WO2006033257A1 - 画像変換方法、画像変換装置、サーバークライアントシステム、携帯機器およびプログラム - Google Patents
画像変換方法、画像変換装置、サーバークライアントシステム、携帯機器およびプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T3/00—Geometric image transformations in the plane of the image
- G06T3/40—Scaling of whole images or parts thereof, e.g. expanding or contracting
Definitions
- Image conversion method image conversion apparatus, server client system, portable device, and program
- an up-converter (a conversion device that increases the number of pixels and lines) and a down-converter (a conversion device that reduces the number of pixels and lines) are required to cope with frequently occurring image size conversion.
- an upconverter a conversion device that increases the number of pixels and lines
- a down-converter a conversion device that reduces the number of pixels and lines
- images published on the network require conversion to the corresponding image size every time an output device is determined.
- home TV since digital terrestrial services have been started, conventional standard TV and HD (High Definition) TV are mixed, so image size conversion is frequently performed.
- Non-patent Document 1 In order to enlarge an image, it is necessary to newly create powerful image data that does not exist at the time of acquisition, but various methods have already been proposed. For example, methods using interpolation such as bilinear method and no-cubic method are common (Non-patent Document 1). However, when interpolation is used, only intermediate values of sampling data can be generated. The sharpness of edges and the like tends to deteriorate, resulting in a blurred image. Therefore, a technique is disclosed in which an interpolated image is used as an initial enlarged image, and then an edge portion is extracted to emphasize only the edge (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2). However, along with the emphasis of the edge part, which makes it difficult to separate the edge part from the noise, the noise tends to be emphasized and the image quality tends to deteriorate.
- a learning method as a method for enlarging an image while suppressing image quality deterioration. That is, a high-resolution image corresponding to the enlarged image is taken in advance by a high-definition camera or the like, and a low-resolution image is created from the high-resolution image. Low-resolution images are usually generated by sub-sampling through a low-pass filter. Many pairs of such low-resolution images and high-resolution images are prepared, and the relationship is learned as an image enlargement method. Therefore, in the learning method, the above-described enhancement processing does not exist, and therefore, it is possible to realize an image enlargement with relatively little image quality deterioration.
- Non-patent Document 3 a technique of performing learning using a statistical method is disclosed assuming that the relationship between luminance values with adjacent pixels is determined by a Markov process.
- Non-patent Document 4 a technique has been disclosed in which a feature vector is obtained for each pixel in a conversion pair from low resolution to high resolution, and an enlarged image is generated from the degree of coincidence with the feature vector of the input pixel and the consistency with the surroundings.
- Patent Document 1 U.S. Pat.No. 5,717,789 ( Figure 5)
- Non-Patent Document 1 Shinya Araya, “Clear 3D Computer Graphics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan, 2 September 25, 003, pp. 144-145
- Non-Patent Document 2 Makoto Nakashizuka, “High-resolution image in multi-scale luminance gradient plane”, IEICE Transactions D— ⁇ Vol. J81 -D-II No. 10 pp. 2249— 2258, 1998 October
- Non-Special Reference 3 Freeman et al., “Learnmg Low—Level Vision J, International Journal of Computer Vision 40 (1), pp. 25-47, 2000
- Non-Patent Document 4 Hertzmann et al., “Image Analogies”, SIGGRAPH 2001 Proceedings, pp. 327-340, 2001
- Non-Patent Document 5 Malik et al., "Representing and Recognizing the Visual Appearance of Materials using Three-dimensional TextonsJ, International al Journal of Computer Vision 43 (1), pp. 29-44, 2001
- image feature analysis is performed on the first image, and the relationship between the image feature and the illumination equation parameter is referred to from the image feature of the first image, and the corresponding illumination equation parameter is determined. Is obtained as the original parameter value. Also, the operation details of the illumination equation parameters are determined according to the instructed image conversion. Then, the original parameter value is manipulated according to this parameter manipulation content to obtain a new parameter value. Based on this new parameter value, a second image after image conversion is generated.
- the value of the illumination equation parameter corresponding to the image feature of the first image is acquired as the original parameter value, and the original parameter value is operated according to the operation content corresponding to the instructed image conversion. As a result, a new parameter value is obtained.
- the second image is then generated from this new meter value. That is, image conversion is Since it is realized by the number conversion, it is possible to perform image conversion with a higher degree of freedom than in the past without being restricted by the image data at the time of learning. For example, in the case of image enlargement, it is only necessary to increase the density of the surface normal vector representing the shape information of the object among the parameters of the illumination equation. In this case, an arbitrary enlargement magnification can be set.
