WO2006031132A2 - Animals for conserving n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. - Google Patents
Animals for conserving n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006031132A2 WO2006031132A2 PCT/NZ2005/000244 NZ2005000244W WO2006031132A2 WO 2006031132 A2 WO2006031132 A2 WO 2006031132A2 NZ 2005000244 W NZ2005000244 W NZ 2005000244W WO 2006031132 A2 WO2006031132 A2 WO 2006031132A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New breeds of vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/101—Bovine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/30—Bird
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/02—Animal zootechnically ameliorated
Definitions
- This invention relates to the identification and provision of food-providing animals having an enhanced and heritable ability to conserve N-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids.
- Fatty acid refers to a chemical compound having a backbone of carbon atoms, the bonds between some of which may be unsaturated, with an acid (COOH) moiety at an alpha end in the case of the free acid.
- the other end is the omega ( ⁇ ) end.
- the term does not exclude salts and esters (including but not limited to ethyl or cholesterol esters, amides, phospholipids, or mono, di- or tri-glycerides) thereof.
- HUFA is used herein as an abbreviation for a highly unsaturated fatty acid having five or more unsaturated double bonds between carbon atoms.
- n-3 HUFA refers to the group of omega-3 HUFAs having at least five double bonds, the first of which is located three carbon residues from the omega end of the molecule EPA, DPA and DHA, are members of the n-3 HUFA group.
- n-3 HUFA tissue refers to tissues (and secretions therefrom) having a modified fat composition principally in relation to the proportion of n-3 HUFAs therein.
- Micro-algae refers to single-celled microscopic plant-like organisms such as phytoplankton or diatoms (as distinct from polycellular algae such as seaweeds).
- Animal refers in this context to food-producing creatures and to progenitors thereof, such as, without limit, dairy cows, beef animals, other farmed mammals including sheep, water buffalo, and goats; poultry or farmed fish, reptiles, Crustacea and molluscs all of which may be identified, selected and bred. Although the Examples herein tend to focus on dairy cows the same principles are generally applicable throughout.
- Conservation describes a property held by an animal of holding n-3 HUFA in its tissue. This property may be related to the ability of the animal to retain an ingested molecule or part thereof without conversion into another molecule by a substantially irreversible metabolic process. Conservation allows recovery of substantial amounts of desired molecules or parts thereof in a food obtained from the animal. (By referring to "part" this definition embraces ingestion of metabolic precursors of molecules and their conversion into desired molecules that retain substantial parts of the original molecules).
- Tissue or secretions refers to edible products obtainable from food-producing animals wherein "tissue” includes meats, offals, blood and fat as well as the entire corpus (in the case of molluscs for example); and "secretions” includes milk and bird's eggs.
- Edible products as used herein also includes processed derivatives of animal products, such as milk powder, butter, and cheese from milk; pate, meat extracts, egg extracts and the like.
- n-3 HUFA omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid
- n-3 HUFAs such as EPA, DPA and DHA
- the level of n-3 HUFA in animal tissue consumed by humans has generally decreased due to changes in the diet supplied to animals and the way such foods are processed.
- ALA alpha linolenic acid
- the effective intake of n-3 HUFAs or their precursors has decreased to less than 20% of what was present in common diets 150 years ago.
- the ratio of omega-3 (n-3) to omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids in the human diet has also decreased significantly in recent years.
- n-3 to n-6 ratio is believed to be adverse at typically about 1 :15 whereas high ratios of about 1:2 to 1:4 have been associated with reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease and other diseases.
- n-6 BPUFA consumed by humans does not rise simultaneously, it may be possible to improve this ratio by raising the total amount n-3 (including n-3 HUFA) consumed.
- n-3 FAs tend to some extent to be conserved within an organism from ingestion to eventual consumption by other organisms.
- n-3 HUFA may be retained along several links of a food chain (for example alga - crustacean - fish - predatory fish).
