WO2006058088A2 - Carbazole, carboline and indole derivatives useful in the inhibition of vegf production - Google Patents

Carbazole, carboline and indole derivatives useful in the inhibition of vegf production Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006058088A2
WO2006058088A2 PCT/US2005/042484 US2005042484W WO2006058088A2 WO 2006058088 A2 WO2006058088 A2 WO 2006058088A2 US 2005042484 W US2005042484 W US 2005042484W WO 2006058088 A2 WO2006058088 A2 WO 2006058088A2
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group
compound
optionally substituted
halogen
formula
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PCT/US2005/042484
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French (fr)
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WO2006058088A3 (en
Inventor
Liangxian Cao
Soongyu Choi
Young-Choon Moon
Nadarajan Tamilarasu
Hongyan Qi
William Joseph Lennox
Seongwoo Hwang
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Ptc Therapeutics, Inc.
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Priority to EP05852076A priority Critical patent/EP1824821A2/en
Priority to MX2007006180A priority patent/MX2007006180A/en
Priority to JP2007543450A priority patent/JP2008520742A/en
Priority to CA002588607A priority patent/CA2588607A1/en
Priority to CN2005800466693A priority patent/CN101103000B/en
Publication of WO2006058088A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006058088A2/en
Publication of WO2006058088A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006058088A3/en

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    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
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    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
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    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

  • the present application also claims priority to and the benefit under 35 U.S.C. ⁇ 119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/633,738, filed December 6, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/639,283, filed December 27, 2004.
  • This application also incorporates by reference in their entirety, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/552,724 and 60/552,725, both of which were filed March 15, 2004.
  • the present invention relates to methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting angiogenesis. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting VEGF production.
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • VEGF also known as VEGF-A
  • VEGF-A was initially identified for its ability to induce vascular permeability and to promote vascular endothelial cell proliferation (23-25).
  • VEGF is encoded by a single gene that gives rise to four isoforms by alternative splicing (26). All four isoforms share the same unusually long and GC rich 5'-UTR, as well as a 3'-UTR that includes multiple RNA stability determinants.
  • the receptors VEGFR-2 also known as KDR or FIk-I
  • VEGFR-I previously known as Fltl
  • the highly specific VEGFR-2 receptor is expressed on endothelial cells.
  • VEGFR-I inhibits endothelial cell growth either by acting as a decoy or by suppressing signaling pathways through VEGFR-2 (30).
  • VEGF and its receptor have been demonstrated to have a central role in tumor angiogenesis, especially in the early stages of tumor growth (33). Indeed, increased levels of VEGF expression have been correlated with microvessel density in primary tumor tissues (34). Moreover, increased levels of the VEGF transcript are found in virtually all of the common solid tumors (35). In general, tumor-bearing patients have higher levels of VEGF compared to those in tumor-free individuals, and high
  • VEGF levels in serum/plasma are associated with poor prognosis (36). Consistent with the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis, VEGF null embryonic stem cells showed a dramatically reduced ability to form tumors in nude mice (37). Direct evidence for the involvement of VEGF in tumorgenesis was demonstrated by using specific antibodies against VEGF in human xenografts implanted in nude mice (38, 39). In these studies, the inhibition of tumor growth correlated positively with decreased vessel formation in the antibody-treated tumors.
  • VEGF expression is regulated by a number of factors and agents including cytokines, growth factors, steroid hormones and chemicals, and mutations that modulate the activity of oncogenes such as ras or the tumor suppressor gene VHL (51, 52). Nevertheless, hypoxia is the most significant physiologic signal for regulating VEGF expression. Hypoxia results in enhanced VEGF expression by increasing both the transcription rate and stability of the VEGF transcript (8-10). Hypoxia-inducible factor l ⁇ (HIF- l ⁇ ) is a transcription factor that increases VEGF gene expression in cells undergoing hypoxia by binding to the hypoxia response element (HRE) located in the VEGF promoter (53, 54).
  • HRE hypoxia response element
  • VEGF mRNA stability is also greatly enhanced as a consequence of the binding of factors to elements in the 3'-UTR (55).
  • translation initiation of the VEGF transcript is uniquely regulated. Under hypoxic conditions, translation of most cellular transcripts mediated by cap-dependent translation initiation process is greatly impaired (56). Initiation of translation of the VEGF mRNA, however, is unique under hypoxic conditions in that it is mediated via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within the VEGF 5 'UTR (9- 12).
  • IRS internal ribosome entry site
  • tumor growth can be inhibited by the prevention of neovascularization (40, 72).
  • Tumor vessels are generally immature and constantly undergo remodeling (4, 73).
  • Active and aberrant angiogenesis is the result of a disruption in the normal balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, including various cytokines, growth factors and steroid hormones.
  • accumulated evidence indicates that targeting a single proangiogenic factor might be sufficient to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and suppress tumor growth (38, 74, 75).
  • VEGF and its receptor are most attractive (4, 27).
  • treatment with a monoclonal antibody specifically targeting VEGF inhibited the growth of tumors in human xenografts implanted in nude mice.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • siRNA small interfering RNAs directed against murine VEGF significantly inhibited ocular neovascularization after laser photocoagulation in a mouse model (80).
  • VEGF activity has been used to inhibit VEGF activity, including (1) neutralization of VEGF activity by using a specific antibody, soluble VEGF receptor or aptamer oligos against the VEGF/VEGFR interaction (38, 40, 41, 72, 74, 117, 118); (2) inhibition of VEGFR mediated signal transduction by specific small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (75, 82, 119); and (3) inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR expression by using antisense, siRNA or ribozyme (80, 83, 84, 85). Although all of these approaches show significant inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo, they all possess significant limitations.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • compounds of Formulas (I) to (VIII) are provided which are useful in the inhibition of VEGF production, in the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of formula (I)
  • X is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a C 1 to C 5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl; Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; - C(O)O-R aa ; or -S(O 2 )-aryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen; Ci to C 4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R 3 ;
  • R 3 is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Cj to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R aa is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R b is a hydroxy 1 group or pyrrolyl group ; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ia)
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ib)
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (II)
  • Xi is a halogen
  • R z is a heteroaryl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (III)
  • X is a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a C 1 to C 5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl; R 0 is H or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 6 alkyl);
  • Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; - C(O)O-R 33 ; or -S(O 2 )-aryl; R 2 is hydrogen; Ci to C 4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R 3 ;
  • C 8 aryl group optionally substituted with at least one halogen, C 1 to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R aa is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ; R b is a hydroxyl group or pyrrolyl group ; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R 6 is hydrogen; a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C 6 to Cg aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; -C(O)O- R aa ; -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substitute
  • R c is a Ci to C 6 alkyl or C 5 to C 6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention also includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ilia)
  • R 7 is hydrogen, a phenyl, or a benzyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds of Formula (Ilia).
  • the present invention also includes and provides compounds of Formula (HIb)
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (IV)
  • Xi is a halogen
  • R 8 is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (V)
  • Xi is a halogen
  • Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; - C(O)O-R 33 ; or -S(O 2 )-aryl;
  • R 3 is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a C 1 to C 5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Cj to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R aa is a Ci to Ce alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R 6 is hydrogen; a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; -C(O)O- Raai -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen;
  • R 0 is a C 1 to C 6 alkyl or C 5 to C 6 cycloalkyl
  • R q is hydrogen, phenyl, or -OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VI)
  • Xi is a halogen
  • Ri and R 6 are as defined above with regard to Formula (III); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VII)
  • the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VIII)
  • Rio is hydrogen; -CH 2 -Rd; -C(O)-NH-Rd; or -CH 2 -NH-Rd;
  • R f is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group; a pyridinyl group; a C 5 to C 8 heteroaryl group; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
  • R ff is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a pyridinyl group; a C 5 to C 8 heteroaryl group; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is 0, 1, or 2; and p is 1, 2 or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
  • the present invention includes and provides the use of one or more compounds of the invention in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the present invention includes and provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes and provides methods for the inhibition of VEGF production, and/or the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration using one or more compounds or one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes and provides methods for the inhibition of VEGF production, and/or the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration using one or more compounds and one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibition of VEGF production. In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibition of angiogenesis. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to methods for inhibiting VEGF production comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibiting VEGF production and methods of inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering a VEGF- inhibiting or angiogenesis-inhibiting amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) to
  • the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, or one or more pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
  • the present invention is directed to methods for treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compound or one or more pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administration of a therapeutic amount of one or more compound of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or one or more pharmaceutical composition capable of delivering a therapeutic amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII).
  • the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24.
  • Embodiment 1 A method for inhibiting VEGF production in a subject, comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 2 A method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject, comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 3 A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 4 A method for treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 5 A method for treating exudative macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 6 A method for treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound to a subject in need thereof.
  • a method for treating psoriasis in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 8 A method for atherosclerosis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 9 A method for treating obesity in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 10 A method for treating chronic inflammation in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Embodiment 11 A method according to any of embodiments 1-10, wherein the compound is compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24.
  • Embodiment 12 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • Embodiment 13 A pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 12, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of compound Numbers 2, 4 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
  • VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
  • angiogenesis vascular endothelial Growth Factor
  • compounds that inhibit the expression of VEGF post-transcriptionally have been identified, and methods for their use provided.
  • the compounds of the invention have low nanomolar activity for the inhibition of VEGF expression.
  • certain compounds of the invention may include a chiral center, and as such may exist as racemic mixtures or as enantiomerically pure compositions.
  • the compounds may exist as R or S isomers in enantiomerically pure compositions.
  • enantiomerically pure refers to compositions consisting substantially of a single isomer, preferably consisting of 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a single isomer.
  • compounds of the invention are provided which are useful in the inhibition of VEGF production or in the inhibition of angiogenesis or in the inhibition of VEGF production and in the inhibition of angiogenesis.
  • compounds of the invention are provided which are useful in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration or in the treatment of any combination of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration.
  • the compounds of the invention specifically inhibit VEGF production.
  • the compounds of the invention inhibit VEGF expression as well as that of other angiogenesis factors such as for example FGF-2.
  • pan- angiogenic inhibitors may be preferred in methods of inhibiting tumor growth, while VEGF specific inhibitors may be preferred for the treatment of ocular neovascular disorders (17).
  • Preferred compounds of the present invention useful in the inhibition of VEGF production include those of Formula (I) as shown below.
  • X is hydrogen; a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl;
  • Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; - C(O)O-R 88 ; or -S(O 2 )-aryl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen; Ci to C 4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R 3 ;
  • R 8 is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Ci to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ; R aa is a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF 3 ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl group, Cj to C 5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, or -N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
  • R b is a hydroxy group or pyrrolyl group ; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
  • X is selected from F, Cl, Br, -CH 3 , - CH 2 -CH 3 , -CF 3 , and -0-CF 3 .
  • n is 1.
  • X is selected from F, Cl, Br, -CH 3 , -CH 2 -CH 3 , -CF 3 , and -0-CF 3 ; and n is 1.
  • X is selected from Cl or Br.
  • X is Cl.
  • X is Br.
  • X is selected from Cl or Br and n is 1. In another even more preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Cl and n is 1. In another even more preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Br and n is 1.
  • X is an optionally substituted amine.
  • X is a monosubstituted amine.
  • X is a disubstituted amine.
  • X is a monoalkyl amine.
  • X is a dialkyl amine.
  • X is a monoalkyl amine that is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • X is a dialkyl amine that is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • X is a monoalkyl amine that is substituted with one or more fluorines.
  • X is a dialkyl amine that is substituted with one or more fluorine.
  • X is an optionally substituted carbonyl.
  • the carbonyl is unsubstituted and has the form -C(O)H.
  • X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Ci to C 6 alkyl (e.g., C(O)-(Ci to C 6 alkyl).
  • X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Cj to C 6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more halogens.
  • X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more fluorines.
  • X is an optionally substituted sulfonyl. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C 6 alkyl group. In another embodiment of Formula (I), X is an optionally substituted sulfonyl. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogens. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more fluorines.
  • Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; -C(O)O-R 33 ; or - S(O 2 )-aryl, wherein R 3 and R 33 are as defined above for Formula (I).
  • Ri is hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C 6 to C 8 aryl group. In a further preferred embodiment, Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with a C 6 to C 8 aryl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Rj is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with a phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)(O)-C 6 to Cg aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)(O)-phenyl.
  • Ri is -C(O)-bicyclic aromatic group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-naphthyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-Ci to C 6 alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-methyl.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)- C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with -OCF 3 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with -OCF 3 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with a halogen.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with chlorine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with a halogen.
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with -OCF 3 .
  • R) is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with-N0 2 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl is substituted with — CN.
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with -OCF 3 .
  • Ri is - C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with-N0 2 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with — CN.
  • R 1 is -S(O 2 )-aryl.
  • R 1 is -S(O 2 )-phenyl.
  • R 4 and R 5 taken together form CH-aryl, wherein aryl is a phenyl group.
