WO2006034348A2 - Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides - Google Patents

Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2006034348A2
WO2006034348A2 PCT/US2005/033837 US2005033837W WO2006034348A2 WO 2006034348 A2 WO2006034348 A2 WO 2006034348A2 US 2005033837 W US2005033837 W US 2005033837W WO 2006034348 A2 WO2006034348 A2 WO 2006034348A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gap
wing
region
antisense oligonucleotide
widened
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2005/033837
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2006034348A3 (en
Inventor
Brett P. Monia
Andrew M. Siwkowski
Sanjay Bhanot
Original Assignee
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. filed Critical Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority to CA2580504A priority Critical patent/CA2580504C/en
Priority to JP2007532648A priority patent/JP2008513507A/en
Priority to AU2005286738A priority patent/AU2005286738A1/en
Priority to EP05798891.7A priority patent/EP1799859B1/en
Publication of WO2006034348A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006034348A2/en
Publication of WO2006034348A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006034348A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/111—General methods applicable to biologically active non-coding nucleic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31—Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/321—2'-O-R Modification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/34—Spatial arrangement of the modifications
    • C12N2310/341—Gapmers, i.e. of the type ===---===
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/34—Spatial arrangement of the modifications
    • C12N2310/346—Spatial arrangement of the modifications having a combination of backbone and sugar modifications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2320/00—Applications; Uses
    • C12N2320/50—Methods for regulating/modulating their activity