- the illumination vector representing the illumination direction may be changed.
- conversion of the viewing direction can be easily realized by manipulating the illumination equation parameters.
- learning images are required for each type of image conversion.
- the present invention performs image conversion by manipulating the parameters of the illumination equation, the number of learning images can be reduced.
- the value of the illumination equation parameter is set, the set parameter value force also generates a learning image, and the learning image It is preferable to store the image features obtained from the image feature analysis in the database in association with the original parameter values.
- the learning image can be generated by a computer using the illumination equation, so that shooting using the real object is not required for generating the learning image. Therefore, the processing becomes simple and various learning images can be easily prepared.
- image conversion is realized by parameter conversion of the illumination equation, image conversion with a high degree of freedom is possible.
- the number of learning images can be reduced.
- various learning images can be easily prepared in the preprocessing.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an image conversion apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining the geometric conditions and optical conditions of the illumination equation.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing image feature analysis using wavelet transform.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of parameter operations for performing image conversion.
- Figure 6 shows a method for learning the relationship between image features and lighting equation parameters.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the geometric conditions and optical conditions of the illumination equation.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing another method for acquiring parameters in accordance with image features.
- FIG. 9 is a first configuration example for realizing the present invention, and shows a configuration using a personal computer.
- FIG. 10 is a second configuration example for realizing the present invention, and shows a configuration using a server client system.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a third configuration example for realizing the present invention, which shows a configuration using a camera-equipped mobile phone and a television.
- the first step of performing image feature analysis on the first image, the image feature and the illumination A second parameter is obtained by referring to the relationship with the equation parameter and obtaining the value of the illumination equation parameter corresponding to the original image parameter value from the image feature of the first image obtained in the first step.
- a fourth step of obtaining a new parameter value and a fifth step of generating the second image based on the new parameter value are provided.
- the image conversion method according to the first aspect wherein the image feature analysis in the first step is performed using a spatial frequency analysis.
- the illumination equation represents a luminance in a viewpoint direction by a sum of a diffuse reflection component, a specular reflection component, and an ambient light component.
- the illumination equation parameters include a surface normal vector, an illumination vector, a ratio of a diffuse reflection component to a specular reflection component, a reflectance of the diffuse reflection component, and a specular reflection component.
- the third step includes a surface normal vector, an illumination vector, a diffuse reflection component, and a specular surface as operation contents of the illumination equation parameter
- an image conversion method which defines at least one densification among a ratio to a reflection component, a reflectance of a diffuse reflection component, and a reflectance of a specular reflection component.
- the relationship between the image feature and the illumination equation parameter is represented by a plurality of image feature vectors and a plurality of parameter values respectively associated with the image feature vectors
- the second step includes selecting a predetermined number of image feature vectors similar to the first image feature vector representing the image features of the first image from the plurality of image feature vectors; and A step of obtaining a distance between each of the image feature vectors and the first image feature vector, and a parameter value corresponding to each of the predetermined number of image feature vectors obtained with respect to the image feature vector. And a step of calculating the original parameter value.
- the first aspect of the image conversion method is provided.
- an image feature analysis is performed on the input image, an image feature analysis unit that outputs a first image feature vector representing the image feature of the input image, and a plurality of image feature analysis units. And a plurality of parameter values corresponding to each of the image feature vectors of the illumination equation, and the original parameter value corresponding to the first image feature vector is received by receiving the first image feature vector.
- a parameter output unit to output, a parameter operation setting unit for determining the operation content of the illumination equation parameter according to the instructed image conversion, and the original parameter value output from the parameter output unit by the parameter operation setting unit. Operate according to the defined operation details and obtain a new parameter value based on the new parameter value output from the parameter operation unit and the parameter operation unit.
- the parameter output unit includes an image feature vector database that stores the plurality of image feature vectors and an illumination equation parameter database that stores the plurality of parameter values.
- an image feature analysis unit that performs image feature analysis on an image photographed by the camera and outputs a first image feature vector representing the image feature;
- An image feature vector database that stores a plurality of image feature vectors together with numbers, identifies an image feature vector similar to the first image feature vector, and outputs the number, and the image feature vector database Provide a portable device that transmits the number output from.
- a first image analysis is performed on the first image.
- the value of the illumination equation parameter corresponding to the image feature of the first image obtained in the first step is obtained as the original parameter value.