  • R 4 and R 5 taken together CH-aryl, wherein aryl is substituted phenyl group, and preferred phenyl substituents include -CH 3 , -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, -OCH 3 , -OC(CH 3 ) 3 , -OCF 3 , F, Br, and Cl.
  • R 4 and R 5 taken together comprise a substituted phenyl group, and preferred phenyl substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of F and -OCH 3
  • Ri is selected from the following substituents:
  • R 2 and R 3 together form:
  • R 4 and R 5 may be independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • Preferred compounds within Formula (I) include the following compounds of Formula (Ia) as shown below.
  • a compound of Formula (I) is not a compound of Formula (Ia). In another embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) is not a compound of Formula (Ib).
  • preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (II) shown below.
  • Xi is a halogen and R z is a five to six membered heteroaryl group.
  • Xi is a halogen and R z is a five to six membered heteroaryl group containing one or more endocyclic nitrogen atoms.
  • Xi is a halogen and R z is a five to six membered heteroaryl group containing one endocyclic nitrogen atom.
  • Xi is a halogen and R z is a pyrrolyl group.
  • Xi is bromine and R z is a pyrrolyl group.
  • preferred compounds of the present invention useful in the inhibition of VEGF expression include those of Formula (III) as shown below.
  • X, Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R a , R aa ,Rb, and n are as described above with reference to Formula (I);
  • R 0 is H or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 6 alkyl);
  • R 6 is hydrogen; a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R 3 ; -C(O)O- R aa ; -C(O)-NH-R c ; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; and R c is a Ci to C 6 alkyl or C 5 to C 6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
  • n is 1. In another preferred embodiment, n is O. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is a halogen. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Br or Cl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Br. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Cl.
  • Ri is a hydrogen; -C(O)-R a ; -C(O)O-R aa ; -S( ⁇ 2 )-aryl; or a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen.
  • Ri is -C(O)(O)-R a a-
  • Ri is -C(O)(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl.
  • R is -C(O)(O)-phenyl.
  • Ri is a hydrogen.
  • Ri is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen.
  • Ri is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen.
  • Ri is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine.
  • Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen.
  • Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine.
  • Ri is -S(O 2 )-aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -S(O 2 )-phenyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-R 3 . In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-Ci to C 5 alkoxy. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-ethoxy.
  • Rj is -C(O)-naphthyl.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with at least one halogen.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with chlorine or bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with chlorine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with a methoxy group.
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with -CF 3 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with -OCF 3
  • Ri is -C(O)-C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with -NO 2 .
  • Ri is -C(O)- C 6 to C 8 aryl group, wherein the C 6 to C 8 aryl group is substituted with -CN.
  • Rj is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -CF 3 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -OCF 3
  • Rj is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -NO 2 .
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -CN.
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is - C(O)-phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with bromine.
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group.
  • Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with a methoxy group.
  • Preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R 2 and R 3 are both hydrogen. Other preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R 2 and R 3 are both Ci to C 4 alkyl groups. Other preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R 2 and R 3 are both methyl groups. Further preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R 2 and R 3 together form:
  • preferred aryl substituents include: CH 3 , -CF 3 , -NO 2 , -CN, -OCH 3 , -OC(CH 3 ) 3 , -OCF 3 , F, Br, and Cl.
  • R 6 is selected from:
  • R 0 is hydrogen. In yet other preferred embodiments of Formula (III), R 0 is:
  • Formula III compounds are enantiomerically pure compositions.
  • Preferred compounds within Formula (III) include the following compounds of Formula (Ilia) as shown below.
  • X, Ri, R 6 , and n are as described above with regard to Formula (III), and R 7 is hydrogen, a phenyl, or a benzyl group.
  • compound of Formula (Ilia) are provided, wherein R 7 is hydrogen or a phenyl group.
  • X 1 is a halogen
  • R 8 is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group.
  • X 1 is chlorine.
  • R 8 is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group.
  • R 8 is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group substituted with a Ci to C 4 alkoxy group.
  • R 8 is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group substituted with a methoxy group.
  • R 8 is a phenyl group.
  • R 8 is a phenyl group substituted with a Ci to C 4 alkoxy group.
  • R 8 is a phenyl group substituted with a methoxy group.
  • preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (V), as shown below.
  • R q is hydrogen, phenyl, or -OH; and Ri and R 6 are as defined above with regard to Formula (III).
  • Xj is chlorine or bromine.
  • Xj is chlorine.
  • Xi is bromine.
  • Ri is hydrogen. in a preierre ⁇ emDodiment of Formula (V), R q is hydrogen.
  • R 4 is phenyl or -OH.
  • R ⁇ is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is -C(O)O-alkyl.
  • R 6 is -C(O)O-ethyl.
  • Formula V compounds are enantiomerically pure compositions.
  • preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (VI) as shown below.
  • Xi is chlorine.
  • Ri is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R 3 is a Ci to C 5 alkyl or phenyl group.
  • R 6 is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R a is a Cj to C 5 alkyl.
  • R 6 is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R 3 is a methyl group.
  • Ri is hydrogen and R 6 is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R 3 is a Ci to C 5 alkyl or phenyl group.
  • Ri is hydrogen and R ⁇ is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R a is a phenyl group.
  • Ri is hydrogen and R 6 is -C(0)-R a , wherein R 8 is a Ci to C 5 alkyl group.
  • Rj is hydrogen and R 6 is -C(O)-R 3 , wherein R 3 is a methyl group.
  • preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (VII) as shown below.
  • R 9 (VIII) wherein Xi is a halogen; R. 9 is hydrogen or -C(O)-alkyl;
  • Ri 0 is hydrogen; -CH 2 -Rd; -C(O)-NH-Rd; or -CH 2 -NH-Rj;
  • R d is a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
  • R 6 is -C(O)-R f Or -(CH 2 ) P -CH(OH)-R ff ;
  • R f is a C 1 to C 6 alkyl group; a Ci to C 5 alkoxy group; a pyridinyl group; a C 5 to C 8 heteroaryl group; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
  • R ff is a Ci to C 6 alkyl group; a pyridinyl group; a C 5 to C 8 heteroaryl group; or a C 6 to C 8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is O, 1, or 2; and p is 1, 2 or 3.
  • n is 1. In other preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), n is 0.
  • Xi is chlorine or bromine.
  • R 9 is selected from:
  • Ri 0 is selected from:
  • Rn is selected from the following:
  • alkyl generally refers to saturated hydrocarbyl radicals of straight, branched or cyclic configuration including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, octyl, n-octyl, and the like.
  • alkyl substituents may be Ci to C 8 , Ci to C 6 , or Ci to C 4 alkyl groups.
  • the alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy groups.
  • the alkyl group may be a haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, or trihaloalkyl.
  • alkylene generally refers to linear, branched or cyclic alkene radicals having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, such as C 2 to C 6 alkylene groups including 3- propenyl.
  • aryl refers to a carbocyclic aromatic ring structure. Included in the scope of aryl groups are aromatic rings having from five to twenty carbon atoms.
  • Aryl ring structures include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. Examples of aryl groups that include phenyl, tolyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl (i.e., phenanthrene), and naphthyl (i.e., naphthalene) ring structures. In certain embodiments, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.
  • heteroaryl refers to cyclic aromatic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heteroaryl, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heteroaryl ring structures.
  • the ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds.
  • the heteroaryl groups may be selected from heteroaryl groups that contain two or more heteroatoms, three or more heteroatoms, or four or more heteroatoms.
  • Heteroaryl ring structures may be selected from those that contain five or more atoms, six or more atoms, or eight or more atoms.
  • heteroaryl ring structures include: acridine, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzodioxole, benzofuran, 1,3-diazine, 1,2-diazine, 1,2-diazole, 1 ,4-diazanaphthalene, furan, furazan, imidazole, indole, isoxazole, isoquinoline, isothiazole, oxazole, purine, pyridazine, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinoxaline, thiazole, thiophene, 1,3,5-triazine, 1 ,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole and quinazoline
  • heterocycle refers to cyclic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heterocycle, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heterocycle ring structures.
  • the ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds.
  • heterocyclo groups include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl or tetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like.
  • the heterocycle may optionally be substituted.
  • alkoxy generally refers to a group with the structure -O-R.
  • R may be an alkyl group, such as a C 1 to C 8 or C 1 to C 5 alkyl group.
  • the R group of the alkoxy may optionally be substituted with at least one halogen.
  • the R group of the alkoxy may be a haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, or trihaloalkyl.
  • halo substituents may be independently selected from the halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention include the following:
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the present invention are Compound Numbers: 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 through 24.
  • compounds of Formula (Ib) may be prepared according to
  • Scheme III shows that several compounds having identical Ri and R 6 groups (indicated as -C(O)-R a ) may be made by reacting a 2-(lH-indol-3-yl)-ethylamine with the acid chloride R 8 -C(O)Cl, followed by reaction with R 2 C(O)R 3 .
  • Other compounds having identical Ri and R 6 groups may be similarly prepared.
  • compounds having identical Rj and R 6 groups of the form -C(O)O-R aa may be prepared by reacting the corresponding acid chlorides (R a -O-C(O)Cl) with a 2-(lH-indol-3-yl)-ethylamine, followed by a ring closure reaction with R 2 C(O)R 3 .
  • compounds of Formula IHb may be prepared by employing a phosgene-based procedure, exemplified for example in the synthesis of 6-bromo-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-b-carbolin-1-one (compound 9, Example IF).
  • the synthesis methods described herein may employ a variety of commercially available starting materials, starting materials known in the literature, and readily-prepared starting materials prepared by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures.
  • Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard reference textbooks in the field.
  • recognized reference textbooks of organic synthesis include for example: Smith, M. B.; March, J. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5 th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; and Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd ; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999.
  • the foregoing descriptions of synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not limit, general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the invention.
  • methods are provided for the inhibition of VEGF production.
  • methods are provided for the inhibition of angiogenesis.
  • methods are provided for the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, exudative macular degeneration, or any combination of such conditions by using the compounds described herein.
  • methods are provided for inhibition of both VEGF production and angiogenesis.
  • methods are provided for inhibition of VEGF production, inhibition of angiogenesis, or inhibition of both VEGF production and angiogenesis and treatment of one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and exudative macular degeneration.
  • the invention is directed to methods for inhibiting VEGF production comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • methods for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for inhibiting VEGF production in a subject, comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject, comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention also include a method for treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating exudative macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for treating psoriasis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include a method for treating atherosclerosis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include methods for treating obesity in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods of the invention include methods for treating chronic inflammation in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
  • methods for inhibiting VEGF production, inhibiting angiogenesis, treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • one or more compounds of the invention used in the methods of the present invention is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII).
  • the methods of inhibiting VEGF production and/or inhibiting angiogenesis, and/or treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Compound Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
  • one or more compounds may be administered to the subject via any drug delivery route known in the art.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a human.
  • Specific exemplary administration routes of administration include by way of non- limiting example, oral, ocular, rectal, buccal, topical, nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraveneous (bolus and infusion), intracerebral, transdermal, and pulmonary.
  • VEGF-inhibiting amount refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent the identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect.
  • the effect can be detected by, for example, the assays disclosed in the following examples.
  • the precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.
  • the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs.
  • the animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
  • Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED 50 .
  • compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies may be used in formulating a range of dosage for human use.
  • the dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include an ED 50 with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
  • the concentration-biological effect relationships observed with regard to the compound(s) of the present invention indicate an initial target plasma concentration ranging from approximately 5 ⁇ g/mL to approximately 100 ⁇ g/mL, preferably from approximately 10 ⁇ g/mL to approximately 50 ⁇ g/mL, more preferably from approximately 10 ⁇ g/mL to approximately 25 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered at doses that vary from 0.1 ⁇ g to 100,000 mg, depending upon the route of administration.
  • Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and is generally available to practitioners in the art.
  • the dose will be in the range of about lmg/day to about 10g/day, or about O.lg to about 3g/day, or about 0.3g to about 3g/day, or about 0.5g to about 2g/day, in single, divided, or continuous doses for a patient weighing between about 40 to about 100 kg (which dose may be adjusted for patients above or below this weight range, particularly children under 40 kg).
  • the exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors, which may be taken into account, include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
  • the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammalian tissue or a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof.
  • Such products typically are identified by preparing a radio-labeled (e.g.
  • C 14 or H 3 compound of the invention, administering it in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to a mammal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours), and isolating its conversion products from urine, blood or other biological samples.
  • a detectable dose e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg
  • a mammal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man
  • sufficient time for metabolism to occur typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours
  • the metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites may be done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the conversion products so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they
  • compositions useful in the methods of the invention are provided.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, solvents, stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc., depending upon the particular mode of administration and dosage form.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions should generally be formulated to achieve a physiologically compatible pH, and may range from a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 11, preferably about pH 3 to about pH 7, depending on the formulation and route of administration. In another embodiment, pH may be adjusted to a range from about pH 4 to about pH 7.