Definitions

  • the present invention provides chimeric antisense compounds having enhanced in vivo potency and thus an improved therapeutic index.
  • the compounds described herein have widened deoxy gaps and enhanced in vivo potency which is unexpected based on their in vitro activity.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides are accepted therapeutic modalities and many thousands of patients have been treated with antisense compounds.
  • the original "first generation” antisense compounds employed in the first antisense clinical trials were oligodeoxynucleotides having 2'-deoxy ribonucleotides and phosphorotbioate internucleoside linkages.
  • chimeric "second generation” antisense oligonucleotides exhibited a marked improvement in potency over first generation antisense oligonucleotides.
  • Second generation antisense oligonucleotides are chimeric oligonucleotides typically having a 2'-deoxy "gap" region flanked by "wings” having nucleotides with 2'-modified ribonucleotides, referred to as "gapmers.”
  • the most widely used of the "second generation” antisense motifs is often referred to as a "MOE gapmer" in which the 2'-modified ribonucleotide is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE or simply MOE) modification, and each of the internucleotide linkages is a phosphorothioate.
  • second generation oligonucleotides have a length of 20 nucleotides of which the 5 nucleotides at each terminus are 2'-MOE nucleotides and the center ten nucleotides are 2'-deoxyribonucleotides.
  • These second generation oligonucleotides are referred to as "5-10-5 MOE gapmers" have a 5-10-5 wing-gap-wing motif. Chimeric antisense compounds with other arrangements of modifications have also been made.
  • Hemimers are chimeric compounds in which there is a single 2'-modified "wing" adjacent to (on either the 5' ,or the 3' side of) a 2'-deoxy gap have been described (Geary et al., 2001, J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. , 296, 898-904).
  • the present invention is directed to "gap-widened" antisense oligonucleotides having a gap region of greater than 11 2'deoxyribonucleotides flanked by two "wing" regions having from one to eight nucleotides which do not support RNase H activity.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention have been shown to have an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding antisense oligonucleotide having a 5-10-5 MOE gamer antisense oligonucletide with the same sequence.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention exhibit increased in vivo potency or improved tissue exposure as compared with the corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide with the same sequence. Most interestingly, there is a lack of correlation between the in vitro potency and the in vivo potency of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides described herein.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention are 18 to 24 nucleotides in length.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention have wing regions having 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
  • a method of reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal in need of reducing expression of said target RNA comprising administering to said animal a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18 to 24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides
  • the improvement in therapeutic index is characterized by equal or increased potency coupled with a reduction in tissue concentration, or increased potency coupled with equal tissue exposures as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide of the same sequence.
  • the improvement in therapeutic index may be characterized by an increased liver to kidney concentration ratio as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide of the same sequence.
  • the method of the present invention is useful in reducing the expression of RNA targets expressed in the kidney, liver, or adipose tissues.
  • the method of the present invention is also useful in reducing the expression of target RNA associated with a metabolic or cardiovascular disease or condition.
  • the method of the present invention is useful wherein the metabolic disease or condition is selected from diabetes, hepatic steatosis, fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, metabolic syndrome, obesity, or the like.
  • the method of the present invention is useful wherein the cardiovascular disease or condition is selected from hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, or the like.
  • An additional method of the present invention is a method of selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide with an improved therapeutic index, the method comprising: screening in vitro a plurality of antisense oligonucleotides targeting a human RNA and having a single wing-gap-wing motif; identifying a parent antisense oligonucleotide from the plurality of antisense oligonucleotides having a potent in vitro activity; synthesizing a plurality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides having the same sequence as the parent antisense oligonucleotide, wherein said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is 18 to 24 nucleotides in length comprising a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently has
  • the method of selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide further comprises the step of designing a rodent sequence analogous or a non-human primate sequence to said parent antisense oligonucleotide.
  • the step of determining the optimized gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide wing-gap-wing motif with an improved therapeutic index includes identifying a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide which has equal or increased potency as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide.
  • each of said antisense oligonucleotides has the same wing-gap-wing motif selected from 2-16-2, 3-14-3, 4-12-4, or 5-10-5.
  • the wing portions of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
  • the step of screening is performed in primary hepatocytes, HepG2, bEND, or HeLa cells.
  • the potent in vitro activity is greater than 50% reduction in the target mRNA expression as compared to a saline control.
  • the potent in vitro activity is greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90%
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides each have different wing-gap-wing motifs.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides have gaps of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 2'-deoxyribonucleotides in length.
  • the animals are selected from rodents such as mice and rats, and non-human primates, such as cynomolgous monkeys.
  • the tissue concentration data are concentrations of full-length gap- widened antisense oligonucleotides particularly measured in the liver, kidney, or adipose tissue.
  • each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of equal or improved potency data.
  • each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced tissue exposure.
  • each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced toxicity.
  • each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of improved therapeutic index.
  • each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced tissue exposure, reduced toxicity, improved potency, or a combination thereof.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides described herein may have various wing-gap- wing motifs selected from: 1-16-1, 2-15-1, 1-15-2, 1-14-3, 3-14-1, 2-14-2, 1-13-4, 4-13-1, 2-13-3, 3- 13-2, 1-12-5, 5-12-1, 2-12-4, 4-12-2, 3-12-3, 1-11-6, 6-11-1, 2-11-5, 5-11-2, 3-11-4, 4-11-3, 1-17-1, 2- 16-1, 1-16-2, 1-15-3, 3-15-1, 2-15-2, 1-14-4, 4-14-1, 2-14-3, 3-14-2, 1-13-5, 5-13-1, 2-13-4, 4-13-2, 3- 13-3, 1-12-6, 6-12-1, 2-12-5, 5-12-2, 3-12-4, 4-12-3, 1-11-7, 7-11-1,
  • Another aspect of the present invention is the use of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18- 24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2' -O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of disorders and diseases related to target RNA levels.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 82'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having lower kidney accumulation as compared to a corresponding 5- 10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides as measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide.
  • a method of modulating gene expression in an animal comprising the step of contacting said animal with the pharmaceutical composition.
  • Another embodiment is a method of modulating gene expression in an animal comprising the step of contacting said animal with a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide of the invention wherein the accumulation of the gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide in the kidney is less compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
  • the kidney accumulation is measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of reducing levels of a preselected RNA target in the liver of an animal comprising administering to said animal a chimeric antisense compound 11 to 80 nucleobases in length which is targeted to said preselected RNA target wherein said chimeric antisense compound comprises a first gap region consisting of at least 10 contiguous T- deoxynucleotides and a wing region which consists of from 1 to 4 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNaseH.
  • said first gap region consists of at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, or at least 18 contiguous 2'-deoxynucleotides.
  • the chimeric antisense compound comprises second wing region which consists of from 1 to 7 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNase H, and wherein said gap region is located between said first wing region and said second wing region, hi another embodiment, the chimeric antisense compound is a chimeric antisense oligonucleotide, and the nucleosides or nucleoside analog which is not a substrate for RNase H is a nucleotide having a 2' modification of the sugar moiety.
  • the nucleotide having a 2' modification of the sugar moiety is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleotide, hi some embodiments the compound is a 2-16-2 MOE gapmer, a 3-12-3 MOE gapmer, a 3-10-7 MOE gapmer or a 7-10-3 MOE gapmer.
  • the chimeric antisense oligonucleotide has at least one phosphorothioate backbone linkage.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for use in reducing levels of a preselected RNA target in the liver of an animal comprising a chimeric antisense compound targeted to said preselected RNA target, wherein said chimeric antisense compound comprises a first gap region consisting of at least 10 contiguous 2'-deoxynucleotides and a wing region which consists of from 1 to 4 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNase H.
  • FIG. 1. Depicts a comparison of in vivo effects of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap- widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer.
  • FIG. 2. Depicts a comparison the persistence of target mRNA modulation of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap-widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer.
  • FIG. 3. Depicts a comparison of in vitro effects of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap- widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer.
  • FIG. 4. Depicts a comparison of the concentrations of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap-widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer in liver and kidney tissues.
  • FIG. 5 Depicts a comparison of the in vitro effects of oligonucleotides having the same sequence but varied wing-gap-wing motifs.
  • FIG 6. Depicts a comparison of the in vivo effects of oligonucleotides having the same sequence but varied wing-gap-wing motifs.
  • gap sizes are optimal for in vivo efficacy of antisense compounds.
  • improved potency (3-1 Ox improvement) in jcnouse or rat liver has been demonstrated for gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides compared to standard 5-10-5 MOE gapmer (for example, 2-16-2, 2-14-2, 3- 12-3 gapmers) antisense oligonucleotides. This has been shown for several distinct antisense targets and this improved potency is not observed in cultured cells transfected with the same gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides.
  • the "gap-widened" motifs appear to convey some benefit to in vivo potency, particularly in the liver.
  • chimeric antisense compounds having a gap of greater than eleven contiguous deoxynucleotides flanked by wing regions consisting of from 1 to 4 nucleotides which are not substrates for RNase H are particularly effective at reducing target RNA levels in vivo, particularly in the liver.
  • Therapeutic Index is a measure which relates the dose of a drug required to produce a specified effect to that which produces an undesired effect.
  • improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by equal or increased potency and a reduction in tissue concentration.
  • improved therapeutic index of a gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by increased potency and equal tissue concentrations as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide.
  • improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by increased potency and decreased toxicity as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by comparable potency and decreased toxicity as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the toxicity is renal toxicity. In some embodiments, the toxicity is hepatic toxicity.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a disease or condition wherein a target RNA is associated with said disease or condition by administering a compound of the invention.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying the onset of a disease or condition wherein a target RNA is associated with said disease or condition by administering a compound of the invention.
  • Diseases or conditions include metabolic and cardiovascular diseases or conditions.
  • the disease or condition is metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, Type 2 diabetes, diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, or insulin resistance.
  • the disease or condition is hepatic steatosis.
  • the steatosis is steatohepatitis or NASH.
  • the disease or condition is familial hypercholesterolemia, nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, carotid artery diseases, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, carotid artery disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis, or arterial aneurism.
  • nonalcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a disease spectrum ranging from simple triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis) to hepatic steatosis with inflammation (steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis.
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • a second-hit capable of inducing necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis is required for development of NASH.
  • Candidates for the second-hit can be grouped into broad categories: factors causing an increase in oxidative stress and factors promoting expression of proinflammatory cytokines.
  • liver triglycerides lead to increased oxidative stress in hepatocytes of animals and humans, indicating a potential cause-and-effect relationship between hepatic triglyceride accumulation, oxidative stress, and the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH (Browning and Horton, J. Clin. Invest, 2004, 114, 147- 152).
  • Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperfattyacidemia can cause triglyceride accumulation in peripheral tissues (Shimamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 322, 1080-1085).
  • Methodabolic syndrome is defined as a clustering of lipid and non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic origin. It is closely linked to the generalized metabolic disorder known as insulin resistance.
  • NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program
  • ATPIII Adult Treatment Panel m
  • the five risk determinants are abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference of greater thanlO2 cm for men or greater than 88cm for women, triglyceride levels greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol levels of less than 40 mg/dL for men and less than 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL.
  • These determinants can be readily measured in clinical practice (JAMA, 2001, 285, 2486-2497).
  • HbAIc is a stable minor hemoglobin variant formed in vivo via posttranslational modification by glucose, and it contains predominantly glycated NH2-terminal ⁇ -chains. There is a strong correlation between levels of HbAIc and the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months. Thus HbAIc is often viewed as the "gold standard" for measuring sustained blood glucose control (Bunn, H.F. et al., 1978, Science. 200, 21-7). HbAIc can be measured by ion-exchange HPLC or immunoassay; home blood collection and mailing kits for HbAIc measurement are now widely available. Serum fructosamine is another measure of stable glucose control and can be measured by a colorimetric method (Cobas Integra, Roche Diagnostics).
  • Conditions associated with risk of developing a cardiovascular disease include, but are not limited to, history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina, coronary artery procedures (angioplasty or bypass surgery), evidence of clinically significant myocardial ischemia, noncoronary forms of atherosclerotic disease (peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery disease), diabetes, cigarette smoking, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, family history of premature CHD, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglyceride, or metabolic syndrome(Jama, 2001, 285, 2486-2497; Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239).
  • RNA expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art.
  • GCCR rnRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR.
  • RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ iriRNA by methods known in the art. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
  • Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1 , pp. 4.2.1 -4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.
  • Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISMTM 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA and used according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • Levels of proteins encoded by a target RNA can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
  • Antibodies directed to a protein encoded by a target RNA can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, MI), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.
  • the effect of oligomeric compounds of the present invention on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels.
  • the effect of oligomeric compounds of the present invention on target nucleic acid expression can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis.
  • Cell lines are derived from both normal tissues and cell types and from cells associated with various disorders (e.g. hyperproliferative disorders). Cell lines derived from multiple tissues and species can be obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), the Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank (Tokyo, Japan), or the Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (Wiltshire, United Kingdom).
  • ATCC American Type Culture Collection
  • VA Manassas
  • Tokyo Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank
  • Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research Wangshire, United Kingdom.
  • Primary cells or those cells which are isolated from an animal and not subjected to continuous culture, can be prepared according to methods known in the art or obtained from various commercial suppliers. Additionally, primary cells include those obtained from donor human subjects in a clinical setting (i.e. blood donors, surgical patients).
  • the mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Institute (Bad Nauheim, Germany).
  • b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Lnvitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of approximately 3000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.
  • the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). HepG2 cells were routinely cultured in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM non-essential amino acids, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Multiwell culture plates are prepared for cell culture by coating with a 1:100 dilution of type 1 rat tail collagen (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) in phosphate- buffered saline.
  • type 1 rat tail collagen BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA
  • the collagen-containing plates were incubated at 37°C for approximately 1 hour, after which the collagen was removed and the wells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) at a density of approximately 8,000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.
  • Primary rat hepatocytes are prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats purchased from Charles River Labs (Wilmington, MA) and are routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units per mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells are seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) at a density of approximately 4,000-6,000 cells/well treatment with the oligomeric compounds of the invention.
  • oligomeric compounds When cells reached appropriate confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide using a transfection method as described.
  • suitable transfection reagents known in the art include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINETM, CYTOFECTINTM, OLIGOFECTAMINETM, and FUGENETM.
  • Other suitable transfection methods known in the art include, but are not limited to, electroporation.
  • Oligonucleotide When cells reach 65-75% confluency, they are treated with oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide is mixed with LIPOFECTINTM Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) in Opti-MEMTM-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) to achieve the desired concentration of oligonucleotide and a LEPOFECTTN TM concentration of 2.5 or 3 ⁇ g/mL per 100 nM oligonucleotide. This transfection mixture iss incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells are washed once with 100 ⁇ L OPTI-MEMTM-1 and then treated with 130 ⁇ L of the transfection mixture.
  • Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates are treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37°C, the medium containing the transfection mixture is replaced with fresh culture medium. Cells are harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.
  • Quantitation of GCCR mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISMTM 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR). 170 ⁇ L of RiboGreenTM working reagent (RiboGreenTM reagent diluted 1 :350 in 1OmM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) was pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 ⁇ L purified cellular RNA. The plate was read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485nm and emission at 530nm.
  • GAPDH expression was quantified by RT, real-time PCR, either simultaneously with the quantification of the target or separately.
  • primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured were evaluated for their ability to be "multiplexed" with a GAPDH amplification reaction prior to quantitative PCR analysis.
  • Multiplexing refers to the detection of multiple DNA species, in this case the target and endogenous GAPDH control, in a single tube, which requires that the primer-probe set for GAPDH does not interfere with amplification of the target.
  • Probes and primers for use in real-time PCR were designed to hybridize to target-specific sequences. Methods of primer and probe design are known in the art. Design of primers and probes for use in real-time PCR can be carried out using commercially available software, for example Primer Express®, PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA.
  • the target-specific PCR probes have FAM covalently linked to the 5' end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3' end, where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye.
  • RNA is subjected to sequential reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction and real-time PCR, both of which are performed in the same well.
  • RT and PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA).
  • RT real-time PCR was carried out in the same by adding 20 ⁇ L PCR cocktail (2.5x PCR buffer minus MgC12, 6.6 mM MgC12, 375 ⁇ M each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5x ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 ⁇ L total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48 0 C.
  • PCR cocktail 2.5x PCR buffer minus MgC12, 6.6 mM MgC12, 375 ⁇ M each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor
  • Example 3 Increased potency of ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) in vivo compared to 5-10-5 compound is not due to enhanced oligonucleotide accumulation
  • mice were dosed with ISIS 116847 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or ISIS 344266 (SEQ E) NO: 1) at 6, 3, 1.5 or 0.75 micromol/kg (approx 40, 20, 10 or 5 mg per kg), twice a week for three weeks and sacrificed 48 hours after the last dose was given.
  • the left panel of Figure 1 is a graph showing percent reduction of target RNA in liver following administration of saline, ISIS 141923 (negative unrelated control oligonucleotide, incorporated herein as SEQ TD NO: 2), ISIS 116847 at four concentrations, or ISIS 344266 at four concentrations.
  • ISIS 116847 and ISIS 344266 are targeted to mouse PTEN (GENBANK® Accession No: U92437.1, herein incorporated as SEQ ID NO: 103), and are cross- species oligonucleotides with perfect complementary to human, rat, and rabbit PTEN.
  • saline nor negative control ISIS 141923 (6 micromoles/kg) reduced PTEN RNA levels.
  • ISIS 116847 reduced PTEN RNA levels by approximately 21%, 44%, 64% and 81% at doses of 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 micromol/kg, respectively.
  • ISIS 344266 the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide, reduced PTEN RNA levels by approximately 54%, 79%, 88% and 91% at doses of 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 micromol/kg, respectively.
  • a corresponding reduction of PTEN protein was demonstrated by Western blot as shown in the right panel of Figure 1.
  • the ID50 (dose resulting in 50% reduction of PTEN RNA) calculated from these results was 1.9 micromol/kg for 116847 and 0.63 micromol/kg for 344266.
  • the IC50 for ISIS 116847 was also over three-fold that of ISIS 344266.
  • ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) supports similar persistence of action compared to ISIS 116847 (5-10-5). Mice were treated as described above with ISIS 344266 (1.5 or 6 micromol/kg) or ISIS 116847 (6 micromol/kg), or with saline. PTEN RNA levels were measured in mouse liver at days 1, 7, 14 and 28. As shown in Figure 2, the two compounds show similar durability of reduction of PTEN RNA levels, and even after 28 days the PTEN RNA levels in antisense-treated animals (either 116847 or 344266) had not returned to control levels.