- a fourth step of obtaining a new parameter value and a fifth step of generating the second image based on the new parameter value are executed on the computer.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an image conversion apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- an image feature analysis unit 101 performs an image feature analysis on an input image ⁇ and generates an input image feature vector IINFV.
- Multiple image feature vector database 102 The illumination equation parameter database 103 stores a plurality of meter values associated with each image feature vector stored in the image feature vector database 102 for a predetermined illumination equation. is doing. That is, the relationship between image features and lighting equation parameters is prepared. Then, the image feature vector database 102 and the illumination equation parameter database 103 output the value of the illumination equation parameter corresponding to the input image feature vector IINFV as the original parameter value IINLEP.
- the image feature vector database 102 and the illumination equation parameter database 103 constitute a parameter output unit 10.
- the image conversion instruction unit 105 outputs, for example, the contents of image conversion instructed by an external force as an image conversion instruction signal ICIS.
- the parameter operation setting unit 106 determines the operation content of the illumination equation parameter according to the image conversion instructed by the image conversion instruction signal ICI S, and outputs this as the parameter operation instruction signal LEPS.
- the parameter operation unit 104 operates the original parameter value ⁇ LEP according to the operation content instructed by the parameter operation instruction signal LEPS, and generates a new parameter value IOUTLEP.
- the image generation unit 107 calculates an illumination equation using the new parameter value IOUTLEP and generates an output image IOUT.
- the input image ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ as the first image is converted into an output image IOUT as the second image by the parameter conversion of the illumination equation.
- Equation 1 ⁇ + ( ⁇ L) do ⁇ k + k sPs )
- Iv is the luminance in the viewpoint direction (viewpoint vector V)
- la is the luminance of the ambient light
- a is the reflectance of the ambient light
- Ii is the luminance of the illumination
- vector N is the surface normal vector
- vector L is Dco is the solid angle of illumination
- pd is the reflectance of the diffuse reflection component
- kd and ks are the ratio of the diffuse reflection component and the specular reflection component
- kd + ks l relationship.
- Ambient light is light that enters the current point of interest P on the object surface SF through multiple reflections, etc., from the periphery, and has a brightness Iv in the viewpoint direction (vector V). It hits the component.
- the illumination equation parameter database 103 in FIG. 1 the surface normal vector N, illumination vector L, diffuse reflection component ratio kd, diffuse reflection component reflectance pd, specular reflection component reflectance ps, environment Seven types of light intensity Ia and ambient light reflectance pa are set. Note that the definitions of the illumination equations and the types of parameters according to the present invention are not limited to those shown here, and any illumination equations and parameters can be applied.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an operation of the image conversion apparatus of FIG. 1, ie, an image conversion method according to the present embodiment. Note that the image conversion method according to the present embodiment can be realized by causing a computer to execute a program for realizing the method.
- step S1 the image feature analysis unit 101 performs image feature analysis on the input image ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ as the first image.
- the image feature analysis here is performed using spatial frequency analysis such as wavelet transform as shown in Fig. 4, for example.
- the image features are represented by multiple resolution expressions.
- the wavelet transform outputs HL, LH, HH, and LL are obtained for each of the n scalings, and these are combined for each layer, thereby obtaining the (3n + l) -dimensional vector as the first one. It is obtained as an input image feature vector IINFV as an image feature vector. Since the image feature vector IINFV is required for each pixel, the LL image is made the same size in each scale.
- step S2 the image feature vector database 102 and the illumination equation parameter database 103 obtained by learning in advance are referred to.
- the input image feature vector IINFV obtained in step S1 is used to determine the corresponding illumination equation parameter.
- the value is obtained as the original parameter value IINLEP.
- the image feature vector database 102 selects the image feature vector that is closest to the input image feature vector IINFV from the stored q image feature vectors, and sets the number of the selected image feature vector. Output as input image feature vector number IINFVN.
- the illumination equation parameter database 103 receives the input image feature vector number IINFVN, reads the corresponding parameter value, and outputs it as the original parameter value IINLEP.
- step S3 the parameter operation setting unit 106 determines the operation content of the illumination equation parameter in accordance with the instructed image conversion.
- the parameter operation unit 104 force operates the original parameter value IINLEP obtained in step S2 in accordance with the operation content determined in step S3, and obtains a new parameter value IOUTLEP.
- Fig. 5 is a diagram showing an example of parameter operation, in which the original parameter value IINLEP and the new parameter value IOUTLEP are written and arranged for each pixel for one line.