  • the pH is adjusted to a range from about pH 5 to about pH 8.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a combination of compounds of the present invention, or may include a second active ingredient useful in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, or exudative macular degeneration.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound selected from the group consisting of compound Numbers: 2, 4 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
  • Formulations of the present invention are most typically solids, liquid solutions, emulsions or suspensions, while inhaleable formulations for pulmonary administration are generally liquids or powders, with powder formulations being generally preferred.
  • a preferred pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also be formulated as a lyophilized solid that is reconstituted with a physiologically compatible solvent prior to administration.
  • Alternative pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as syrups, creams, ointments, tablets, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipient refers to an excipient for administration of a pharmaceutical agent, such as the compounds of the present invention.
  • the term refers to any pharmaceutical excipient that may be administered without undue toxicity.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there exists a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences).
  • Suitable excipients may be carrier molecules that include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles.
  • Other exemplary excipients include antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; chelating agents such as EDTA; carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid; liquids such as oils, water, saline, glycerol and ethanol; wetting or emulsifying agents; pH buffering substances; and the like. Liposomes are also included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • compositions of the invention may be formulated in any form suitable for the intended method of administration.
  • tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, non-aqueous solutions, dispersible powders or granules (including micronized particles or nanoparticles), emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared.
  • Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
  • compositions particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • inert diluents such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate
  • disintegrating agents such
  • Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non ⁇ aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • non ⁇ aqueous or oil medium such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • compositions of the invention may be formulated as suspensions comprising a compound of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension.
  • pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients.
  • Excipients suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
  • suspending agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • the suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth; naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids; hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.
  • compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous emulsion or oleaginous suspension.
  • a sterile injectable preparation such as a sterile injectable aqueous emulsion or oleaginous suspension.
  • This emulsion or suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, for example those which have been mentioned above.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,2-propane-diol.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be prepared as a lyophilized powder.
  • Suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the compounds of the present invention useful in the methods of the present invention are substantially insoluble in water and are sparingly soluble in most pharmaceutically acceptable protic solvents and in vegetable oils.
  • the compounds are generally soluble in medium chain fatty acids (e.g., caprylic and capric acids) or triglycerides and have high solubility in propylene glycol esters of medium chain fatty acids.
  • medium chain fatty acids e.g., caprylic and capric acids
  • triglycerides e.g., triglycerides
  • propylene glycol esters of medium chain fatty acids e.g., propylene glycol esters of medium chain fatty acids.
  • compounds which have been modified by substitutions or additions of chemical or biochemical moieties which make them more suitable for delivery e.g., increase solubility, bioactivity, palatability, decrease adverse reactions, etc.
  • esterification glycosylation, PEGylation, etc.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for oral administration in a lipid-based formulation suitable for low solubility compounds.
  • Lipid-based formulations can generally enhance the oral bioavailability of such compounds.
  • a preferred pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected from the group consisting of: medium chain fatty acids or propylene glycol esters thereof (e.g., propylene glycol esters of edible fatty acids such as caprylic and capric fatty acids) and pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.
  • cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers.
  • Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl, and maltotriosyl derivatives of ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • a particularly preferred cyclodextrin solubility enhancer is hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (HPBC), which may be added to any of the above-described compositions to further improve the aqueous solubility characteristics of the compounds of the present invention.
  • the composition comprises 0.1% to 20% hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, more preferably 1% to 15% hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and even more preferably from 2.5% to 10% hydroxypropyl- ⁇ - cyclodextrin.
  • solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition.
  • any compound of the present invention with one or more other active ingredients useful in the treatment of cancer, including compounds, in a unitary dosage form, or in separate dosage forms intended for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient in need of treatment.
  • the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.
  • active ingredients may be administered in combination with the compounds of the present invention that may act to augment or synergistically enhance the VEGF-inhibiting and/or anti-angiogenesis activity of the compounds of the invention.
  • the combination of active ingredients may be: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by any other combination therapy regimen known in the art.
  • the methods of the invention may comprise administering or delivering the active ingredients sequentially, e.g., in separate solution, emulsion, suspension, tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes.
  • an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e., serially
  • simultaneous therapy effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together.
  • Various sequences of intermittent combination therapy may also be used.
  • Compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the general schemes described above. By way of example, certain preferred compounds of the invention may be prepared as follows. Other preferred compounds of the invention may be similarly prepared (e.g., the compounds of Table 1 below).
  • Compound 41 is prepared from Compound 1 as follows. Pyridine (5.64 ml, 39.8 mmol) is added to a mixture of Compound 1 (5.25g, 19.9 mmol) and hydroxylamine HCl salt (2.76g, 39.8 mmol) in ethanol (EtOH). The mixture is refluxed for about 1 h, and the solids are dissolved upon heating. The reaction mixture is then concentrated to dryness. The resulting sticky solid is treated and washed with hexanes (3x) to give a tan colored power of Compound 41, 6.1g, 100%.
  • Compound 53 may be prepared as follows.
  • Triethylamine (10.92 mmol, 1.52 mL) and triphosgene (2.4 mmol, 712 mg) are added to a suspension of bromotryptamine (Ig, 3.64 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane at 0 °C.
  • the suspension is stirred at room temperature for about 1 hour and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the residue is redissolved in 20 mL of AcOH, and the solution is re fluxed in oil bath at 120 °C for 2 hours followed by concentration.
  • IN NaOH is then added and the aqueous mixture extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers are dried over K 2 CO 3 .
  • the concentrated residue is recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give, e.g., 370 mg of desired product.
  • the mother liquor is concentrated and purified on silica with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane to yield an additional amount, e.g., 220 mg, of the desired product 9. Total 590 mg (61%).
  • Compound 5 may be prepared in a similar manner.
  • 5-Chlorotryptamine hydrochloride (1.2 g, 5.14 mmol) is dissolved in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile and heated to reflux under nitrogen. A solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 385 ⁇ L, 5.14 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL) is added dropwise to the heated reaction mixture over 15 minutes. After 3 hours of heating, the solvent is removed in vacuo, the crude mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and then brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
  • Tryptamine (1.0 g, 6.24 mmol) is suspended in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (100 mL) and heated to reflux.
  • the solvent is removed in vacuo, the crude mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and then brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
  • Compound 46 may be synthesized in a similar manner.
  • NaBH 4 (1.50 g, 40 mmol) is added in portions to a suspension of imine 43 (0.596 g, 2.0 mmol) in MeOH (25 ml) at 0 0 C. After overnight stirring at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with water, concentrated on rotavap to remove most of the MeOH and extracted with EtOAc (3 x). The combined organics are concentrated to give a solid, which is washed with ether (3 x) to give 45 as a white solid, 0.209 g, 94 %.
  • Example 2 Assay to Evaluate Effect on Hypoxia-Inducible Endogenous VEGF Expression.
  • VEGF protein levels are monitored by an ELISA assay (R&D Systems). Briefly, HeLa cells are cultured for 24-48 hours under hypoxic conditions (1% O 2 , 5% CO 2 , balanced with nitrogen) in the presence or absence of a compound of the invention. The conditioned media is assayed by ELISA, and the concentration of VEGF calculated from the standard ELISA curve of each assay.
  • a dose-response analysis is performed using the ELISA assay and conditions described above.
  • the conditions for the dose-response ELISA are analogous to those described above.
  • a series of, e.g., seven different concentrations may be analyzed.
  • a dose-response cytotoxicity assay may be performed using CellTiter GIo (Promega) under the same conditions as the ELISA to ensure that the inhibition of VEGF expression was not due to the cytotoxicity.
  • Dose-response curves may be plotted using percentage inhibition versus concentration of the compound, and EC 5O and CC 5O values may be generated for each compound with the maximal inhibition set as 100% and the minimal inhibition as 0%.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention will have an EC 50 of less than 50, preferably less than 10, more preferably less than 2, even more preferably less than 1, and even more preferably less than 0.5.
  • Example 3 Compounds of the Invention Inhibit In Vivo Tumor Growth in a PD Model
  • HTl 080 cells a human fibrosarcoma cell line
  • mice are implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. After seven days, mice are administrated compounds orally at a desired dosage range, e.g., 200mg/kg/day, for seven days.
  • the tumors are then excised from mice and homogenized in Tris-HCl buffer containing proteinase inhibitors (98).
  • Intratumor VEGF levels are subsequently measured using a human VEGF ELISA kit (R&D System). Protein concentrations of the homogenates are measured with a Bio-Rad Protein assay kit and intratumor VEGF levels are normalized to the protein concentrations.
  • Preferred compounds of the invention when used for one week on a 100 mm 3 tumor, will generally inhibit tumor growth by at least 50% as compared to the vehicle-treated control groups (data not shown).
  • Witmer AN Vrensen GF, Van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 22(l):l-29,
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  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
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  • VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYEOOl) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. 22(2): 143-52, 2002.
  • Ferrara N Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. Semin Oncol. 29(6 Suppl 16): 10-4, 2002. 19. Rofstad EK, Halsor EF. Vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin 8, platelet- derived endothelial cell growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor promote angiogenesis and metastasis in human melanoma xenografts. Cancer Res. 60(17):4932-8, 2000.
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246:1306-1309, 1989.
  • Haymore BL Leimgruber R, Feder J. Human vascular permeability factor. Isolation from U937 cells. J. Biol. Chem .264:20017-20024, 1989. 26. Tischer E, Mitchell R, Hartman T, Silva M, Godpodarowicz D, Fiddes JC, and Abraham JA. The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11947-11954, 1991.
  • PE Preclinical evaluation of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in the retina of rhesus monkey. Lab Invest. 2002 Feb;82(2): 167-82, 2002.
  • VEGF-TRAP(R 1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. J Cell Physiol. 195(2):241-8, 2003.
  • tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature 399:271-275, 1999.
  • Oncogenes and tumor angiogenesis differential modes of vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation in ras-transformed epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 60:490-498, 2000.
  • Semenza GL Regulation of mammalian 02 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol, 5:551-578, 1999.
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  • Alexander JS Translational regulation of vascular permeability factor by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E: implication for tumor angiogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 65: 785-790, 1996.
  • Fong TA, et al. SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (FIk-I /KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types.
  • FIk-I /KDR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
  • RNA targeting VEGF effectively inhibits ocular neovascularization in a mouse model. MoI Vis. 30;9:210-6, 2003. 81. Keshet E. and Ben-Ssson SA. Anticancer drug targets: approaching angiogenesis.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • Angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 reduces human pancreatic cancer growth. J Gastrointest Surg. 5(2):131-8, 2001.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
  • KDR/Flk-1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

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Abstract

In accordance with the present invention, compounds that inhibit the expression of VEGF post-transcriptionally have been identified, and methods for their use provided. In one aspect of the invention, compounds and compositions useful in the inhibition of BEGF production, and/or in the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration are provided. In another aspect of the invention, methods are provided for the inhibition of VEGF production, the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration using the compounds of the invention.

Description

CARBAZOLE, CARBOLINE, AND INDOLE DERIVATIVES USEFUL IN THE INHIBITION OF VEGF PRODUCTION
RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority to and the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 60/629, 889, filed November 23, 2004, which application is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present application also claims priority to and the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/633,738, filed December 6, 2004, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/639,283, filed December 27, 2004. This application also incorporates by reference in their entirety, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/552,724 and 60/552,725, both of which were filed March 15, 2004.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting angiogenesis. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting VEGF production.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Aberrant angiogenesis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including malignant, ischemic, inflammatory and immune disorders (4, 18). The best-known of these disorders are cancer, exudative macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the last two of which are leading cause of blindness in the United States (6, 7). During the last decade our understanding of the molecular basis of angiogenesis has grown considerably. Numerous cytokines and growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis, such as VEGF, FGF-2, PDGF, IGF-I, TGF, TNF-α, G-CSF have been identified (2, 5, 19). Among these growth factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays a central role in angiogenesis (18). VEGF, also known as VEGF-A, was initially identified for its ability to induce vascular permeability and to promote vascular endothelial cell proliferation (23-25). VEGF is encoded by a single gene that gives rise to four isoforms by alternative splicing (26). All four isoforms share the same unusually long and GC rich 5'-UTR, as well as a 3'-UTR that includes multiple RNA stability determinants. The receptors VEGFR-2 (also known as KDR or FIk-I) and VEGFR-I (previously known as Fltl) recognize the dimeric form of VEGF (27, 28). The highly specific VEGFR-2 receptor is expressed on endothelial cells. VEGF binding to the VEGFR-2 receptor activates the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity, leading to endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation and primitive vessel formation (29). VEGFR-I inhibits endothelial cell growth either by acting as a decoy or by suppressing signaling pathways through VEGFR-2 (30).