- n-3 fatty acids such as ALA, which can be found in flax seeds and canola, and also to a small extent stearidonic acid (SDA) found in some other seeds including certain hemp varieties, can be metabolised by animals and conserved in tissue as n-3 HUFAs.
- n-3 HUFAs and/or their metabolic precursors were fed to food- producing animals and conservation of the n-3 HUFAs was shown.
- cows fed on fish extracts rich in n-3 HUFAs and/or their precursors have produced butterfat having a raised proportion of n-3 HUFAs.
- N-3 HUFAs and/or their precursors provided in the diet of food producing animals is incorporated in the food tissues of such animals at various rates as a result of processes related to the extent to which such fatty acids are (a) able to be metabolically converted into n-3 HUFAs by the animal concerned, (b) sequestered into food versus non-food tissues, (c) oxidised as part of the animals' energy metabolism or to maintain fatty acid homeostasis, (d) irreversibly metabolised to support growth, continual maintenance and repair, (e) secreted as fats such as those found in milk.
- these processes are known to vary (in some cases markedly) between individuals, prior to the current invention it had not been observed that these processes can vary in a predictable way according measurable genetic characters. Nor had it been shown how these characters could be used to produce food for human consumption containing significantly increased levels of n-3 HUFA.
- Cooper in US 2003/0039737 describes acquiring a population of cows that produce a desired fat composition in their milk by testing a number of cows fed with ordinary pasture, segregating those that have a suitable fat composition, and breeding from those cows. 5 to 10% of New Zealand Friesian breed 95 cows inherently produce a suitable fat composition. Suitable cows would be located by tests of their milk fat composition "when in standard farm conditions" and suitable sires for use over these cows would (a) have high genetic merit and (b) be known to generate many daughters with a suitable fat composition.
- Cooper refers to "modified feeds" including one or other of (a) processing to cause protection of a food from microbial consumption within the rumen yet allow later absorbtion and (b)
- this invention provides a food-producing animal selected from the range of food- producing animals as herein defined, wherein the animal has a heritable capability for conservation (as 120 herein defined) of at least one compound selected from a range including: the n-3 HUFAs: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and/or metabolic precursors thereof, so that the animal is capable of producing a food product including a high level of at least one of the n-3 HUFAs as compared to levels of n-3 HUFAs in foods derived from animals lacking said heritable capability.
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DPA docosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- this invention provides a food-producing animal selected from the range of food- producing animals as herein defined, wherein when fed with a diet including a supplementary amount of at least one compound selected from a range including: the n-3 HUFAs: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and/or metabolic precursors thereof, the food-producing animal demonstrates a heritable capability of conserving at least one n-3 HUFA at
- this invention provides a breeding population of food-producing animals as previously described in this section, wherein the population of food-producing animals exists, whether 135 physically brought together or aggregated in an informational manner, in a sufficient number to be capable of transmitting the heritable capability to progeny of the population without adverse genotypes arising in the progeny owing to inbreeding, and wherein the number is in the range of from at least 10 to at least 50 breeding animals.
- the invention provides a method for obtaining members of a population of 140 food-producing animals as as previously described in this section, wherein the method involves the steps of: obtaining access to a base population of individually identified food-producing animals, each animal having at least one identified parent, carrying out a first test procedure on members of the base population; the first test procedure including the steps of (i) supplementing the diet of each animal to be tested with a supplement rich in at least one n-3 HUFA or a precursor thereof at an effective level for a 145 period, (ii) collection of an appropriate tissue sample from the animal, (iii) collecting and analysing the fatty acid composition of the sample, then (iv) recording the amount and percentage of total fatty acid comprised of at least one n-3 HUFA, and identifying and if necessary separating out the animals providing the highest test results as comprising the selected population of animals.