- the seven parameters described above are defined for each pixel, and three of the ambient light luminance Ia, the ambient light reflectance pa, and the illumination vector L are common to each pixel. Since the diffuse reflection component ratio kd, the diffuse reflection component reflectance p d and the specular reflection component reflectance p s depend on the material of the object, a suffix indicating the type of material is attached.
- the first subscript indicates the type of material, and the second subscript indicates the difference in pixels within the same material.
- the parameter operation setting unit 106 converts “image enlargement with double magnification” and ⁇ ⁇ image conversion to “double density of surface normal vector N” t ⁇ ⁇ parameter operation,
- the instruction signal LEPS is given to the parameter operation unit 104.
- the norameter operation unit 104 doubles the surface normal vector N twice.
- the number of pixels in the original parameter value IINLEP u force The number of pixels in the new parameter value IOUTLEP is 2u.
- New parameter value IOUTLEP surface normal In vector N the third subscript is used to represent the difference in pixels after densification.
- the boundary of the material for example, between pixel 2 and pixel 3 in the original parameter value IINLEP
- the image enlargement is explained by increasing the density of the surface normal vector N.
- this is an example, and the present invention does not limit the illumination equation parameters to be operated and the operation method thereof.
- Arbitrary parameter operations such as increasing the density of the diffuse reflection component ratio kd or increasing the density of the surface normal vector N and the diffuse reflection component ratio kd are possible.
- step S5 the image generation unit 107 generates an output image IOUT as a second image based on the new parameter value IOUTLEP obtained in step S4.
- the image feature vector is associated with the illumination equation parameters by using the image created from the illumination equation for learning the image feature vector.
- the learning image IL can be generated by a computer using an illumination equation, so that it is not necessary to shoot with the real object for generating the learning image. Therefore, the processing is simplified and various learning images can be easily prepared.
- an appropriate illumination equation parameter can be acquired. Therefore, when generating the learning image IL, it is desirable to set the illumination equation parameters assuming the conditions when the input image ⁇ was taken. For example, when the shooting location of the input image ⁇ ⁇ can be limited, and as a result, the illumination position can be limited, the illumination scale L uses the data when the input image ⁇ was taken.
- image enlargement has been described as an example of image conversion.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and parameter operations can be similarly performed for other image conversions. For example, if you want to change the illumination direction, you can change the illumination vector L, and if you want to change the ratio of the diffuse reflection component to the specular reflection component, change the diffuse reflection component ratio kd.
- G mm ⁇ 1, — ⁇ - ⁇ —, ——— L , — ⁇ ⁇ —, 1
- vector H is an intermediate vector between viewpoint vector V and illumination vector L
- ⁇ represents an angle between intermediate vector ⁇ and surface normal vector ⁇
- m is a coefficient representing the roughness of the surface of the object.
- 8 is small, that is, the surface normal vector N shows strong reflection
- 8 is large, that is, the surface.
- the reflection distribution also spreads away from the normal vector N.
- G is the geometric attenuation factor, and represents the effect of shading due to the unevenness of the object surface.
- n is a refractive index.
- the illumination equation can be arbitrarily defined and is not limited to (Equation 1) or (Equation 2).
- the illumination equation parameter corresponding to the image feature vector closest to the image feature vector IINFV is acquired as the original parameter value IINLEP.
- the method for acquiring the original parameter value IINLEP is as follows. It is not limited to. For example, as shown in FIG. That is, first, a predetermined number (three in FIG. 8) of image feature vectors similar to the input image feature vector IINFV are selected. For each selected image feature vector, the distance from the input image feature vector IINFV is obtained, and a weighting coefficient IINFVWF corresponding to this distance is determined.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a first configuration example, which is an example of a configuration for performing image conversion according to the present invention using a personal computer.
- a first configuration example which is an example of a configuration for performing image conversion according to the present invention using a personal computer.
- an enlarged image is created by an image conversion program loaded into the main memory 23.
- the low resolution image captured by the camera 21 is recorded in the image memory 24.
- An image feature vector database 102 and an illumination equation parameter database 103 are prepared in advance in the external recording device 25, and can be referred to by an image conversion program module in the main memory 23.
- the operation of the image conversion program, the contents of the image feature vector database 102 and the illumination equation parameter database 103, the creation method, and the like are as described in the first embodiment.
- the image conversion program in the main memory 23 reads the low-resolution image in the image memory 24 via the memory bus 26, converts it into a high-resolution image in accordance with the resolution of the display 22, and then the video memory via the memory bus 26 again. Forward to 27.