Over 30 years ago, it was proposed that inhibition of tumor angiogenesis could be an effective approach for the treatment of cancer (31). VEGF and its receptor have been demonstrated to have a central role in tumor angiogenesis, especially in the early stages of tumor growth (33). Indeed, increased levels of VEGF expression have been correlated with microvessel density in primary tumor tissues (34). Moreover, increased levels of the VEGF transcript are found in virtually all of the common solid tumors (35). In general, tumor-bearing patients have higher levels of VEGF compared to those in tumor-free individuals, and high
VEGF levels in serum/plasma are associated with poor prognosis (36). Consistent with the role of VEGF in tumor angiogenesis, VEGF null embryonic stem cells showed a dramatically reduced ability to form tumors in nude mice (37). Direct evidence for the involvement of VEGF in tumorgenesis was demonstrated by using specific antibodies against VEGF in human xenografts implanted in nude mice (38, 39). In these studies, the inhibition of tumor growth correlated positively with decreased vessel formation in the antibody-treated tumors. Subsequent experiments using the soluble receptors substantiated the importance of VEGF activity in tumor growth (40), and demonstrated that inactivation of VEGF by specific antibody treatment directly resulted in a nearly complete suppression of tumor-associated neovascularization (41 , 42).
In exudative macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that over production of VEGF is critical for aberrant retinal or choroidal neovascularization (reviewed in 6). Evidence has been obtained that intra¬ ocular VEGF levels are strongly correlated with active retinal/choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in patients with diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and wet form macular degeneration (43, 44). In addition, studies using transgenic mice demonstrated that overexpression of VEGF in retinal pigment epithelial cells or photoreceptor cells results in choroidal or retinal neovascularization (45, 46). In recent studies neutralizing antibodies, soluble receptor, receptor antagonists, or siRNA have proven efficacious in reducing VEGF- mediated blood vessel formation in animal models and in the clinic. (17, 47-50)
VEGF expression is regulated by a number of factors and agents including cytokines, growth factors, steroid hormones and chemicals, and mutations that modulate the activity of oncogenes such as ras or the tumor suppressor gene VHL (51, 52). Nevertheless, hypoxia is the most significant physiologic signal for regulating VEGF expression. Hypoxia results in enhanced VEGF expression by increasing both the transcription rate and stability of the VEGF transcript (8-10). Hypoxia-inducible factor lα (HIF- lα) is a transcription factor that increases VEGF gene expression in cells undergoing hypoxia by binding to the hypoxia response element (HRE) located in the VEGF promoter (53, 54). The stability of VEGF mRNA is also greatly enhanced as a consequence of the binding of factors to elements in the 3'-UTR (55). In addition, the translation initiation of the VEGF transcript is uniquely regulated. Under hypoxic conditions, translation of most cellular transcripts mediated by cap-dependent translation initiation process is greatly impaired (56). Initiation of translation of the VEGF mRNA, however, is unique under hypoxic conditions in that it is mediated via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within the VEGF 5 'UTR (9- 12).
There is a large body of experimental evidence indicating that tumor growth can be inhibited by the prevention of neovascularization (40, 72). Tumor vessels are generally immature and constantly undergo remodeling (4, 73). Active and aberrant angiogenesis is the result of a disruption in the normal balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, including various cytokines, growth factors and steroid hormones. Despite the complexity of the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, accumulated evidence indicates that targeting a single proangiogenic factor might be sufficient to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and suppress tumor growth (38, 74, 75). Among many angiogenesis targets, VEGF and its receptor are most attractive (4, 27). As noted above, treatment with a monoclonal antibody specifically targeting VEGF inhibited the growth of tumors in human xenografts implanted in nude mice.
Subsequently, various approaches designed to inactivate VEGF signaling have been tested in tumor models and have proven to be highly effective in a broad range of tumor cell lines including various carcinomas, sarcomas and gliomas (35, 38, 74-76). In addition, inhibition of VEGF by anti-VEGF antibody did not result in significant side effects in fully developed rodents or primates (77, 78). Taken together, these results indicate that VEGF is a valid target for the development of tumor therapy. Indeed, a number of clinical trials are underway using VEGF inhibitors (3, 39).
Although several pro-angiogenic factors are implicated in the pathology of exudative age-related macular degeneration, VEGF appears to be the most critical in the pathogenesis and development of this disease (6, 90). Data from preclinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that blockade of VEGF alone is sufficient to alleviate or stabilize disease progression (17, 47-50). For example, inhibition of VEGFR signaling by a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor is sufficient to completely prevent retinal neovascularization in a murine retinopathy of prematurity model (79). Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that small interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed against murine VEGF significantly inhibited ocular neovascularization after laser photocoagulation in a mouse model (80). These results indicate that selective inhibition of VEGF expression is achievable and offer validation of this approach for the treatment of ocular neovascular diseases such as exudative macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
Three approaches have been used to inhibit VEGF activity, including (1) neutralization of VEGF activity by using a specific antibody, soluble VEGF receptor or aptamer oligos against the VEGF/VEGFR interaction (38, 40, 41, 72, 74, 117, 118); (2) inhibition of VEGFR mediated signal transduction by specific small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (75, 82, 119); and (3) inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR expression by using antisense, siRNA or ribozyme (80, 83, 84, 85). Although all of these approaches show significant inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo, they all possess significant limitations. For example, therapeutic proteins (antibody and soluble receptors) or oligos (antisense, siRNA and ribozyme) are large molecules with poor permeability that usually require parenteral administration and are costly to produce. For treatment of chronic ocular neovascularization, multiple injections may be impractical due to potential complications such as retinal detachment and procedure related infection. Moreover, tyrosine kinase inhibitors have the potential for limited specificity. VEGF is constitutively expressed at a low level in normal eyes and other tissues and thus it may be harmful to completely suppress VEGF function by administration of antibody or tyrosine kinase inhibitors systemically, especially for patients with AMD and DR many of whom are also hypertensive (86-89).
Thus, there remains a need to develop, characterize, and optimize lead molecules for the development of novel anti-angiogenesis drugs. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide such compounds. In addition, it is also an object of the invention to provide compositions and methods for anti-angiogenesis.
All documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference into the present application as though fully set forth herein.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, compounds that inhibit the expression of VEGF post-transcriptionally have been identified, and methods for their use provided.
In one aspect of the invention, compounds of Formulas (I) to (VIII) are provided which are useful in the inhibition of VEGF production, in the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration. In one embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of formula (I)
Figure imgf000006_0001
(I) wherein
X is hydrogen, a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a C1 to C5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl; Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-Raa; or -S(O2)-aryl;
R2 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R3; R3 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or Ci to C5 alkoxy group; or R3 may be taken together with R2 to form (=0), =N— Rb, or a cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl-C6 to Cg aryl group or a C6 to C8 aryl group;
R4 and R5 may each independently be hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group; or R4 and R5 may be taken together to form =CH-cycloalkyl, =CH-amino; or =CH-aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl and aryl groups are optionally substituted with at least one halogen group, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2, and the amino group is optionally substituted with at least one Ci to C4 alkyl group;
R3 is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Cj to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3 )2;
Raa is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2; Rb is a hydroxy 1 group or pyrrolyl group; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ia)
Figure imgf000007_0001
(Ia) wherein X, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as described above with regard to Formula (I).
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ib)
Figure imgf000007_0002
(Ib)
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (II)
Figure imgf000007_0003
(H) wherein
Xi is a halogen; and
Rz is a heteroaryl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds. In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (III)
Figure imgf000008_0001
wherein
X is a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a C1 to C5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C1 to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl; R0 is H or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl);
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-R33; or -S(O2)-aryl; R2 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R3;
R3 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or Ci to C5 alkoxy group; or R3 may be taken together with R2 to form (=0), =N- Rb, or a cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl-C6 to C8 aryl group or a C6 to C8 aryl group; Ra is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to
C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, C1 to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Raa is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2; Rb is a hydroxyl group or pyrrolyl group; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; R6 is hydrogen; a C1 to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to Cg aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O- Raa; -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; and
Rc is a Ci to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also includes and provides compounds of Formula (Ilia)
Figure imgf000009_0001
wherein
X, Ri, R6, and n are as described above with regard to Formula (III); and
R7 is hydrogen, a phenyl, or a benzyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds of Formula (Ilia).
In another embodiment, the present invention also includes and provides compounds of Formula (HIb)
Figure imgf000009_0002
(HIb) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds of Formula (Mb).
In a further embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (IV)
Figure imgf000010_0001
(IV) wherein
Xi is a halogen; and
R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (V)
Figure imgf000010_0002
(V) wherein
Xi is a halogen;
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-R33; or -S(O2)-aryl;
R3 is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a C1 to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Cj to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Raa is a Ci to Ce alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2; R6 is hydrogen; a C1 to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O- Raai -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen;
R0 is a C1 to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; and
Rq is hydrogen, phenyl, or -OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VI)
Figure imgf000011_0001
(VI) wherein
Xi is a halogen; and
Ri and R6 are as defined above with regard to Formula (III); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VII)
Figure imgf000011_0002
(VII) wherein Xj is a halogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In still other embodiments, the present invention includes and provides compounds of Formula (VIII)
Figure imgf000012_0001
R9
(VIII) wherein Xi is a halogen; R.9 is hydrogen or -C(O)-alkyl;
Rio is hydrogen; -CH2-Rd; -C(O)-NH-Rd; or -CH2-NH-Rd;
Rn is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group; -CH=N-CH2-CH(OH)-Rd; or -(CH2)m-NH-Re; Rd is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; Re is -C(O)-Rf or -(CH2)P-CH(OH)-Rff;
Rf is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
Rff is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is 0, 1, or 2; and p is 1, 2 or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides the use of one or more compounds of the invention in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
In a further embodiment, the present invention includes and provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention. In another embodiment of the invention, the present invention includes and provides methods for the inhibition of VEGF production, and/or the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration using one or more compounds or one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the present invention includes and provides methods for the inhibition of VEGF production, and/or the inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration using one or more compounds and one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibition of VEGF production. In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibition of angiogenesis. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to methods for inhibiting VEGF production comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of at least one compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
In an embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods for inhibiting VEGF production and methods of inhibiting angiogenesis comprising administering a VEGF- inhibiting or angiogenesis-inhibiting amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) to
Formula (VIII) and/or one or more pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII).
In another more preferred embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of Compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, or one or more pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods for treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration, the methods comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compound or one or more pharmaceutical composition of the invention to a subject in need thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administration of a therapeutic amount of one or more compound of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or one or more pharmaceutical composition capable of delivering a therapeutic amount of one or more compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII). In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention includes and provides methods that comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. These and other aspects of the invention will be more clearly understood with reference for example, to the following preferred embodiments, detailed description, and claims.
CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
Embodiment 1. A method for inhibiting VEGF production in a subject, comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 2. A method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject, comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 3. A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 4. A method for treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 5. A method for treating exudative macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 6. A method for treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof. bmbodiment 7. A method for treating psoriasis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 8. A method for atherosclerosis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 9. A method for treating obesity in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 10. A method for treating chronic inflammation in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Embodiment 11. A method according to any of embodiments 1-10, wherein the compound is compounds Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24.
Embodiment 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
Embodiment 13. A pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 12, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of compound Numbers 2, 4 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Up-regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a key factor for angiogenesis, is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of cancers, diabetic retinopathy, and exudative macular degeneration (reviewed for example in 1-7). In accordance with the present invention, compounds that inhibit the expression of VEGF post-transcriptionally have been identified, and methods for their use provided. The compounds of the invention have low nanomolar activity for the inhibition of VEGF expression.
As recognized by one of skill in the art, certain compounds of the invention may include a chiral center, and as such may exist as racemic mixtures or as enantiomerically pure compositions. For example, the compounds may exist as R or S isomers in enantiomerically pure compositions. As used herein, "enantiomerically pure" refers to compositions consisting substantially of a single isomer, preferably consisting of 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of a single isomer.
A. Compounds of the Invention
In one aspect of the invention, compounds of the invention are provided which are useful in the inhibition of VEGF production or in the inhibition of angiogenesis or in the inhibition of VEGF production and in the inhibition of angiogenesis. In another aspect of the invention, compounds of the invention are provided which are useful in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration or in the treatment of any combination of cancer, diabetic retinopathy or exudative macular degeneration.
In an embodiment, the compounds of the invention specifically inhibit VEGF production. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention inhibit VEGF expression as well as that of other angiogenesis factors such as for example FGF-2. In this regard, pan- angiogenic inhibitors may be preferred in methods of inhibiting tumor growth, while VEGF specific inhibitors may be preferred for the treatment of ocular neovascular disorders (17).
Preferred compounds of the present invention useful in the inhibition of VEGF production include those of Formula (I) as shown below.