  • the advantage conveyed by the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention for target reduction in vivo is surprising because it is not observed in vitro.
  • An in vitro comparison of the same PTEN oligonucleotides, ISIS 116847 (5-10-5) and ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) was performed in cultured mouse bEND cells. Cells were transfected with oligonucleotide at doses of 0.1 nM, 0.3 nJVI, 0.9 nM, 2.7 nM, 8.1 nM and 24.3 nM in the presence of 3 microgram/ml LIPOFECTESf.
  • Figure 3 shows that the 5-10-5 gapmer was less potent than the 2-16-2 gapmer.
  • the IC50 for reduction of PTEN RNA by the 5-10-5 gapmer (ISIS 116847) was 3.4 nM and 6.2 nM for the 2-16-2 gapmer
  • the enhanced potency of the gap-widened (2-16-2) PTEN antisense oligonucleotide in liver is not due to increased concentrations in liver compared to the 5-10-5 gapmer. Oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver tissue from mice treated as described above with ISIS 116847 or
  • a series of MOE gapmers (2-14-2 through 6-6-6) were designed to target mouse TRADD (consensus sequence built from mouse ESTs: aa013629,aa914725,aa013699, aal22508, aa881900, aa423244, aa930854, wl3708, aa201054, ail22320, aa611848, aa546092, and aa939422, incoporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 104).
  • the compounds were tested in vitro in mouse bEND cells at concentrations of 0.1 nM, 0.5 nM,
  • mice were treated with TRADD gapmer oligos (described above) ranging from 2-14-2 chimeras to 6-6-6 chimeras, each at doses of 1.56 micromole/kg, 3.12 micromol/kg and 6.24 micromol/kg.
  • the negative control was ISIS 29837 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and animals treated with saline alone served as the control group to which data were normalized.
  • potency in liver increased with increasing gap size (from 6 to 14 contiguous deoxynucleotides).
  • the 2- 14-2 compound was approximately two-fold better than the 4-10-4 compound.
  • Example 4 Antisense inhibition of human GCCR expression by 5-10-5 gapmers or 2-16-2 gapmers in vitro
  • a series of oligomeric compounds was designed to target different regions of human GCCR, using published sequences (GENBANK® accession no: NM_000176.1, incoporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 105).
  • the compounds are shown in Table 3. All compounds in Table 3 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region consisting of 10 2'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3') by five-nucleotide "wings".
  • the wings are composed of 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides, also known as 2'-MOE nucleotides.
  • the internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. Shown in Table 3 is the sequence of the oligonucleotide, and the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the target sequence to which the compound binds. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on gene target mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein, using a primer-probe set designed to hybridize to human GCCR.
  • Gap-widened oligonucleotides having the same sequences as the compounds described in Table 4 were also tested. All compounds in Table 4 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region consisting of 162'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3') by two-nucle ⁇ tide "wings". The wings are composed of 2'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) nucleotides, also known as 2'-MOE nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the oligonucleotide.
  • cytidine residues are 5- methylcytidines. Shown in Table 4 is the sequence of the oligonucleotide, and the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the target sequence to which the compound binds. The 2-16-2 motif compounds were analyzed for their effect on gene target mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described herein.
  • oligonucleotides shown in Table 4 and the 5-10-5 oligonucleotides shown in Table 3 which reduced GCCR expression by at least 30% are preferred.
  • the target segments to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as "preferred target segments" and are therefore preferred for targeting by compounds of the present invention.
  • Example 5 Cross-species oligonucleotides targeting GCCR
  • oligonucleotides described in the previous example are complementary across species and are therefore expected to reduce expression of glucocorticoid receptor across species. Shown in Table 5 is the sequence of such cross-species oligonucleotides, and the ISIS numbers of the 5-10-5 motif version and the 2-16-2 motif version of the oligonucleotide. Also indicated for each sequence is the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the human target sequence (NM_000176.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 105) to which the compound binds. The complementarity for human, cynomolgus monkey, rat, and mouse GCCR mRNA is indicated ("yes” means perfect complementarity and "1 mm” means one mismatch from perfect complementarity).
  • Example 6 Antisense inhibition of human and rat GCCR mRNA levels — dose-response studies with 5-10-5 gapmers
  • eleven oligonucleotides were selected for additional dose-response studies.
  • Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of ISIS 180274, ISIS 180275, ISIS 180276, ISIS 180281, ISIS 180304, ISIS 361137, ISIS 361141, ISIS 361151, ISIS 361156, ISIS 345198, ISIS 361137 or the negative control oligonucleotide ISIS 141923 (CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2), and mRNA levels were measured as described in other examples herein.
  • ISIS 141923 is a 5-10-5 gapmer comprising a ten deoxynucleotide gap flanked by 2'-MOE wings and a phosphorothioate backbone. All cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Untreated cells served as the control to which the data were normalized.
  • the same oligonucleotides were tested in the human HepG2 cell line for their ability to reduce GCCR mRNA expression at the indicated doses. Untreated cells served as the control to which the data were normalized.
  • antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCCR are effective at reducing both human and rat target mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.
  • Example 7 Antisense inhibition of rat GCCR mRNA levels — in vivo dose-response studies with 5-10-5 gapmers
  • oligonucleotides Five of the 5-10-5 gapmer motif oligonucleotides (ISIS 180281, ISIS 361137, ISIS 345198, ISIS 180304, and ISIS 361141) were evaluated at various doses in rats for their ability to reduce GCCR mRNA levels in liver. Eight week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into treatment groups which received doses of 50, 25 or 12.5 mg/kg of one the indicated oligonucleotides via injection. Each treatment group was comprised of four animals, and was dosed twice weekly for 3 weeks. Animals injected with saline alone served as a control group. The animals were evaluated weekly for standard blood parameters (ALT/AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose).
  • mice were sacrificed at the end of the study and liver tissue was collected and analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 8a and 8b (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides.
  • Tables 8a and 8b show that antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCCR are effective at reducing expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.
  • ISIS 345198 (GTCAAAGGTGCTTTGGTCTG; SEQ ID NO: 16) was chosen for further evaluation in structure- activity experiments focusing on gap optimization. This compound is perfectly complementary to mouse, rat, human, monkey, rabbit and guinea pig glucocorticoid receptor RNA.
  • oligomeric compounds were designed to target GCCR with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings.
  • Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GTCAAAGGTGCTTTGGTCTG, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 16) and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ID NO: 105 (nucleobases 689 to 709).
  • this oligonucleotide is also perfectly complementary to rat GCCR.
  • White adipose tissue was analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 10a, 10b, and 10c (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides. Tissues from animals treated with each gap-widened oligonucleotide were assayed for target reduction alongside tissues from animals treated with the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide for comparison.
  • Liver tissue was also analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 1 Ia, 1 Ib, and lie (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides. Tissues from animals treated with each gap-widened oligonucleotide were assayed for target reduction alongside tissues from animals treated with the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide for comparison.
  • oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue. Shown in Table 12 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in ⁇ g/g) in the liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide at the indicated concentration. Table 12
  • oligonucleotide of the present invention include gap-widened oligonucleotides that show enhanced or comparable potency with regard to target reduction to the corresponding 5-10-5 gapmer without enhanced accumulation of the compound in a target tissue.
  • the target tissue is adipose and in some embodiments, the target tissue is liver.
  • Example 9 Design of "gap-widened” antisense oligonucleotides targeting human GCGR
  • oligomeric compounds were designed to target human GCGR (Genbank accession number: NM_000160.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 108), with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings.
  • Each of the oligonucleotides is 20 nucleobases in length and has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTGCCAAGGC, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 93), and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ID NO: 108 (nucleobases 532 to 551).
  • the compounds are shown in Table 13.
  • Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides, ⁇ iternucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines.
  • Table 13 is the "motif of each compound, indicative of chemically distinct regions comprising the oligonucleotide.
  • the 5-10-5 gapmer, ISIS 310457 was tested for its ability to reduce target mRNA levels in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with ISIS 310457 using methods as described herein. ISIS 310457 was analyzed for its effect on human glucagon receptor mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR and was found to reduce expression of GCGR by about 96%.
  • Example 10 Design of "gap-widened” antisense oligonucleotides targeting rat GCGR
  • oligomeric compounds were designed to target rat GCGR (Genbank accession number: M96674.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 109) with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings.
  • Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGGT, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 94) and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ED NO 109 (nucleobases 402 to 421).
  • the segment targeted by the rat oligonucleotides corresponds to the segment of human GCGR targeted by ISIS 310457 (SEQ ID NO: 93).
  • Example 11 Effects of antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCGR — in vivo rat study
  • the oligonucleotides designed to target rat GCGR were tested in vivo.
  • Salme-mjected animals served as a control.
  • Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGGT, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 94), and the chemistry and motif of each compound is described above.
  • RNA isolation and target mRNA expression level quantitation are performed as descnbed by other examples herein using RIBOGREENTM. RNA from each treatment group was assayed alongside RNA from the group treated with ISIS 356171. Results are presented in Table 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f as a percentage of saline-treated control levels.
  • the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides were effective at reducing GCGR levels in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.
  • oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal. Biochem., 1999, 274, 241-248). Shown in Table 16 are the total oligonucleotide concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in ⁇ g/g) in the kidney or liver of animals treated with 25 mg/kg of the indicated oligonucleotide. Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue.
  • the concentrations of the gap-widened oligonucleotides in kidney were generally reduced with respect to those found for ISIS 356171 in these tissues.
  • these data suggest that gap-widened oligos, particularly ISIS 356371, ISIS 356372, and ISIS 356373 are, in essence, more effective than ISIS 356171 at reducing target levels in the liver.
  • Example 12 Effects of antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCGR — in vivo study in cynomolgus monkeys
  • ISIS 310457 (5-10-5 motif) or ISIS 325568 (2-16-2 motif) at doses of 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg per week.
  • ISIS 310457 5-10-5 motif
  • ISIS 325568 2-16-2 motif
  • the duration of the study was 7 weeks, and the animals were dosed three times during the first week, followed by once-weekly dosing for 6 weeks.
  • Each treatment group was comprised of 5 animals.
  • Other treatment groups were sacrificed at the end of the study. Liver tissues were collected to assess target reduction. RNA isolation and target mRNA expression level quantitation were performed as described by other examples herein using RDBOGREENTM. Results are presented in Table 17 as a percentage of saline-treated control levels.
  • oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Shown in Table 18 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in ⁇ g/g) in the kidney or liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide.
  • the kidney concentration of the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide ISIS 310457 is higher than that measured for the 2-16-2 motif oligonucleotide ISIS 325568 at all concentrations tested.
  • the target reduction data in Table 9 for the 2-16-2 motif oligonucleotide suggest that the gap-widened oligonucleotide is more potent than the corresponding 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide, providing a more robust lowering of target mRNA levels in the liver without enhanced accumulation of oligonucleotide.
  • Example 13 Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vitro analysis
  • oligonucleotides were designed to target DGAT2. Shown in Table 19 is the sequence of each oligonucleotide. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Also shown for each oligonucleotide in Table 19 is its motif, the target site on human DGAT2 mRNA (GENBANK® accession number NMJB2564.2, incorporated herein as SEQ DD NO: 110), and its cross-species identity. For each species listed, an "X” denotes perfect complementarity to the target sequence for that species, "1 MM” denotes one mismatch to the target sequence for the species, etc.
  • each of these oligonucleotides was tested in vitro for their ability to reduce human DGAT2 mRNA levels using real time RT-PCR methods as described herein.
  • each of the oligonucleotides in Table 19 demonstrated IC 50 values of about 20 nM.
  • Example 14 Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
  • oligonucleotides described in Table 19, along with ISIS 217357 (ACACACTAGAAGTGAGCTTA, SEQ ID NO: 102), which is targeted to rat DGAT2, the complement of nucleotides 15333000 to 15365000 of GENBANK® accession number NW_047561.1, herein incorporated as SEQ ID NO: 111 were tested for their ability to reduce DGAT2 levels in vivo.
  • Eight week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 20 mg/kg of oligonucleotide per week for 2 weeks. Each treatment group was comprised of 6 animals. Animals injected with saline alone served as controls.
  • oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue. Shown in Table 20 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in ⁇ g/g) in the liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide concentration.
  • kidney concentrations of gap-widened oligonucleotides were generally lower than those of oligonucleotides with a 10- deoxynucleotide gap.
  • Example 15 Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
  • Example 14 In another arm of the experiment described in Example 14, eight-week old male Sprague- Dawley rats were treated with the oligonucleotides at doses of 50 mg/kg per week for four weeks. Each treatment group was comprised of 4 animals. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and target mRNA levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR as described herein. Results are shown in Table 21 as the average % inhibition for each treatment group.
  • the gap-widened oligonucleotides targeted to DGAT2 show excellent inhibitory activity in the liver.
  • ISIS 370727 and ISIS 370747 showed superior ability to reduce target expression.
  • these data suggest that gap-widened oligonucleotides provide excellent to superior target reduction without enhanced accumulation of oligonucleotide in target tissues.
  • the gap- widened oligonucleotides possess a preferred liver to kidney ratio as compared to the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotides targeting DGAT2.
  • Example 16 Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of CRP mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
  • Monkey-human cross-species oligonucleotides targeted to C-reactive protein (CRP) were designed to target CRP using sequences known in the art (see US application publication number US2005-0014257, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Shown in Table 22 is the sequence of oligonucleotides targeted to CRP tested in cynomologus monkeys. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Also shown for each oligonucleotide in Table 22 is its motif.
  • Toxicity profiles of gap-widened oligonucleotides were compared to the 5-10-5 oligonucleotides by treating monkeys with 14 or 40 mg/kg/wk for 4 weeks. Activity was compared in a dose-escalation study with each cycle containing four subcutaneous doses administered (Mon., Wed., Fri., Mon.) in 4 dosing cycles over 8 weeks. Doses were 2, 4 and 10 mg/kg.
  • serum CRP levels were quantified over 36 hours. Serum CRP levels may be measured by ELISA using a commercially available kit (for example, ALerCHEK Inc., Portland, ME). Animals were sacrificed after the second and fourth cycles and liver CRP mRNA, tissue oligonucleotide concentration, clinical signs, serum chemistry, hematology, body weight, and histology were assessed. With regard to tissue oligonucleotide concentration and histology, the primary difference was 30% lower kidney concentration and fewer histologic changes in the 3-14-3 treated animals. Plasma cytokine and CRP levels were examined but not significantly increased.
  • chimeric antisense compounds with gaps at least 11 nucleobases long and wings which are from independently from 1 to 4 nucleobases in length which are 2'-MOE-modified. This enhanced efficacy is not predicted by the rank order potency of these compounds in vitro (cell culture). 2-16-2 and 3-14-3 gapmer compounds as well as 3-10-7 and 7-10-3 gapmer compounds have been shown to be more effective than 5-10-5 chimeras of the equivalent sequence and wing modification. 4-12-4 gapmers are also believed to be a useful embodiment.
  • Non-limiting examples of 2'-modified nucleosides useful in the compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to 2'-O-alkyl, 2'-O-alkyl-O-alkyl wherein alkyl is a Ci to C 6 alkyl or Ci to C 6 alkylene when alkyl is not a terminal substituent. These include 2'-O-methyl, 2'-0-propyl and 2'-O- methoxyethyl nucleosides.
  • antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds.
  • "Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide.
  • These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased stability and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid.
  • RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression.
  • the cleavage of RNA:RNA hybrids can, in like fashion, be accomplished through the actions of endoribonucleases, such as RNAseL which cleaves both cellular and viral RNA.
  • Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been , referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers.
  • the antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis.
  • Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed.
  • It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.Oligonucleotides: Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 394) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.
  • Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent, 5,256,775 or U.S. Patent 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.
  • 3'-Deoxy-3'-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S.
  • Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.
  • RNA synthesis chemistry is based on the selective incorporation of various protecting groups at strategic intermediary reactions.
  • a useful class of protecting groups includes silyl ethers.
  • bulky silyl ethers are used to protect the 5'-hydroxyl in combination with an acid-labile orthoester protecting group on the 2 I hydroxyl.
  • This set of protecting groups is then used with standard solid-phase synthesis technology. It is important to lastly remove the acid labile orthoester protecting group after all other synthetic steps.
  • the early use of the silyl protecting groups during synthesis ensures facile removal when desired, without undesired deprotection of 2' hydroxyl.
  • RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized. RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion. Each nucleotide is added sequentially (3'- to 5'-direction) to a solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3'-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator are added, coupling the second base onto the 5'-end of the first nucleoside.
  • the support is washed and any unreacted 5'- hydroxyl groups are capped with acetic anhydride to yield 5'-acetyl moieties.
  • the linkage is then oxidized to the more stable and ultimately desired P(V) linkage.
  • the 5'-silyl group is cleaved with fluoride.
  • the cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide.
  • the methyl protecting groups on the phosphates are cleaved in 30 minutes utilizing 1 M disodium-2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-l,l-dithiolate trihydrate (S2Na2) in DMF.
  • the deprotection solution is washed from the solid supportbound oligonucleotide using water.
  • the support is then treated with 40% methylamine in water for 10 minutes at 55 0 C. This releases the RNA oligonucleotides into solution, deprotects the exocyclic amines, and modifies the T- groups.
  • the oligonucleotides can be analyzed by anion exchange HPLC at this stage.
  • the 2'-orthoester groups are the last protecting groups to be removed.
  • the ethylene glycol monoacetate orthoester protecting group developed by Dharmacon Research, Inc. (Lafayette, CO), is one example of a useful orthoester protecting group which, has the following important properties.
  • RNA synthesis is well known in the art (Scaringe, S. A. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1996; Scaringe, S. A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1 "8,120,11820- 11821; Matteucci, M. D. and Caruthers, M. H. J. Am.
  • RNA antisense compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by the methods herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research, Inc (Lafayette, CO). Once synthesized, complementary RNA antisense compounds can then be annealed by methods known in the art to form double stranded (duplexed) antisense compounds.
  • duplexes can be formed by combining 30 ⁇ l of each of the complementary strands of RNA oligonucleotides (50 uM RNA oligonucleotide solution) and 15 tl of 5X annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) followed by heating for 1 minute at 90 0 C, then 1 hour at 37°C.
  • 5X annealing buffer 100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate
  • the resulting duplexed antisense compounds can be used in kits, assays, screens, or other methods to investigate the role of a target nucleic acid.
  • Chimeric Oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the "gap" segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5' and 3' "wing" segments of linked nucleosides and a second "open end” type wherein the "gap” segment is located at either the 3' or the 5' terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers" or "wingmers”.
  • Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2'-deoxy- 5'-dimethoxytrityl-3'-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5'-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-methyl-3'- O-phosphoramidite for 5' and 3' wings.
  • the standard synthesis cycle is modified by incorporating coupling steps with increased reaction times for the 5'-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-methyl-3'-O- phosphoramidite.
  • the fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and deprotected in concentrated ammonia (NH40H) for 12-16 hr at 55°C.
  • the deprotected oligo is then recovered by an appropriate method (precipitation, column chromatography, volume reduced in vacuo and analyzed spetrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.
  • [2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)] ⁇ [2'-deoxy] ⁇ [-2'-O-(methoxyethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2'0-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2'-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2'-O-methyl amidites.
  • [2'-0-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]-[2'-deoxy phosphorothioate] ⁇ [2'-0(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2'-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2'-O(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2'-O-methyl amidites, oxidation with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.
  • chimeric oligonucleotides chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to United States patent 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.
  • the methods of the present invention are particularly useful in antisense therapeutics. It is not necessary that the antisense target be associated with liver disease per se, since many current antisense targets are expressed to high levels in liver and other organs. In particular, targets associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and conditions are particularly amenable to knockdown in the liver and have been shown in animals and in clinical studies to have therapeutic effects).
  • the compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption.
  • the antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