- the high resolution image transferred to the video memory 27 can be observed on the display 22.
- the present invention can take various configurations other than the configuration shown in FIG.
- the low resolution image may be acquired via the network 28.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a second configuration example, which is an example of a configuration for performing image conversion according to the present invention using a server client system.
- the resolution of the camera 31 is lower than that of the display 32.
- image conversion is executed in the server client system.
- the image feature analysis unit 101, the image feature vector database 102, and the illumination equation equation parameter database 103 also calculate the input image repulsive force as the original parameter value IINLEP.
- the parameter output unit 10 is configured by the source 103.
- an image conversion instruction (image enlargement in this example) is passed from the image conversion instruction unit 105 of the client 34 to the parameter operation setting unit 106 of the server 33 as an image conversion instruction signal ICIS.
- the parameter operation setting unit 106 replaces the content of the image conversion by the image conversion instruction signal ICIS with the operation content of the illumination equation parameter, and outputs it to the parameter operation unit 104 as the parameter operation instruction signal LEPS.
- the parameter operation unit 104 operates the original parameter value IINLEP to generate a new parameter value IOUTLEP.
- the server 33 can provide the client 34 with the new parameter value IOUTLEP according to the image conversion instruction from the client 34 via the network 35.
- the image generation unit 107 generates an enlarged image and supplies it to the display 32.
- the present invention is not limited to the configuration shown in FIG. 10, and the position of each means on the system (the force belonging to the force client 34 belonging to the server 33, or otherwise). Whether it belongs or not) is arbitrary.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a third configuration example, which is an example of a configuration for performing image processing according to the present invention using a camera-equipped mobile phone and a television.
- a camera-equipped mobile phone 41 as a portable device can send image data to the television 44 via the network 42 or the memory card 43.
- the camera 45 of the camera-equipped mobile phone 41 has a resolution lower than that of the television 44.
- the image is converted by the image conversion device according to the present invention installed in the internal circuit of the television 44. Perform magnification.
- the camera-equipped mobile phone 41 has the image feature vector database 102
- the television 44 has the illumination equation parameter database. It can be so. As a result, usage fees can be kept low, and damage from eavesdropping can be minimized.
- the camera-equipped mobile phone 41 performs image feature analysis on the camera 45 and the image ⁇ taken by the camera 45, and outputs the first image feature vector IINFV.
- the image feature vector database that identifies the image feature vector similar to the first image feature vector IINFV and outputs its number IINFVN. 102 is shown.
- the present invention can take various configurations other than the configuration shown in FIG.
- the camera-equipped mobile phone 41 may be a digital still camera or a video movie camera.
- the present invention can be executed on a wide variety of video devices such as personal computers, server client systems, camera-equipped mobile phones, digital still cameras, video movie cameras, and televisions that are widely used. No special equipment, operation or management is required. It should be noted that the device connection form and the internal configuration of the device, such as mounting on dedicated hardware or a combination of software and hardware, are not constrained.
- various image conversions such as enlargement / reduction, illumination conversion, viewpoint conversion, and change of the ratio of the diffuse Z specular reflection component can be freely performed.
- image conversions such as enlargement / reduction, illumination conversion, viewpoint conversion, and change of the ratio of the diffuse Z specular reflection component
- sports, sightseeing, commemorative photography, etc. It can be used in the field of video entertainment that records these scenes as video.
- it can be used to provide a highly flexible digital archiving system that is not limited by subject or shooting location.
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Cited By (6)
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WO2007139067A1 (ja) * | 2006-05-29 | 2007-12-06 | Panasonic Corporation | 画像高解像度化装置、画像高解像度化方法、画像高解像度化プログラムおよび画像高解像度化システム |
WO2008026518A1 (fr) * | 2006-08-31 | 2008-03-06 | Panasonic Corporation | Dispositif, procédé et programme de traitement d'image |
US8350932B2 (en) | 2008-07-30 | 2013-01-08 | Panasonic Corporation | Image generation device and image generation method for generating a high-quality image by using information from a low-quality image |
JP2013206436A (ja) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-07 | Rakuten Inc | 画像検索装置、画像検索方法、プログラムおよびコンピュータ読取り可能な記憶媒体 |
US9588991B2 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2017-03-07 | Rakuten, Inc. | Image search device, image search method, program, and computer-readable storage medium |
US9747305B2 (en) | 2012-03-29 | 2017-08-29 | Rakuten, Inc. | Image search device, image search method, program, and computer-readable storage medium |
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