Figure imgf000016_0001
wherein
X is hydrogen; a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl;
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-R88; or -S(O2)-aryl;
R2 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R3;
R3 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or Ci to C5 alkoxy group; or R3 may be taken together with R2 to form (=0), =N- Rb, or a cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl-C6 to C8 aryl group or a C6 to C8 aryl group;
R4 and R5 may each independently be hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group; or R4 and R5 may be taken together to form =CH-cycloalkyl, =CH-amino; or =CH-aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl and aryl groups are optionally substituted with at least one halogen group, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3 )2, and the amino group is optionally substituted with at least one Ci to C4 alkyl group;
R8 is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2; Raa is a C1 to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Cj to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Rb is a hydroxy group or pyrrolyl group; and n is O, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
In certain preferred embodiments of Formula (I), X is selected from F, Cl, Br, -CH3, - CH2-CH3, -CF3, and -0-CF3. In other preferred embodiments of Formula (I), n is 1. In further preferred embodiments of Formula (I), X is selected from F, Cl, Br, -CH3, -CH2-CH3, -CF3, and -0-CF3; and n is 1. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is selected from Cl or Br. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Cl. In a further preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Br. In an even more preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is selected from Cl or Br and n is 1. In another even more preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Cl and n is 1. In another even more preferred embodiment of Formula (I), X is Br and n is 1.
In an embodiment of Formula (I), X is an optionally substituted amine. In an embodiment, X is a monosubstituted amine. In another embodiment, X is a disubstituted amine. In a further embodiment, X is a monoalkyl amine. In a further embodiment, X is a dialkyl amine. In an embodiment, X is a monoalkyl amine that is substituted with one or more halogens. In another embodiment, X is a dialkyl amine that is substituted with one or more halogens. In an embodiment, X is a monoalkyl amine that is substituted with one or more fluorines. In another embodiment, X is a dialkyl amine that is substituted with one or more fluorine.
In another embodiment of Formula (I), X is an optionally substituted carbonyl. In an embodiment, the carbonyl is unsubstituted and has the form -C(O)H. In an embodiment, X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl (e.g., C(O)-(Ci to C6 alkyl). In another embodiment, X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Cj to C6 alkyl, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one or more halogens. In another embodiment, X is a carbonyl that is substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more fluorines.
In another embodiment of Formula (I), X is an optionally substituted sulfonyl. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl group. In another embodiment of Formula (I), X is an optionally substituted sulfonyl. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogens. In an embodiment, X is a sulfonyl substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl group, wherein the alkyl group is substituted with one or more fluorines.
In other embodiments of Formula (I), Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O-R33; or - S(O2)-aryl, wherein R3 and R33 are as defined above for Formula (I).
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group. In a further preferred embodiment, Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Rj is a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with a phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)(O)-C6 to Cg aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)(O)-phenyl.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-bicyclic aromatic group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-naphthyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-Ci to C6 alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-methyl.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)- C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with bromine.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with -OCF3. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with -OCF3.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with a halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with a halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with bromine.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with -OCF3. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R) is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with-N02. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl is substituted with — CN. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with -OCF3. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is - C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with-N02. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted with — CN. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R1 is -S(O2)-aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R1 is -S(O2)-phenyl.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 are both hydrogens. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 are taken together to form (=O). In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 are taken together to form =N-Rb, wherein Rb is defined as above in Formula (I). In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 are taken together to form =N-hydroxyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 are taken together to form =N-pyrrolyl.
In an embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 are taken together to form =CH-aryl and preferred aryl substituents include -CH3, -CF3, -NO2, -CN, -OCH3, -OC(CH3)3, -OCF3, F, Br, and Cl. In another embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 are taken together to form =CH- aryl and preferred aryl substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of F and -OCH3. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 taken together form =CH-aryl, wherein aryl is a phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 taken together form =CH-aryl, wherein aryl is substituted phenyl group, and preferred phenyl substituents include -CH3, -CF3, -NO2, -CN, -OCH3, -OC(CH3)3, -OCF3, F, Br, and Cl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 taken together comprise a substituted phenyl group, and preferred phenyl substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of F and -OCH3 In another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), Ri is selected from the following substituents:
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
In yet another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R2 and R3 together form:
Figure imgf000021_0003
In yet another preferred embodiment of Formula (I), R4 and R5 may be independently selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000021_0004
Preferred compounds within Formula (I) include the following compounds of Formula (Ia) as shown below.
Figure imgf000021_0002
(Ia) wherein X, Ri, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as described above with regard to Formula (I). In another embodiment, preferred compounds of Formula (I) include those of Formula (Ib) as shown below
Figure imgf000022_0001
(Ib) wherein Ri is hydrogen and X is a halogen.
A preferred embodiment of compounds of formula (Ib) where Ri is hydrogen and Xj is a halogen is shown by the following:
Figure imgf000022_0002
In an embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) is not a compound of Formula (Ia). In another embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) is not a compound of Formula (Ib).
In yet another embodiment, preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (II) shown below.
Figure imgf000022_0003
(H) wherein Xi is a halogen and Rz is a heteroaryl group.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (II), Xi is a halogen and Rz is a five to six membered heteroaryl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (II), Xi is a halogen and Rz is a five to six membered heteroaryl group containing one or more endocyclic nitrogen atoms. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (II), Xi is a halogen and Rz is a five to six membered heteroaryl group containing one endocyclic nitrogen atom. In a further preferred embodiment of Formula (II), Xi is a halogen and Rz is a pyrrolyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (II), Xi is bromine and Rz is a pyrrolyl group.
In yet another embodiment, preferred compounds of the present invention useful in the inhibition of VEGF expression include those of Formula (III) as shown below.
Figure imgf000023_0001
wherein
X, Ri, R2, R3, Ra, Raa,Rb, and n are as described above with reference to Formula (I); R0 is H or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl);
R6 is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O- Raa; -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; and Rc is a Ci to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), n is 1. In another preferred embodiment, n is O. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is a halogen. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Br or Cl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Br. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), X is Cl.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a hydrogen; -C(O)-Ra; -C(O)O-Raa; -S(θ2)-aryl; or a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)(O)-Raa- In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)(O)-C6 to C8 aryl. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), R, is -C(O)(O)-phenyl.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is a methyl group, optionally substituted with at least one phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -S(O2)-aryl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -S(O2)-phenyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-R3. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-Ci to C5 alkoxy. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-ethoxy.
In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Rj is -C(O)-naphthyl. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with bromine.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with a Ci to C5 alkoxy group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with a methoxy group.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with -CF3. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with -OCF3 In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with -NO2. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)- C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the C6 to C8 aryl group is substituted with -CN. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Rj is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -CF3. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -OCF3 In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Rj is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -NO2. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with -CN.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with at least one halogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is - C(O)-phenyl group, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with bromine.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with a Ci to C5 alkoxy group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (III), Ri is -C(O)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl group is substituted with a methoxy group.
Preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen. Other preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R2 and R3 are both Ci to C4 alkyl groups. Other preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R2 and R3 are both methyl groups. Further preferred embodiments of Formula (III) include those wherein R2 and R3 together form:
Figure imgf000025_0001
With reference to Formula (III), in an embodiment, preferred aryl substituents include: CH3, -CF3, -NO2, -CN, -OCH3, -OC(CH3)3, -OCF3, F, Br, and Cl.
In yet other preferred embodiments of Formula (III), R6 is selected from:
Figure imgf000025_0002
Figure imgf000026_0001
In other preferred embodiments of Formula (III), R0 is hydrogen. In yet other preferred embodiments of Formula (III), R0 is:
Figure imgf000026_0002
In yet another preferred embodiment, Formula III compounds are enantiomerically pure compositions.
Preferred compounds within Formula (III) include the following compounds of Formula (Ilia) as shown below.
Figure imgf000026_0003
wherein X, Ri, R6, and n are as described above with regard to Formula (III), and R7 is hydrogen, a phenyl, or a benzyl group.
In another preferred embodiment, compound of Formula (Ilia) are provided, wherein R7 is hydrogen or a phenyl group.
Other preferred compounds within Formula (III) include the following compounds of Formula (Mb) as shown below.
Figure imgf000026_0004
(HIb) wherein X, Rj, R6, and n are as described above with regard to Formula (III). In another embodiment, preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula
(IV), as shown below.
Figure imgf000027_0001
(IV) wherein
X1 is a halogen; and R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), X1 is chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group substituted with a Ci to C4 alkoxy group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group substituted with a methoxy group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a phenyl group substituted with a Ci to C4 alkoxy group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (IV), R8 is a phenyl group substituted with a methoxy group.
In yet another embodiment, preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (V), as shown below.
Figure imgf000027_0002
(V) wherein Xi is a halogen;
Rq is hydrogen, phenyl, or -OH; and Ri and R6 are as defined above with regard to Formula (III). In a preferred embodiment of Formula (V), Xj is chlorine or bromine. In another preferred embodiment, Xj is chlorine. In a further preferred embodiment, Xi is bromine. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (V), Ri is hydrogen. in a preierreα emDodiment of Formula (V), Rq is hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (V), R4, is phenyl or -OH.
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (V), R^ is hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (V), R6 is -C(O)O-alkyl. In another preferred embodiment, R6 is -C(O)O-ethyl.
In yet another preferred embodiment, Formula V compounds are enantiomerically pure compositions.
In another embodiment, preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (VI) as shown below.
Figure imgf000028_0001
(VI) wherein Xi is a halogen, and Ri and Re are as defined above with regard to Formula
(III).
In a preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Xi is chlorine. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Ri is hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), R6 is -C(O)-R3, wherein R3 is a Ci to C5 alkyl or phenyl group. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), R6 is -C(O)-R3, wherein Ra is a Cj to C5 alkyl. In another preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), R6 is -C(O)-R3, wherein R3 is a methyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Ri is hydrogen and R6 is -C(O)-R3, wherein R3 is a Ci to C5 alkyl or phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Ri is hydrogen and R^ is -C(O)-R3, wherein Ra is a phenyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Ri is hydrogen and R6 is -C(0)-Ra, wherein R8 is a Ci to C5 alkyl group. In a preferred embodiment of Formula (VI), Rj is hydrogen and R6 is -C(O)-R3, wherein R3 is a methyl group.
In yet another embodiment, preferred compounds of the invention include those of Formula (VII) as shown below.
Figure imgf000028_0002
(VII) wherein Xj is a halogen.
Yet other preferred compounds of the present invention useful in the inhibition of VEGF expression include those of Formula (VIII), as shown below:
Figure imgf000029_0001
R9 (VIII) wherein Xi is a halogen; R.9 is hydrogen or -C(O)-alkyl;
Ri0 is hydrogen; -CH2-Rd; -C(O)-NH-Rd; or -CH2-NH-Rj; R11 is hydrogen; a C , to C6 alkyl group; -CH=N-CH2-CH(OH)-Rd; or -(CH2)m-NH-Re;
Rd is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
R6 is -C(O)-Rf Or -(CH2)P-CH(OH)-Rff;
Rf is a C1 to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
Rff is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is O, 1, or 2; and p is 1, 2 or 3.
In preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), n is 1. In other preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), n is 0.
In preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), Xi is chlorine or bromine. In other preferred embodiments, R9 is selected from:
Figure imgf000029_0002
In still yet other preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), Ri0 is selected from:
Figure imgf000030_0002
In additional preferred embodiments of Formula (VIII), Rn is selected from the following:
Figure imgf000030_0001
As used herein, the term "alkyl" generally refers to saturated hydrocarbyl radicals of straight, branched or cyclic configuration including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, octyl, n-octyl, and the like. In some embodiments, alkyl substituents may be Ci to C8, Ci to C6, or Ci to C4 alkyl groups.
In certain embodiments, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy groups. For instance, the alkyl group may be a haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, or trihaloalkyl.
As used herein, "alkylene" generally refers to linear, branched or cyclic alkene radicals having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, such as C2 to C6 alkylene groups including 3- propenyl.
As used herein, "aryl" refers to a carbocyclic aromatic ring structure. Included in the scope of aryl groups are aromatic rings having from five to twenty carbon atoms. Aryl ring structures include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. Examples of aryl groups that include phenyl, tolyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, phenanthrenyl (i.e., phenanthrene), and naphthyl (i.e., naphthalene) ring structures. In certain embodiments, the aryl group may be optionally substituted. As used herein, "heteroaryl" refers to cyclic aromatic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heteroaryl, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heteroaryl ring structures. The ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl groups may be selected from heteroaryl groups that contain two or more heteroatoms, three or more heteroatoms, or four or more heteroatoms. Heteroaryl ring structures may be selected from those that contain five or more atoms, six or more atoms, or eight or more atoms. Examples of heteroaryl ring structures include: acridine, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzodioxole, benzofuran, 1,3-diazine, 1,2-diazine, 1,2-diazole, 1 ,4-diazanaphthalene, furan, furazan, imidazole, indole, isoxazole, isoquinoline, isothiazole, oxazole, purine, pyridazine, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinoxaline, thiazole, thiophene, 1,3,5-triazine, 1 ,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine, tetrazole and quinazoline.
As used herein, "heterocycle" refers to cyclic ring structures in which one or more atoms in the ring, the heteroatom(s), is an element other than carbon. Heteroatoms are typically O, S or N atoms. Included within the scope of heterocycle, and independently selectable, are O, N, and S heterocycle ring structures. The ring structure may include compounds having one or more ring structures, such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds. Examples of heterocyclo groups include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl or tetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like. In certain embodiments, the heterocycle may optionally be substituted.