Abstract

Described herein are gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides having improved therapeutic index as compared to 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotides of the same sequence. Also described are methods of reducing a target RNA in an animal using the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention. Further, are methods for selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides.

Description

ENHANCED ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
SEQUENCE LISTING
A paper copy of the sequence listing and a computer-readable form of the sequence listing, on diskette, containing the file named CORE0051WOSEQ.txt, which was created on 09/19/2005, are herein incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides chimeric antisense compounds having enhanced in vivo potency and thus an improved therapeutic index. The compounds described herein have widened deoxy gaps and enhanced in vivo potency which is unexpected based on their in vitro activity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Antisense oligonucleotides are accepted therapeutic modalities and many thousands of patients have been treated with antisense compounds. The original "first generation" antisense compounds employed in the first antisense clinical trials were oligodeoxynucleotides having 2'-deoxy ribonucleotides and phosphorotbioate internucleoside linkages. Subsequently, chimeric "second generation" antisense oligonucleotides exhibited a marked improvement in potency over first generation antisense oligonucleotides. Second generation antisense oligonucleotides are chimeric oligonucleotides typically having a 2'-deoxy "gap" region flanked by "wings" having nucleotides with 2'-modified ribonucleotides, referred to as "gapmers." The most widely used of the "second generation" antisense motifs is often referred to as a "MOE gapmer" in which the 2'-modified ribonucleotide is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE or simply MOE) modification, and each of the internucleotide linkages is a phosphorothioate. Predominantly, second generation oligonucleotides have a length of 20 nucleotides of which the 5 nucleotides at each terminus are 2'-MOE nucleotides and the center ten nucleotides are 2'-deoxyribonucleotides. These second generation oligonucleotides are referred to as "5-10-5 MOE gapmers" have a 5-10-5 wing-gap-wing motif. Chimeric antisense compounds with other arrangements of modifications have also been made. "Hemimers," are chimeric compounds in which there is a single 2'-modified "wing" adjacent to (on either the 5' ,or the 3' side of) a 2'-deoxy gap have been described (Geary et al., 2001, J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. , 296, 898-904). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to "gap-widened" antisense oligonucleotides having a gap region of greater than 11 2'deoxyribonucleotides flanked by two "wing" regions having from one to eight nucleotides which do not support RNase H activity. The gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention have been shown to have an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding antisense oligonucleotide having a 5-10-5 MOE gamer antisense oligonucletide with the same sequence. The gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention exhibit increased in vivo potency or improved tissue exposure as compared with the corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide with the same sequence. Most interestingly, there is a lack of correlation between the in vitro potency and the in vivo potency of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides described herein. The gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention are 18 to 24 nucleotides in length. In particular, the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention have wing regions having 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
In an additional embodiment of the present invention is a method of reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal in need of reducing expression of said target RNA, comprising administering to said animal a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18 to 24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides. The improvement in therapeutic index is characterized by equal or increased potency coupled with a reduction in tissue concentration, or increased potency coupled with equal tissue exposures as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide of the same sequence. In addition, the improvement in therapeutic index may be characterized by an increased liver to kidney concentration ratio as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide of the same sequence. In particular, the method of the present invention is useful in reducing the expression of RNA targets expressed in the kidney, liver, or adipose tissues. The method of the present invention is also useful in reducing the expression of target RNA associated with a metabolic or cardiovascular disease or condition. The method of the present invention is useful wherein the metabolic disease or condition is selected from diabetes, hepatic steatosis, fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, metabolic syndrome, obesity, or the like. In addition, the method of the present invention is useful wherein the cardiovascular disease or condition is selected from hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, or the like.
An additional method of the present invention is a method of selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide with an improved therapeutic index, the method comprising: screening in vitro a plurality of antisense oligonucleotides targeting a human RNA and having a single wing-gap-wing motif; identifying a parent antisense oligonucleotide from the plurality of antisense oligonucleotides having a potent in vitro activity; synthesizing a plurality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides having the same sequence as the parent antisense oligonucleotide, wherein said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is 18 to 24 nucleotides in length comprising a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently has 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides; testing said plurality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides in a plurality of animals; obtaining potency and tissue concentration data from said testing step; and determining an optimized gap-widened oligonucleotide wing-gap-wing motif with an improved therapeutic index, improved potency,, reduced tissue exposure, or reduced toxicity, or a combination thereof as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the method of selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide further comprises the step of designing a rodent sequence analogous or a non-human primate sequence to said parent antisense oligonucleotide. In one embodiment, the step of determining the optimized gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide wing-gap-wing motif with an improved therapeutic index includes identifying a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide which has equal or increased potency as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide.
In the step of screening, each of said antisense oligonucleotides has the same wing-gap-wing motif selected from 2-16-2, 3-14-3, 4-12-4, or 5-10-5. In a further embodiment, the wing portions of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides. In particular, the step of screening is performed in primary hepatocytes, HepG2, bEND, or HeLa cells. In the step of identifying, the potent in vitro activity is greater than 50% reduction in the target mRNA expression as compared to a saline control. In alternate embodiments, in the step of identifying, the potent in vitro activity is greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 80%, or greater than 90% In the step of synthesizing, the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides each have different wing-gap-wing motifs. In particular, the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides have gaps of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 2'-deoxyribonucleotides in length. In the step of testing, the animals are selected from rodents such as mice and rats, and non-human primates, such as cynomolgous monkeys. In the step of obtaining, the tissue concentration data are concentrations of full-length gap- widened antisense oligonucleotides particularly measured in the liver, kidney, or adipose tissue. In one embodiment, each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of equal or improved potency data. In another embodiment, each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced tissue exposure. In another embodiment, each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced toxicity. In another embodiment, each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of improved therapeutic index. In another embodiment, each optimized gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is selected because of reduced tissue exposure, reduced toxicity, improved potency, or a combination thereof. The gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides described herein may have various wing-gap- wing motifs selected from: 1-16-1, 2-15-1, 1-15-2, 1-14-3, 3-14-1, 2-14-2, 1-13-4, 4-13-1, 2-13-3, 3- 13-2, 1-12-5, 5-12-1, 2-12-4, 4-12-2, 3-12-3, 1-11-6, 6-11-1, 2-11-5, 5-11-2, 3-11-4, 4-11-3, 1-17-1, 2- 16-1, 1-16-2, 1-15-3, 3-15-1, 2-15-2, 1-14-4, 4-14-1, 2-14-3, 3-14-2, 1-13-5, 5-13-1, 2-13-4, 4-13-2, 3- 13-3, 1-12-6, 6-12-1, 2-12-5, 5-12-2, 3-12-4, 4-12-3, 1-11-7, 7-11-1, 2-11-6, 6-11-2, 3-11-5, 5-11-3, A- 11-4, 1-18-1, 1-17-2, 2-17-1, 1-16-3, 1-16-3, 2-16-2, 1-15-4, 4-15-1, 2-15-3, 3-15-2, 1-14-5, 5-14-1, 2- 14-4, 4-14-2, 3-14-3, 1-13-6, 6-13-1, 2-13-5, 5-13-2, 3-13-4, 4-13-3, 1-12-7, 7-12-1, 2-12-6, 6-12-2, 3- 12-5, 5-12-3, 4-12-4, 1-11-8, 8-11-1, 2-11-7, 7-11-2, 3-11-6, 6-11-3, 4-11-5, 5-11-4, 1-18-1, 1-17-2, 2- 17-1, 1-16-3, 3-16-1, 2-16-2, 1-15-4, 4-15-1, 2-15-3, 3-15-2, 1-14-5, 2-14-4, 4-14-2, 3-14-3, 1-13-6, 6- 13-1, 2-13-5, 5-13-2, 3-13-4, 4-13-3, 1-12-7, 7-12-1, 2-12-6, 6-12-2, 3-12-5, 5-12-3, 4-12-4, 1-11-8, 8- 11-1, 2-11-7, 7-11-2, 3-11-6, 6-11-3, 4-11-5, 5-11-4, 1-19-1, 1-18-2, 2-18-1, 1-17-3, 3-17-1, 2-17-2, 1- 16-4, 4-16-1, 2-16-3, 3-16-2, 1-15-5, 2-15-4, 4-15-2, 3-15-3, 1-14-6, 6-14-1, 2-14-5, 5-14-2, 3-14-4, 4- 14-3, 1-13-7, 7-13-1, 2-13-6, 6-13-2, 3-13-5, 5-13-3, 4-13-4, 1-12-8, 8-12-1, 2-12-7, 7-12-2, 3-12-6, 6- 12-3, 4-12-5, 5-12-4, 2-11-8, 8-11-2, 3-11-7, 7-11-3, 4-11-6, 6-11-4, 5-11-5, 1-20-1, 1-19-2, 2-19-1, 1- 18-3, 3-18-1, 2-18-2, 1-17-4, 4-17-1, 2-17-3, 3-17-2, 1-16-5, 2-16-4, 4-16-2, 3-16-3, 1-15-6, 6-15-1, 2- 15-5, 5-15-2, 3-15-4, 4-15-3, 1-14-7, 7-14-1, 2-14-6, 6-14-2, 3-14-5, 5-14-3, 4-14-4, 1-13-8, 8-13-1, 2- 13-7, 7-13-2, 3-13-6, 6-13-3, 4-13-5, 5-13-4, 2-12-8, 8-12-2, 3-12-7, 7-12-3, 4-12-6, 6-12-4, 5-12-5, 3- 11-8, 8-11-3, 4-11-7, 7-11-4, 5-11-6, 6-11-5, 1-21-1, 1-20-2, 2-20-1, 1-20-3, 3-19-1, 2-19-2, 1-18-4, 4- 18-1, 2-18-3, 3-18-2, 1-17-5, 2-17-4, 4-17-2, 3-17-3, 1-16-6, 6-16-1, 2-16-5, 5-16-2, 3-16-4, 4-16-3, 1- 15-7, 7-15-1, 2-15-6, 6-15-2, 3-15-5, 5-15-3, 4-15-4, 1-14-8, 8-14-1, 2-14-7, 7-14-2, 3-14-6, 6-14-3, 4- 14-5, 5-14-4, 2-13-8, 8-13-2, 3-13-7, 7-13-3, 4-13-6, 6-13-4, 5-13-5, 1-12-10, 10-12-1, 2-12-9, 9-12-2, 3-12-8, 8-12-3, 4-12-7, 7-12-4, 5-12-6, 6-12-5, 4-11-8, 8-11-4, 5-11-7, 7-11-5, 6-11-6, 1-22-1, 1-21-2, 2-21-1, 1-21-3, 3-20-1, 2-20-2, 1-19-4, 4-19-1, 2-19-3, 3-19-2, 1-18-5, 2-18-4, 4-18-2, 3-18-3, 1-17-6, 6-17-1, 2-17-5, 5-17-2, 3-17-4, 4-17-3, 1-16-7, 7-16-1, 2-16-6, 6-16-2, 3-16-5, 5-16-3, 4-16-4, 1-15-8, 8-15-1, 2-15-7, 7-15-2, 3-15-6, 6-15-3, 4-15-5, 5-15-4, 2-14-8, 8-14-2, 3-14-7, 7-14-3, 4-14-6, 6-14-4, 5-14-5, 3-13-8, 8-13-3, 4-13-7, 7-13-4, 5-13-6, 6-13-5, 4-12-8, 8-12-4, 5-12-7, 7-12-5, 6-12-6, 5-11-8, 8-11-5, 6-11-7, or 7-11-6. In a particular embodiment, the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention have a 2-16-2, 3-14-3, or 4-12-4 wing-gap-wing motif.
Another aspect of the present invention is the use of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18- 24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2' -O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of disorders and diseases related to target RNA levels. Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides, in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, enhancer or excipient. Another embodiment of the present invention is a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 82'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having lower kidney accumulation as compared to a corresponding 5- 10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides as measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide. Also provided is a method of modulating gene expression in an animal comprising the step of contacting said animal with the pharmaceutical composition. Another embodiment is a method of modulating gene expression in an animal comprising the step of contacting said animal with a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide of the invention wherein the accumulation of the gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide in the kidney is less compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides. Ia one embodiment, the kidney accumulation is measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of reducing levels of a preselected RNA target in the liver of an animal comprising administering to said animal a chimeric antisense compound 11 to 80 nucleobases in length which is targeted to said preselected RNA target wherein said chimeric antisense compound comprises a first gap region consisting of at least 10 contiguous T- deoxynucleotides and a wing region which consists of from 1 to 4 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNaseH. In particular embodiments, said first gap region consists of at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, or at least 18 contiguous 2'-deoxynucleotides. In one embodiment, the chimeric antisense compound comprises second wing region which consists of from 1 to 7 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNase H, and wherein said gap region is located between said first wing region and said second wing region, hi another embodiment, the chimeric antisense compound is a chimeric antisense oligonucleotide, and the nucleosides or nucleoside analog which is not a substrate for RNase H is a nucleotide having a 2' modification of the sugar moiety. In one embodiment, the nucleotide having a 2' modification of the sugar moiety is a 2'-O-methoxyethyl nucleotide, hi some embodiments the compound is a 2-16-2 MOE gapmer, a 3-12-3 MOE gapmer, a 3-10-7 MOE gapmer or a 7-10-3 MOE gapmer. In one embodiment, the chimeric antisense oligonucleotide has at least one phosphorothioate backbone linkage. Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for use in reducing levels of a preselected RNA target in the liver of an animal comprising a chimeric antisense compound targeted to said preselected RNA target, wherein said chimeric antisense compound comprises a first gap region consisting of at least 10 contiguous 2'-deoxynucleotides and a wing region which consists of from 1 to 4 contiguous nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which are not substrates for RNase H.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1. Depicts a comparison of in vivo effects of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap- widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer. FIG. 2. Depicts a comparison the persistence of target mRNA modulation of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap-widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer.
FIG. 3. Depicts a comparison of in vitro effects of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap- widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer. FIG. 4. Depicts a comparison of the concentrations of a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer and the corresponding gap-widened 2-16-2 MOE gapmer in liver and kidney tissues.
FIG. 5. Depicts a comparison of the in vitro effects of oligonucleotides having the same sequence but varied wing-gap-wing motifs.
FIG 6. Depicts a comparison of the in vivo effects of oligonucleotides having the same sequence but varied wing-gap-wing motifs.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Certain gap sizes are optimal for in vivo efficacy of antisense compounds. Surprisingly, improved potency (3-1 Ox improvement) in jcnouse or rat liver has been demonstrated for gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides compared to standard 5-10-5 MOE gapmer (for example, 2-16-2, 2-14-2, 3- 12-3 gapmers) antisense oligonucleotides. This has been shown for several distinct antisense targets and this improved potency is not observed in cultured cells transfected with the same gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides. Thus the "gap-widened" motifs appear to convey some benefit to in vivo potency, particularly in the liver. It is demonstrated herein that chimeric antisense compounds having a gap of greater than eleven contiguous deoxynucleotides flanked by wing regions consisting of from 1 to 4 nucleotides which are not substrates for RNase H are particularly effective at reducing target RNA levels in vivo, particularly in the liver.
Therapeutic Index Therapeutic index is a measure which relates the dose of a drug required to produce a specified effect to that which produces an undesired effect. In one embodiment, improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by equal or increased potency and a reduction in tissue concentration. In another embodiment, improved therapeutic index of a gap- widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by increased potency and equal tissue concentrations as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by increased potency and decreased toxicity as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, improved therapeutic index of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by comparable potency and decreased toxicity as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the toxicity is renal toxicity. In some embodiments, the toxicity is hepatic toxicity.
Indications An embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a disease or condition wherein a target RNA is associated with said disease or condition by administering a compound of the invention. Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of preventing or delaying the onset of a disease or condition wherein a target RNA is associated with said disease or condition by administering a compound of the invention. Diseases or conditions include metabolic and cardiovascular diseases or conditions. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, Type 2 diabetes, diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, or insulin resistance. In one embodiment, the disease or condition is hepatic steatosis. In some embodiments, the steatosis is steatohepatitis or NASH. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is familial hypercholesterolemia, nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, carotid artery diseases, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, carotid artery disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis, or arterial aneurism.
NAFLD and Metabolic Syndrome
The term "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" (NAFLD) encompasses a disease spectrum ranging from simple triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (hepatic steatosis) to hepatic steatosis with inflammation (steatohepatitis), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) occurs from progression of NAFLD beyond deposition of triglycerides. A second-hit capable of inducing necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis is required for development of NASH. Candidates for the second-hit can be grouped into broad categories: factors causing an increase in oxidative stress and factors promoting expression of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been suggested that increased liver triglycerides lead to increased oxidative stress in hepatocytes of animals and humans, indicating a potential cause-and-effect relationship between hepatic triglyceride accumulation, oxidative stress, and the progression of hepatic steatosis to NASH (Browning and Horton, J. Clin. Invest, 2004, 114, 147- 152). Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperfattyacidemia can cause triglyceride accumulation in peripheral tissues (Shimamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 322, 1080-1085).
"Metabolic syndrome" is defined as a clustering of lipid and non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors of metabolic origin. It is closely linked to the generalized metabolic disorder known as insulin resistance. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel m (ATPIII) established criteria for diagnosis of metaolic syndrome when three or more of five risk determinants are present. The five risk determinants are abdominal obesity defined as waist circumference of greater thanlO2 cm for men or greater than 88cm for women, triglyceride levels greater than or equal to 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol levels of less than 40 mg/dL for men and less than 50 mg/dL for women, blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg and fasting glucose levels greater than or equal to 110 mg/dL. These determinants can be readily measured in clinical practice (JAMA, 2001, 285, 2486-2497).
HbAIc
HbAIc is a stable minor hemoglobin variant formed in vivo via posttranslational modification by glucose, and it contains predominantly glycated NH2-terminal β-chains. There is a strong correlation between levels of HbAIc and the average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 months. Thus HbAIc is often viewed as the "gold standard" for measuring sustained blood glucose control (Bunn, H.F. et al., 1978, Science. 200, 21-7). HbAIc can be measured by ion-exchange HPLC or immunoassay; home blood collection and mailing kits for HbAIc measurement are now widely available. Serum fructosamine is another measure of stable glucose control and can be measured by a colorimetric method (Cobas Integra, Roche Diagnostics).
Cardiovascular risk profile
Conditions associated with risk of developing a cardiovascular disease include, but are not limited to, history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina, coronary artery procedures (angioplasty or bypass surgery), evidence of clinically significant myocardial ischemia, noncoronary forms of atherosclerotic disease (peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery disease), diabetes, cigarette smoking, hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, family history of premature CHD, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglyceride, or metabolic syndrome(Jama, 2001, 285, 2486-2497; Grundy et al., Circulation, 2004, 110, 227-239).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Oligonucleotide sequences and targets
Table 1 Oligonucleotide sequences (all are PS backbone)
Modi ed nucleotids are hwn in Bold 21MOE unless otherwise indicated and all c tosines are 5-
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Table 2 Target sequences
Figure imgf000016_0002
Figure imgf000017_0001
Example 2: Assaying Modulation of Expression
Modulation of target RNA expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. GCCR rnRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ iriRNA by methods known in the art. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993.
Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1 , pp. 4.2.1 -4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA and used according to manufacturer's instructions.
Levels of proteins encoded by a target RNA can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to a protein encoded by a target RNA can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, MI), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1- 10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F.M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. The effect of oligomeric compounds of the present invention on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. The effect of oligomeric compounds of the present invention on target nucleic acid expression can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. Cell lines are derived from both normal tissues and cell types and from cells associated with various disorders (e.g. hyperproliferative disorders). Cell lines derived from multiple tissues and species can be obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA), the Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank (Tokyo, Japan), or the Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (Wiltshire, United Kingdom).
Primary cells, or those cells which are isolated from an animal and not subjected to continuous culture, can be prepared according to methods known in the art or obtained from various commercial suppliers. Additionally, primary cells include those obtained from donor human subjects in a clinical setting (i.e. blood donors, surgical patients).
Cell types The effects of oligomeric compounds on target nucleic acid expression were tested in the following cell types:
b.END cells:
The mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Institute (Bad Nauheim, Germany). b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Lnvitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of approximately 3000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.
HepG2 cells:
The human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). HepG2 cells were routinely cultured in Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 mM non-essential amino acids, and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached approximately 90% confluence. Multiwell culture plates are prepared for cell culture by coating with a 1:100 dilution of type 1 rat tail collagen (BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) in phosphate- buffered saline. The collagen-containing plates were incubated at 37°C for approximately 1 hour, after which the collagen was removed and the wells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) at a density of approximately 8,000 cells/well for use in oligomeric compound transfection experiments.
Primary rat hepatocytes:
Primary rat hepatocytes are prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats purchased from Charles River Labs (Wilmington, MA) and are routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units per mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Cells are seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #353872, BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA) at a density of approximately 4,000-6,000 cells/well treatment with the oligomeric compounds of the invention.