- this invention provides a method for obtaining a food-producing animal, wherein
- the method involves the steps of: obtaining access to a base population of individually identified animals, each animal having an identified sire selected from within a limited group of sires, carrying out the first test procedure on members of the base population, ascertaining the ranking of the sires of the members within the group of sires in terms of measurements derived from the first test procedure of samples taken from their progeny and ranking those sires whose progeny tends to return the highest
- 155 amounts of n-3 HUFAs in the first test procedure relative to unrelated companions as the highest ranked sires, and identifying and if necessary separating out the animals that are the progeny of the highest ranked sires as comprising the selected population of animals.
- this invention provides a food-producing animal, wherein the animals that are (a) the progeny of the highest ranked sires and (b) are themselves highly ranked in terms of n-3 HUFA 160 measurements as determined by the first test procedure are defined as comprising the selected group of animals.
- this invention provides a food-producing animal, wherein the method uses an alternative, second test procedure that does not include the step in the first test procedure of supplementing the diet of each animal to be tested with a supplement rich in at least one n-3 HUFA or a 165 precursor thereof at an effective level for a period before taking the sample.
- this invention provides a food-producing animal, wherein the method uses an alternative, third test procedure instead of the first or the second test procedures namely: carrying out a third test procedure on members of the base population; the third test procedure including the steps of (i) collecting a sample of genetic material from the animal under test and analysing the genetic 170 composition of the sample, then (ii) recording the genetic composition of the animal in terms of at least one of: genes relevant to conservation of the n-3 HUFAs, genetic markers associated with genes relevant to conservation of the n-3 HUFAs, and expressed m-RNA or expressed proteins indicative of genes relevant to conservation of the n-3 HUFAs.
- the invention provides a method for maintaining a selected group of food- 175 producing animals wherein the method includes the steps, taken for each generation, of (a) repeating the procedure of ascertaining the performance of the food-producing animals within the selected population in terms of n-3 HUFA measurements from their progeny according to the first test method, (b) ranking those food-producing animals whose progeny return the highest proportions of n-3 HUFA fats in the tests as the highest ranked breeding animals, and (c) breeding from the highest ranked breeding animals.
- the extent of inbreeding that may occur is minimised by the step of endeavouring to breed between animals that are as distantly related as possible, so that the population does not develop a high frequency of recessive genes and so that the effective breeding number of the population is maximised.
- the majority of individual animals in the population will express significantly higher n-3 HUFA in selected tissues or secretions than a population of the same animals maintained through 185 conventional breeding techniques and fed the same diet, the method comprising (A) sampling selected animal tissue (B) investigating the sample to ascertain the proportion of n-3 HUFAs in the tissue, (C) repeating steps A and B with additional individual animals until (D) a number of animals have been shown to produce n-3 HUFA rich tissue, and (E) assigning unique identifiers to those animals, and (F) managing those animals for the purpose of producing food products as a population distinct from 190 animals determined not to produce n-3 HUFA-rich tissue or secretions.
- the invention provides reproductive material carrying genetic material capable of contributing to the genomes of a food-producing animal as previously described in this section, wherein the reproductive material has been derived from a breeding method as previously described in this section; the reproductive material being selected from a range including spawn, milt, eggs and semen; 195 embryos, larvae, stem cells, and intermediate and final products of genetic engineering including genetic constructs.
- the invention provides an optionally processed foodstuff of animal origin, wherein the foodstuff is obtained from at least one animal obtained by a process as previously described in this section and includes a raised proportion of at least one compound selected from the range 200 including: the n-3 HUFAs: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DPA docosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- the invention provides a dairy foodstuff as previously described in this section, wherein the foodstuff is derived from secreted milk from at least one dairy animal, so that the dairy foodstuff has a raised proportion of n-3 HUFAs, and preferably pooled with milks from like animals.
- the invention provides at least one manufactured product made from a pooled product as previously described in this section; the products including without limitation dairy products such as powdered milk, condensed milk, skim milk, cream, butter, cheese, chocolate, ice cream, yoghurt, infant formulations, and forms of milk having altered protein compositions.