As used herein, "alkoxy" generally refers to a group with the structure -O-R. In certain embodiments, R may be an alkyl group, such as a C1 to C8 or C1 to C5 alkyl group. In certain embodiments, the R group of the alkoxy may optionally be substituted with at least one halogen. For example, the R group of the alkoxy may be a haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, or trihaloalkyl.
For the purposes of this invention, halo substituents may be independently selected from the halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Also included within the scope of the present invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, clathrates, polymorphs, racemates and stereoisomers of the compounds ofFormulas (I) to (VIII).
For the purposes of this invention, where one or more functionalities encompassing, such as for example without limitation, X, Xi, Rz, R0, Ri, R2, R3, R4,- R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, Rio, Rn, Ra, Raa, Rb, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rff are incorporated into a molecule of Formula (I) to (VIII), including preferred embodiments, each functionality appearing at any location within the disclosed may be independently selected, and as appropriate, independently substituted. Further, where a more generic substituent is set forth for any position in the molecules of the present invention, it is understood that the generic substituent may be replaced with more specific substituents, and the resulting molecules are within the scope of the molecules of the present invention.
Preferred compounds of the invention include the following:
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001

Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0003
Particularly preferred compounds of the present invention are Compound Numbers: 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 through 24.
The above compounds are listed only to provide examples that may be used in the methods of the invention. Based upon the instant disclosure, the skilled artisan would recognize other compounds intended to be included within the scope of the presently claimed invention that would be useful in the methods recited herein.
B. Preparation of Compounds of the Invention
Compounds of the invention may be produced in any manner known in the art. By way of example, compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the following general schemes.
More specifically, a general scheme for preparing compounds of Formula (I) is depicted in Scheme I below.
Figure imgf000040_0001
Scheme I
In another embodiment, compounds of Formula (Ib) may be prepared according to
Scheme Ib below.
Figure imgf000040_0002
Scheme Ib
Compounds of Formula II may generally be prepared in accordance with Scheme II, shown below.
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000041_0002
Figure imgf000041_0003
For compounds of Formula III where R0 is hydrogen and R6 is H, -C(O)-R3, -C(O)O- Raa, or -C(O)-NH-R0, such compounds of Formula (III) can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme III below.
Figure imgf000042_0001
Ra3OC(O)CI
Figure imgf000042_0002
Scheme III
Scheme III shows that several compounds having identical Ri and R6 groups (indicated as -C(O)-Ra) may be made by reacting a 2-(lH-indol-3-yl)-ethylamine with the acid chloride R8-C(O)Cl, followed by reaction with R2C(O)R3. Other compounds having identical Ri and R6 groups may be similarly prepared. For example, compounds having identical Rj and R6 groups of the form -C(O)O-Raa, may be prepared by reacting the corresponding acid chlorides (Ra-O-C(O)Cl) with a 2-(lH-indol-3-yl)-ethylamine, followed by a ring closure reaction with R2C(O)R3.
In a particular embodiment, compounds of Formula IHb may be prepared by employing a phosgene-based procedure, exemplified for example in the synthesis of 6-bromo-2,3,4,9- tetrahydro-b-carbolin-1-one (compound 9, Example IF).
Compounds of Formula IV can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme IV below.
Figure imgf000043_0001
Scheme IV
Compounds of Formula V can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme V below.
Figure imgf000043_0002
Figure imgf000043_0003
Scheme V
Ref: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 4700.
Compounds of Formula VI, for example where R6 is -C(O)-R3, -C(O)O-R33, or - C(O)-NH-Rc, can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme VI below.
Figure imgf000043_0004
Scheme VI
Compounds of Formula VII can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme VII below.
Figure imgf000044_0001
MCPBA benzene
Figure imgf000044_0002
Scheme VII
Compounds of Formula VIII can generally be prepared as illustrated in Scheme VIII below.
Figure imgf000044_0003
VIII
Figure imgf000044_0004
VIII
Scheme VIII
These and other reaction methodologies may be useful in preparing the compounds of the invention, as recognized by one of skill in the art. Various modifications to the above schemes and procedures will be apparent to one of skill in the art, and the invention is not limited specifically by the method of preparing the compounds of the invention.
In general, the synthesis methods described herein may employ a variety of commercially available starting materials, starting materials known in the literature, and readily-prepared starting materials prepared by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard reference textbooks in the field. Although not limited to any one or several sources, recognized reference textbooks of organic synthesis include for example: Smith, M. B.; March, J. March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; and Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999. The foregoing descriptions of synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not limit, general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the invention.
C. Methods of the Invention
In another aspect of the invention, methods are provided for the inhibition of VEGF production. In a further aspect of the invention, methods are provided for the inhibition of angiogenesis. In yet another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, exudative macular degeneration, or any combination of such conditions by using the compounds described herein. In an embodiment, methods are provided for inhibition of both VEGF production and angiogenesis. In another embodiment, methods are provided for inhibition of VEGF production, inhibition of angiogenesis, or inhibition of both VEGF production and angiogenesis and treatment of one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and exudative macular degeneration.
Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that the methods of the present invention act through a combination of mechanisms that modulate the activity of VEGF.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to methods for inhibiting VEGF production comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
In another embodiment, methods for inhibiting angiogenesis are provided comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for inhibiting VEGF production in a subject, comprising administering a VEGF-inhibiting amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In another embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject, comprising administering an anti-angiogenic amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In another embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
The methods of the invention also include a method for treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
Another embodiment of the invention includes a method for treating exudative macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In still another embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for treating psoriasis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In another embodiment, the methods of the invention include a method for treating atherosclerosis in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In other embodiments, the methods of the invention include methods for treating obesity in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In still other embodiment, the methods of the invention include methods for treating chronic inflammation in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, to a subject in need thereof.
In other embodiments, methods for inhibiting VEGF production, inhibiting angiogenesis, treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration are provided comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the invention to a subject in need thereof. In a preferred embodiment, one or more compounds of the invention used in the methods of the present invention is a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII). In a more preferred embodiment, the methods of inhibiting VEGF production and/or inhibiting angiogenesis, and/or treating cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Compound Numbers. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
According to the methods of the invention, one or more compounds may be administered to the subject via any drug delivery route known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the subject is a mammal. In a more preferred embodiment, the subject is a human. Specific exemplary administration routes of administration include by way of non- limiting example, oral, ocular, rectal, buccal, topical, nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraveneous (bolus and infusion), intracerebral, transdermal, and pulmonary.
The terms "VEGF-inhibiting amount", "anti-angiogenic amount", and "therapeutically effective amount", as used herein, refer to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent the identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by, for example, the assays disclosed in the following examples. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.
For any compound, the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50/ED50. Pharmaceutical compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies may be used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include an ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.
More specifically, the concentration-biological effect relationships observed with regard to the compound(s) of the present invention indicate an initial target plasma concentration ranging from approximately 5 μg/mL to approximately 100 μg/mL, preferably from approximately 10 μg/mL to approximately 50 μg/mL, more preferably from approximately 10 μg/mL to approximately 25 μg/mL. To achieve such plasma concentrations, the compounds of the invention may be administered at doses that vary from 0.1 μg to 100,000 mg, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and is generally available to practitioners in the art. In general the dose will be in the range of about lmg/day to about 10g/day, or about O.lg to about 3g/day, or about 0.3g to about 3g/day, or about 0.5g to about 2g/day, in single, divided, or continuous doses for a patient weighing between about 40 to about 100 kg (which dose may be adjusted for patients above or below this weight range, particularly children under 40 kg).
The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors, which may be taken into account, include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.
D. Metabolites of the Compounds of the Invention
Also falling within the scope of the present invention are the in vivo metabolic products of the compounds described herein. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterifϊcation and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammalian tissue or a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radio-labeled (e.g. C14 or H3) compound of the invention, administering it in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to a mammal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours), and isolating its conversion products from urine, blood or other biological samples. These products are easily isolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites may be done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art. The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they possess no biological activity of their own.
E. Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Invention
While it is possible for the compounds of the present invention to be administered neat, it may be preferable to formulate the compounds as pharmaceutical compositions. As such, in yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions useful in the methods of the invention are provided. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, solvents, stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc., depending upon the particular mode of administration and dosage form. The pharmaceutical compositions should generally be formulated to achieve a physiologically compatible pH, and may range from a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 11, preferably about pH 3 to about pH 7, depending on the formulation and route of administration. In another embodiment, pH may be adjusted to a range from about pH 4 to about pH 7. In alternative embodiments, it may be preferred that the pH is adjusted to a range from about pH 5 to about pH 8. More particularly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Optionally, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise a combination of compounds of the present invention, or may include a second active ingredient useful in the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, or exudative macular degeneration.
In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Formula (I) to Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In a more preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and a compound selected from the group consisting of compound Numbers: 2, 4 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24. Formulations of the present invention, e.g., for parenteral or oral administration, are most typically solids, liquid solutions, emulsions or suspensions, while inhaleable formulations for pulmonary administration are generally liquids or powders, with powder formulations being generally preferred. A preferred pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also be formulated as a lyophilized solid that is reconstituted with a physiologically compatible solvent prior to administration. Alternative pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as syrups, creams, ointments, tablets, and the like.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" refers to an excipient for administration of a pharmaceutical agent, such as the compounds of the present invention. The term refers to any pharmaceutical excipient that may be administered without undue toxicity. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there exists a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences).
Suitable excipients may be carrier molecules that include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Other exemplary excipients include antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; chelating agents such as EDTA; carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid; liquids such as oils, water, saline, glycerol and ethanol; wetting or emulsifying agents; pH buffering substances; and the like. Liposomes are also included within the definition of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated in any form suitable for the intended method of administration. When intended for oral use for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, non-aqueous solutions, dispersible powders or granules (including micronized particles or nanoparticles), emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions, and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non¬ aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
In another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as suspensions comprising a compound of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension. In yet another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients.
Excipients suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth; naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids; hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent. Additionally, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous emulsion or oleaginous suspension. This emulsion or suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, for example those which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,2-propane-diol. The sterile injectable preparation may also be prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid may likewise be used in the preparation of injectables.
Generally, the compounds of the present invention useful in the methods of the present invention are substantially insoluble in water and are sparingly soluble in most pharmaceutically acceptable protic solvents and in vegetable oils. However, the compounds are generally soluble in medium chain fatty acids (e.g., caprylic and capric acids) or triglycerides and have high solubility in propylene glycol esters of medium chain fatty acids. Also contemplated in the invention are compounds which have been modified by substitutions or additions of chemical or biochemical moieties which make them more suitable for delivery (e.g., increase solubility, bioactivity, palatability, decrease adverse reactions, etc.), for example by esterification, glycosylation, PEGylation, etc.
In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be formulated for oral administration in a lipid-based formulation suitable for low solubility compounds. Lipid-based formulations can generally enhance the oral bioavailability of such compounds. As such, a preferred pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient selected from the group consisting of: medium chain fatty acids or propylene glycol esters thereof (e.g., propylene glycol esters of edible fatty acids such as caprylic and capric fatty acids) and pharmaceutically acceptable surfactants such as polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil.
In an alternative preferred embodiment, cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl, and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. A particularly preferred cyclodextrin solubility enhancer is hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBC), which may be added to any of the above-described compositions to further improve the aqueous solubility characteristics of the compounds of the present invention. In one embodiment, the composition comprises 0.1% to 20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, more preferably 1% to 15% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and even more preferably from 2.5% to 10% hydroxypropyl-β- cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition.
F. Combination Therapy
It is also possible to combine any compound of the present invention with one or more other active ingredients useful in the treatment of cancer, including compounds, in a unitary dosage form, or in separate dosage forms intended for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient in need of treatment. When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations. In an alternative embodiment, it is possible to administer one or more compounds of the present invention and one or more additional active ingredients by different routes. The skilled artisan will recognize that a variety of active ingredients may be administered in combination with the compounds of the present invention that may act to augment or synergistically enhance the VEGF-inhibiting and/or anti-angiogenesis activity of the compounds of the invention. According to the methods of the invention, the combination of active ingredients may be: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by any other combination therapy regimen known in the art. When delivered in alternation therapy, the methods of the invention may comprise administering or delivering the active ingredients sequentially, e.g., in separate solution, emulsion, suspension, tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes. In general, during alternation therapy, an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e., serially, whereas in simultaneous therapy, effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together. Various sequences of intermittent combination therapy may also be used.
To assist in understanding the present invention, the following Examples are included. The experiments relating to this invention should not, of course, be construed as specifically limiting the invention and such variations of the invention, now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of one skilled in the art are considered to fall within the scope of the invention as described herein and hereinafter claimed.