Treatment with oligomeric compounds When cells reached appropriate confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide using a transfection method as described. Other suitable transfection reagents known in the art include, but are not limited to, LIPOFECTAMINE™, CYTOFECTIN™, OLIGOFECTAMINE™, and FUGENE™. Other suitable transfection methods known in the art include, but are not limited to, electroporation.
LIPOFECTIN™
When cells reach 65-75% confluency, they are treated with oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotide is mixed with LIPOFECTIN™ Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) in Opti-MEM™-1 reduced serum medium (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) to achieve the desired concentration of oligonucleotide and a LEPOFECTTN ™ concentration of 2.5 or 3 μg/mL per 100 nM oligonucleotide. This transfection mixture iss incubated at room temperature for approximately 0.5 hours. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells are washed once with 100 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 and then treated with 130 μL of the transfection mixture. Cells grown in 24-well plates or other standard tissue culture plates are treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide. Cells are treated and data are obtained in duplicate or triplicate. After approximately 4-7 hours of treatment at 37°C, the medium containing the transfection mixture is replaced with fresh culture medium. Cells are harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.
Example 2: Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of GCCR mRNA Levels
Quantitation of GCCR mRNA levels was accomplished by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7600, 7700, or 7900 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions.
Gene target quantities obtained by RT, real-time PCR were normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR). Total RNA was quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR). 170 μL of RiboGreenTM working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1 :350 in 1OmM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) was pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 30 μL purified cellular RNA. The plate was read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 485nm and emission at 530nm.
GAPDH expression was quantified by RT, real-time PCR, either simultaneously with the quantification of the target or separately. For measurement simultaneous with measurement of target levels, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured were evaluated for their ability to be "multiplexed" with a GAPDH amplification reaction prior to quantitative PCR analysis. Multiplexing refers to the detection of multiple DNA species, in this case the target and endogenous GAPDH control, in a single tube, which requires that the primer-probe set for GAPDH does not interfere with amplification of the target.
Probes and primers for use in real-time PCR were designed to hybridize to target-specific sequences. Methods of primer and probe design are known in the art. Design of primers and probes for use in real-time PCR can be carried out using commercially available software, for example Primer Express®, PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. The target-specific PCR probes have FAM covalently linked to the 5' end and TAMRA or MGB covalently linked to the 3' end, where FAM is the fluorescent dye and TAMRA or MGB is the quencher dye.
After isolation, the RNA is subjected to sequential reverse transcriptase (RT) reaction and real-time PCR, both of which are performed in the same well. RT and PCR reagents were obtained from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). RT, real-time PCR was carried out in the same by adding 20 μL PCR cocktail (2.5x PCR buffer minus MgC12, 6.6 mM MgC12, 375 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dCTP and dGTP, 375 nM each of forward primer and reverse primer, 125 nM of probe, 4 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units PLATINUM® Taq, 5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase, and 2.5x ROX dye) to 96-well plates containing 30 μL total RNA solution (20-200 ng). The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 480C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95°C to activate the PLATINUM® Taq, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95°C for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 6O0C for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).
Example 3: Increased potency of ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) in vivo compared to 5-10-5 compound is not due to enhanced oligonucleotide accumulation
Mice were dosed with ISIS 116847 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or ISIS 344266 (SEQ E) NO: 1) at 6, 3, 1.5 or 0.75 micromol/kg (approx 40, 20, 10 or 5 mg per kg), twice a week for three weeks and sacrificed 48 hours after the last dose was given. The left panel of Figure 1 is a graph showing percent reduction of target RNA in liver following administration of saline, ISIS 141923 (negative unrelated control oligonucleotide, incorporated herein as SEQ TD NO: 2), ISIS 116847 at four concentrations, or ISIS 344266 at four concentrations. Both ISIS 116847 and ISIS 344266 are targeted to mouse PTEN (GENBANK® Accession No: U92437.1, herein incorporated as SEQ ID NO: 103), and are cross- species oligonucleotides with perfect complementary to human, rat, and rabbit PTEN. Neither saline nor negative control ISIS 141923 (6 micromoles/kg) reduced PTEN RNA levels. ISIS 116847 reduced PTEN RNA levels by approximately 21%, 44%, 64% and 81% at doses of 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 micromol/kg, respectively. ISIS 344266, the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide, reduced PTEN RNA levels by approximately 54%, 79%, 88% and 91% at doses of 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 micromol/kg, respectively. A corresponding reduction of PTEN protein was demonstrated by Western blot as shown in the right panel of Figure 1.
The ID50 (dose resulting in 50% reduction of PTEN RNA) calculated from these results was 1.9 micromol/kg for 116847 and 0.63 micromol/kg for 344266. The IC50 for ISIS 116847 was also over three-fold that of ISIS 344266. These results indicate that the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is three-fold more potent than the 5-10-5 compound of equivalent sequence.
ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) supports similar persistence of action compared to ISIS 116847 (5-10-5). Mice were treated as described above with ISIS 344266 (1.5 or 6 micromol/kg) or ISIS 116847 (6 micromol/kg), or with saline. PTEN RNA levels were measured in mouse liver at days 1, 7, 14 and 28. As shown in Figure 2, the two compounds show similar durability of reduction of PTEN RNA levels, and even after 28 days the PTEN RNA levels in antisense-treated animals (either 116847 or 344266) had not returned to control levels.
The advantage conveyed by the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention for target reduction in vivo is surprising because it is not observed in vitro. An in vitro comparison of the same PTEN oligonucleotides, ISIS 116847 (5-10-5) and ISIS 344266 (2-16-2) was performed in cultured mouse bEND cells. Cells were transfected with oligonucleotide at doses of 0.1 nM, 0.3 nJVI, 0.9 nM, 2.7 nM, 8.1 nM and 24.3 nM in the presence of 3 microgram/ml LIPOFECTESf.
Reduction of target expression was assayed by quantitative RT real-time PCR as described herein.
Figure 3 shows that the 5-10-5 gapmer was less potent than the 2-16-2 gapmer. The IC50 for reduction of PTEN RNA by the 5-10-5 gapmer (ISIS 116847) was 3.4 nM and 6.2 nM for the 2-16-2 gapmer
(ISIS 344266). Thus the advantage conveyed by the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides for target reduction in liver is not observed in cultured cells.
The enhanced potency of the gap-widened (2-16-2) PTEN antisense oligonucleotide in liver is not due to increased concentrations in liver compared to the 5-10-5 gapmer. Oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver tissue from mice treated as described above with ISIS 116847 or
ISIS 344266 were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al, Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Oligonucleotide concentrations
(micrograms/gram) in mouse liver and kidney were determined. As shown in Figure 4, there was consistently less ISIS 344266 than ISIS 116847 in liver at every oligonucleotide dosage. The same is true for kidney although overall concentrations of both compounds were lower in kidney. Thus, the enhanced potency of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide (2-16-2 chimera) in the liver is not due to enhanced accumulation of compound in the liver.
Serum transaminases (AST/ALT) were higher for mice treated with 2-16-2 compound (ISIS
344266) than for those treated with ISIS 116847. However, because ISIS 344266 is more potent (active at lower doses), the therapeutic window for the two compounds is roughly comparable.
Example 3: Effect of gap size on in vitro and in vivo potency
A series of MOE gapmers (2-14-2 through 6-6-6) were designed to target mouse TRADD (consensus sequence built from mouse ESTs: aa013629,aa914725,aa013699, aal22508, aa881900, aa423244, aa930854, wl3708, aa201054, ail22320, aa611848, aa546092, and aa939422, incoporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 104). As shown in Table 2, a series of 18mer chimeric antisense oligonucleotides were synthesized, all having the same sequence (GCTCATACTCGTAGGCCA, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3) . Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleobases designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Indicated in Table 2 is the "motif of each compound indicative of chemically distinct regions comprising the oligonucleotide.
Table 2 Antisense oligonucleotides targeting mouse TRADD
Figure imgf000023_0001
The compounds were tested in vitro in mouse bEND cells at concentrations of 0.1 nM, 0.5 nM,
2.5 nM, 12.5 nM and 62.5 nM for their ability to reduce target mRNA levels using real-time PCR as described herein. As shown in Figure 5, in vitro IC50s for these compounds were 9.2 nM for the 5-8-5 gapmer (ISIS 325589), 11 nM for the 4-10-4 gapmer (ISIS 117405), 19 nM for the 3-12-3 gapmer (ISIS 325588), 49 nM for the 2-142 gapmer (ISIS 325587) and 82 nM for the 6-6-6 gapmer (ISIS 325590). Thus in this in vitro experiment, larger gaps did not appear to convey added potency.
When these compounds were tested in vivo, a different rank order potency was observed. Mice were treated with TRADD gapmer oligos (described above) ranging from 2-14-2 chimeras to 6-6-6 chimeras, each at doses of 1.56 micromole/kg, 3.12 micromol/kg and 6.24 micromol/kg. The negative control was ISIS 29837 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and animals treated with saline alone served as the control group to which data were normalized. As shown in Figure 6, potency in liver increased with increasing gap size (from 6 to 14 contiguous deoxynucleotides). In a subsequent experiment (not shown) the 2- 14-2 compound was approximately two-fold better than the 4-10-4 compound.
The effect of these gapmer compounds on mouse body weight, liver weight and spleen weights was compared and no meaningful differences were seen. Mice gained weight at roughly the same rate (indicating general good health) and liver and spleen weights were comparable to saline in all the treatment groups.
Example 4: Antisense inhibition of human GCCR expression by 5-10-5 gapmers or 2-16-2 gapmers in vitro A series of oligomeric compounds was designed to target different regions of human GCCR, using published sequences (GENBANK® accession no: NM_000176.1, incoporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 105). The compounds are shown in Table 3. All compounds in Table 3 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region consisting of 10 2'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3') by five-nucleotide "wings". The wings are composed of 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides, also known as 2'-MOE nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. Shown in Table 3 is the sequence of the oligonucleotide, and the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the target sequence to which the compound binds. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on gene target mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein, using a primer-probe set designed to hybridize to human GCCR.
Data are averages from three experiments in which HepG2 cells were treated with 50 nM of the disclosed oligomeric compounds using LJPOFECTIN™. A reduction in expression is expressed as percent inhibition in Table 3. If present, "N.D." indicates "not determined". The target regions to which these oligomeric compounds are inhibitory are herein referred to as "validated target segments."
Table 3
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Figure imgf000026_0001
Gap-widened oligonucleotides having the same sequences as the compounds described in Table 4 were also tested. All compounds in Table 4 are chimeric oligonucleotides ("gapmers") 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central "gap" region consisting of 162'-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5' and 3') by two-nucleόtide "wings". The wings are composed of 2'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) nucleotides, also known as 2'-MOE nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5- methylcytidines. Shown in Table 4 is the sequence of the oligonucleotide, and the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the target sequence to which the compound binds. The 2-16-2 motif compounds were analyzed for their effect on gene target mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described herein.
Data are averages from three experiments in which HepG2 cells were treated with 50 nM of the disclosed oligomeric compounds using LIPOFECTIN™. A reduction in expression is expressed as percent inhibition in Table 4. If present, "N.D." indicates "not determined". The target regions to which these oligomeric compounds are inhibitory are herein referred to as "validated target segments."
Table 4 Inhibition of human GCCR mRNA levels by 2-16-2 gapmers
Figure imgf000026_0002
Figure imgf000027_0001
-9Z-
/.εsεεo/soozsii/xad 8tεtεo/9ooz OΛV
Figure imgf000028_0001
The 2-16-2 oligonucleotides shown in Table 4 and the 5-10-5 oligonucleotides shown in Table 3 which reduced GCCR expression by at least 30% are preferred. The target segments to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as "preferred target segments" and are therefore preferred for targeting by compounds of the present invention. Example 5: Cross-species oligonucleotides targeting GCCR
Some oligonucleotides described in the previous example are complementary across species and are therefore expected to reduce expression of glucocorticoid receptor across species. Shown in Table 5 is the sequence of such cross-species oligonucleotides, and the ISIS numbers of the 5-10-5 motif version and the 2-16-2 motif version of the oligonucleotide. Also indicated for each sequence is the target site which is the first (5' most) position on the human target sequence (NM_000176.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 105) to which the compound binds. The complementarity for human, cynomolgus monkey, rat, and mouse GCCR mRNA is indicated ("yes" means perfect complementarity and "1 mm" means one mismatch from perfect complementarity).
Table 5 Cross-species oligonucleotides targeted to GCCR
Figure imgf000029_0001
Example 6: Antisense inhibition of human and rat GCCR mRNA levels — dose-response studies with 5-10-5 gapmers
In a further embodiment of the present invention, eleven oligonucleotides were selected for additional dose-response studies. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 nM of ISIS 180274, ISIS 180275, ISIS 180276, ISIS 180281, ISIS 180304, ISIS 361137, ISIS 361141, ISIS 361151, ISIS 361156, ISIS 345198, ISIS 361137 or the negative control oligonucleotide ISIS 141923 (CCTTCCCTGAAGGTTCCTCC, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2), and mRNA levels were measured as described in other examples herein. ISIS 141923 is a 5-10-5 gapmer comprising a ten deoxynucleotide gap flanked by 2'-MOE wings and a phosphorothioate backbone. All cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Untreated cells served as the control to which the data were normalized.
Results of these studies are shown in Table 6. Target mRNA levels were measured by real¬ time PCR as described herein. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control.
Table 6 Dose-dependent inhibition of GCCR expression in rat primary hepatocytes
Figure imgf000030_0001
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the same oligonucleotides were tested in the human HepG2 cell line for their ability to reduce GCCR mRNA expression at the indicated doses. Untreated cells served as the control to which the data were normalized.
Results of these studies are shown in Table 7. Target mRNA levels were measured by real¬ time PCR as described herein. Data are averages from three experiments and are expressed as percent inhibition relative to untreated control. Table 7
Dose-dependent inhibition of GCCR expression in HepG2 cells
Figure imgf000030_0002
Figure imgf000031_0001
As shown in Table 6 and Table 7, antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCCR are effective at reducing both human and rat target mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner in vitro.
Example 7: Antisense inhibition of rat GCCR mRNA levels — in vivo dose-response studies with 5-10-5 gapmers
Five of the 5-10-5 gapmer motif oligonucleotides (ISIS 180281, ISIS 361137, ISIS 345198, ISIS 180304, and ISIS 361141) were evaluated at various doses in rats for their ability to reduce GCCR mRNA levels in liver. Eight week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into treatment groups which received doses of 50, 25 or 12.5 mg/kg of one the indicated oligonucleotides via injection. Each treatment group was comprised of four animals, and was dosed twice weekly for 3 weeks. Animals injected with saline alone served as a control group. The animals were evaluated weekly for standard blood parameters (ALT/AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose). Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study and liver tissue was collected and analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 8a and 8b (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides.
Table 8a In vivo rat screen- GCCR antisense oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000031_0002
Table 8b In vivo rat screen- GCCR antisense oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000031_0003
The data in Tables 8a and 8b show that antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCCR are effective at reducing expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. ISIS 345198 (GTCAAAGGTGCTTTGGTCTG; SEQ ID NO: 16) was chosen for further evaluation in structure- activity experiments focusing on gap optimization. This compound is perfectly complementary to mouse, rat, human, monkey, rabbit and guinea pig glucocorticoid receptor RNA.
Example 8: Antisense inhibition of GCCR mRNA levels in vivo — gap optimization study
A series of oligomeric compounds were designed to target GCCR with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings. Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GTCAAAGGTGCTTTGGTCTG, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 16) and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ID NO: 105 (nucleobases 689 to 709). As shown in Example 5, this oligonucleotide is also perfectly complementary to rat GCCR.
The compounds are shown in Table 9. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleobases designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Indicated in Table 9 is the "motif of each compound indicative of chemically distinct regions comprising the oligonucleotide.
Table 9 Antisense compounds targeting rat GCCR
Figure imgf000032_0001
Nine-week old Sprague-Dawley male rats were treated twice weekly for three weeks with doses of 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mg/kg of the oligonucleotides presented in Table 9. Animals injected with saline alone served as controls. Each treatment group was comprised of four animals.
At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed, and tissues were collected for determination of target reduction and oligonucleotide concentration.
White adipose tissue was analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 10a, 10b, and 10c (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides. Tissues from animals treated with each gap-widened oligonucleotide were assayed for target reduction alongside tissues from animals treated with the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide for comparison.
Table 10a In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in white adipose tissue with 2-16-2 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000033_0001
Table 10b In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in white adipose tissue with 3-14-3 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000033_0002
Table 10c In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in white adipose tissue with 4-12-4 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000033_0003
Liver tissue was also analyzed for target reduction using real-time PCR analysis methods described herein. Results are shown in Tables 1 Ia, 1 Ib, and lie (separate experiments) as the percentage reduction in GCCR mRNA measured after treatment with the indicated doses of the indicated oligonucleotides. Tissues from animals treated with each gap-widened oligonucleotide were assayed for target reduction alongside tissues from animals treated with the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide for comparison.
Table 11a In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in liver with 2-16-2 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000033_0004
Table lib In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in liver with 3-14-3 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000034_0001
Table lie In vivo reduction of GCCR levels in liver with 4-12-4 oligonucleotides
Figure imgf000034_0002
As shown in Tables 1 Ia, 1 Ib, and lie, all of the gap-widened oligonucleotides tested were effective at reducing GCCR levels in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. In addition, the gap-widened oligonucleotides show a trend toward greater potency than the 5-10-5 gapmer in the liver.
In addition, to determine effects of altering the gap size on pharmacokinetics, oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue. Shown in Table 12 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in μg/g) in the liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide at the indicated concentration. Table 12
GCCR oligonucleotide concentration in rat liver
Figure imgf000034_0003
As shown in Table 12, the levels of full-length oligonucleotide in the liver are comparable or reduced for ISIS 372339 and ISIS 377130 as compared to ISIS 345198. Coupled with the target reduction as shown in Table 11, these data show that the enhanced potency of the gap-widened compounds is not due to enhanced accumulation of the compound in the liver. Thus, preferred oligonucleotides of the present invention include gap-widened oligonucleotides that show enhanced or comparable potency with regard to target reduction to the corresponding 5-10-5 gapmer without enhanced accumulation of the compound in a target tissue. In some embodiments, the target tissue is adipose and in some embodiments, the target tissue is liver.
Example 9: Design of "gap-widened" antisense oligonucleotides targeting human GCGR
A series of oligomeric compounds were designed to target human GCGR (Genbank accession number: NM_000160.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 108), with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings. Each of the oligonucleotides is 20 nucleobases in length and has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTGCCAAGGC, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 93), and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ID NO: 108 (nucleobases 532 to 551). The compounds are shown in Table 13. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides, ϋiternucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout, and all cytosines are 5-methylcytosines. Indicated in Table 13 is the "motif of each compound, indicative of chemically distinct regions comprising the oligonucleotide.
Table 13 Antisense compounds targeting human GCGR
Figure imgf000035_0001
The 5-10-5 gapmer, ISIS 310457, was tested for its ability to reduce target mRNA levels in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with ISIS 310457 using methods as described herein. ISIS 310457 was analyzed for its effect on human glucagon receptor mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR and was found to reduce expression of GCGR by about 96%.
Example 10: Design of "gap-widened" antisense oligonucleotides targeting rat GCGR
A series of oligomeric compounds were designed to target rat GCGR (Genbank accession number: M96674.1, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 109) with varying sizes of the deoxynucleotide gap and 2'-MOE wings. Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGGT, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 94) and therefore targets the same segment of SEQ ED NO 109 (nucleobases 402 to 421). The segment targeted by the rat oligonucleotides corresponds to the segment of human GCGR targeted by ISIS 310457 (SEQ ID NO: 93). The compounds are shown in Table 14 Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate throughout, and all cytosmes are 5-methylcytosmes. Indicated in Table 14 is the "motif of each compound indicative of chemically distinct regions comprising the oligonucleotide
Table 14 Antisense compounds targeting rat GCGR
Figure imgf000036_0001
Example 11: Effects of antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCGR — in vivo rat study