- dairy products such as powdered milk, condensed milk, skim milk, cream, butter, cheese, chocolate, ice cream, yoghurt, infant formulations, and forms of milk having altered protein compositions.
- a foodstuff as previously described in this section wherein the foodstuff comprises a body tissue selected from the range including meat or offal or blood.
- the invention provides at least one manufactured product made from a pooled product as previously described in this section; the products including without limitation meat or other tissue- 215 based products such as sausage meat, mince, processed chicken, and other packages or compositions including parts from more than one individual animal.
- Fig 1 shows a statistical ranking of daughters of sires in a breeding experiment carried out in data obtained from New Zealand Friesian cows.
- Fig 2 shows an example flow chart for selecting food-producing animals according to the invention.
- the invention intends to maximise conservation of n-3 HUFAs by new and existing strains of known 225 food-producing animals until the compounds, in particular EPA, DPA and DHA, appear in the foods so produced at usefully raised levels by a process of selection of heritable characters on a phenotypic or a genotypic basis.
- Such heritable characters may also maintain conservation if fed a diet or dietary supplement including the n-3 HUFAs (or metabolic precursors such as alpha-linoleic acid).
- foods made from the animals or their secretions comprise a more healthy version of foodstuff of animal 230 origin for human consumption. The health of the human population is thereby improved.
- a breeding programme intended to build up herds of animals that are inherently capable of producing animal-based food products having useful amounts of n-3 HUFAs is proposed. At this point the upper limits in terms of cost-effective concentration of preferred HUFAs within acceptable foods has not been determined.
- the invention is particularly directed to identifying and breeding those animals whose genotypes have 235 the effect of conserving n-3 HUFA levels, when fed a supplemented diet in addition to identification of those animals that have relatively higher n-3 HUFA levels after being fed an ordinary diet including no supplements.
- the exact mechanism of this phenotypic characteristic is as yet unresolved although it is most likely to be mediated through relative enzyme activity along the relevant and well-known biochemical pathways in the animals' bodies. There are likely to be a number of genes involved.
- n-3 HUFA measured on analysis occurs as a result of reduced expression of particular genes, such as genes responsible for biochemical pathways converting fatty acids into energy, in combination with hyper-activity or raised expression of the products of other genes.
- Genes of interest include delta-6 desaturase, delta-5 desaturase, and the set of fatty-acid chain
- genes of interest include those that express or modulate gut-wall absorbtion proteins, transport and binding proteins acting on fatty acids, particularly any acting on n-3 HUFAs as found within the gut lining, also plasma, cell membranes and other tissues (including mammary tissues). Further genes of interest include those that lead to loss of n-3 HUFAs through unwanted metabolic conversion or peroxidation.
- the experiment consisted of evaluating the milk fat composition of 4100 New Zealand Friesian cows, the progeny of unspecified dams and of 11 identified artificial breeding sires in 21 herds located within the provinces of Northland, Waikato and Taranaki in New Zealand; run under standard commercial
- each herd would include a variable amount of unsaturated fatty acids and precursors thereof, and a statistical smoothing (by ranking) of results is useful in order to show trends.
- the diet of each herd would include a variable amount of unsaturated fatty acids and precursors thereof, and a statistical smoothing (by ranking) of results is useful in order to show trends.
- two (sires A and B) which are half-brothers having a common sire were found when breeding records were also inspected to have sired progeny having interesting results as shown in Table 1 and Figs IA and IB in terms of rank. Test data was obtained
- This Example is partly based on the discovery that particular dairy sires are capable of producing progeny having milk fats that, when tested under commercial pasture-fed conditions, have a significantly higher mean concentration of DPA and EPA than the mean of milk fats of progeny of other
- experiment giving rise to this particular set of data did not include the optional but preferred step of feeding the animals under test with supplementary diets rich in the n-3 HUFAs and/or
- Manufactured products made from a pooled raw product from a population of animals according to this invention include, without
- products such as meat or other tissue-based products such as sausage meat, mince, processed chicken, and other packages or compositions including parts from more than one individual animal.
