) from the filter 210 and a voltage across its respective LED string 180. In one instance, the analog reference and a current flowing through the LED string 180 (e.g., determined from the LED voltage) is fed to an inverting op-amp of the VCCS, which produces an output voltage based on equalizing the input voltages to the op-amp. The op-amp output voltage is applied to the gate of a transistor functioning in its linear region (e.g., a variable resistance load), which either increase or decrease the current flowing through the LED string 180. Figure 11 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of the current regulator 230 having six VCCS.

The LED current source 220 also includes a current monitor 240 that receives the current flowing through all of the led strings 180 and determines whether the LED strings 180 should continue to receive power from the power module 110 or not. For example, it may be predetermined that the lamp 10 should continue to emit light even when one or more of the LED strings 180 is not operational, but cease to emit light after a predetermined threshold number of LED strings 180 are not operational. For instance, it may be predetermined that the lamp 10 should continue to operate as long as about 80% of the total possible light is emitted, but to turn the lamp off when less than 80% of the total possible light is emitted. By way of example, assume a configuration of six LED strings with an equal number of LEDs. It may be determined that the lamp 10 should continue to operate if one of the LED strings is non-operational (about 83% (5/6) of the LEDs are operational), but to remove power from the lamp 10 when more than one LED strings is non-operational (about 67% (4/6) or less of the LEDs are operational).

In one instance, this is achieved through summing the currents from each of the LED strings 180, scaling the sum based on the number of LED strings 180, and comparing the result with a predefined threshold. By way of example, assume a configuration of six LED strings with an equal number of LEDs. If all six LED strings 180 are operational, the current monitor 240 sums all six currents, scales the summation, and compares the summation to the predefined threshold. If one of the LED strings 180 is not operational, only five currents (corresponding to the five operational LED strings 180) will be received by the current monitor 24. The current monitor 240 sums the five currents, scales the summation, and compares the summation to the predefined threshold. The threshold value can be predetermined to correspond to the number of or percentage of operational LED strings 180 discussed above. For instance, it was noted above that the lamp 10 should continue to emit light if one of the LED strings is non-operational, but cease to emit light if more than one LED strings is non-operational. Thus, the threshold can be set based on a current level associated with at least five operational LED strings 180. If the scaled current summation is within a range in which the lamp 10 should continue to emit light, the current monitor 240 provides a signal within the operational range to a power termination module 250. If the scaled current summation is outside of the operational range in which the lamp 10 should continue to emit light, the current monitor 240 provides termination signal to the power termination module 250. As noted above, the scaled current summation will fall outside of the operational range when a predetermined number of LED strings 180 is non-operational (U441 B pin no. is OV when within operating conditions and left floating when outside operating conditions) The power termination module 250 is powered by the power module 110. Figure 12 illustrates a non-limiting embodiment of the current monitor 240.

The power termination module 250 trips one or more fuses in the fuse module 130, which terminates power from the source 120 to the power module 110, when the signal is outside of the operational range. For instance, the power termination module 250 may include a relatively low ohm resistor (e.g., 47 ohms) in series with a power transistor. When the received current falls below a predetermined level, the power transistor turns on, placing a large current (e.g., approximately 5 Amps) on the source 120 line, which is enough current to blow one or more fuses in the fuse module 130. As a result, power to the power module 110 ceases, which removes power to the LED strings 180, the controller 190, and the power termination module 250, powering down the lamp 10.

From the above, it can be appreciated that the current flowing through each LED string can be regulated by measuring the RMS value of the input power, computing a command signal proportional to the RMS value; and using the command signal to independently regulate current flowing through the one or more of the LED strings. The current flowing through each of the one or more LED strings can be summed and scaled and compared to a predetermined threshold, wherein a terminating power signal can be generated and used to terminate power to the one or more LED strings when the scaled summation is less than the predetermined threshold.