In accordance with the present invention, the oligonucleotides designed to target rat GCGR were tested in vivo. Male Sprague Dawley rats, eight weeks of age, were injected with 50, 25, 12.5, or 6.25 mg/kg of ISIS 356171, ISIS 357368, ISIS 357369, ISIS 357370, ISIS 357371, ISIS 357372, or ISIS 357373 twice weekly for 3 weeks for a total of 6 doses. Salme-mjected animals served as a control. Each of the oligonucleotides tested has the same nucleobase sequence (GCACTTTGTGGTACCAAGGT, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 94), and the chemistry and motif of each compound is described above.
After the treatment peπod, rats were sacrificed and target nucleic acid levels were evaluated in liver. RNA isolation and target mRNA expression level quantitation are performed as descnbed by other examples herein using RIBOGREEN™. RNA from each treatment group was assayed alongside RNA from the group treated with ISIS 356171. Results are presented in Table 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f as a percentage of saline-treated control levels.
Table 15a
Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with 2-16-2 antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000037_0001
Table 15b
Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with 3-14-3 antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000037_0002
Table 15c
Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with 4-12-4 antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000037_0003
Table 15d
Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with 1-17-2 antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000037_0004
Table 15e Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with 1-18-1 antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000038_0001
Table 15f
Reduction of target levels in liver of rats treated with uniform deoxy oligonucleotides targeted to
GCGR
Figure imgf000038_0002
As shown in Tables 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, and 15e the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides were effective at reducing GCGR levels in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.
In addition, oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal. Biochem., 1999, 274, 241-248). Shown in Table 16 are the total oligonucleotide concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in μg/g) in the kidney or liver of animals treated with 25 mg/kg of the indicated oligonucleotide. Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue.
Table 16 Concentration of oligonucleotide in liver and kidney
Figure imgf000038_0003
As shown in Table 16, the concentrations of the gap-widened oligonucleotides in kidney were generally reduced with respect to those found for ISIS 356171 in these tissues. Taken with the target reduction data shown in Table 15 wherein potency was maintained with ISIS 356371, ISIS 356372, and ISIS 356373 with respect to ISIS 356171, these data suggest that gap-widened oligos, particularly ISIS 356371, ISIS 356372, and ISIS 356373 are, in essence, more effective than ISIS 356171 at reducing target levels in the liver.
Example 12: Effects of antisense oligonucleotides targeting GCGR — in vivo study in cynomolgus monkeys To evaluate alterations in tissue distribution, potency, or therapeutic index caused by modification of the antisense oligonucleotide motif in a primate, cynomolgus monkeys were injected with ISIS 310457 (5-10-5 motif) or ISIS 325568 (2-16-2 motif) at doses of 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg per week. These antisense compounds show 100% complementarity to the monkey GCGR target sequence. Animals injected with saline alone served as controls. The duration of the study was 7 weeks, and the animals were dosed three times during the first week, followed by once-weekly dosing for 6 weeks. Each treatment group was comprised of 5 animals. One group treated with 20 mg/kg of ISIS 310457 and one group treated with 20 mg/kg of ISIS 325568 recovered for three weeks after cessation of dosing prior to sacrifice ("20 mg/kg recovery"). Other treatment groups were sacrificed at the end of the study. Liver tissues were collected to assess target reduction. RNA isolation and target mRNA expression level quantitation were performed as described by other examples herein using RDBOGREEN™. Results are presented in Table 17 as a percentage of saline-treated control levels.
Table 17 Reduction of target levels in liver of monkeys treated with antisense oligonucleotides targeted to GCGR
Figure imgf000039_0001
As shown in Table 17, treatment with ISIS 310457 and 325568 caused decreases in GCGR levels at all of the doses tested, and reduction in target levels was still observed in the 20 mg/kg recovery groups. ISIS 325568 caused greater reduction than ISIS 310457 at the 3 mg/kg dose. In addition, oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Shown in Table 18 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in μg/g) in the kidney or liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide.
Table 18 Concentration of oligonucleotide in liver and kidney
Figure imgf000040_0001
As shown in Table 18, the kidney concentration of the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide ISIS 310457 is higher than that measured for the 2-16-2 motif oligonucleotide ISIS 325568 at all concentrations tested. Taken with the target reduction data in Table 9 for the 2-16-2 motif oligonucleotide, these data suggest that the gap-widened oligonucleotide is more potent than the corresponding 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotide, providing a more robust lowering of target mRNA levels in the liver without enhanced accumulation of oligonucleotide.
Example 13: Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vitro analysis
In accord with the present invention, oligonucleotides were designed to target DGAT2. Shown in Table 19 is the sequence of each oligonucleotide. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Also shown for each oligonucleotide in Table 19 is its motif, the target site on human DGAT2 mRNA (GENBANK® accession number NMJB2564.2, incorporated herein as SEQ DD NO: 110), and its cross-species identity. For each species listed, an "X" denotes perfect complementarity to the target sequence for that species, "1 MM" denotes one mismatch to the target sequence for the species, etc.
Table 19
Figure imgf000041_0001
Each of these oligonucleotides was tested in vitro for their ability to reduce human DGAT2 mRNA levels using real time RT-PCR methods as described herein. In HepG2 and A549 cells, each of the oligonucleotides in Table 19 demonstrated IC50 values of about 20 nM.
Example 14: Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
The oligonucleotides described in Table 19, along with ISIS 217357 (ACACACTAGAAGTGAGCTTA, SEQ ID NO: 102), which is targeted to rat DGAT2, the complement of nucleotides 15333000 to 15365000 of GENBANK® accession number NW_047561.1, herein incorporated as SEQ ID NO: 111 were tested for their ability to reduce DGAT2 levels in vivo. Eight week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 20 mg/kg of oligonucleotide per week for 2 weeks. Each treatment group was comprised of 6 animals. Animals injected with saline alone served as controls.
At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and liver and kidney tissues were harvested. To determine effects of altering the gap size on pharmacokinetics, oligonucleotide concentration in kidney and liver were determined. Methods to determine oligonucleotide concentration in tissues are known in the art (Geary et al., Anal Biochem, 1999, 274, 241-248). Total oligonucleotide is the sum of all oligonucleotides metabolites detected in the tissue. Shown in Table 20 are the total concentration and the concentration of full length oligonucleotide (in μg/g) in the liver of animals treated with the indicated oligonucleotide concentration.
Table 20 Concentration of DGAT2 oligonucleotides in rat liver and kidney
Figure imgf000041_0002
Figure imgf000042_0001
As shown in Table 20, kidney concentrations of gap-widened oligonucleotides, particularly ISIS 370727 and ISIS 370747, were generally lower than those of oligonucleotides with a 10- deoxynucleotide gap.
Example 15: Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of DGAT2 mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
In another arm of the experiment described in Example 14, eight-week old male Sprague- Dawley rats were treated with the oligonucleotides at doses of 50 mg/kg per week for four weeks. Each treatment group was comprised of 4 animals. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and target mRNA levels were determined using real-time RT-PCR as described herein. Results are shown in Table 21 as the average % inhibition for each treatment group.
Table 21 Reduction of target levels in rat liver with oligonucleotides targeting DGAT2
Figure imgf000042_0002
As shown in Table 21, the gap-widened oligonucleotides targeted to DGAT2 show excellent inhibitory activity in the liver. ISIS 370727 and ISIS 370747, in particular, showed superior ability to reduce target expression. Taken with the distribution of these oligonucleotides in the liver as shown in Table 20, these data suggest that gap-widened oligonucleotides provide excellent to superior target reduction without enhanced accumulation of oligonucleotide in target tissues. In addition, the gap- widened oligonucleotides possess a preferred liver to kidney ratio as compared to the 5-10-5 motif oligonucleotides targeting DGAT2.
Example 16: Effects of gap-widened oligonucleotides on reduction of CRP mRNA levels — in vivo analysis
Monkey-human cross-species oligonucleotides targeted to C-reactive protein (CRP) were designed to target CRP using sequences known in the art (see US application publication number US2005-0014257, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Shown in Table 22 is the sequence of oligonucleotides targeted to CRP tested in cynomologus monkeys. Plain text indicates a deoxynucleotide, and nucleotides designated with bold, underlined text are 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) nucleotides. Also shown for each oligonucleotide in Table 22 is its motif.
Table 22 Antisense oligonucleotides targeting CRP
Figure imgf000043_0001
Methods of assaying for activity of CRP compounds in vivo and in vitro are known in the art (see US application publication number US2005-0014257, herein incorporated by reference). Toxicity profiles of gap-widened oligonucleotides were compared to the 5-10-5 oligonucleotides by treating monkeys with 14 or 40 mg/kg/wk for 4 weeks. Activity was compared in a dose-escalation study with each cycle containing four subcutaneous doses administered (Mon., Wed., Fri., Mon.) in 4 dosing cycles over 8 weeks. Doses were 2, 4 and 10 mg/kg. At 48 hr following the last dose in each treatment cycle, monkeys were challenged with 1 to 2 μg/kg EL-6 (administered subcutaneously) and serum CRP levels were quantified over 36 hours. Serum CRP levels may be measured by ELISA using a commercially available kit (for example, ALerCHEK Inc., Portland, ME). Animals were sacrificed after the second and fourth cycles and liver CRP mRNA, tissue oligonucleotide concentration, clinical signs, serum chemistry, hematology, body weight, and histology were assessed. With regard to tissue oligonucleotide concentration and histology, the primary difference was 30% lower kidney concentration and fewer histologic changes in the 3-14-3 treated animals. Plasma cytokine and CRP levels were examined but not significantly increased.
Several CRP inhibitors were pharmacologically active, with the greatest reductions in serum CRP (30-66%) and hepatic CRP mRNA (60-85%) observed at both the 4 and 10 mg/kg treatment cycles.
We have surprisingly found that chimeric antisense compounds with gaps at least 11 nucleobases long and wings which are from independently from 1 to 4 nucleobases in length which are 2'-MOE-modified. This enhanced efficacy is not predicted by the rank order potency of these compounds in vitro (cell culture). 2-16-2 and 3-14-3 gapmer compounds as well as 3-10-7 and 7-10-3 gapmer compounds have been shown to be more effective than 5-10-5 chimeras of the equivalent sequence and wing modification. 4-12-4 gapmers are also believed to be a useful embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Non-limiting examples of 2'-modified nucleosides useful in the compounds of the present invention, include but are not limited to 2'-O-alkyl, 2'-O-alkyl-O-alkyl wherein alkyl is a Ci to C6 alkyl or Ci to C6 alkylene when alkyl is not a terminal substituent. These include 2'-O-methyl, 2'-0-propyl and 2'-O- methoxyethyl nucleosides.
Details
The present invention uses antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. "Chimeric" antisense compounds or "chimeras," in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, increased stability and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA-.RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNAse H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide-mediated inhibition of gene expression. The cleavage of RNA:RNA hybrids can, in like fashion, be accomplished through the actions of endoribonucleases, such as RNAseL which cleaves both cellular and viral RNA. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been , referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S.: 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Synthesis of Nucleoside Phosphoramidites
The following compounds, including amidites and their intermediates were prepared as described in US Patent 6,426,220 and published PCT WO 02/36743; 5'-ODimethoxytrityl-thymidine intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, 5'-O-Dimethoxytrityl2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine intermediate for 5-methyl- dC amidite, 5'-O-Dimethoxytrityl2'-deoxy-N4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidine penultimate intermediate for 5-methyl dC amidite, [5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-deoxy-N4-benzoyl-5-methylcytidin- 3'O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (5-methyl dC amidite), T- Fluorodeoxyadenosine, 2'-Fluorodeoxyguanosine, 2'-Fluorouridine, 2'Fluorodeoxycytidine, 2'-O-(2- Methoxyethyl) modified amidites, 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)5-methyluridine intermediate, 5'-O-DMT-2'- O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methyluridine penultimate intermediate, [5'-O-(4,4'- Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)5-methyluridin-3'-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl-N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE T amidite), 5'-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5- methylcytidine intermediate, 5 'O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4-benzoyl-5-methyl- cytidine penultimate intermediate, [5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4- benzoyB-methylcytidin-S'-O-ylJ^-cyanoethyl-NjN-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE 5-Me-C amidite), [5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N6benzoyladenosin-3'-O-yl]- 2-cyanoemyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE A amdite), [5'-O-(4,4'- Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-N4isobutyrylguanosin-3'-O-yl]-2-cyanoethyl- N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (MOE G amidite), 2'-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2'-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites, 2'-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, 5l-O-tertButyldiphenylsilyl-O2-2'-anhydro-5-methyluridme , 5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2'- O-(2hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 2'-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5'-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5- methyluridine , 5'-0-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-0-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5methyluridine, 5'-O- tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl^'-O-psrjN dimethylaminooxyethyy-Smethyluridine, 2'-O- (dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5'-O-DMT-2'-O(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine, 5l-0-DMT-2l-0-(2-N,Ndimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3'-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2'-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites, N2-isobutyryl6-0- diphenylcarbamoyl-2'-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5'-O-(454'-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3'-[(2cyanoethyl)-N,N- diisopropylphosphoramidite], 2'-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (21DMAEOE) nucleoside amidites, 2'-O- [2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl uridine, 5I-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[2(2-N,N- dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine and 5'-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-[2(2-N,N- dimethylarrύnoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl uridme-3'-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite. Oligonucleotide and oligonucleoside synthesis
The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.Oligonucleotides: Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P=O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 394) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. Phosphorothioates (P=S) are synthesized similar to phosphodiester oligonucleotides with the following exceptions: thiation was effected by utilizing a 10% w/v solution of 3,H-l,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the oxidation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation reaction step time was increased to 180 sec and preceded by the normal capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55°C (12-16 hr), the oligonucleotides were recovered by precipitating with >3 volumes of ethanol from a 1 M NH40Ac solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference. Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.3'-Deoxy-3'- methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference. Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent, 5,256,775 or U.S. Patent 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference. Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference. 3'-Deoxy-3'-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference. Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference. Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference. Oligonucleosides: Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonyl amino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P=O or P=S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patents 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference. Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Patent 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference. RNA Synthesis
In general, RNA synthesis chemistry is based on the selective incorporation of various protecting groups at strategic intermediary reactions. Although one of ordinary skill in the art will understand the use of protecting groups in organic synthesis, a useful class of protecting groups includes silyl ethers. In particular bulky silyl ethers are used to protect the 5'-hydroxyl in combination with an acid-labile orthoester protecting group on the 2Ihydroxyl. This set of protecting groups is then used with standard solid-phase synthesis technology. It is important to lastly remove the acid labile orthoester protecting group after all other synthetic steps. Moreover, the early use of the silyl protecting groups during synthesis ensures facile removal when desired, without undesired deprotection of 2' hydroxyl. Following this procedure for the sequential protection of the 5'-hydroxyl in combination with protection of the 2'-hydroxyl by protecting groups that are differentially removed and are differentially chemically labile, RNA oligonucleotides were synthesized. RNA oligonucleotides are synthesized in a stepwise fashion. Each nucleotide is added sequentially (3'- to 5'-direction) to a solid support-bound oligonucleotide. The first nucleoside at the 3'-end of the chain is covalently attached to a solid support. The nucleotide precursor, a ribonucleoside phosphoramidite, and activator are added, coupling the second base onto the 5'-end of the first nucleoside. The support is washed and any unreacted 5'- hydroxyl groups are capped with acetic anhydride to yield 5'-acetyl moieties. The linkage is then oxidized to the more stable and ultimately desired P(V) linkage. At the end of the nucleotide addition cycle, the 5'-silyl group is cleaved with fluoride. The cycle is repeated for each subsequent nucleotide. Following synthesis, the methyl protecting groups on the phosphates are cleaved in 30 minutes utilizing 1 M disodium-2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-l,l-dithiolate trihydrate (S2Na2) in DMF. The deprotection solution is washed from the solid supportbound oligonucleotide using water. The support is then treated with 40% methylamine in water for 10 minutes at 55 0C. This releases the RNA oligonucleotides into solution, deprotects the exocyclic amines, and modifies the T- groups. The oligonucleotides can be analyzed by anion exchange HPLC at this stage. The 2'-orthoester groups are the last protecting groups to be removed. The ethylene glycol monoacetate orthoester protecting group developed by Dharmacon Research, Inc. (Lafayette, CO), is one example of a useful orthoester protecting group which, has the following important properties. It is stable to the conditions of nucleoside phosphoramidite synthesis and oligonucleotide synthesis. However, after oligonucleotide synthesis the oligonucleotide is treated with methylamine which not only cleaves the oligonucleotide from the solid support but also removes the acetyl groups from the orthoesters. The resulting 2-ethyl-hydroxyl substituents on the orthoester are less electron withdrawing than the acetylated precursor. As a result, the modified orthoester becomes more labile to acid- catalyzed hydrolysis. Specifically, the rate of cleavage is approximately 10 times faster after the acetyl groups are removed, Therefore, this orthoester possesses sufficient stability in order to be compatible with oligonucleotide synthesis and yet, when subsequently modified, permits deprotection to be carried out under relatively mild aqueous conditions compatible with the final RNA oligonucleotide product. Additionally, methods of RNA synthesis are well known in the art (Scaringe, S. A. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1996; Scaringe, S. A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1 "8,120,11820- 11821; Matteucci, M. D. and Caruthers, M. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1981, 103, 3185-3191; Beaucage, S. L. and Caruthers, M. H. Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, 22, 1859-1862; Dahl, B. J., et al., Acta Chem. Scand,. 1990, 44, 639-641; Reddy, M. P., et al., Tetrahedrom Lett., 1994, 25, 4311-4314; Wincott, F. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 1995, 23, 2677-2684; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2301- 2313; Griffin, B. E., et al., Tetrahedron, 1967, 23, 2315-2331). RNA antisense compounds (RNA oligonucleotides) of the present invention can be synthesized by the methods herein or purchased from Dharmacon Research, Inc (Lafayette, CO). Once synthesized, complementary RNA antisense compounds can then be annealed by methods known in the art to form double stranded (duplexed) antisense compounds. For example, duplexes can be formed by combining 30 μl of each of the complementary strands of RNA oligonucleotides (50 uM RNA oligonucleotide solution) and 15 tl of 5X annealing buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) followed by heating for 1 minute at 900C, then 1 hour at 37°C. The resulting duplexed antisense compounds can be used in kits, assays, screens, or other methods to investigate the role of a target nucleic acid. Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the "gap" segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5' and 3' "wing" segments of linked nucleosides and a second "open end" type wherein the "gap" segment is located at either the 3' or the 5' terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as "gapmers" or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as "hemimers" or "wingmers".
[2l-O-Me]~[2'-deoxy]~[2'-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2'-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2'-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 394, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2'-deoxy- 5'-dimethoxytrityl-3'-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5'-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-methyl-3'- O-phosphoramidite for 5' and 3' wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by incorporating coupling steps with increased reaction times for the 5'-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-methyl-3'-O- phosphoramidite. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and deprotected in concentrated ammonia (NH40H) for 12-16 hr at 55°C. The deprotected oligo is then recovered by an appropriate method (precipitation, column chromatography, volume reduced in vacuo and analyzed spetrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.
[2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]~[2'-deoxy] ; -[2'-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides
[2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]~[2'-deoxy]~[-2'-O-(methoxyethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2'0-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2'-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2'-O-methyl amidites.
[2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]-[2'-deoxyPhosphorothioate]~[2'-O-(2Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides
[2'-0-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]-[2'-deoxy phosphorothioate]~[2'-0(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2'-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2'-O(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2'-O-methyl amidites, oxidation with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap. Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to United States patent 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.
The methods of the present invention are particularly useful in antisense therapeutics. It is not necessary that the antisense target be associated with liver disease per se, since many current antisense targets are expressed to high levels in liver and other organs. In particular, targets associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and conditions are particularly amenable to knockdown in the liver and have been shown in animals and in clinical studies to have therapeutic effects). The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