- a breeding programme intended to ascertain whether further generations of selection would result in higher rankings or other improvements in DPA and EPA (or possibly even DHA or and/or other n-3
- sires A and B yet has similar attributes in respect of DPA and EPA in milk fat of progeny, and use this sire over the identified higher ranked cows sired by sires A or B so that adverse results of inbreeding are less likely to occur.
- One desire in this invention is of course to produce a stock of animals that will "breed true" for this attribute over a number of
- a preferred protocol for testing includes the steps of: obtaining access to a base population of individually identified food-producing animals, each animal having at least one identified parent selected from within a limited group of parents, then carrying out a first test
- a preferred test procedure includes the steps of supplementing the diet of each animal to be tested with a supplement rich in at least one n-3 HUFA or a precursor thereof at an effective level for a period prior to collection of an appropriate sample from the animal.
- the scoring process should take notice of any evidence of heritability. This is a matter of picking up as much pedigree data as possible from the measurements of n-3 HUFAs as well as from sire
- n-3 HUFA N a limit that if exceeded results in less efficient conservation. Such a limit may be amenable to genetic modification.
- daughters were permuted (i.e., scrambled) within herds by being assigned to a random sire, and the rank scoring procedure repeated for each sire within each herd. This was done 10000 times, so that a distribution of scores was obtained for each sire. Because the permutation breaks up the pedigree, these
- 345 scores are posited to come from the null distribution (i.e., no heritable (or other factors other than chance could explain fatty acid concentrations in this distribution).
- a "first test procedure (including an augmented diet (205)) or a “second test procedure” ((204) normal diet without the supplement) is then selected (203).
- the procedure includes the steps of (i) (first test procedure only) supplementing the diet of each identified animal to be tested with a supplement rich in at least one n-3 HUFA or a precursor thereof at an effective level (205) for a period of perhaps 3 to 7 days prior to collection of an appropriate sample
- 370 including fats from each identified animal (ii) collecting and analysing the fatty acid composition of the sample, then (iii) recording the percentage of total fatty acid comprised of at least one n-3 HUFA all in box 206. If the n-3 HUFA content is increased (207), the animal is rated accordingly (box 209). If one or both of the animal's parents are also highly rated, or provided consistently better rated progeny, or if siblings of the animal under test were highly rated, then the animal under test should be more highly
- Example 1 illustrated the case of two half-brother sires producing a number of highly ranked progeny. They appear to carry a useful genotype and should be highly ranked, more so because having been selected for use as artificial breeding sires they would provide a "package "of desirable genes. The process should be carried out until a population of at least about 10-50 breeding
- mice is obtained. That population may be physically segregated or "informationally segregated” by which we mean that their identities and locations are known and access is possible.
- the process may be operated so that the only animals to be given a rating are sires or dams of the tested animals. This process can also be applied to food producing animals other than dairy cows.
- the procedure is repeated at each generation (box 209) in order to apply further selection pressure for the desired ability to
- This flowchart includes an optional step of testing the animals for raised n-3 HUFA levels prior to supply of the enhanced diet.
- an effective self-sustaining population should include at least 10 breeding individuals of the 400 same generation, and more preferably 50 or more. In order to provide a self-sustaining population having selected characteristics, it is desirable to repeat the selection process of Example 2 or other examples of this invention in order to create a sufficiently large breeding population.
- Genetic testing is a screening method; an alternative way to discover animals having an interesting 405 genome. The tests are assumed to be correlated with phenotypic performance and avoid the time- consuming aspects of progeny testing. Any interesting genome is likely to be expressed as mRNA, or relevant proteins (or as greater quantities of relevant proteins), including enzymes, transport and binding proteins.