EXAMPLES
The present invention is described in more detail with reference to the following non- limiting examples, which are offered to more fully illustrate the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof. The examples illustrate the preparation of certain compounds of the invention, and the testing of these compounds in vitro and/or in vivo. Those of skill in the art will understand that the techniques described in these examples represent techniques described by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and as such constitute preferred modes for the practice thereof. However, it should be understood that those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific methods that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Example 1: Preparation of Compounds of the Invention
Compounds of the invention may be prepared according to the general schemes described above. By way of example, certain preferred compounds of the invention may be prepared as follows. Other preferred compounds of the invention may be similarly prepared (e.g., the compounds of Table 1 below). A. 6-Bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-carbazol-l-one (Comyound 1):
Figure imgf000055_0001
1
4-bromophenylhydrazine hydrochloride in a solution of methanol (MeOH, 250 mL) is added to a solution of 1 ,2-cyclohexanedione (10.03 g, 89 mmol) in a mixture of AcOH (225 mL) and con. HCl (80 mL) at 6O0C over a period of 1.5 h. After the addition, the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. The precipitated solid is filtered, washed with MeOH and dried. On evaporation, the filtrate yields a residue, which on washing with MeOH, gives additional product. The combined yield is 8.75 g (74%). ES-MS: 264.03 (MH)+.
Compounds 31, 26, 25, 54 and 118 are synthesized by the same procedure using 4- trifluorophenylhydrazine, 4-chlorophenylhydrazine, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazine, 4- methylphenylhydrazine, 2-bromophenylhydrazine and 3-bromophenylhydrazine respectively. Compound 39 is also synthesized by this procedure using 4-bromophenylhydrazine and cyclohexanone. Compound 10 is synthesized by using 4-bromophenylhydrazine and 1-phenyl- butan-2-one. B. 6-Bromo-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-carbazol-l-one oxime (Compound 41):
Figure imgf000055_0002
Compound 41 is prepared from Compound 1 as follows. Pyridine (5.64 ml, 39.8 mmol) is added to a mixture of Compound 1 (5.25g, 19.9 mmol) and hydroxylamine HCl salt (2.76g, 39.8 mmol) in ethanol (EtOH). The mixture is refluxed for about 1 h, and the solids are dissolved upon heating. The reaction mixture is then concentrated to dryness. The resulting sticky solid is treated and washed with hexanes (3x) to give a tan colored power of Compound 41, 6.1g, 100%.
Compounds 44, 52 and 55 are synthesized by the same procedure as that of Compound 41. C. 6-Bromo-9-methyl-2, 3, 4, 9-tetrahydro-carbazol-l-one (Compound 53):
Compound 53 may be prepared as follows.
Figure imgf000056_0001
NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.18 g, 4.5 mmol) is added to a solution of 1 (0.795 g, 3.0 mmol) in ΛζN-dimethylformamide (DMF, 20 ml) at 0 0C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and MeI (0.56 ml, 9.0 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 days, quenched with water and concentrated to remove most of the DMF. The residue is taken into EtOAc, washed with saturated NH4Cl and brine. The organics are concentrated and chromatographed (10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 53 as a white solid, 0.27 g, 34%. D. 6-Bromo-l-oxo-l,2,3 'A-tetrahydro-carbazole^-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
(Compound 36):
Figure imgf000056_0002
DMAP (dimethylaminopyridine, 0.55 g, 4.5 mmol) is added to a solution of 1 (0.795 g, 3.0 mmol) and Boc anhydride (di-tørt-butyl pyrocarbonate, 0.785 g, 3.6 mmol) in THF (tetrahydrofuran, 30 ml). After stirring at room temperature for 2 days, the solution is concentrated. The residue is taken into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), washed with saturated NH4Cl and brine. Evaporation of the solvents gives 36 as oil, 1.148 g, 100%.
E. l-(6-Bromo-l,2,3,4-tetrahvdro-carbazol-9-yl)-ethanone (Compound 48):
Figure imgf000056_0003
To a suspension of 39 (0.75 g, 3.0 mmol) in acetic acid (3 ml) is added acetyl chloride (0.21 ml, 3.0 mmol). The mixture is heated to reflux, resulting in a clear solution. After 2 hours, the reaction solution is cooled to room temperature (rt). A solid is precipitated out. The solid 48 is filtered and washed with hexanes (2 x), 0.24 g, 27%. F. 6-Bromo-2.3, 4, 9-tetrahydro-b-carbolin-l-one (Compound 9):
Triphosgene
Figure imgf000057_0001
Figure imgf000057_0002
Triethylamine (10.92 mmol, 1.52 mL) and triphosgene (2.4 mmol, 712 mg) are added to a suspension of bromotryptamine (Ig, 3.64 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane at 0 °C. The suspension is stirred at room temperature for about 1 hour and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is redissolved in 20 mL of AcOH, and the solution is re fluxed in oil bath at 120 °C for 2 hours followed by concentration. IN NaOH is then added and the aqueous mixture extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers are dried over K2CO3. The concentrated residue is recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give, e.g., 370 mg of desired product. The mother liquor is concentrated and purified on silica with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane to yield an additional amount, e.g., 220 mg, of the desired product 9. Total 590 mg (61%).
Compound 5 may be prepared in a similar manner. G. l-(6-Chloro- 1,3,4, 9-tetrahydro-β-carbolin-2-yl)-2, 2, 2-trifluoro-ethanone:
Figure imgf000057_0003
5-Chlorotryptamine hydrochloride (1.2 g, 5.14 mmol) is dissolved in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile and heated to reflux under nitrogen. A solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 385 μL, 5.14 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL) is added dropwise to the heated reaction mixture over 15 minutes. After 3 hours of heating, the solvent is removed in vacuo, the crude mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and then brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent is removed in vacuo and purified on a silica gel column with a gradient of 10 - 20 % ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product is collected as a yellow oil (200 mg, 18%). LC/MS RT = 3.67. M/Z+ 305, 33%; 303, 100%; 190, 50%. H. 2, 3, 4, 9-tetrahvdro-l H-β-carboline:
Figure imgf000057_0004
Tryptamine (1.0 g, 6.24 mmol) is suspended in 5% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile (100 mL) and heated to reflux. A solution of aqueous formaldehyde (37%, 465 μL, 6.24 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL) is added dropwise to the heated reaction mixture over 30 minutes. After 24 hours of heating, the solvent is removed in vacuo, the crude mixture is taken up in ethyl acetate (50 mL), washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 50 mL) and then brine (50 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The crude brown oil (1.4 g) is used in downstream synthesis without further purification. LC/MS RT = 1.64 min. M/Z+ 173, 20%; 145, 20%; 144, 100%. 7: 6-Chloro-2.3, 4, 9-tetrahvdro-lH-β-carboline:
Figure imgf000058_0001
H H
5-Chlorotryptamine hydrochloride (2.0 g, 8.65 mmol) and dimethoxymethane (850 μL, 9.52 mmol) are dissolved in glacial acetic acid (50 mL) and heated to 80 0C under nitrogen. The reaction is stirred for 68 hours and cooled to room temperature. The precipitate is filtered and washed with acetonitrile (50 mL) and dried in vacuo to yield the product as the acetic acid salt (1.68g, 73%). LC/MS RT = 2.02 min. M/Z- 207, 33%; 205, 100%.
J ό-Bromo-l.SA^-tetrahydro-lH-β-carboline-S-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Compound
116):
Figure imgf000058_0002
5-Bromotryptophan ethyl ester (685 mg, 2.2 mmol) and dimethoxymethane (215 μL, 2.42 mmol) are dissolved in glacial acetic acid (14 mL). The solution is divided into 7 portions and heated to 120 0C for 10 minutes in a CEM Explorer microwave synthesis system (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC). After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate is filtered, washed with acetic acid (10 mL), and washed under a stream of nitrogen for 3 days. The product 116 is collected as the acetic acid salt (459 mg, 54%). LC/MS RT = 2.24 min. M/Z- 323, 100%; 321, 100%. K. 6-Chloro-l,3,4.9-tetrahvdro-β-carboline-2-carboxylic acid ethyl esters (Compounds 62, 64): X = Cl, R1 = H, R2 = H : 64 X = Cl, R1 = CO2Et, R2 = H : 62 X = Br1 R1 = H, R2 = H X = Br1 R1 = H, R2 = COOEt
Figure imgf000059_0001
The acetic acid salt of 6-Chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-lH-β-carboline (1.79 g, 8.65 mmol) and triethylamine (6 mL, 43.3 mmol) are dissolved in dry THF (100 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen and stirred for 15 minutes. Ethyl chloroformate is added and the reaction is stirred overnight, salts are filtered off, and solvent is removed in vacuo. Purification by silica gel column chromatography using a gradient of 10 - 25 % ethyl acetate in hexanes yields the desired compound as an off white solid (1.0 g, 42%). LC/MS RT = 3.56 min. M/Z+ 281, 33%; 279, 100%. (114,116,117,118,119)
Compound 46 may be synthesized in a similar manner.
L, 6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-lH-β-carboline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester:
The title compound is isolated from the same silica gel column from which compound 64 is isolated. LC/MS RT = 4.17 min. M/Z+ 353, 33%; 351, 100% M. 9-Benzyl-6-chloro-l,3, 4, 9-tetrahydro-b-carboline-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester:
Figure imgf000059_0002
Compound 64 (56 mg, 0.2 mmol), a catalytic amount of potassium iodide, and benzyl bromide (50 μL, 0.4 mmol) are dissolved / suspended in THF (5 mL) at room temperature. Sodium hydride in mineral oil (60%, 25 mg, 0.6 mmol) is added to the reaction and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. 1 N aqueous HCl (1 mL) and water (8 mL) are added and the resulting solution is washed with dichloromethane (5 mL then 2 mL). The solvent is dried under a stream of nitrogen and purified by preparative HPLC. The final compound is collected as a glassy yellow solid (32 mg, 43%). LC/MS RT = 4.22 min. M/Z+ 371, 33%, 369, 100%. N. 9-Benzoyl-6-chloro-l,3,4,9-tetrahvdro-b-carboline-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
(Compound 86) :
Figure imgf000060_0001
Compound 64 (56 mg, 0.2 mmol), a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, and benzoyl chloride (46.5 μL, 0.4 mmol) are dissolved / suspended in THF (5 mL) at room temperature. Sodium hydride in mineral oil (60%, 25 mg, 0.6 mmol) is added to the reaction and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. 1 N aqueous HCl (1 mL) and water (8 mL) are added and the resulting solution is washed with dichloromethane (5 mL then 2 mL). The solvent is dried under a stream of nitrogen and purified by preparative HPLC. The final compound 86 is collected as a glassy yellow solid (2 mg, 2%). LC/MS RT = 4.17 min. M/Z+ 385, 33%; 383, 100%.
Compounds 40, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 87, 88 may be synthesized in a similar manner. O. 8-Bromo-2, 3-dihydro-l H-dibenzofuran-4-one (Compound 47) :
Figure imgf000060_0002
wherein: X1 is Br
K2CO3 (4.15 g, 30 mmol) is added to a solution of 4-bromo-phenol (2.595 g, 15.0 mmol) and 3-bromo-cyclohexene (1.93 ml, 15.0 mmol) in DMF (50 mL). After overnight stirring at room temperature, the mixture is concentrated, dissolved in EtOAc and washed with water and brine. The organics are concentrated to give the ether as brownish oil, 3.80 g, 100%.
A solution of the ether (1.8 g, 7.1 mmol) in N,N-diethyl-aniline (10 ml) is heated at 200 0C for 7 hours. The mixture is cooled to room temperature, poured to cold 6 N HCl (50 ml) and extracted with ether (2 x). The combined organics are washed with 1 N HCl and brine, concentrated and chromatographed (10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4-bromo-2-cyclohex-2- enyl-phenol as clear oil, 1.70 g, 94.4%. A solution of the phenol and MCPBA (metachloroperbenzoic acid, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid) in benzene is refluxed overnight. A solid is precipitated out and filtered. The filtrated is concentrated and chromatographed (10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 8-bromo-l, 2,3,4- tetrahydro-dibenzofuran-4-ol as clear oil, 0.66 g, 39%. DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone 100 mg, 0.44 mmol) is added to a solution of the alcohol (70 mg, 0.26 mmol) in xylene (3.0 ml). The solution turns dark red and is refluxed for 6 h. The dark red color disappears and a light brown solid precipitates out. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated and chromatographed to give 47 as a white solid, 50 mg, 72%. P. l-(5-Chloro-3,8-dihvdro-2H-OyrroloF2.3-blindol-l-yl)-ethanone (Compounds 48, 49):
Figure imgf000061_0001
TEA (0.84 ml, 6.0 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.24 ml, 2.5 mmol) are added to a suspension of 5-chloro-tryptamine hydrochloride (0.531 g, 2.3 mmol) in THF (20 ml). After overnight stirring at room temperature, the mixture is concentrated on rotavap, dissolved in EtOAc and washed with water and brine. The organics are dried and concentrated to 49 as oil, 0.539 g, 99%. Q. (5 -Bromo-lH-indol-2-ylmethyl) -phenyl-amine (Compounds 28, 29):
Figure imgf000061_0002
29
DMAP (22 mg, 0.2 mmol) and DCC (0.535 mg, 2.6 mmol) are added to a mixture of 5- bromo-lH-indole-2-carboxylic acid (0.48 g, 2.0 mmol) and aniline (0.20 ml, 2.2 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) at 0 0C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated by rotavap. Chromatography of the residue (5% EtOAc in hexanes) gives 28 as a yellowish solid, 0.44g, 70 %.