Claims

Claims:
1. A method of reducing expression of a target RNA in an animal, in need of reducing expression of said target RNA, comprising administering to said animal a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index, improved potency, reduced tissue exposure, or reduced toxicity, or a combination thereof as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the improved therapeutic index is characterized by equal or increased potency and a reduction in tissue concentration, increased potency and equal tissue concentration, increased potency and decreased toxicity, or comparable potency and decreased toxicity as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is characterized by an increased liver to kidney concentration as compared to corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target RNA is associated with a metabolic or a cardiovascular disease or condition.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the metabolic disease or condition is selected from metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, Type 2 diabetes, diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, fatty liver disease, or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cardiovascular disease or condition is selected from familial hypercholesterolemia, nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, carotid artery diseases, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, carotid artery disease, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, thrombosis, or arterial aneurism. .
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide has a wing-gap- wing motif selected from 2-16-2, 3-14-3, or 4-12-4.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide has at least one phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide has all phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide has at least one 5- methylcytosine.
11. A method of selecting a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide with an improved therapeutic index, the method comprising: screening in vitro a plurality of antisense oligonucleotides targeting a human KNA and having a single wing - gap -wing motif; identifying a parent antisense oligonucleotide from the plurality of antisense oligonucleotides having a potent in vitro activity; synthesizing a purality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides having the same sequence as the parent antisense oligonucleotide, wherein said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide is 18 to 24 nucleotides in length comprising a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently has 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides; testing said plurality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides in a plurality of animals; obtaining tissue concentration data from said testing step; and determining an optimized gap-widened oligonucleotide wing - gap - wing motif with an improved therapeutic index as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of designing a rodent sequence analogous to said parent antisense oligonucleotide.
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of designing a non-human primate sequence analogous to said parent antisense oligonucleotide.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein potency and concentration data are obtained from said testing step.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the optimized gap-widened oligonucleotide wing-gap-wing motif with an improved therapeutic index is indicated by equal or increased potency as compared to the parent antisense oligonucleotide.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein for the step of screening, the plurality of antisense oligonucleotides has a wing-gap-wing motif selected from 2-16-2, 3-14-3, or 5-10-5.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein the screening is performed in primary hepatocytes, b.END, HepG2 or HeLa cells.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein for the step of selecting the potent in vitro activity is greater than 50% reduction in the target mRNA expression as compared to a saline control.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein the plurality of gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides each have a different wing-gap-wing motif.
20. The method of claim 11, wherein each gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides each have a T- deoxyribonucleotide gap length selected from 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18.
21. The method of claim 11, wherein for the step of obtaining, the tissue concentration data are concentrations of full-length gap-widened antisense oligonucleotides.
22. The method of claim 11, wherein for the step of obtaining the tissue concentration data are obtained for liver, kidney, or adipose tissue.
23. Use of a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of disorders and diseases related to target RNA levels wherein said antisense oligonucleotide comprises a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, and wherein said antisense oligonucleotide has an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides.
24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2- methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having an improved therapeutic index as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous T- deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, enhancer or excipient.
25. A gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide 18-24 nucleotides in length comprising: a gap region having greater than 11 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides; and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region, wherein each of said first and second wing regions independently have 1 to 8 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides, having lower kidney accumulation as compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides as measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide.
26. A method of modulating gene expression in an animal comprising the step of contacting said animal with the pharmaceutical composition of claim 24.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the accumulation of the gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide in the kidney is less compared to a corresponding 5-10-5 antisense oligonucleotide having a gap region of 10 contiguous 2'-deoxyribonucleotides and a first wing region and a second wing region flanking the gap region of 5 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) ribonucleotides
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the kidney accumulation is measured by plasma protein binding capacity of said gap-widened antisense oligonucleotide.
PCT/US2005/033837 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides WO2006034348A2 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2580504A CA2580504C (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
JP2007532648A JP2008513507A (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
AU2005286738A AU2005286738A1 (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
EP05798891.7A EP1799859B1 (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US61110004P 2004-09-17 2004-09-17
US60/611,100 2004-09-17
US66344205P 2005-03-18 2005-03-18
US60/663,442 2005-03-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006034348A2 true WO2006034348A2 (en) 2006-03-30
WO2006034348A3 WO2006034348A3 (en) 2006-11-02

Family

ID=36090652

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2005/033837 WO2006034348A2 (en) 2004-09-17 2005-09-19 Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (2) US7919472B2 (en)
EP (2) EP1799859B1 (en)
JP (2) JP2008513507A (en)
AU (2) AU2005286738A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2580504C (en)
WO (1) WO2006034348A2 (en)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7399853B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2008-07-15 Isis Pharmaceuticals Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
US7750142B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2010-07-06 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
AU2006292293B2 (en) * 2005-09-19 2012-09-13 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression
US8865674B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2014-10-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCGR expression
US8901098B2 (en) 2011-10-25 2014-12-02 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCCR expression
US9765338B2 (en) 2010-07-19 2017-09-19 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) expression
CN103820450B (en) * 2008-10-15 2018-08-21 Ionis制药公司 The adjusting of factor 11 expression
EP2640853B1 (en) 2010-11-17 2018-12-26 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of alpha synuclein expression
US10202599B2 (en) 2011-08-11 2019-02-12 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US10260069B2 (en) 2013-02-04 2019-04-16 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US10954519B2 (en) 2013-08-09 2021-03-23 lonis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulation of dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) expression
US11021710B2 (en) 2018-05-09 2021-06-01 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for reducing FXI expression
US11118183B2 (en) 2013-12-24 2021-09-14 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of angiopoietin-like 3 expression
US11225664B2 (en) 2010-01-08 2022-01-18 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of angiopoietin-like 3 expression
US11230712B2 (en) 2017-11-09 2022-01-25 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for reducing SNCA expression
US11236335B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2022-02-01 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US11359197B2 (en) 2018-01-12 2022-06-14 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Antisense oligonucleotides targeting alpha-synuclein and uses thereof
EP4035659A1 (en) 2016-11-29 2022-08-03 PureTech LYT, Inc. Exosomes for delivery of therapeutic agents
US11485975B2 (en) 2018-02-09 2022-11-01 Genentech, Inc. Oligonucleotides for modulating TMEM106B expression
US11535849B2 (en) 2010-04-29 2022-12-27 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of transthyretin expression
US20230265436A1 (en) * 2022-02-24 2023-08-24 Q-State Biosciences, Inc. Therapeutics for syngap haploinsufficiency
US11833221B2 (en) 2021-09-01 2023-12-05 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligomeric compounds for reducing DMPK expression

Families Citing this family (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7919472B2 (en) * 2004-09-17 2011-04-05 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
JP5523705B2 (en) * 2005-08-29 2014-06-18 レグルス・セラピューティクス・インコーポレイテッド Method of using to modulate MIR-122A
ES2369328T3 (en) * 2005-09-19 2011-11-29 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MODULATION OF GLUCAGON RECEIVER EXPRESSION.
AU2007258117B2 (en) * 2006-05-05 2013-05-30 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating gene expression
JP5587777B2 (en) 2007-07-31 2014-09-10 ボード・オブ・リージエンツ，ザ・ユニバーシテイ・オブ・テキサス・システム MicroRNA family modulating fibrosis and uses thereof
EP2222851B1 (en) * 2007-11-20 2017-06-28 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of cd40 expression
ES2616051T3 (en) 2008-12-02 2017-06-09 Wave Life Sciences Japan, Inc. Method for the synthesis of modified nucleic acids in the phosphorus atom
AU2010270714B2 (en) 2009-07-06 2015-08-13 Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Novel nucleic acid prodrugs and methods use thereof
US9006198B2 (en) 2010-02-08 2015-04-14 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective reduction of allelic variants
EP3321361B1 (en) * 2010-02-08 2019-03-27 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective reduction of allelic variants
US20110213011A1 (en) * 2010-02-26 2011-09-01 Dean Nicholas M Modulation of smad3 expression
US10428019B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2019-10-01 Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Chiral auxiliaries
EP2734208B1 (en) 2011-07-19 2017-03-01 Wave Life Sciences Ltd. Methods for the synthesis of functionalized nucleic acids
US9243291B1 (en) * 2011-12-01 2016-01-26 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods of predicting toxicity
MX2015000577A (en) 2012-07-13 2015-08-14 Wave Life Sciences Pte Ltd Chiral control.
JP6246121B2 (en) 2012-07-13 2017-12-13 株式会社新日本科学 Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant
CN107011400B (en) 2012-07-13 2021-05-25 波涛生命科学有限公司 Asymmetric auxiliary group
EP2877579B1 (en) * 2012-07-27 2019-12-18 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of renin-angiotensin system (ras) related diseases by angiotensinogen
AU2014222150A1 (en) * 2013-03-01 2015-09-10 National University Corporation Tokyo Medical And Dental University Chimeric single-stranded antisense polynucleotides and double-stranded antisense agent
DK3043827T3 (en) * 2013-09-13 2019-08-26 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc MODULATORS OF COMPLEMENT FACTOR B
US10144933B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2018-12-04 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant having immunity induction activity, and immunity induction activator
US10149905B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2018-12-11 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant having antitumor effect and antitumor agent
US10322173B2 (en) 2014-01-15 2019-06-18 Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. Chiral nucleic acid adjuvant having anti-allergic activity, and anti-allergic agent
KR102423317B1 (en) 2014-01-16 2022-07-22 웨이브 라이프 사이언시스 리미티드 Chiral design
EP3608406B1 (en) 2014-05-01 2023-02-15 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating complement factor b expression
JP6772156B2 (en) 2015-02-04 2020-10-21 ブリストル−マイヤーズ スクイブ カンパニーＢｒｉｓｔｏｌ−Ｍｙｅｒｓ Ｓｑｕｉｂｂ Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ How to choose a therapeutic molecule
SG11201706293XA (en) 2015-02-04 2017-09-28 Hoffmann La Roche Tau antisense oligomers and uses thereof
ES2917181T3 (en) * 2015-07-10 2022-07-07 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) modulators
MA43072A (en) 2015-07-22 2018-05-30 Wave Life Sciences Ltd COMPOSITIONS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND RELATED PROCESSES
EP3808340A1 (en) 2015-09-18 2021-04-21 Dnarx Systems and methods for nucleic acid expression in vivo
BR122020023854B1 (en) 2015-10-08 2022-11-29 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc COMPOUND COMPRISING MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE AND ITS USE, USE OF THE MODIFIED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, COMPOSITION AND ITS USE
CN112587504B (en) * 2016-10-17 2022-10-18 南京绿叶制药有限公司 Lipid nanoparticle of antisense oligonucleotide for inhibiting bcl-2 and preparation method thereof
CN110678202B (en) 2017-03-23 2023-04-14 Dnarx公司 Systems and methods for in vivo nucleic acid expression
EP3717646A4 (en) 2017-12-01 2021-12-01 The Texas A&M University System Angelman syndrome antisense treatment
EP4136092A4 (en) 2020-11-18 2023-10-11 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating angiotensinogen expression
KR20240014532A (en) 2021-05-29 2024-02-01 1글로브 헬스 인스티튜트 엘엘씨 Asymmetric short duplex DNA and its uses as a novel gene silencing technology
KR20240014533A (en) 2021-05-29 2024-02-01 1글로브 헬스 인스티튜트 엘엘씨 Short duplex DNA and its uses as a novel gene silencing technology
US11879125B2 (en) 2022-03-16 2024-01-23 Empirico Inc. GalNAc compositions for improving siRNA bioavailability