- This process may uncover a first genome adapted for maximising conservation of n-3 HUFAs at normal environmental levels, or a second genome (which might be substantially the same genome) 410 that is more optimised for conserving higher levels of n-3 HUFAs if presented at higher than normal levels, or a third, anti-conserving genome having the function in nature of facilitating onwards conversion or metabolism of the n-3 HUFAs into other fatty acids and/or fatty acid by-products especially in situations with augmented intakes.
- "Conserving" in a pragmatic sense means that a maximised amount of dietary n-3 HUFAs or metabolites of their precursors can be recovered from food 415 products.
- the above genomes may be functionally indistinguishable. They may occur separately in different animals.
- the genetic testing procedure may be carried out using DNA-related tests that search for previously established genetic markers (see below) within the test population.
- delta-6 desaturase delta-5 desaturase
- fatty-acid chain elongation enzymes absorbtion proteins, transport proteins and binding proteins acting on fatty acids, particularly any acting on n-3 HUFAs or their precursors as found within the gut lining, also plasma, cell membranes and other tissues (including mammary tissues).
- Polymorphisms may be searched for. Multiple copies of a gene where expressed may affect the 425 phenotype.
- an indicator is other expressed proteins which may be shown to be expressed in association with the desired genes. Such techniques for screening are well known to skilled workers in the art.
- White meat from pigs and poultry is widely consumed around the world.
- Techniques for individual identification and for testing of progeny for ratio of various fatty acids while being fed on n-3 HUFA enriched diets are simple to implement for poultry and also for meat birds 450 such as turkeys, ostriches and emus.
- the test protocols are as previously described.
- the samples to be tested may comprise eggs which can be repeatedly sampled without difficulty. Individual animal identification is also a relatively trivial matter. RPID transponders or eartags or the like may be particularly useful.
- Marine or fresh-water animals that may be farmed have more diverse breeding methods and may 455 present greater problems in terms of identification, control over breeding, and the like although the numbers of eggs or sperm released may be very large. These animals are more likely to be located at appropriate places in the food chain as consumers of enriched algal foods and many types are already well established as components of the human diet. It appears likely that DNA analysis will be an important tool for identification of marine animals and establishing their pedigree in all cases.
- CSIRO Industrial Research Organization
- Individuals are identified by DNA and management techniques include the accumulation of broodstock. Natural mating is used and the pedigree of high-performing individuals would be identified by DNA testing.
- high-performing individuals may be identified by feeding high levels of n-3 HUFAs then testing sampled limbs. Alternatively, identification may be
- the invention is intended to optimise the process within a food-producing animal of conserving n-3 HUFAs in food tissue that usually were originally supplied to the animal in its diet, so that the human
- the invention is intended to optimise the process of converting metabolic precursors, often of plant origin, into n-3 HUFAs that become incorporated into a food.
- the foods (such as meat, eggs, and dairy products) made from animals bred or made according to the invention will more economically provide n-3 HUFAs to the human diet as compared to products not from animals so selected. Subsequent food processing selective for particular
- the invention identifies those animals from within a population that are genetically best suited to ingest n-3 HUFAs or their metabolic precursors and to conserve and supply n-3 HUFAs for human consumption within a food product such as eggs, milk, meat or a processed extract.
- n-3 HUFA tissues By utilising a relatively greater ability of selected animals to convert an intake of n-3 into a palatable 500 foodstuff with significant n-3 HUFA and by reducing the need for costly supplementation and where the invention is demonstrated to work on populations of food producing animals which have been provided with only a low of level n-3 supplementation in their diet economic production of high volume n-3 HUFA tissues will be enabled by a lowering of the threshold at which low level supplementation becomes effective.
- the need for expensive processing (such as microencapsulation) of n-3 505 HUFAs for addition to harvested and/or processed animal foods will be reduced.