It is to be appreciated that the power supply 14 is coupled to the printed circuit board (PCB) 18, which also includes various other components. The PCB 18 can be a metal core, glass epoxy, or other type of PCB. In one instance, the PCB 18 is a Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) PCB. In addition, the PCB 18 may be a single or multi-layer PCB or multiple PCBs coupled together. Various techniques can be used to attach the PCB 18 to the housing 12. For example, the PCB 18 can be attached through one or more rivets, screws, adhesives, snaps, tape, wires, other circuit boards, etc. Alternatively, the PCB 18 can be integrated within a rear portion of the housing 12. The PCB 18 alternatively can sit within a predefined position on the rear portion of the housing 12 and/or be held in place through various other components residing within the housing 12. For instance, the PCB 18 may be held in place by one or more mounting brackets, heat sinks, a control module, a power supply, etc. The LED strings 180 can be coupled to the PCB 18 via through-hole (e.g., soldered or wire wrapped) and/or surface mount (e.g., short pins, flat contacts, matrix of balls (BGAs), etc.) technology. Essentially any number of LED strings 180 can be coupled to the PCB 18. In addition, one or more of the LED strings 180 can be associated with a similar and/or different color, power rating, resistance, etc. LEDs. A lens or other device can be placed proximate to each of the LEDs or LED strings 180 to change the light pattern.

The invention has been described with reference to the various embodiments. Modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be constructed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. A power supply (14), comprising: a component (110) for receiving input power; a controller (190) that measures a RMS value of said input power and generates a command signal that is proportional to said RMS value; one or more LED strings (180); a current regulator (230) that receives said command signal and regulates current flowing through each of said one or more LED strings (180) based on said command signal; and a current monitor (240) that compares said regulated current with a predetermined threshold and transmits a power supply termination signal when an aggregation of said regulated current is less than said predetermined threshold.

2. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the current regulator (230) includes one or more independent voltage controlled current sources (VCCSs) in which each VCCS regulates current flowing through a different one of said LED strings.

3. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 2, wherein each VCCS includes: an operational amplifier (op-amp) that receives said command signal and said current flowing through said associated LED string; and a current drain that one of increases and decrease said current based on an output voltage of said op-amp.

4. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 3, wherein said op-amp output voltage is proportional to said command signal.

5. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the current regulator (230) includes six independent VCCSs, each of which regulates current flowing through one of said one or more LED strings.

6. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the current monitor (240) includes: an adder for summing said regulated current from each of said LED strings; a divider for scaling said current summation based on a number of said LED strings; and a comparator for comparing said scaled current summation to said predetermined threshold.

7. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said predetermined threshold is substantially equal to said command signal.

8. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said command signal is a DC voltage in the range of about 1.25 V to about 2.5V.

9. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said command signal is a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal with a voltage in the range of about 0 VDC to about 5 VDC and a duty cycle of about 25% to 50%.

10. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said one or more LED strings (180) includes six LED strings and said power supply termination signal is generated when current does not flow through two or more of said LED strings (180).

11. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , further including a filter (210) that filters AC components from said command signal prior to sending said command signal to said current regulator.

12. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power supply termination signal is one of a voltage within an operational range of said power supply or outside of said operational range of said power supply.

13. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , further including a power termination module (250) that receives the power supply termination signal.

14. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein each of said one or more LED strings (180) includes one or more LEDs coupled in series.

15. The power supply (14) as set forth in claim 1 , wherein each of said one or more LED strings (180) includes one or a similar and a different number of LEDs.

16. A method for regulating current in a LED traffic signal, comprising: measuring a RMS value of input power; computing a command signal proportional to said RMS value; and using said command signal to regulate current flowing through one or more LED strings.

17. The method as set forth in claim 16, further including: aggregating the current flowing through said one or more LED strings; comparing said aggregation with a predetermined threshold; and terminating power to said one or more LED strings when said aggregation is less than said predetermined threshold.

18. The method as set forth in claim 16, wherein said current through each of said one or more LED strings is independently regulated.

19. A LED traffic signal (10), comprising: a housing (12) with an opening; a printed circuit board (PCB) coupled (18) to said housing; a power supply (110) coupled to said PCB (18), said power supply including: a controller (190) that measures a RMS value of an input power source and generates a command signal that is proportional to said RMS value, one or more LED strings (180), a current regulator (230) that receives said command signal and independently regulates current flowing through each of said one or more LED strings (180) through respective voltage controlled current sources, and a current monitor (240) that compares said regulated current with a predetermined threshold and transmits a power supply termination signal when an aggregation of said regulated current is less than said predetermined threshold; and a cover (22) that closes said opening of said housing (12).

20. The LED traffic (10) signal as set forth in claim 19, further including at least one of an optical element (24).