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002036743A2 (en) 2000-10-30 2002-05-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of calreticulin expression

Family Cites Families (55)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4469863A (en) 1980-11-12 1984-09-04 Ts O Paul O P Nonionic nucleic acid alkyl and aryl phosphonates and processes for manufacture and use thereof
US5023243A (en) 1981-10-23 1991-06-11 Molecular Biosystems, Inc. Oligonucleotide therapeutic agent and method of making same
DE3788914T2 (en) 1986-09-08 1994-08-25 Ajinomoto Kk Compounds for cleaving RNA at a specific position, oligomers used in the preparation of these compounds and starting materials for the synthesis of these oligomers.
US5403711A (en) 1987-11-30 1995-04-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Nucleic acid hybridization and amplification method for detection of specific sequences in which a complementary labeled nucleic acid probe is cleaved
DE3855864T2 (en) 1987-11-30 1997-09-25 Univ Iowa Res Found DNA MOLECULES STABILIZED BY MODIFICATIONS ON THE 3'-TERMINAL PHOSPHODIESTERBINDING, THEIR USE AS NUCLEIC ACID PROBE AND AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR INHIBITING THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC TARGET GENES
US5256775A (en) 1989-06-05 1993-10-26 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Exonuclease-resistant oligonucleotides
US5264562A (en) 1989-10-24 1993-11-23 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Oligonucleotide analogs with novel linkages
US5264564A (en) 1989-10-24 1993-11-23 Gilead Sciences Oligonucleotide analogs with novel linkages
US5177198A (en) 1989-11-30 1993-01-05 University Of N.C. At Chapel Hill Process for preparing oligoribonucleoside and oligodeoxyribonucleoside boranophosphates
US5130302A (en) 1989-12-20 1992-07-14 Boron Bilogicals, Inc. Boronated nucleoside, nucleotide and oligonucleotide compounds, compositions and methods for using same
US5623065A (en) 1990-08-13 1997-04-22 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Gapped 2' modified oligonucleotides
US5149797A (en) 1990-02-15 1992-09-22 The Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Method of site-specific alteration of rna and production of encoded polypeptides
US5220007A (en) 1990-02-15 1993-06-15 The Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Method of site-specific alteration of RNA and production of encoded polypeptides
US5489677A (en) 1990-07-27 1996-02-06 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleoside linkages containing adjacent oxygen and nitrogen atoms
US5378825A (en) 1990-07-27 1995-01-03 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs
US5386023A (en) 1990-07-27 1995-01-31 Isis Pharmaceuticals Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs and preparation thereof through reductive coupling
US5602240A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-02-11 Ciba Geigy Ag. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs
US5610289A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-03-11 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogues
US5223618A (en) 1990-08-13 1993-06-29 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4'-desmethyl nucleoside analog compounds
US5700922A (en) 1991-12-24 1997-12-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. PNA-DNA-PNA chimeric macromolecules
US5652355A (en) 1992-07-23 1997-07-29 Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Hybrid oligonucleotide phosphorothioates
RU95104940A (en) 1992-07-27 1997-01-10 Хайбрайдон Method of incorporation of alkylphosphonothioate or arylphosphonothioate internucleotide linkage in oligonucleotide, method of oligonucleotide synthesis, method of gene expression inhibition, treatment method
US5985558A (en) 1997-04-14 1999-11-16 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide compositions and methods for the inibition of c-Jun and c-Fos
US5872242A (en) 1992-10-05 1999-02-16 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of ras
JPH06213660A (en) * 1993-01-19 1994-08-05 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Detecting method for approximate straight line of image
KR960701077A (en) 1993-01-25 1996-02-24 다알렌 반스톤 Oligonucleotide Alkylphosphonate and Alkylphosphonothioate (ALIGLPHOSPHONATES AND ALKYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATES)
US5476925A (en) 1993-02-01 1995-12-19 Northwestern University Oligodeoxyribonucleotides including 3'-aminonucleoside-phosphoramidate linkages and terminal 3'-amino groups
GB9304620D0 (en) 1993-03-06 1993-04-21 Ciba Geigy Ag Compounds
US5801154A (en) 1993-10-18 1998-09-01 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein
ES2149962T3 (en) 1993-12-09 2000-11-16 Univ Jefferson COMPOUNDS AND METHODS FOR MUTATIONS DIRECTED TO THE SITE IN EUCARYTIC CELLS.
US5625050A (en) 1994-03-31 1997-04-29 Amgen Inc. Modified oligonucleotides and intermediates useful in nucleic acid therapeutics
US5652356A (en) 1995-08-17 1997-07-29 Hybridon, Inc. Inverted chimeric and hybrid oligonucleotides
EP0975659A1 (en) * 1997-04-14 2000-02-02 Cor Therapeutics, Inc. SELECTIVE FACTOR Xa INHIBITORS
US20020004490A1 (en) * 1999-04-12 2002-01-10 Dean Nicholas M. Antisense modulation of Fas mediated signaling
US6133246A (en) * 1997-08-13 2000-10-17 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide compositions and methods for the modulation of JNK proteins
AU9509798A (en) 1997-09-25 1999-04-12 University Of Florida Antisense oligonucleotide compositions targeted to angiotensi n converting enzy me mrna and methods of use
US6238921B1 (en) 1998-03-26 2001-05-29 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of human mdm2 expression
US20030203862A1 (en) * 1998-03-26 2003-10-30 Miraglia Loren J. Antisense modulation of MDM2 expression
US6077709A (en) * 1998-09-29 2000-06-20 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Antisense modulation of Survivin expression
US6228642B1 (en) 1998-10-05 2001-05-08 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of tumor necrosis factor-(α) (TNF-α) expression
US6900187B2 (en) * 1999-02-26 2005-05-31 The University Of British Columbia TRPM-2 antisense therapy using an oligonucleotide having 2′-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl modifications
DE60037938T2 (en) 1999-02-26 2009-01-29 The University Of British Columbia, Vancouver ANTISENSE THERAPY FOR TRPM-2
US7425545B2 (en) * 2001-07-25 2008-09-16 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of C-reactive protein expression
NZ546807A (en) * 2002-03-27 2007-03-30 Aegera Therapeutics Inc Antisense IAP nucleobase oligomers and uses thereof
JP2005525829A (en) * 2002-05-20 2005-09-02 ファルマシア・コーポレーション Antisense regulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression
US20050233985A1 (en) * 2003-06-12 2005-10-20 Smith Jeffrey A Rsk inhibitors and therapeutic uses thereof
EP1660512A4 (en) * 2003-06-02 2009-12-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc Oligonucleotide synthesis with alternative solvents
US7825235B2 (en) 2003-08-18 2010-11-02 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 expression
ES2331006T3 (en) * 2003-08-22 2009-12-18 Novartis Forschungsstiftung, Zweigniederlassung Friedrich Miescher Institute For Biomedical Research QUINASE S6 ACTIVITY INHIBITION FOR INSULIN RESISTANCE TREATMENT.
US20050142581A1 (en) 2003-09-04 2005-06-30 Griffey Richard H. Microrna as ligands and target molecules
US20050074801A1 (en) 2003-09-09 2005-04-07 Monia Brett P. Chimeric oligomeric compounds comprising alternating regions of northern and southern conformational geometry
US20050053981A1 (en) 2003-09-09 2005-03-10 Swayze Eric E. Gapped oligomeric compounds having linked bicyclic sugar moieties at the termini
US7919472B2 (en) * 2004-09-17 2011-04-05 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
US8935416B2 (en) 2006-04-21 2015-01-13 Fortinet, Inc. Method, apparatus, signals and medium for enforcing compliance with a policy on a client computer
US9400902B2 (en) 2012-05-22 2016-07-26 Trimble Navigation Limited Multi-modal entity tracking and display

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002036743A2 (en) 2000-10-30 2002-05-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of calreticulin expression
US6426220B1 (en) 2000-10-30 2002-07-30 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of calreticulin expression

Non-Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BEAUCAGE, S. L.; CARUTHERS, M. H., TETRAHEDRON LETT., vol. 22, 1981, pages 1859 - 1862
DAHL, B. J. ET AL., ACTA CHEM. SCAND, vol. 44, 1990, pages 639 - 641
GRIFFIN, B. E. ET AL., TETRAHEDRON, vol. 23, 1967, pages 2301 - 2313
GRIFFIN, B. E. ET AL., TETRAHEDRON, vol. 23, 1967, pages 2315 - 2331
MATTEUCCI, M. D.; CARUTHERS, M. H., J. AM. CHEM. SOC., vol. 103, 1981, pages 3185 - 3191
REDDY, M. P. ET AL., TETRAHEDROMLETT., vol. 25, 1994, pages 4311 - 4314
SCARINGE, S. A. ET AL., J. AM. CHEM. SOC., vol. 1''8, no. 120, pages 11820 - 11821
SCARINGE, S. A., PH.D. THESIS, 1996
See also references of EP1799859A4
WINCOTT, F. ET AL., NUCLEIC ACIDS RES., vol. 23, 1995, pages 2677 - 2684

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7750142B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2010-07-06 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
US7919476B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2011-04-05 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
US8642753B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2014-02-04 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
US7399853B2 (en) 2003-04-28 2008-07-15 Isis Pharmaceuticals Modulation of glucagon receptor expression
AU2006292293B2 (en) * 2005-09-19 2012-09-13 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression
CN104212799B (en) * 2008-10-15 2018-11-23 Ionis制药公司 The adjusting of factor 11 expression
US11376273B2 (en) 2008-10-15 2022-07-05 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of factor 11 expression
CN103820450B (en) * 2008-10-15 2018-08-21 Ionis制药公司 The adjusting of factor 11 expression
US11225664B2 (en) 2010-01-08 2022-01-18 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of angiopoietin-like 3 expression
US11535849B2 (en) 2010-04-29 2022-12-27 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of transthyretin expression
US9765338B2 (en) 2010-07-19 2017-09-19 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) expression
EP2640853B1 (en) 2010-11-17 2018-12-26 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of alpha synuclein expression
US10815480B2 (en) 2010-11-17 2020-10-27 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of alpha synuclein expression
US10202599B2 (en) 2011-08-11 2019-02-12 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US9404114B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2016-08-02 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCGR expression
US8865674B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2014-10-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCGR expression
US9567587B2 (en) 2011-10-25 2017-02-14 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCCR expression
US8901098B2 (en) 2011-10-25 2014-12-02 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of GCCR expression
US11236335B2 (en) 2012-10-12 2022-02-01 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US10260069B2 (en) 2013-02-04 2019-04-16 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof
US10954519B2 (en) 2013-08-09 2021-03-23 lonis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulation of dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase (DMPK) expression
US11118183B2 (en) 2013-12-24 2021-09-14 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modulation of angiopoietin-like 3 expression
EP4035659A1 (en) 2016-11-29 2022-08-03 PureTech LYT, Inc. Exosomes for delivery of therapeutic agents
US11230712B2 (en) 2017-11-09 2022-01-25 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for reducing SNCA expression
US11359197B2 (en) 2018-01-12 2022-06-14 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Antisense oligonucleotides targeting alpha-synuclein and uses thereof
US11447775B2 (en) 2018-01-12 2022-09-20 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Antisense oligonucleotides targeting alpha-synuclein and uses thereof
US11485975B2 (en) 2018-02-09 2022-11-01 Genentech, Inc. Oligonucleotides for modulating TMEM106B expression
US11021710B2 (en) 2018-05-09 2021-06-01 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for reducing FXI expression
US11833221B2 (en) 2021-09-01 2023-12-05 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligomeric compounds for reducing DMPK expression
US20230265436A1 (en) * 2022-02-24 2023-08-24 Q-State Biosciences, Inc. Therapeutics for syngap haploinsufficiency

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2008513507A (en) 2008-05-01
US20060063730A1 (en) 2006-03-23
EP1799859A4 (en) 2009-02-25
EP1799859B1 (en) 2014-07-02
AU2009251179A1 (en) 2010-01-21
EP1799859A2 (en) 2007-06-27
US7919472B2 (en) 2011-04-05
US20110207797A1 (en) 2011-08-25
WO2006034348A3 (en) 2006-11-02
AU2009251179B2 (en) 2013-05-02
JP2011256171A (en) 2011-12-22
CA2580504A1 (en) 2006-03-30
EP2397563A3 (en) 2012-07-18
CA2580504C (en) 2013-10-29
EP2397563A2 (en) 2011-12-21
AU2005286738A1 (en) 2006-03-30

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2009251179B2 (en) Enhanced antisense oligonucleotides
EP2218727B1 (en) Modulation of c-reactive protein expression
US8258105B2 (en) Antisense oligonucleotides optimized for kidney targeting
AU2009201229B2 (en) Modulation of glucose-6-phosphatase translocase expression
WO2006026485A2 (en) Modulation of hif1-beta expression
EP1633302A2 (en) Modulation of apolipoprotein (a) expression
US8198253B2 (en) Compositions and their uses directed to HBXIP
WO2005086804A2 (en) Modulation of ace2 expression
WO2007137301A2 (en) Modulation of chrebp expression
EP2013345A2 (en) Compositions and methods for modulation of mcl-1 expression
AU2012244335A1 (en) Modulation of c-reactive protein expression

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV LY MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2005286738

Country of ref document: AU

Ref document number: 2580504

Country of ref document: CA

Ref document number: 2007532648

Country of ref document: JP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2005798891

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 2005286738

Country of ref document: AU

Date of ref document: 20050919

Kind code of ref document: A

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2005286738

Country of ref document: AU

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2005798891

Country of ref document: EP