A solution of amide 28 in THF (10 ml) is added to a suspension of LAH (lithium aluminum hydride, 83 mg, 2.2 mmol) in ether (10 ml) at 0 0C. The mixture is heated at 50 0C overnight. The reaction mixture is quenched with water (0.08 ml), 20% NaOH (0.06 ml) and water (0.28 ml) sequentially. The white solid is filtered and washed with THF. The filtrate is concentrated. The residue is chromatographed (10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 29 as a yellow- brown solid, 0.181 g, 54% R. 2-fC5-Chloro-lH-mdol-3-ylmethyl)-aminoJ-l-phenyl-ethanol (Compounds 43, 45)
Figure imgf000062_0001
A mixture of S-chloro-lH-3-carbaldehyde (0.568 g, 3.16 mmol) and 2-amino-l-phenyl- ethanol (0.442 g, 3.22 mmol) in toluene (70 ml) is refluxed in a Dean-Stark apparatus. The solids are dissolved upon heating. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture is concentrated to give 43 as a yellowish solid, 0.93 g, 99%.
NaBH4 (1.50 g, 40 mmol) is added in portions to a suspension of imine 43 (0.596 g, 2.0 mmol) in MeOH (25 ml) at 0 0C. After overnight stirring at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with water, concentrated on rotavap to remove most of the MeOH and extracted with EtOAc (3 x). The combined organics are concentrated to give a solid, which is washed with ether (3 x) to give 45 as a white solid, 0.209 g, 94 %.
Example 2: Assay to Evaluate Effect on Hypoxia-Inducible Endogenous VEGF Expression.
The ability of the compounds of the invention to modulate hypoxia-inducible endogenous VEGF expression may be analyzed as follows. VEGF protein levels are monitored by an ELISA assay (R&D Systems). Briefly, HeLa cells are cultured for 24-48 hours under hypoxic conditions (1% O2, 5% CO2, balanced with nitrogen) in the presence or absence of a compound of the invention. The conditioned media is assayed by ELISA, and the concentration of VEGF calculated from the standard ELISA curve of each assay.
A dose-response analysis is performed using the ELISA assay and conditions described above. The conditions for the dose-response ELISA are analogous to those described above. A series of, e.g., seven different concentrations may be analyzed. In parallel, a dose-response cytotoxicity assay may be performed using CellTiter GIo (Promega) under the same conditions as the ELISA to ensure that the inhibition of VEGF expression was not due to the cytotoxicity. Dose-response curves may be plotted using percentage inhibition versus concentration of the compound, and EC5O and CC5O values may be generated for each compound with the maximal inhibition set as 100% and the minimal inhibition as 0%. Preferred compounds of the invention will have an EC50 of less than 50, preferably less than 10, more preferably less than 2, even more preferably less than 1, and even more preferably less than 0.5.
The EC50 for a series of preferred compounds of the invention is provided in Table 1. lablel
Figure imgf000063_0001
Figure imgf000064_0001
Figure imgf000065_0001
Figure imgf000066_0001
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000069_0001
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000072_0001
Figure imgf000073_0001
Figure imgf000074_0001
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000076_0001
Figure imgf000077_0001
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000082_0001
Figure imgf000083_0001
Figure imgf000084_0001
Figure imgf000085_0001
Example 3: Compounds of the Invention Inhibit In Vivo Tumor Growth in a PD Model
Compounds of the invention also show activity in the following pharmacodynamic model that assesses intratumor VEGF levels. Briefly, HTl 080 cells (a human fibrosarcoma cell line) may be implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. After seven days, mice are administrated compounds orally at a desired dosage range, e.g., 200mg/kg/day, for seven days. The tumors are then excised from mice and homogenized in Tris-HCl buffer containing proteinase inhibitors (98). Intratumor VEGF levels are subsequently measured using a human VEGF ELISA kit (R&D System). Protein concentrations of the homogenates are measured with a Bio-Rad Protein assay kit and intratumor VEGF levels are normalized to the protein concentrations.
Preferred compounds of the invention, when used for one week on a 100 mm3 tumor, will generally inhibit tumor growth by at least 50% as compared to the vehicle-treated control groups (data not shown).
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Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED:
1. A compound of formula (I),
Figure imgf000098_0001
wherein
X is a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C1 to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl;
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O-Raa; or -S(O2)-aryl; R2 is hydrogen; C1 to C4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R3;
R3 is hydrogen; C1 to C4 alkyl; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or Ci to C5 alkoxy group; or R3 may be taken together with R2 to form (=0), =N— Rb, or a cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl-C6 to C8 aryl group or a C6 to C8 aryl group; R4 and R5 may each independently be hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group; or R4 and R5 may be taken together to form =CH-cycloalkyl, =CH-amino; or =CH-aryl, wherein the cycloalkyl and aryl groups are optionally substituted with at least one halogen group, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3 )2, and the amino group is optionally substituted with at least one Ci to C4 alkyl group; Ra is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to
C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3 )2; Raa is a C1 to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to Cg aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Rb is a hydroxyl group or pyrrolyl group; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
2. A compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, -CH3, -CH2-CH3, -CF3, and -0-CF3, and n is 1.
3. A compound of claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, and n is 1.
4. A compound of claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 taken together are selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000099_0002
5. A compound of claim 1, wherein R2 is hydrogen.
6. A compound of claim 1, wherein R2 and R3 together form:
Figure imgf000099_0003
7. A compound of claim 1, wherein R4 and R5 taken together are selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000099_0001
8. A compound of claim 1, wherein R4 and R5 are both H.
9. A compound of claim 1, wherein R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a Ci to C6 alkyl group.
10. A compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula (Ia)
Figure imgf000100_0001
(Ia)
11. A compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is a compound of Formula (Ib)
Figure imgf000100_0002
(Ib)
12. A compound of formula (II)
Figure imgf000100_0003
(H) wherein Xi is a halogen; and
R2 is a five to six membered heteroaryl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
13. A compound of Formula (III)
Figure imgf000100_0004
wherein
X is a hydroxyl group; a halogen; a nitro group; a cyano group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; an optionally substituted amine; an optionally substituted carbonyl; or an optionally substituted sulfonyl;
R0 is H or -C(O)O-(Ci-C6 alkyl);
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-R38; or -S(O2)-aryl;
R2 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; or may be taken together with R3;
R3 is hydrogen; Ci to C4 alkyl; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or Ci to C5 alkoxy group; or R3 may be taken together with R2 to form (=0), =N- Rb, or a cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted with a Ci to C6 alkyl-C6 to C8 aryl group or a C6 to C8 aryl group;
R3 is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Raa is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Rb is a hydroxyl group or pyrrolyl group; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
R6 is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(0)-Ra; -C(O)O- Raai -C(O)-NH-R0; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; and Rc is a Ci to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
14. A compound of claim 13, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Br and Cl; and n is 1.
15. A compound of claim 13, wherein n is O.
16. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 taken together are selected from the group consisting of
Figure imgf000102_0001
17. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 are independently selected Ci to C4 alkyl groups.
18. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 are both hydrogen.
19. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 are both methyl groups.
20. A compound of claim 13, wherein R0 is:
Figure imgf000102_0002
21. A compound of claim 13, wherein R0 is hydrogen.
22. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 taken together form a cyclohexyl group, wherein the cyclohexyl group is optionally substituted to form a compound of Formula (Ilia)
Figure imgf000102_0003
wherein R7 is hydrogen, a phenyl, or a benzyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound of Formula (Ilia).
23. A compound according to claim 22, wherein R7 is hydrogen.
24. A compound according to claim 22, wherein R7 is phenyl.
25. A compound of claim 13, wherein R2 and R3 taken together with the ring to which they are attached form a carbonyl group and wherein the compound is a compound of Formula (HIb)
Figure imgf000103_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compounds of Formula (HIb).
26. A compound of Formula (IV),]
Figure imgf000103_0002
(IV) wherein
X] is a halogen; and
R8 is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
27. A compound of claim 26, wherein R8 is a phenyl group substituted with at least one alkoxy group.
28. A compound of claim 26, wherein R8 is a phenyl group substituted with at least one halogen.
29. A compound of Formula (V)
Figure imgf000103_0003
(V) wherein
Xi is a halogen; R1 is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-Raa; or -S(O2)-aryl;
R3 is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Raa is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
R6 is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R8; -C(O)O- Raa; -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen;
Rc is a Ci to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; and
Rq is hydrogen, phenyl, or -OH; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
30. A compound of claim 29, wherein Ri is hydrogen.
31. A compound of claim 29, wherein Rq is phenyl.
32. A compound of claim 29, wherein Rq is -OH.
33. A compound of claim 29, wherein R6 is -C(O)O-alkyl.
34. A compound of Formula (VI)
Figure imgf000104_0001
(VI) wherein Xi is a halogen;
Ri is a hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; - C(O)O-R33; or -S(O2)-aryl; R3 is a C1 to C6 alkyl group; a Ci to C5 alkoxy group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, C1 to C4 alkyl group, Ci to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Raa is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a naphthyl group; -CF3; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen, Ci to C4 alkyl group, Cj to C5 alkoxy group, naphthyl group, -CF3, -OCF3, -NO2, -CN, or -N(CH3)2;
Rb is a hydroxyl group or pyrrolyl group,
R6 is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group, optionally substituted with a C6 to C8 aryl group, wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted with at least one halogen; -C(O)-R3; -C(O)O- Raa; -C(O)-NH-Rc; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen; and
Rc is a Ci to C6 alkyl or C5 to C6 cycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
35. A compound of claim 34, where Ri is hydrogen and R6 is -C(0)-Ra, wherein R8 is a
Ci to C6 alkyl group or a phenyl group.
36. A compound of Formula (VII)
Figure imgf000105_0001
(VII) wherein
Xi is a halogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
37. A compound of Formula (VIII)
*9
(VIII) wherein: X1 is a halogen;
R.9 is hydrogen or -C(O)-alkyl;
Ri0 is hydrogen; -CH2-R4,; -C(O)-NH-Rd; or -CH2-NH-Rj;
Rn is hydrogen; a Ci to C6 alkyl group; -CH=N-CH2-CH(OH)-Rd; or -(CH2)m-NH-Re; Rd is a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
Re is -C(O)-Rf Or -(CH2)P-CH(OH)-RfT;
Rf is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a Cj to C5 alkoxy group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group;
Rff is a Ci to C6 alkyl group; a pyridinyl group; a C5 to C8 heteroaryl group; or a C6 to C8 aryl group, optionally substituted with at least one halogen or alkoxy group; m is 1, 2, or 3; n is 0, 1, or 2; and p is 1, 2 or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
38. A compound of claim 37, where Xi is chlorine or bromine.
39. A compound of claim 37, where R9 is hydrogen or a ° group.
40. A compound of claim 37, where Rn is -(CH2)m-NH-Re.
41. A compound of claim 40, where R9 is a O group.
42. A compound of claim 37, where Rj0 is -CH2-Rd.
43. A compound of claim 37, where Ri0 is -C(O)-NH-Rd.
44. A compound of claim 37, where Rio is -CH2-NH-Rd.
45. A compound of claim 37, where Rn is a Ci to C6 alkyl group.
46. A compound of claim 37, where Rn is a -CH=N-CH2-CH(OH)-Rd group.
47. A compound of claim 37, where Rn is a -(CH2)m-NH-Re group.
48. A compound selected from the group consisting of Compound No. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of any of said compounds.
49. A compound of any of claims 1 to 48, wherein said compound is greater than about 75% enantiomerically pure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
50. A compound of any of claims 1 to 48, wherein said compound is greater than about 90% enantiomerically pure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said compound.
51. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of claims 1 to 50, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said one or more compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compound No. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, polymorph, racemate or stereoisomer of said one or more compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
53. The use of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition.
54. The use according to claim 53, where is said pharmaceutical composition inhibits VEGF production or angiogenesis.
55. The use according to claim 53, wherein is said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic inflammation or exudative macular degeneration.
56. The use according to claim 55, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, or exudative macular degeneration.
57. The use according to claim 56, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of cancer.
58. The use according to claim 56, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
59. The use according to claim 56, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of exudative macular degeneration.
60. A method for inhibiting VEGF production in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a VEGF-inhibiting amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
61. A method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an anti-angiogenic amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
62. A method for treating cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
63. A method for treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
64. A method for treating exudative macular degeneration in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
65. A method for treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
66. A method for treating psoriasis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to of any of claims 1 to 50, or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
67. A method for atherosclerosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
68. A method for treating obesity in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
69. A method for treating chronic inflammation in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 50 or a pharmaceutical composition according to any of claims 51 to 52.
70. The method according to any of claims 60 to 69, wherein administering the compound delivers to said subject at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds No. 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24.
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