- the production of such products could potentially over time facilitate a shift in the approach to marketing or regulating such products taking advantage of the potential benefits to individual as well as population health since it could make supplementation of a significant proportion of the whole human population economically feasible.
- a related advantage of the invention is that the higher intake of the n-3 HUFAs is achieved by people while eating and/or drinking normal diets (though from animals modified according to the invention) and without the disadvantages inherent in particular preparations of separately ingested
- dietary supplements such as oxidation on storage, and ingestion of associated saturated fats.
- n-3 HUFA content of foods derived from animals that have been selected according to the invention when fed with a commercially feasible and acceptable diet including n-3 HUFAs of algal or plant origin, and/or with metabolic precursors of n-3 HUFAs, cannot easily be predicted. It would vary with the type (phylum, genus, and species) of animal and the form of 520 the diet for example.
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Priority Applications (4)
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CA002578001A CA2578001A1 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2005-09-13 | Animals for conserving n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. |
AU2005285544A AU2005285544B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2005-09-13 | Animals for conserving N-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. |
US11/662,413 US20080069941A1 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2005-09-13 | Animals for Conserving N-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
EP05790904A EP1788866A4 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2005-09-13 | Animals for conserving n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. |
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EP (1) | EP1788866A4 (en) |
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EP3153030A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 | 2017-04-12 | Monsanto Technology LLC | Meat products with increased levels of beneficial fatty acids |
CN108812538A (en) * | 2018-06-20 | 2018-11-16 | 昆明藻能生物科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of the nutritional egg with sight protectio and enhancing |
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EP1991217A2 (en) * | 2006-03-03 | 2008-11-19 | Monsanto Technology LLC | Stearidonic acid for improving cardiovascular health |
CN109699576A (en) * | 2019-02-12 | 2019-05-03 | 安徽标王农牧有限公司 | A kind of breeding method of white silkiefowl black bone |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20030039373A1 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2003-02-27 | Peavey Electronics Corporation | Methods and apparatus for mixer with cue mode selector |
Family Cites Families (5)
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US6977167B2 (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 2005-12-20 | Martek Biosciences Corporation | Mixtures of omega-3 and omega-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids from euryhaline microorganisms |
US5985348A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-11-16 | Omegatech, Inc. | Milk products having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US5698244A (en) * | 1988-09-07 | 1997-12-16 | Omegatech Inc. | Method for raising animals having high concentrations of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids |
US7001610B2 (en) * | 2001-04-23 | 2006-02-21 | Omeganutrel Inc. | Food supplement and use thereof for elevating levels of essential fatty acids in livestock and products therefrom |
EP1416790A4 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2007-04-25 | Therapeutic Foods Ltd | Populations of dairy cows producing milk with desirable characteristics and methods of making and using same |
-
2005
- 2005-09-13 WO PCT/NZ2005/000244 patent/WO2006031132A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-09-13 US US11/662,413 patent/US20080069941A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-09-13 CA CA002578001A patent/CA2578001A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-09-13 EP EP05790904A patent/EP1788866A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-09-13 AU AU2005285544A patent/AU2005285544B2/en not_active Withdrawn - After Issue
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2010
- 2010-02-11 AU AU2010200502A patent/AU2010200502A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030039373A1 (en) | 2001-08-24 | 2003-02-27 | Peavey Electronics Corporation | Methods and apparatus for mixer with cue mode selector |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP1788866A4 |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3153030A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 | 2017-04-12 | Monsanto Technology LLC | Meat products with increased levels of beneficial fatty acids |
CN108812538A (en) * | 2018-06-20 | 2018-11-16 | 昆明藻能生物科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of the nutritional egg with sight protectio and enhancing |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2005285544A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
AU2010200502A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
CA2578001A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
US20080069941A1 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
EP1788866A4 (en) | 2009-04-29 |
EP1788866A2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
WO2006031132A3 (en) | 2006-06-15 |
AU2005285544B2 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
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